NAME OF DRUGS

CLASSIFICATION

MECHANISM OF ACTION
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation and increasing vital capacity, which has been impaired by bronchospasm and air trapping; in higher concentrations, it also inhibits the release of slowreacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and histamine.

Aminophylline

Bronchodilator

Lasix

Loop Diuretic; Electrolytic and water balance agent

Rapid-acting potent sulfonamide loop diuretic and antihypertensive with pharmacologic effects and uses almost identical to those of ethacrynic acid. Exact mode of action not clearly defined; decreases renal vascular resistance and may increase renal blood flow.

Calcium Gluconate

Electrolytic and water balance agent; Replacement solution

Calcium is essential for the functional integrity of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. It plays a role in normal cardiac function, renal function, respiration, blood coagulation, and cell membrane and capillary permeability. Also, calcium helps to regulate the release and storage of neurotransmitters and hormones, the uptake and binding of amino acids, absorption of vitamin B12, and gastrin secretion. The major fraction (99%) of calcium is in the skeletal structure primarily as hydroxyapatite, Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2; small amounts of calcium carbonate and amorphous calcium phosphates are also present. The calcium of bone is in a constant exchange with the calcium of plasma. Since the metabolic functions of calcium are essential for life, when there is a disturbance in the calcium balance because of dietary deficiency or other causes, the stores of calcium in bone may be depleted to fill the body's more acute needs. Therefore, on a chronic basis, normal mineralization of bone depends on adequate amounts of total body calcium.

Apresoline

Anti-hypertensive; Vasodilator

It is a vasodilator that works by relaxing the muscles in the blood vessels to help them dilate (widen). This lowers blood pressure and allows blood to flow more easily through the veins and arteries.

Magnesium Sulfate

Anticonvulsant

A mechanism underlying its salutary effect remains debatable.

Dexamethasone

Long- acting corticosteroid

It is naturally-occurring chemical produced by the adrenal glands located above the kidneys. It affects the function of many cells within the body and suppresses the immune system. It also blocks inflammation and are used in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases affecting many organs.

Isoket

Anti- anginal

Like all organic nitrates, isosorbide dinitrate acts as a

donor of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide causes a relaxation of vascular smooth muscle via the stimulation of guanylyl cyclase and the subsequent increase of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration. A cGMP-dependent protein kinase is thus stimulated, with resultant alteration of the phosphorylation of various proteins in the smooth muscle cell. This eventually leads to the dephosphorylation of the light chain of myosin and the lowering of contractility.

Atrophine Sulfate

Autonomic nervous system agent; Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic); Antimuscarinic

Acts by selectively blocking all muscarinic responses to acetylcholine (ACh), whether excitatory or inhibitory. Selective depression of CNS relieves rigidity and tremor of Parkinsons syndrome. Antisecretory action (vagolytic effect) suppresses sweating, lacrimation, salivation, and secretions from nose, mouth, pharynx, and bronchi. Blocks vagal impulses to heart with resulting decrease in AV conduction time, increase in heart rate and cardiac output, and shortened PR interval.

Nubain

Analgesics; Anesthetics- local & general

It acts as an agonist at specific opioid receptors in the CNS to produce analgesia and sedations but also acts to cause hallucinations and its antagonist receptors.

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Bricanyl

Bronchodilator- Betaadrenergic agonist

A Betaadrenergic agonist that results in the accumulatio n of cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP). Results of increased levels of camp at Beta-adrenergic receptors include: Bronchodilation, CNS and Cardiac Stimulation, Diuresis, Gastric Acid Secretion. Relatively selective for Beta2 (Pulmonary) Receptors.

11

Nicardepine

Calcium channel blockers

Inhibits calcium ion influx across cardiac and smooth muscle cells, thus decreasing myocardial contractility and oxygen demand and coronary arteries and arterioles.

12

Metoclopramide

Antiemetic; GI stimulant

Dopamine antagonist that acts by increasing receptor sensitivity and response of upper GIT tissues to acetylcholine.

13

Morphine Sulfate

Analgesic

Morphine appears to mimic endorphins. Endorphins, a contraction of the term endogenous morphine, are responsible for analgesia (reducing pain), causing sleepiness, and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or excitement.

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Paracetamol

Analgesic

The drug may relieve fever through central action in the hypothalamic heat- regulating center.

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Diphenhydramine

Antihistamine

It competes with histamine at histamine receptor sites. It inhibits central acetylcholine.

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Catapres

Cardiovascular agent; Central-acting antihypertensive; Analgesic

Centrally acting anti- adrenergic derivative. Stimulates alpha2-adrenergic receptors in CNS to inhibit sympathetic vasomotor centers. Central actions reduce plasma concentrations of norepinephrine. It decreases systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate. Orthostatic effects tend to be mild and occur infrequently.

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Dopamine

Autonomic nervous system agent; Alphaand Beta- Adrenergic agonist (Sympathomimetic)

Naturally occurring neurotransmitter and immediate precursor of norepinephrine. Major cardiovascular effects produced by direct action on alpha- and betaadrenergic receptors and on specific dopaminergic receptors in mesenteric and renal vascular beds.

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Midazolam

CNS Depressant

Potentiates the effect of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

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Ephedrine

Alpha- and Betaadrenergic agonist (Sympathomimetic)

The principal mechanism of its action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), by increasing the activity of noradrenaline at the postsynaptic - and -receptors. The presence of direct interactions with -receptors is unlikely, but still controversial. L-Ephedrine, and particularly its stereoisomer norpseudoephedrine (which is also present inCatha edulis) has indirect sympathomimetic effects and due to its ability to cross the blood brain barrier, it is a CNS stimulant similar to amphetamines but less pronounced, as it releases noradrenaline and dopamine in the substantia nigra. The presence of an Nmethyl group decreases binding affinities at -receptors, compared with norephedrine. On the other hand ephedrine binds better than N-methylephedrine, which has an additional methyl group at the N-atom. Also the steric orientation of the hydroxyl group is important for receptor binding and functional activity.

20

Zantac

Anti- ulcer agent

Inhibits the action of the histamine at the H2 receptor site located primarily in gastric parietal cells, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

21

Ketorolac

Non- steroidal antiinflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs)

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by decreasing the activity of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors, chemicals that cells of the immune system make that cause the redness, fever and pain of inflammation and that also are believed to be important in the production of non-inflammatory pain.

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Ephinephrine

Beta2 Adrenergic Agonists

Stimulates beta receptors in lungs. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle. Increases vital capacity: increase BP, increase HR and increase PR. Decreases airway resistance.

23

Isoptin

Calcium channel blocker; Anti- anginal

It works by relaxing blood vessels so blood can flow more easily. It may help to increase your ability to exercise and decrease how often you may get angina attacks. It helps to lower the heart rate, helping you to feel more comfortable and increase your ability to exercise.

24

Isordil

Anti- anginal

Reduces cardiac oxygen demand decreasing left ventricular end diastolic pressure (preload) and to a lesser extent, systemic vascular resistance (afterload). Also increases blood flow through the collateral coronary vessels.

25

Captopril

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor

Blocks ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor, leading to decreased blood pressure, decreased aldosterone secretion, a small increase in serum potassium levels, and sodium and fluid loss; increased prostaglandin synthesis also may be involved in the antihypertensive action.

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Metropolol

Autonomic nervous system agent; Betaadrenergic antagonist (Sympatholytic); Antihypertensive

It blocks the action of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the involuntary nervous system, by blocking beta receptors on sympathetic nerves. Since the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for increasing the rate with which the heart beats, by blocking the action of these nerves. It reduces the heart rate and is useful in treating abnormally rapid heart rhythms. It also reduces the force of contraction of heart muscle and thereby lowers blood pressure. By reducing the heart rate and the force of muscle contraction, metoprolol reduces the need for oxygen by heart muscle. Since heart pain (angina pectoris) occurs when oxygen demand of the heart muscle exceeds the supply of oxygen, metoprolol, by reducing the demand for oxygen, is helpful in treating heart pain.

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Nifedipine

Calcium channel blocker

Thought to inhibit calcium ion influx across cardiac and smooth-muscle cells, decreasing contractility and oxygen demand. Also may dilate coronary arteries and arteriole.

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Hemostan

Anti-fibrinolytic; Antihemorrhagic

It forms a reversible complex that displaces plasminogen fromfibrin resulting in inhibition of fibrinolysis; it also inhibits the proteolyticactivity of plasmin.

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Valium

Anxiolytics

It facilitates the action of Y- aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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Nitroglycerin Patch

Anti- angina; Nitrate Vasodilator, Coronary

Relaxes the vascular smooth system .Decreases myocardial oxygen consumption. Decreases left ventricular workload. Decreases arterial BP. Decreases venous return.

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Tramadol

Analgesic

Binds to opiate receptors in the CNS causing inhibition of ascending pain pathways, altering the perception of and response to pain; also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, which also modifies the ascending pain pathway.

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Vitamin K

Vitamin

It is capable of blocking the blood thinning action of anticoagulants like warfarin, which work by interfering with the action of vitamin K. They also reverse the tendency of these drugs to cause arterial calcification in the long term.

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Buscopan

Anticholinergic; Antispasmodic

The naturally occurring belladonna alkaloids, semisynthetic derivatives, quaternary ammonium compounds, and, to a lesser extent, the synthetic tertiary amines inhibit the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves as well as on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These postganglionic receptor sites are present in the autonomic effector cells of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, and exocrine glands. Depending on the dose, anticholinergics may reduce the motility and secretory activity of the gastrointestinal system, and the tone of the ureter and urinary bladder and may have a slight relaxant action on the bile ducts and gallbladder. In general, the smaller doses of anticholinergics inhibit salivary and bronchial secretions, sweating, and accommodation; cause dilatation of the pupil; and increase the heart rate. Larger doses are required to decrease motility of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts and to inhibit gastric acid secretion. A local and direct action on smooth muscle, to reduce tone and motility of the gastrointestinal tract, has been suggested to explain the apparent gastrointestinal antispasmodic effect of the synthetic tertiary amine compounds.

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Lanoxin

Anti arrhythmic

Increases contractility of the myocardium. Inhibit adenosine tryphosphatase, the altered ionic distribution

across the membrane resultin in an augmented calcium ion influx and thus an increase in the availability of calcium at the time of excitation- contraction coupling.

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Xylocaine

Anti arrhythmic and Anesthetic

Decrease cardiac excitability, cardiac contraction is delayed in the atrium and ventricle.

36

Ventolin

Bronchodilator; Antiasthma

Relaxes bronchial, uterine and vascular smooth muscle by stimulating Beta2 receptors.

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Ceftriaxone

Antibiotic

This inhibits third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, promoting osmotic instability, thus killing the bacterium.

38

Omeprazole

Antisecretory drug

Gastric-acid pump inhibitor: suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the hydrogenpotassium ATP as enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cells; blocks the final step of acid production.

39

Ranitidine

Anti- ulcer agent

Inhibits the action of the histamine at the H2 receptor site located primarily in gastric parietal cells, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

40

Sodium bicarbonate

Antacid

It is used to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion by neutralizing excess stomach acid. When used for this purpose, it is said to belong to the group of medicines called antacids. It may be used to treat the symptoms of stomach or duodenal ulcers. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to make the blood and urine more alkaline in certain conditions.

41

D 50

Monosaccharide, principal form of carbohydrate used in the body.

Increases serum blood glucose level.

42

Dobutamine

Autonomic nervous system agent; betaadrenergic agonist ; Catecholamine

Dobutamine is a direct-acting agent, whose primary activity results from stimulation of the 1-adrenoceptors of the heart, increasing contractility and cardiac output. Since it does not act on dopamine receptor to induce the release ofnorepinephrine (another 1 agonist), dobutamine is less prone to induce hypertension than is dopamine. Dobutamine is predominantly a 1-adrenergic agonist, with weak 2 activity, and 1 selective activity, although it is used clinically in cases of cardiogenic shock for its 1 inotropic effect in increasing heart contractility and cardiac output. Dobutamine is administered as a racemic mixture consisting of both (+) and () isomers; the (+) isomer is a potent 1agonist and 1 antagonist,

while the () isomer is an 1 agonist. The administration of the racemate results in the overall 1 agonism responsible for its activity. (+)-Dobutamine also has mild 2 agonist activity, which makes it useful as a vasodilator.

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Citicoline

Neurotonics; Nootropics

Citicoline activates the biosynthesis of structural phospholipids in the neuronal membrane, increases cerebral metabolism and increases the level of various neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and dopamine. Citicoline has shown neuro protective affects insituations of hypoxia and ischemia.

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Potassium chloride

Electrolytes

Potassium chloride is a major cation of the intracellular fluid. It plays an active role in the conduction of nerve impulses in the heart, brain and skeletal muscle; contraction of cardiac skeletal and smooth muscles; maintenance of normal renal function, acidbase balance, carbohydrate metabolism and gastric secretion.

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Solu- cortef

Anti- inflammatory agent; Short- acting corticosteroid

Not clearly defined. Decreases inflammation, mainly by stabilizing leukocytes lysosomal membranes, suppresses immune response; stimulates bone marrow; and influences protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

Prepared By:

Anna Marie E. Mendiola

GROUP 7 Th- F- S Level III