AAS and B d Beam-Forming F i

Telephone Syste e ep o e System International AAS and Beam-Forming Video session March 2010

Arun Tiwari

Copyright Alvarion Ltd.

Advanced Antenna Systems ( y (AAS) )

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Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS)

More than one radio and associated antenna element at one or both ends of the wireless link

Adding applicable channels enhances system capabilities

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Transmit Diversity
Multiple antenna elements at the transmitter

Identical information signals vary in transmission characteristics Multiple channels are created Diversity gain is achieved

Diversity gain depends on

Wireless environment Array type and separation Statistical properties of these channels - fading characteristics

Diversity gain can be leverage to

Effectively averaging out channel fades Increasing the system reliability

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Transmit Diversity Delay Diversity

Appling different delays to each antenna In OFDM: Can use cyclic delay diversity (CDD)

Instead of simple time delay to each stream: each antenna contains a cyclic shifted version of the OFDM symbol

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Transmit Diversity Delay Diversity (2)

Benefits

Increases EIRP (if same power for TX chain) Improved diversity: Improved reliability of information Dramatically decrease outage probability (especially for users close to the cell edge) Improves coverage Increase link budget and Cell radius - Up to 70% in cell radius Transparent to the receiver (Cyclic delay and Linear delay) Delayed Diversity can be applied also for MAP Zone

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Delay Diversity over Beams (DDOB)

Alvarions unique implementation of CDD

Enables increased diversity gain relative to standard CDD Enhanced robustness for a larger number of users Maximizes the extent of the cell - Improved coverage Allows operators to deploy fewer base stations Reducing CAPEX and OPEX

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Transmit Diversity STC

Space Time Code (STC)

"Matrix A" in the 802.16 standard Transmitting two inversed OFDMA symbols on two different antennas over two time slots Rate 1

Needs to be supported by the receiver

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Transmit Diversity STC (2)

Benefits

Increases EIRP (if same power for TX chain) More robust transmission against fading and interference Reliability - Improves a receivers capability to detect information Provides large coverage - Regardless of the channel condition

When implementing multiple receiver antenna elements

Improves the decoding performance

When using more than two transmit antenna elements g

Allows combination of STC with CDD or with Beam-Forming

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Spatial multiplexing (SM)

Transmitting independent data signals (streams) simultaneously from the multiple transmit antennas Instead f di I t d of diversity increasing it i i

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Increased peak data rate Increased capacity of the wireless link

System capacity is increased with the number of antennas

Assuming rich multipath channels

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SM - MIMO Matrix B
WiMAX implements rate 2 DL spatial multiplexing

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AKA "Matrix B" in the 802.16 standard

Data bits are split between the two antennas and transmitted simultaneously as separate (non-redundant) streams

Transmitting two OFDMA symbols on two different antennas over single time slots Rate 2

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SM - MIMO Matrix B at the MS

MS receives combined versions of the streams Wave 2 MS is equipped with at least two transmit antennas

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The channel is thus Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Provided sufficient channel quality

The receiver can separate the independent data streams using spacetime processing techniques Leveraging two orthogonal pilot patterns

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SM - MIMO Matrix B Capacity

MIMO B improves peak rate for strong users (high CINR) MIMO B increases capacity and spectral efficiency

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Theoretically, MIMO B can double the peak throughput capability Average capacity improvement - 15-30% (scheduling dependant) 15 30% Especially when employing proportional fair scheduling (PF metric is generally dominated by high SINR users performance) Added complexity at both the transmitter and receiver ends

MIMO B does not increase range for power limited users

For power limited users other techniques can be more effective (Beam-Forming)

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MIMO Matrix B Benefits

Improved capacity - Better utilizing the spectrum

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Improved QoS More subscribers on a single sector Allowing operators to offer higher speed packages and/or to serve more users Dynamic negotiation mechanism Scheduling dependant

Alvarions implementation of MIMO Matrix B

Efficiently employs two data streams over two antenna elements Easing mobile station implementations - Even basic receivers realize higher performance Increases throughput for user terminals g p Raising aggregate capacity

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SM - MIMO Matrix B Disadvantage

Only high SINR users can gain high throughput enhancement

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Unlike transmit diversity and Beam-Forming U lik t it di it dB F i

For reuse-1 scheme

Only 10% of the users can truly benefit from MIMO B 15% capacity improvement for PF scheduling No capacity improvement for ER scheduling

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Beam-Forming g

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Beam-Forming
Similar to diversity techniques:

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Beam-Forming uses multiple antenna elements

In contrast to multiplexing techniques:

Available antennas simultaneously transmit the same information

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Beam-Forming Weights

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Each antenna element is assigned with appropriate weight as to adjust the directionality of a radiation pattern In this way, Beam-Forming techniques can provide substantial improvement of the spectral efficiency Beam-Forming weights are used to adjust the symbols to be y coherently combined at the MS

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Beam-Forming Weights (2)

The desired beam pattern is effectively focused in the receiver direction and possibly away from interference

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DL Beam-Forming
Improves the average received CINR Increases spectral efficiency Increases capacity Up to 90% (Scheduling dependant) Allows operators to deploy fewer base stations

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Reducing the CAPEX and OPEX of network deployment

Applied only to the data zone pp y

DDOB can be used on the MAPs

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Beam-Forming Techniques
Two major classes of Beam-Forming techniques available

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Differ in the sense of the direction in which the energy is focused

Simple technique - Direction of arrival (DOA) BF: Refers to the physical (geometrical) direction

Users characterized in terms of physical angle of arrival (AOA) Angle from which the user energy is arriving

Smart technique - Mathematical (Eigen) BF: Refers to the mathematical direction

No physical interpretation as geometric angle Uses the channel impulse response to calculate the array weight Satisfy a desired criteria y

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Simple Beam-Forming Techniques - DOA

In broadband wireless environments

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Accurate estimation of AOA is very problematic

Especially for cell edge users Especially in dense urban environment

Angle spread

Propagation from scattering at the MS surrounding in broadband wireless environments (especially in urban environment) Multi-paths physically arriving from different angles

DOA BF requires narrow array

Avoiding spatial ambiguity in direction estimation

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Simple Beam-Forming Techniques DOA (2)

Narrow antenna array High correlation array

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Lower diversity gain Very limited coverage for UL and MAPs SINR at user is not maximized

Higher fade margin (lower sensitivity to fading channels)

Caused by the increased noise level spread Without smart DRA and H-ARQ : BF gain is basically eliminated

Alvarion BF is not based on actual DOA

Thus better fits real world broadband wireless environments

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Simple Beam-Forming Techniques - Fixed BF

Single sector divided into multiple small sub-sectors

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The beams are fixed Do not change with the MS position

Not effective in NLOS and rich multipath environments

For example dense urban environment

Not N t useful in real world broadband wireless environments f li l ld b db d i l i t Implementation loss due to inaccurate beams dependent p p on the number of beams Higher number of beams require higher management efforts and better DOA estimation
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Alvarion Smart Beam-Forming Technique

Smart Beam-Forming technique based on DL PUSC with dedicated pilots Adaptive beam-forming

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Non fixed beams adapt to MS position

Non DOA based BF solution

Ideal for dense urban environment Not limited to narrow arrays

Open to a variety of antenna array

Enables diversity gain

UL sounding as feedback from the subscriber

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Accurate channel estimation On going monitoring Not dependent on UL data

Alvarion Smart Beam-Forming Technique (2)

Sounding information used by DL PHY algorithms

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Estimate the spatial channel Set of beam-forming weights generated for each user Channel conditions are monitored

Smart adaptive BF

Different BF algorithm for different user types Select to optimize performance Fixed / Nomadic users Vast majority of users

Beam-forming gain is exploited

Mobile users

Diversity gain (achieved by mobility) is exploited

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Alvarion Smart Beam-Forming - Sounding

For efficient Beam-Forming, accurate knowledge of the channels at the BS is required DL channels for TDD can be derived from the UL channels owing to channel reciprocity WiMAX supports Beam-Forming through the use of channel g sounding

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BS estimates the UL channel of specific MS by using a predetermined signal that the MS is transmitting

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Alvarion Smart Beam-Forming Sounding (2)

Owing to channel reciprocity:

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BS calculates the weights to be used in the DL direction according to the ti t f th th estimate of the received UL channel i d h l

Channel estimation at the BS is challenging to implement for subscribers moving at high speeds

Majority of subscribers are either stationary or only moving at pedestrian speeds Enabling Beam-Forming to provide significant benefits

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Alvarion Smart Beam-Forming Calibration

Channel reciprocity doesn't hold for BS radio RX / TX chains

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Different HW

Calibration process

Compensate for the non-reciprocities non reciprocities Performs measurements of all (four) RX and TX chains Frequently enough - Enables tracking physical changes

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Alvarion Smart Beam-Forming Self Calibration

Alvarion solution for calibration - Self calibration Calibration measurements handled using existing BS HW Eliminates the need for external calibration unit

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Reduces deployment CAPEX No performance compromise

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Alvarion Smart Reuse Scheme

Reuse 3 deployment

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High SNR scheme Extra capacity can be achieved by MIMO-B

Reuse 1 deployment

Low SNR scheme Extra capacity can be achieved by Beam-Forming

MAP transmission requires high SNR

Reuse 3 deployment Reuse 1 deployment

Reuse 3 also used for the MAP Reuse 3 is used for the MAP

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Alvarion Value Proposition for TCL

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Beam-Forming Coverage Issue

Beam-forming enables extended range for DL data transmission

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Fewer base stations effectively cover a larger area F b t ti ff ti l l

Generally, this result is hidden by MAP and UL coverage

Edge-of-cell users are limited by the above

How does beam-forming help in applying peak rate for a beam forming specific user at the cell covered area?

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Increased Number of Supported Users

Given a specific cell, switching to beam-forming enables supporting more users while maintaining the same QoS Cell radius 500/1500m, indoor, urban environment How many users are supported for a given equal rate?
Cell Radius [m] 500 500 1500 1500 Rate per user [Kbps] 200 500 200 500 MIMO A+B BF # of users 108. 4.2 42 8.1 3.2 # of users 233. 9 19.9 7.6 130% 120% 140% 145% BF Gain

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All users are covered (SINR is high enough for MAP detection) Proprietary Information

Increased Rate
Given a specific cell, switching to beam-forming enables higher rate for a given number of users Cell radius 500/1500m, indoor, urban environment, equal rate users
Cell # of MIMO A+B rate BF rate per Radius [m] users per user [Kbps] user [Kbps] 500 500 1500 1500 10 5 10 5 220 430 160 320 450 860 390 750 BF Gain 110% 102% 135% 133%

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All users are covered (SINR is high enough for MAP detection) Proprietary Information

Increased QoS
Given a specific cell, switching to beam-forming enables higher QoS for equal time allocated users 500/1500m, indoor, urban environment, equal rate users Here, covered users is defined as the percentage of users able to achieve a minimal bit rate

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Increased QoS (2)

Cell Number Minimal rate MIMO A+B BF Radius [m] of users per user [Kbps] Covered users Covered [%] users [%] 500 500 500 1500 1500 1500 5 5 5 5 5 5 700 600 500 556 500 468 46% 51% 58% 42% 47% 50% 90% 95% 98% 90% 95% 98%

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All users are covered (SINR is high enough for MAP detection)

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Alvarion Value Proposition for TCL Summary

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Using Alvarion Smart Adaptive Beam-forming will add following benefits to TCL:

Increased number of users

Add subscribers: Supporting more users while maintaining the same QoS

Increased rate

Upgrade subscribers: Higher rate for a given number of users

Increased QoS

Higher QoS for equal time (or PF) scheduled users

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Thanking You: Arun Tiwari g