ŶƗřƺƤƫř

 ƩƹǃřśŚŤƨƬƫ
 ŠƿżǀƬƨƳDžřŠƜƬƫŚŝŭźƄƫřƖƯ

The Rules for Book 1
With an explanation in the
English language

 ĽřƼƫœƱřźƤƠƫřƶŞŤƧ
 ƮǀƫƹƲŝřŠŰƬƏƱŚưƬſƺŝŏ
 ŶƷŚŬƯƭŏƹ
Written by Abu Salmaan Talha ibnu William
Translated by Umm Mujaahid
 ƅƒšŧƃŒƇœƆšŧƃŒĸŒƅŪŕ
2

 ^ĿŖăŧœŬƗŒĄŇœƆąŪƕŒ`

Demonstrative Pronouns


ŖƔËũĿƂƆËƅËʼnƛÊŎĄƍËƉŕśŕƍËƉŔŨƍËƋËŨƍŔŨƍ
 
ŧƔËŸĄŗƆƅĄƃËœƅƏÊŌĄƃËƊඡƃËƊŔŨĄƃƆËśĄƃËƅŨ




The ŁŘĄũŕŮƙŔ ąʼnŕƈĆŬŌ ,demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English ‘that’ , ‘this’

and they are of two types; ŖƔËũĿƂƆËƅ for things which are close, and ŧƔËŸĄŗƆƅ for things

at a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different

form for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender

of the noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also

feminine, however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.







 3

The demonstrative pronouns (for near):


ŔŨƍ This is (for masculine singular)

 ËƋËŨĄƍ This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)

ŖƔËũĿƂƆËƅ
ËƉŔŨĄƍ These are (for dual masculine)

 ËƉŕśŕƍ
for things which are
near
These are (for dual feminine)

ËʼnƛÊŎĄƍ These are (for plural masculine or feminine)




 The demonstrative pronouns (for far):

 ĄƃËƅŨThat is (for masculine singular)
 ĄƃƆËś
ŧƔËŸĄŗƆƅ
That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)

 ĄƃËƊŔŨ Those are (for dual masculine)

 ĄƃËƊŕś
for things which
are far
Those are (for dual feminine)

ĄƃËœƅƏÊŌ Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)

 Examples řƆËŝƈŌ

¿ąŠĄũŒŦƋĈŖŕśËƄŒŦƋ 
¿ËƁŕŷŧĄũſąƈËũĿƄŨąƈƆƅÇ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻŧĄũſąƈËũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ ŒŦƋ


This is a man This is a book
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)
 
4


ĽŘŌĄũĆƈŏËƉÊŦƋĽŘĄũŕČƔĄŬÊƉÊŦƋ  ÊƉÊŦƋ
¿ËƁŕŷŧĄũſąƈËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻŧĄũſąƈËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ 

This is a woman This is a car 
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational) 



ËƉŕƈËƅŕĄŷÊƇŒŦƋƉŕƈƆĿƁÊƇŒŦƋ  ÊƇŒŦƋ
È¿ËƁŕŷƑĿƊĿŝąƈũĿ
İ ƄŨąƈƆƅÈ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻƑĿƊĿŝąƈİũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ 

These are scholars These are pens
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)





 ËƉඡƈËƆĆŬąƈËƇœřœƋËƉඡũĿƂĄŗÊƇœřœƋ 

Ç¿ËƁŕŷƑĿƊĿŝąƈËŜƊŎąƈƆƅÈ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻƑĿƊĿŝąƈËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ




These are Muslims These are cows  ÊƇœřœƋ

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)





 5



ĽŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈËŇƙÉŌƋĄƉƏąƈËƆĆŬąƈÊŇƙÉŌƋ  ÊŇƙÉŌăƋ
Ç¿ËƁŕŷŶĆƈĄŠËŜƊŎąƈƆƅÇ¿ËƁŕŷŶĆƈĄŠũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ 

These are Muslims
(For feminine plural-rational)
These are Muslims
(For masculine plural-rational)



 ¿ƔƆƁŔŨƍƏĽŚŕƈËƆĿƄËʼnƛÊŎƍ¿ŕŝËƈÈ¿ËƁŕŷũƔĿżËƅĄƃËƅŨĿƄąŪƏąŠĄƔĄƏ 
ËʼnƛÊŎƍ is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For 

example:


ĽŚŕƈËƆĿƄËʼnƛÊŎƍ
These words 
 


ÇūËŧŇƊĄƎąƈăƁÊƃŦĈƇĆŠĿƊăƁÊƃŦ
 ăƁÊƃŦ
¿ËƁŕŷŧĄũſąƈËũĿƄŨąƈƆƅÈ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻŧĄũſąƈËũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ

That is engineer That is a star 

(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)





 6

ĽřĄŲĐũĄƈąƈăƁƄÊřĽřĄŠƜĿŝăƁƄÊř 
 ¾ÊſœŵťăŧŽĄƆÊŚƈŌĄƆƄƃ¾ÊſœŵĄŧƒĽŹťăŧŽĄƆÊŚƈŌĄƆƄƃ 
 ăƁŅƄÊř

That is a nurse That is a fridge
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational



ŔŨƍƏ^Ê¿ąŬčũƅŔĄƃƆËś`¿ƔËŪŇƊİśƅŔƓËžŕƈĿƄÇ¿ËƁŕŷĈŶĆƈĄŠĄƃƆËśËƅĄƃËƅŨĿƄąŪƏąŠĄƔĄƏ 
¿ƔƆƁ 

ĄƃƆËś is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the 
revelation, (those messengers) but this is rare. 


ËƉŕţŕİƆĿžăƁÊƈŒŦËƉŔũĿśÉŇžŧăƁÊƈŒŦ ăƁÊƈŒŦ
È¿ËƁŕŷƑĿƊĿŝąƈũĿ
İ ƄŨąƈƆƅÈ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻƑĿƊĿŝąƈİũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ

Those are farmers Those are notebooks 

(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)



 ËƉඡŬĐũĄŧąƈăƁÊƈœřËƉඡũĿųĆŬËƈÉƁÊƈœř
ăƁÊƈœř
Ç¿ËƁŕŷƑĿƊĿŝąƈËŜƊŎąƈƆƅÈ¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻƑĿƊĿŝąƈËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ

Those are teachers Those are rulers


(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)
  
7

 ĽŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈăƁÊőƃƍŊĄƉƏąƈËƆĆŬąƈăƁÊőƃƍŊ
Ç¿ËƁŕŷŶĆƈĄŠËŜƊŎąƈƆƅÇ¿ËƁŕŷŶĆƈĄŠũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ 
 ăƁÊőƃƍŊ
Those are Muslims
(For feminine plural-rational)
Those are Muslims
(For masculine plural-

rational) 
 

 ƑƅŕŸĿśËƌËƅƏĿƁƓËžŕƈĿƄÈ¿ËƁŕŷũĆƔĿżËƅĄƃËƅŔŨĿƄąŪƏąŠĄƔĄƏ 
 ^ĻƛĆƏÊœĆŬĄƈąƌŇƊĄŷĄƉŕĿƄĄƃËœƅƏŌĮ¿ŁƄĄŧŔÉŎŁſƅŔĄƏĄũĄŰĄŗƅŔĄƏĄŶĆƈČŬƅŔČƉŏ` 
 
ĄƃËœƅƏŌIs likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) like what is in


the speech of The Most High: (translated meaning)

(Verily the hearing and the sight and the heart, of each of those
you will be questioned)

 ^ÊƊƒĽƃōĻŻœŰĄƆăƍĻŻœŰĄƆ`
 Possessed and possessor



To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This

consists of two parts. The possessed ŽŕĄŲąƈ , which appears first and 


the possessor ËƌƔĿƅŏ ŽŕĄŲąƈ ŽŕĄŲąƈ

, which follows straight after. The

takes a damma, depending on its function in a sentence and theËƌƔĿƅŏŽŕĄŲąƈ

ŽŕĄŲąƈ can never take an 


takes a kasra. It is important to note that the

alif or laam or a tanween whereas theËƌƔĿƅŏŽŕĄŲąƈ can do so.


 8

Examples  řƆËŝƈŌ

  
The teacher’s Haamid’s book
book



 ËūĐũĄŧąƈƅŔąŖŕśËƄÈŧËƈŕţąŖŕśËƄ

 ĹĹĹĹ
 ËƌƔĿƅŏŽŕŲąƈŽŕŲąƈ ËƌƔĿƅŏŽŕŲąƈŽŕŲąƈ
Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed

With alif and laam˳ϡϻ˴ϭ˳ϒ˶ϟ΄˶Α

 ^ĻŘąŶĽƈăƍĻŘƍĄŶŅƈăƆ`
 Adjective and qualifying noun


The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English it

in Arabic is called the ĽŚĆŸĿƊ and the


comes after the noun. The adjective


noun it qualifies is referred to as the ĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ (the qualifying noun). The
ŚĆŸĿƊ ĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ in

follows the its  gender (masculine and feminine), in its
 wise in its case.
definite and indefiniteness, and like




 9


Example  ¿ŕŝËƈ
 

 
A new house  The new house




 ĈŧĆƔËŧĄŠĽŚĆƔĄŗąŧĆƔËŧĄŠƅŔŁŚĆƔĄŗƅŔ
 ĹĹĹĹ
 ĽŚĆŸĿƊĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈÇĽŚĆŸĿƊĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ
 Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun

ƇƛƏŽËƅŌƉƏąŧËŗ ÈƇƛĄƏÈŽËƅōËŗ

(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)

 ^ƎăťœƈĄƆƃŒăƍÊŇŒťİƈƃŒĿŻąŧăš`
 The Vocative particle
 and the Addressed



To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particleËʼnŔŧIJƊƅŔŁŽĆũĄţ,

which is ŕƔ , equivalent to the English

 oh. The noun that comes after it is

called the ƐĄŧŕƊąƈƅŔ 

(the addressed), and it takes a single damma


regardless of gender.



 10

Oh Yaasir!

 ąũËŬŕƔœƒ¿ŕŝƈ

 ĹĹ
 ƐŧŕƊąƈƅŔËʼnŔŧIJƊƅŔŁŽĆũĄţ



The The
Addressed Vocative
Particle


 ^ďŧăŞƃŒĿŻƍĄŧĄš`
 The Genitive prepositions


ƑƅŏËŖĆƉËƈƑƆĄŷƓ˞˿


 Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal

 ending of a noun is Ê damma, and the case of it is called ŵƏŁžĆũĄƈ

Ç
 ((Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the ŁŽƏąũąţ

 ĐũŠ
Ą ƅŔ (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer
 ŵƏŁžĆũĄƈ(Nominative) instead it becomes ˲έϭ˵ή˸Π˴ϣ (Genitive).


  The Genitive prepositions are:
11

 Ë¿ For (used for belonging)

ƓËž In

ƑƆĄŷ On

ĆƉËƈFrom
ËŖ By/at

ƑƅŏTo

Examples:

¿ŕŝƈË¿ ÈŧČƈĄţąƈËƅąŖŕśËƄƅŔŔŨƍ This book is for Muhammad

¿ŕŝËƈƓËž Ë¿ĆŰĿſƅŔƑÊżąūĐũĄŧąƈƅŔ The teacher is in the class.


ËŖśŇƄĄƈƅŔƏƄŵŁřĄŷŕČŬƅŔ
¿ŕŝËƈƑƆĄŷ
The watch is on the desk

 ¿ŕŝƈĆƉËƈ
ËƉŕŗŕƔƅŔăƇÊƆąŖĿƊĆƔĄŪ
Zaynab is from Japan.



 ¿ŕŝƈËŖ ËřĄŸËƈŕŠƅŕËŗĈŖËƅŕųŕƊŌ I am a student at the university


 ËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔƏƃōĈŧËƈŕţĄŖĄƍĿŨ
12

 ¿ŕŝƈƑƅŏ Haamid went to the masjid


 
 ^˵έϮ˵μ˸Ϙ˴Ϥϟ΍˵Ϣ˸γ˶ϻ΍`



A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an ‘aa’ sound ending. The ending


vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in


function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition

(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain

unaffected.


 ϝΎΜϣ

 ƑſŇŮĿśĆŬąƈƅŔ
The hospital


 ƑƄƔËũĆƈŌ
America

ËƇĆŬËƛŔąũËŦŊąũČƔĿżĿśĄƔƜĿž 
The end case of the noun Musa  ƑĄŬƏąƈ

does not change

Zakariyya  ŕČƔËũĿƄĄŪ

Germany  ƓËƊŕƈƅŌ

ϝΎΜϣ
 13

 ƑĄŬƏąƈƅƑƄƔËũĆƈŌƑƅŏƑſŇŮĿśĆŬąƈƅŔƓž

…for Musa 
…to America …in the hospital


 ^ŗĽƃƍĄŮąƍăƆƃŒĄŇœƆąŪƕŒ`

The Relative pronouns


 ũİƄĿŨąƈƆËƅÉƉƔËŨİƅŔËƉŔŨİƅŔƒËŨİƅŔ 
ËŜİƊÉŎąƈƆËƅƓËœŕİƅŔƏŌƓËśŕİƅŔËƉŕśİƅŔƓËśİƅŔ 





řĿƅƏąŰĆƏĄƈƅŔąʼnŕƈĆŬƗŔ have the meaning of ‘which’, ‘who’,

The Relative pronouns,

 and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also

 differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the

pronounƓËśİƅŔ is also used for plural irrational nouns (ghayru ‘aaqilin). Objects,

 animals and concepts are classified as irrational nouns whilst rational include;

 humans, angels and devils.



 14
The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):


ƒËŨİƅŔ

Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational)
 

ƉŔŨİƅŔ Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational) ũİƄĿŨąƈƆËƅ


For masculine

ĄƉƔËŨİƅŔ Who (for plural masculine rational only) 



ƓËśİƅŔ

Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine
and feminine irrational)

ËŜİƊÉŎąƈƆËƅ
ËƉŕśİƅŔWho/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational) 
For feminine

ƓËœŕİƅŔƏŌƓËśŕİƅŔWho (for plural feminine rational only)



Example ϝΎΜϣ

 ĈũĆƔËƎĿŮĈũËŠŕśËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔĄƉËƈĄŞĄũĿŦƐŦƃŒÊ¿ąŠĄũƅŔ 
The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.  ƒËŨİƅŔ
For masculine singular rational 

¿ƁŕŷĈŧĄũŇſąƈĈũİƄĿŨąƈ


  ƒËŨİƅŔ
15

ËūĐũĄŧąƈƆËƅËŖĿśŇƄĄƈƅŔƑƆĄŷƐŦƃŒąŖŕśËƄƅŔ
The book, which is on the desk, belongs to the teacher.



For masculine singular irrational

¿ƁŕŷąũƔĿŻĈŧĄũŇſąƈĈũİƄĿŨąƈ



 ËƉŔŧĆƔËŧĄŠ¿ĆŰĿſƅŔƑƅŏŕŗĉƍĿŨÊƇŒŦĮƃŒËƉŕŬĐũĄŧąƈƅŔ
The teachers who went to the classroom, are new. 


For masculine dual rational

¿ƁŕŷƑİƊĿŝąƈĈũİƄĿŨąƈ


 ËƉŔŨİƅŔ

 ËƉŕƈƔËŧĿƁƓËśĄŗĆƔËƂĄţƓËžÊƇŒŦƃŒËƉŕƈĿƆĿƂƅŔ

The pens, which are in my bag, are old.


For masculine dual irrational

¿ƁŕŷąũƔĿŻƑİƊĿŝąƈĈũİƄĿŨąƈ 



 16


ŕƔËƄĆũŁśĆƉËƈËƇĄŸŇųĄƈƅŔĄƉËƈŔƏąŠĄũĿŦăƇƒÊŦƃŒĄƉƏąŬËŧĄƎąƈƅŔ  ĄƉĆƔËŨƅŔ
The engineers who left the restaurant are from
Turkey.



For masculine plural rational

Ç¿ËƁŕŷĈŶĆƈĄŠĈũİƄŨąƈ



 ĽŘĄũĆƔËŧąƈËřĄŬĄũĆŧĄƈƅŔƑƅŏŇŚĄŗĄƍĿŨƑÊřŃƃŒŁŘŌĆũĄƈƅŔ 
The woman who went to the school is a
headmistress


For feminine singular rational 
 ¿ËƁŕŷĈŧĄũŇſąƈĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ 



ÈŧČƈĄţąƈËƅËŖĿśŇƄĄƈƅŔƑƆŷƑÊřŃƃŒŁŘĄũĿųĆŬËƈƅŔ


The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.

For feminine singular irrational  ƓËśŅƅŔ

 ¿ƁŕŷąũĆƔĿŻĈŧĄũŇſąƈĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ


 
 17



˶ΡΎ˷Ϡ˶ϔϠ˶ϟ˶Ϟ˸Ϙ˴Τϟ΍ϲ˶ϓϲΘ˷ϟ΍˵ή˵Ϥ˵Τϟ΍ 
The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the
farmer.


For masculine plural irrational

 ϞϗΎϋ˵ή˸ϴ˴Ϗ˲ϊ˸Ϥ˴Ο˲ή͉ϛά˵ϣ

 
 ËũĆƔËŪĄƏƆËƅËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔĄƇŕƈŌÊƇœřŃƃŒËƉඡũŕČƔČŬƅŔ 
The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to 
the minister. 
For feminine dual irrational 

 ¿ËƁŕŷąũĆƔĿŻƑİƊĿŝąƈĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ
 ËƉŕśŅƅŔ

 
 ƐũĿśŇƆËƄŇƊŏĆƉËƈËřĄŬĄũĆŧĄƈƅŔĄƉËƈඡŠĄũĿŦËƇœřĮƃŒËƉඡŗËƅŕİųƅŔ 
The students, who left from the school, are from 

England.


For feminine dual rational

 ¿ËƁŕŷƑİƊĿŝąƈĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ

 18


ĆƉËƈĽŚŕŬĐũĄŧąƈËƀĆƏčŬƅŔƑƅŏĄƉĆŗĄƍĿŨƑÊřœĮƃŒŁŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈƅŔ
 ƓËśŕİƅŔ
 ŕƔËƊŕƈƅŌ 
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from

Germany.

For feminine plural rational

ËÇ¿ƁŕŷĈŶĆƈĄŠĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ 



 
ĆƉËƈĽŚŕŬĐũĄŧąƈËƀĆƏčŬƅŔƑƅŏÉƉĆŗĄƍĿŨƑÊőœŃƃŒŁŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈƅŔ  ϲ˶΋Ύ˷ϟ΍
 ŕƔËƊŕƈƅŌ 

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany. 

For feminine plural rational

 19

 ^˶ϒ˸ϳ˶ή˸ό͉Θϟ΍˵ϡϻ`

 The laam of definiteness



 indefinite article, is referred to as
A noun that has tanween, the

indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a

noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is ‘A’. In

Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here

is called the ËŽĆƔËũĆŸİśƅŔąƇƛ ,laam of


 definiteness.




 Example˲ϝΎΜ˶ϣ
 
This house  This is a house


 ŁŚĆƔĄŗƅŔŔŨƍĽŚĆƔĄŗŔŨƍ
 Ĺ
 ËŽĆƔËũĆŸİśƅŔąƇƛ
(The laam of definiteness) 

 20

 ^˵ΔϠ˶μ˴ϔ˸Ϩ˵Ϥϟ΍˵ή˶΋ΎϤ͉πϟ΍`
The detached pronouns

ŕƈŁśŇƊŌËŚŇƊŌƇŁśŇƊŌ . ŕƈŁśŇƊŌ . ĿŚŇƊŌ . ƉĆţĿƊ ŕƊŌ

ČƉąƍŕƈąƍƓËƍƇąƍŕƈąƍĄƏąƍČƉŁśŇƊŌ





ŁřƆËŰĿſŇƊąƈƅŔąũËœŕƈČŲƅŔ, the detached


 Pronouns are of two main categories:

ŁřĿƆËŰİśąƈƅŔũÉœŕƈČŲƅŔ ,the attached pronouns. The pronouns


pronouns and

 in this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the

meaning ‘he’ ‘she’ ‘they’ etc and even ‘it’. They are divided into 3 types:

 for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these

categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns

 in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.







 They are:

ƉĆƔËƈIJƆĿƄĿśąƈƆËƅ: For first person (masculine or feminine)




 21

 ĿŕƊŌ I ąƉĆţĿƊWe

ĈŖŕŅƆŁųĄƇąšĽƈ ĈŖËƅŕųœƈŊ  ˲ϝΎΜ˶ϣ


We are students I am a student

 ƑİƊĿŝąƈĄƏĈŶĆƈĄŠ ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ
 For plural or dual



 ƉĆƔËŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ: For Second person (masculine)




 ĿŚŇƊŌYou (singular)ŕƈŁśŇƊŌYou(dual)ƇŁśŇƊŌ You (plural)



ĈŖŇƅŕųĽŘŅƈŊ ËƉŕŗËƅŕųœƆĿřŅƈŊ  ĈŖŕŅƆŁųƅĿřŅƈŊ
You are students  Ç¿ŕŝËƈ

You are a student You are students

ĈŶĆƈĄŠ
ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ ƑİƊĿŝąƈ 
For masculine plural

For masculine singular For masculine dual


 ŚŕŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ: For second person (feminine)
22
 



 ËŚŇƊŌYou (singular)ŕƈŁśŇƊŌYou(dual)ČƉŁśŇƊŌ You (plural)


ÇĽřĄŗËƅŕųÊŘŅƈŊ ËƉඡŗËƅŕųœƆĿřŅƈŊ  ĽŚŕŗËƅŕųċƇĿřŅƈŊ  Ç¿ŕŝËƈ
You are students

You are a student You are students

ĈŶĆƈĄŠŜİƊÉŎąƈ
ĈŧĄũŇſąƈŜİƊÉŎąƈ ƑİƊĿŝąƈŜİƊÉŎąƈ 

For feminine plural
For feminine singular For feminine dual



 ĄƉƔËŗËœŕżƆËƅFor third person (masculine)




 ĄƏąƍHe (singular)ŕƈąƍThey(dual)Ƈąƍ They (plural)


ĈŖËƅŕųăƍĄƋ ËƉŕŗËƅŕųœƆĄƋ  ĈŖŕŅƆŁųƅĄƋ  Ç¿ŕŝËƈ
They are

He is a student They are students
students

ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ ƑİƊĿŝąƈ 
ĈŶĆƈĄŠ
For masculine plural 
For masculine singular For masculine dual


 23
  ˶ΕΎΒ˶΋ΎϐϠ˶ϟFor third person (feminine)





 ƓËƍHe (singular)ŕƈąƍThey(dual)ČƉąƍ They (plural)


ĽřĄŗËƅŕųăƑÊƋ ËƉඡŗËƅŕųœƆĄƋ  ĽŚŕŗËƅŕųċƇĄƋ  Ç¿ŕŝËƈ
They are

She is a student They are students
students

ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ ƑİƊĿŝąƈ ĈŶĆƈĄŠ 

For feminine singular For feminine dual For feminine plural 






 ^˵Δ˴Ϡ˶μ͉Θ˵Ϥϟ΍ή˴΋ΎϤ͉πϟ΍`
The attached pronouns

 ČƉŁƄŕƈŁƄËƃƇŁƄŕƈŁƄĄƃƒŕƊ
ČƉąƍŕƈąƍŕƍ
 ƇąƍŕƈąƍąƋ



 24

As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached


Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is

that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are divided

into 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and

 in form. The pronouns once again
within these categories they differ

have a different form for dual and plural.






ĄƉĆƔËƈIJƆĿƄĿśąƈƆËƅ




 ŕƊÉ ƒ 
 Ç¿ŕŝƈ
ŕƊąŗŕśËƄ ƓËŗŕśËƄ 
 
Our book My book

ƑŅƊŅŝąƈƏĈŶĆƈĄŠŁŜİƊÉŎąƈƏĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ ĈŧĄũŇſąƈŁŜİƊÉŎąƈƏĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ 
Masculine and feminine Masculine and feminine 

plural and dual singular






 25

ƉĆƔËŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ 

 ƇŁƄ  ŕƈŁƄ Ąƃ 
 Ç¿ŕŝƈ
ƇŁƄąŗŕśËƄ ŕƈŁƄąŗŕśËƄ ƃąŗŕśËƄ 
Your book Your book Your book

ĈŶĆƈĄŠĈũİƄĿŨąƈ ƑİƊŅŝąƈĽŜİƊÉŎąƈƏĈũİƄŅŨąƈ ĈŧĄũŇſąƈĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ 
Masculine plural Masculine and feminine
 
Masculine singular


dual

 

ËŚŕŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ



ČƉŁƄ  ƇŁƄ Ëƃ

 Ç¿ŕŝƈ
ČƉŁƄąŗŕśËƄ ŕƈŁƄąŗŕśËƄ ËƃąŗŕśËƄ 
Your book
 
Your book Your book

ĈŶĆƈĄŠŜİƊÉŎąƈ ƑİƊŅŝąƈĽŜİƊÉŎąƈƏĈũİƄŅŨąƈ ĈŧĄũŇſąƈŜİƊÉŎąƈ 

For feminine plural For masculine and For feminine singular 
feminine dual 
 26

ĄƉƔËŗËœŕżƆËƅ



Ƈąƍ ŕƈąƍ Ƌą 
 ˲ϝΎΜϣ
ƇąƎąŗŕśËƄ ŕƈąƎąŗŕśËƄ ąƌąŗŕśËƄ 
Their book  
Their book His book


ĈŶĆƈĄŠĈũİƄĿŨąƈ ƑİƊŅŝąƈĈũİƄŅŨąƈ ĈŧĄũŇſąƈĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ


For masculine plural For masculine dual For masculine singular



ËŚŕŗËœŕżƆËƅ


ČƉąƍ ŕƈąƍ 
ŕƍ

 Ç¿ŕŝƈ
ČƉąƎąŗŕśËƄ ŕƈąƎąŗŕśËƄ ŕƎąŗŕśËËƄ 

Their book Their book Her book

ĈŶĆƈĄŠŜİƊÉŎąƈ ƑİƊŅŝąƈĽŜ İƊÉŎąƈƏĈũİƄŅŨąƈ ĈŧĄũŇſąƈŜİƊÉŎąƈ


For feminine plural For masculine and For feminine singular


Feminine dual
  ^Ύϫ˵ΰ˸ϴ˶ϴ˸Ϥ˴Η˴ϭΔ͉ϴ˶ϣΎϬ˸ϔ˶Θ˸γϹ΍Ϣ˴ϛ`
27


The kam of interrogation
and its specification

Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives


the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez

(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative

case). Please look at the example below. 




 ExampleÇ¿ŕŝËƈ


How many wheels How many pens do
belong to the bike? you have?



  ËřĄŠŔČũČŧƆËƅĻřĿƆĄŠĄŷĆƇĿƄ ĄƃĄŧŇƊËŷĻŕƈĿƆĿƁĆƇĿƄ

Its  The kam of Its The kam of
 specification  specification

 ŕƍąŪĆƔËƔĆƈĿś  ŕƍąŪĆƔËƔĆƈĿś
Interrogation Interrogation

řČƔËƈŕƎŇſËśĆŬŏƇĿƄ řČƔËƈŕƎŇſËśĆŬŏƇĿƄ




ËʼnŕśËŗĻŕƈƏŁśŇŦĄƈąƇĆŬƛŔĄƉŕĿƄŔŨŏÌƛŏÈŽËƅōËŗĈƇƏŁśŇŦĄƈĈŧĄũŇſąƈĻŕƈËœŔĄŧƇĿƄąŪĆƔËƔĆƈĿśĿž
28

 ËřĿųƏąŗĆũĄƈƅŔ



The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.
It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends with


the taa marboota (a closed taa)


 ɾœăŶŅżƕŒ
 Verbs

 ^ÊŚąƒÊƈŋĮřƃŒĄŇœř`
 The taa’ of feminine form



Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up

of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past

tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the

examples below). The  ËŜĆƔËƊōİśƅŔ ąʼnŕś is used to conjugate a verb to make it

 ËŘĄƏĆŬIJƊƅŔ ąƉĆƏŁƊ

past tense, singular feminine third person. The is used to


conjugate a verb to make it past tense, plural feminine third person.

Finally, the ËřĄŷŕƈĄŠƅŔąƏŔÉƏ is used to conjugate a verb so that it represents


past tense, plural masculine third person. Please note these are just a

few of the conjugated verbs. 
 29



 Ê¿ŕŝƈ

 ËŚĆƔĄŗƅŔĄƉËƈčƇƗŔŇŚĄŠĄũĿŦË¿ĆŰĿſƅŔƓËžŁřĄŗËƅŕİųƅŔŇŚĄŬĿƆĄŠ


The mother left the The student sat in the
house classroom



 ^ÊŖăƍąŪİƈƃŒĄƇąƍĿƈ`
 The noon of women form


Example  Ê¿ŕŝƈ


 ƑſŇŮĿśĆŬąƈƅŔĄƉËƈĄƉĆŠĄũĿŦŁŚŕŲĐũËƈąƈƅŔËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔƑƅŏĄƉĆŗĄƍĿŨąʼnŕŬIJƊƅŔ

The (female – pl.) The women (pl.) went
nurses left the to the masjid
hospital



 ^ÊŗăŵœƆăŞƃŒĄƍŒÈƍ`
The waw of group form
 
30

 Ê¿ŕŝƈ


 ĿřİƄĄƈĆƉËƈŔƏąŸĄŠĄũąŞŕČŠąţƅŔËřĄŬĄũĆŧĉƈƅŔƑƅŏŔƏąŗĄƍĿŨÊ¿ŕŠĐũƅŔ

The pilgrims (male – The men (pl.) went to

pl.) returned from  the school
Mecca 



 ^ÉťƍĄťąŶăƆƃŒăƍĄťăťăŶƃŒ`
The number and the enumerated

 ŘĄũĿŮĄŷƑƅŏřĿŝƜĿŝĆƉËƈ
 From 3 to 10


In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ (the number)

and the ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is

called ĄťƍĄťąŶăƆƃŒ and the number is called the ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ. Unlike in English, Arabic numbers

can be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the ĄťƍĄťąŶăƆƃŒ

is feminine the ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ is masculine and if the ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ is masculine the ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ is


feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the


mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.
 31

 ˲ϝΎΜ˶ϣ

3 Female students 3 Male students

to 1 

ÈŚŕŗËƅŕųŁŜƜĿŝ ÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĿŝƜËŝ

ĹĹ ĹĹ 
 
ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ ÊąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ
 

 
The enumerated 
(MasculineũİƄĿŨąƈ)
The enumerated
(FeminineĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ ) 
The number The number



ŕŝİƊÉŎąƈąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔĄƉŕƄŔŨŏĄƏĻŕŝİƊÉŎąƈąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔąƉƏŁƄĄƔĻŔũİƄĿŨąƈąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔĄƉŕƄŔŨŏ
 ËƉƔĿƅŕŝËƈƅŔƓËžĈŢĐŲĄƏąƈĄƏąƍŕƈƄŔũİƄĿŨąƈąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔąƉƏŁƄĄƔĿž


When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and
when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like


what is clear in the two examples (above).




  ũİƄĿŨąƈƅŔËŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƆƅË
32

For the masculine enumerated





˿ ˾ ˽  ˼ 


ÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřİśËŬÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĄŬĆƈĿŦÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĄŸĄŗĆũŌÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĿŝƜĿŝ

˳


Six students Five students Four students Three students 
then the then the




˺˹  ̂  ̀ ́

ÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁŘĄũĿŮĄŷ ÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĄŸĆŬËśÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĄƔËƊŕƈĿŝÈŖŕŅƆŁųŁřĄŸĆŗĄŬ 

Ë
Ten students Nine students Eight students Seven students




  ËŜİƊÉŎąƈƅŔËŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƆƅ
33



For the feminine enumerated


˿ ˾ ˽  ˼ 

ÈŚŕŗËƅŕųıŚËŬÈŚŕŗËƅŕųąūĆƈĿŦÈŚŕŗËƅŕųąŶĄŗĆũŌÈŚŕŗËƅŕųŁŜƜÉĿŝ 
È
 
Six students Five students Four students Three students 
then the then the






ÈŚŕŗËƅŕųąũŮĄŷ ÈŚŕŗËƅŕųąŶĆŬËśÈŚŕŗËƅŕųƓƊŕƈĿŝÈŚŕŗËƅŕųąŶĆŗĄŬ 


Ten students Nine students Eight students Seven students

 

 



 34

 ^ÊŻąŧċŮƃŒăƇÊƆĄųƍĿƈąƆăƆƃŒ`
 The Diptotes




The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a

Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan  ˲ , fathataan ˱ and


kasrataan  ˳ . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a


sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is


substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)


 ŁŘĄũŬĿƄƅŔĄƏąƉƔËƏŇƊİśƅŔŕƈąƍĄƏƉĆƔÉœƔĿŮčŖËţąƔƛËŽĆũČŰƅŔĄƉËƈąŵƏŁƊĆƈĄƈƅŔ

 The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra






ĄŖĿƊĆƔĄŪƑƅŏ  ąŖĿƊĆƔĄŪÇ¿ŕŝËƈ
To Zaynab


ĄūËũŔŧƈƅŔƓËž
 ąūËũŔŧĄƈƅŔ
In the schools


ĄƉ
ĄŧŇƊĿƅĆƉËƈ ąƉĄŧŇƊĿƅ
From London


 ËŽĆũČŰƅŔĄƉËƈËŵƏŁƊĆƈĄƈƅŔĄƉËƈŁřĄƔËśƕŔąŵŔƏŇƊƗŔ
35

The following examples are from the diptotes: 




 ˺
Feminine proper nouns

ŁŜİƊÉŎąƈƅŔąƇĿƆĄŸƅŔ



ŁŘČŧąŠŁřİƄĄƈŁřĿŮËœŕŷŁřĄƈËųŕžąŖĿƊĆƔĄŪ
 
Jeddah Mecca ‘Aaishah Faatima Zaynab 


A feminine proper noun designated for the

masculine  ˻
ËũİƄĿŨąƈƅŔƑČƈĄŬąƈƆËƅĽŜİƊÉŎąƈĈƇĿƆĄŷ 



ŁřĄţŇƆĿųŁřĄƔËƏŕŸąƈŁřĄƈŕŬŌŁŘĄŪĆƈĄţ 

Talha Mu’aawiya Usaama Hamza  



 36

Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the


scale of fa’laan  ˼
ĄƇƚąŶĽżËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆĄŷÈƉƏŁƊĄƏÈŽËƅōËŗĄƇËśŁŦËũİƄĿŨąƈƅŔąƇĿƆĄŸƅŔ 


ąƉŔƏĆũĄƈąƉŕƔŇſąŬąƉŕİſĄŷąƉŕƈŇŝąŷ



Marwaan Sufyaan ‘Affaan ‘Uthmaan 





 The foreign proper nouns

ƑËƈĄŠĆŷƗŔĈƇĿƆĄŸƅŔ  ˽



ŁŽąŬĆƏąƔąūĆƔËũŕŗąƉĄŧŇƊĿƅąŧĆũĄƏĆŧŏąƇĄƔŇƅËƏ 

Yuusuf Paris London Edward William
 
 37
 ˾
 The proper nouns on the scale of af’alu

Ê¿ĄŸŇžŌËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆĄŷąƇĿƆĄŸƅŔ


 ąũĄƏŇƊŌąŧĄƈĆţŌ
 
Anwar Ahmad 



 Adjective and colour on the scale of af’alu  ˿

Ê¿ĄŸŇžŌËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆŷĈƉĆƏĿƅƏĽřĿſËŰ




ÊƉĄŬĆţŌąũĄŗŇƄŌ ŁƀĄũĆŪŌąũĿſĆŰŌąũĄƈĆţŌąŧĄƏĆŬŌąűĄƔĆŗŌ 
better greater blue yellow red black white  

 
 Adjective on the scale of fa’laan


ĄƇƚąŶĽżËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆĄŷĽřĿſËŰ  ̀



ąƉƖĄƈąƉŕŮŇųĄŷąƉŕŸŷĆƏĄŠąƉƜĆŬĿƄ 
full thirsty hungary lazy
 


 38

 on the scale of af’ilaau

ĄŇƚÊŶŅżŊËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆŷ  ́




ąʼnŕČŗËųŌąʼnŕƔËƏŇƁŌąʼnŕƁËŧĆŰŌąʼnŕƔËƊŇŻŌ 
 

doctors strongones truthful ones rich ones
pl. pl. pl. pl.



 On the scale of fu’alaau



 ĄŇƚăŶĿżËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆŷ  ̂
 


ąʼnŕƈĿƆąŷąʼnƜĄƈąŪąʼnŔũĄŪąƏąʼnŔũĿƂŁž 
 

scholars colleagues ministers poor ones
pl. pl. pl. pl.


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 on the scale of mafaa’ilu

 ɾÊŵœŽăƆËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆŷ  ˺˹
 


ŁƀËœŕƁĄŧąŖËśŕƄĄƈŁƀËŧŕƊĿžąūËũŔŧĄƈąŧËŠŕŬĄƈ 
 

minutes doctors hotels schools mosques
pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.



 on the scale of mafaa’eelu



 ɾąƒÊŵœŽăƆËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔƑƆŷ  ˺˺
 


čƓËŬŔũĿƄąƉĆƔËŠŕƊĿžąŢĆƔËśŕſĄƈÊ¿ĆƔËŧŕƊĄƈ 
chairs cups keys handkerchiefs
 
pl. pl. pl. pl. 


ËƌŅƆËƅąŧĆƈĄţƅŔĄƏČƇĿś