ABSTRACT:

Mobile positioning technology has become an important area of research, for emergency as well as for commercial services. Mobile positioning in cellular networks will provide several services such as, locating stolen mobiles, emergency calls, different billing tariffs depending on where the call is originated, and methods to predict the user movement inside a region.

The evolution to location-dependent services and applications in wireless syst ems co nt inu es to requir e t he deve lopment of more accurat e and reliable mo bile posit io ning t echno logies. The major challenge t o accurat e locat ion est im at io n is increating techniques that yield acceptable performance when the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver is intermittently blocked.

INTRODUCTION:

A mobile tracking and positioning system includes a plurality of mobile transmit and receive stations that track a mobile target which emits a radio signal in response to the occurrence of a tracking effort initiation event. The mo bile t ransmit and rece ive st at ionse x c h a n g e t h e i r p o s i t i o n a n d d i r e c t i o n t o t a r g e t i n f o r m a t i o n v i a t h e t w o - w a y communications systems, enabling the stations to triangulate the location of the target with their computers.

Mobile phone tracking tracks the current position of a mobile phone even on the move. To locate the phone, it must emit at least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not require an active call. GSM localization is then done by multilateration based on the signal strength to nearby antenna masts. Mobile positioning, i.e. location based service that discloses the actualcoordinat es of a mobile phone bearer, is a t echnology used by t elecommu nic at io nco mpanies to approximat e where a mobile phone, and t hereby also it s user (bearer),temporarily resides. The more properly applied term locating refers to the purpose rather than a positioning process. Such service is offered as an option of the class of location-based services

MOBILE TRACKING Mobile phone tracking tracks the current position of a mobile phone even on the move. GS M localisation is then done by multilateration based on the signal strength to nearby antenna masts. In order to route calls to your phone the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the towers monitor the signal and the phone is switched to a different tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple towers a general location of a phone can be determined. The technology of tracking is based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and uses the concept that a mobile phone always communicates o n e o f t h e c l o s e s t b a s e s t a t i o n s , s o i f yo u k n o w w h i c h b a s e s t a t i o n t h e p h o n e communicates with, you know that the phone is close to the respective base station.

Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone resides and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by interpolating signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high. Rural and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many part s o f t he world. GSM differs from it s predecessors in t hat bot h signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation(2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to bothconsumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the manyvendors implementing

GSM).GSM also pioneered a low-cost (to the network carrier)alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"),which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that thestandard includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number; 112This makes it easier for international travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the localemergency number.Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 o f t he st andard added packet datacapabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

GSM is designed to provide recommendations only. It does not cater to the requirements. The specification does not include any hardware details but only define the functions and interface requirements. It has been done intentionally so that there is limit to the designers but still they are able to make it possible for the operators to buy the instrument or handset from different suppliers.The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system(OSS).The Mobile Station is

contained in the handset only which is carried by the subscriber.The Base St at io n Subsyst em set s and controls t he radio link of t he net work wit h t he Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem controls the main part i.e. the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). The MSC performs the switching of calls between the mobile users and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also takes care of the the mobility regarding the various management operations. MobileStation The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment and Subscriber Ident it y Module (SIM) card. The SIM ident ifies t he net work and provides personal aut hent icat io n. One can insert t he SIM card to any ot her handset and st ill be able to receive call, make calls from t hat terminal, and receive ot her subscribed services or services o ffered by t he net work The mobile equipment is uniquely ident ified by t he International Mobile

Equipment Identity (IMEI) . The SIM card contains the InternationalMobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and uses this to identify the subscriber by secret key.7

Base Station Subsystem The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the BaseTransceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The Base Transceiver Station contains radio transceivers defining a cell and handles radio-link protocols. Network Subsystem

Central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile servicesSwitching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN.Besides this it also provides the required functionality to handle a mobile subscriber. This may include registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, etc. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks such as the PSTN or ISDN. Subscriber Identity Module One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly kno wn as a SIM card. The SIM is a det achable smart card cont aining t he users subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operatorswhile retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing t he pho ne to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by t hem; t his practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. In Australia, North America and Europe many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitors8

Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication mobiles. A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize privat e services to remove t he lo ck, or make use of ample soft ware and websit es available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. While most web sites offer the unlocking for a fee, some do it for free. The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card). GSM security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system wasdesigned to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communicat ions bet ween t he subscriber and t he base st at ion can be encr ypt ed. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user -whereas GSM only aut hent icat es t he user to t he network (and not vice versa). Thes e c u r it y mo d e l t he r e fo r e o ffe r s co nfid e nt ia l it y a nd aut he nt ic a t io n, bu t l i m it e d authorization capabilities, and no nonrepudiation. GSM uses several cryptographicalgorithms for security.

Specifications of GSM T h e fo l lo w ing l i s t g ive n be lo w is a br ie f d e s c r ip t io n o f t he sp e c i f ic a t io n s a n d characteristics of GSM.1.Frequency Band-The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz.2.Duplex dist ance-The duplex dist ance is 80 MHz This is t he dist ance bet ween t heuplink and downlink frequencies.3.Channel separation- In GSM there is 200 kHz separation between the adjacent carrier frequencies.4.Modulation- It is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is used for this purpose inGSM.5.Transmission rateGSM has an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.6 . Ac c e s s me t ho d- T D M A is u s e d in G S M. T D M A is a t e c hn iq u e in w h ic h s e ve r a l different calls may share the same carrier. A particular slot is made available to eachcall.7.Speech coder-GSM uses linear predictive coding, LPC. The main purpose of LPC isto reduces the bit rate. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.10

MOBILE POSITIONING It is now not necessary to use localization or tracking any longer. Since all phones have been co nvert ed to GPS able, t he receiving tower can just ask t he phone where it's position is, and the return contact will tell it within 16 feet. No localization is required any longer, since all phones now are required to have built in GPS abilities. This helps the computer to track which direction one is traveling so it can be determined when to best switch contact to the next tower. This improves service and reception and even makes it possible to use a phone at high speeds of travel GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The GPS uses a constellation of between 24 and 32Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, which enable GPS receivers to determine t heir current locat ion, t he t ime, and t heir velocity ( including direction). GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense. Global Positioning System (GPS) is comprised of 24 U.S. government owned satellites that circle 12,000 miles above the earth, twice a day in precise orbits, so that several are always in view from any position. The system is designed to provide worldwide positioning services with an accuracy ranging from 10 to 15 meters. Instant location information enables users to ascertain exactly where their vehicles or assets area anytime, anywhere in the world. Due to minor timing errors and satellite orbit errors, ho wever, more precise accuracies are unattainable wit h st andard GPS. At mospher i cconditions can also affect GPS signals and their arrival time on Earth.

DISTANCE BASED POSITIONING-TDOA METHOD

The time difference of arrival (TDOA) assumes that the mobile is located at the intersection point of at least 3 hyperbolas. The time difference between the received signals to base stations of a certain subscriber is found using the generalized cross correlation method. The resulting hyperbolic equations can be solved for finding the position location (PL) of a certain subscriber.

CONCLUSION Mobile positioning technology has become an important area of research, fo r emergency as well as for commercial services. Mobile posit ioning in cellu l ar networks will provide several services such as, locating stolen mobiles, emergency calls, different billing tariffs depending on where the call is originated, and methods to predict the user movement inside a regio