Civics Class Sixth : Chapter 1 S.

No Topics 1 Aristotle 2 Dictum 3 Interdependence

Description Man is a Social Animal. United We Stand. Divided We fall. Each one of us depends on others. For instance, children depend on their parents and in their old age parents depend on their children. Gained much significance. Excellent System of Interdepence. Family, school, college, place of worship, playground, recreation-theater and hospital. Promote social relations. The first social institution that we come to know is our family. A good family is called a University. It imparts education to children and also inculcates civic sense in them. NCC: National Cadet Corps, NSS: National Service Scheme. Today, we use television, cell phone, computer, Internet, electric train, etc Urban and Rural. Land of Villages. / Agriculture / Pure food and Vegetables from garden. / Inhale fresh air / Lead a natural life. / Poor/ Economic disparity./ Poverty / Less land owners / Landless labourers. India lives in villages. Lieteracy movement and education for all. Establishment of small-scale and agro-based rural industries. Well Planned / Drinking water, drainage system, transport facilities, educational institutions, hospitals and communication facilities are provided in a planned manner. Cosmopolitan in nature. (Social mix). Migration of people from rural to urban. Groups can be identified on the basis of their occupation and on their duties. Teachers, government servants, doctors, lawyers, policemen, engineers, etc Roots of Society. Makers of future generation Began his career as a teacher, became the President of the Indian Republic. His birthday falls on 5th September, which is being celebrated as Teachers Day. It is the foremost duty of the government servants to implement the welfare schemes of the governmet. Health is Wealth is a popular dictum. They do the noble service of removing pain and misery of the diseases.

4 5 6 7 8

Modern Society Society Social Institutions Family Small Society School

9 10 11

Modern Society Social Life Rural

12 13 14 15

Mahatma Gandhi Schemes Employment Urban life

16 Culture 17 Problem Class Sixth : Chapter 2 18 Social Groups

19 20

Teachers Dr.Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Government Servants Doctors

21 22

23 24 25 26

Lawyers Judges Police Personnel Engineers

27 Dr.Abdul Kalam Class Sixth : Chapter 3 28 Public Properties No individual can claim Ownership

Lawyers play a significant role in creating an ordered society. Efficient lawyers are also appointed as judges. Their important duties include the prevention of crimes such as murder, theft and looting. Maintain law and order in the society. They are responsible for providing the basic infrastructure such as roads, bridges, dams, canals, electric power stations and big industries. Space Scientist. Former President of our Indian Republic. Public roads, parks, places of worship, educational institutions, libraries, buses, and trains. Government or social forums have created these properties for the use of the public. Created from the taxes collected from the public. 1. Public utilities established from the taxes paid by the people. 2. Historical monuments left by our ancestors. 3. Natural resources and 4. National symbols. Everyones foremost responsibility to protect and safeguard these public properties. The temples, forts, sculptures and paintings not only manifest our art and cultural traits but also remain important sources of our historical past. Big Temple : Tanjore. Fort : Ginjee Thirumalai Naik Mahal : Madurai. Paintings : Chitannavasal. Taj Mahal : Agra. Artifacts largely attract foreign tourists and spread the cultural glory of our country to all parts of the world. Rivers, mountains, forests, iron and coal and other minerals and also the petroleum products. Destruction of forests. All the mineral resources available under the earth are our national properties. Anything that is bought with ones own personal income. 1937 Public Properties Protection Act.(PPP) 1982 Tamilnadu Govt - PPP. Lifeline of Indian Democratic System. 19th Century Lord Rippon introduced Local Self Government. Father of Local Self Government. Rippon the Good. Strengthening the village economy and the existence of selfsufficient villages.

29 30

Responsibility Monuments

31

Monuments

32 33 34 35 36 37

Artifacts Natural Resources National Wealth Ecological Imbalance National Properties Private Properties Madras Presidency

Class Sixth : Chapter 4 38 Local bodies 39 Panchayat Institutions 40 Lord Rippon 41 Mahatma Gandhi

42

Panchayat Raj Act 1992

43 44

45

46 47

Village Panchayat President of Village Panchayat No Salary Panchayat Members of Village Panchayat No Salary Duration of Posts Duties of Village Panchayats Revenue

Three tier Panchayat System. 1. Village Panchayat. 2. Panchayat Union. 3. District Panchayat. Population not less than 500. Elected directly by the people through the elections.

Five to fifteen. The people directly elect them.

48

49 50

Village Council Council Meeting

51 52 53 54 55

Panchayat Unions Members of Panchayat Unions. President of Panchayat Unions. Duration Function of Panchayat Unions. Block Development Office. District Panchayat

President : Five Years. Members: Five Years. Maintenance of roads, street lights, construction of small bridges, laying drainage system and the provision of drinking water by digging wells or bore wells. House tax, property tax, tax on shops, collection of fines, etc. The government also provides a share of the land revenue and the land registration fee to the Village Panchayats. Central and State governments grant financial assistance to the Panchayats. Eligible for voting in the elections are the members of this Council. Presided by the President. Meets four times a year. 26th January (Republic day) 1st of May (May Day or Labourers day) 15t h August (Independence Day) 2nd of October (Mahatma Gandhis Birthday). Approval to the village development plans and to the budgetary allocations. Panchayat Union consists of several Village Panchayats. People through elections directly elect the members of the Panchayat Unions. Members in turn elect one among them as the President of the Panchayat Union. President of Panchayat Union Five years. Members of Panchayat Union Five Years. Maintenance of roads, providing drinking water, establishment of village primary health centers and maternity homes and also the establishment of primary schools. In order to execute the development works of the Panchayat Union, there is a separate administrative office under the control of the Block Development Officer. Each district is provided with a District Panchayat.

56

57

58 59 60 61

Members of District Panchayats President of District Panchayats. Duration Functions

62 63 64

District Planning Committee. Function Members of DPC

People through elections directly elect the members of the District Panchayats. Members in turn elect one among them as the President of the District Panchayat. President of District Panchayat Five years. Members of District Panchayat Five Years. Suggestions to the government regarding the development works and the improvement of roads and transport carried out by the Village Panchayats and the Panchayat Unions within the district. President District Panchayat District Planning Committee. Draft a developmental plan for the whole district. The Draft plan is submitted to the State Planning Commission. The elected representatives of the local bodies elect the members of the District Planning Committee. MLA and MP belonging to a district also included as members in this committee. Integrates the people and the government and also remains useful for the development of our nation. Chennai, Madurai, Tiuchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Coimbatore and Salem. Chairperson of Corporation. Elected direcly by the people. Rep of each ward Councilors Directly elected by the people of the respective ward. Seats have been reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and also for women in the Corporations Mayor 5 Years. Councilors 5 Years. Chief revenue for the Corporation includes the property tax, professional tax, cess on advertisements and on cable television networks. The Corporation office under the control of a Commissioner executes the plans approved by the Corporation Council. Provide the basic requirements such as roads, parks, education, health, clean drinking water and drainage facilities to the people. 102 Municipalities in tamilnadu. Chairperson of Corporation. Elected direcly by the people. Rep of each ward Councilors Directly elected by the people of the respective ward. Seats have been reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and also for women in the Corporations

65

Panchayat System

Class Sixth : Chapter 5 66 Corporation 67 68 69 70 71 Mayor Wards Reservation Duration Revenue

72

Commissioner -IAS

73 74 75 76 77

Functions Municipality Chair Person No Salary Wards No Salary Reservation

78 79 80

Duration Resolutions Municipal Commissioner Revenue Town Panchayats

81 82

President and Members of Town Panchayats Class Sixth : Chapter 6 84 States and Union Territories 85 Districts in Tamilnadu 86 District Collector IAS 87 88 89 90 Revenue District Revenue Officer(DRO) Taluk Village Administrative Officer(VAO) District Police Administration DSP Police Stations District Judiciary District Civil Court Additional Sessions Court

83

Chair Person 5 Years. Councilors 5 Years. Resolutions are passed in the Municipal Council meetings regarding the developmental and other works. The resolutions passed by the Municipal Council are executed by the Municipal Office, which functions under the control of the Municipal Commissioner. Taxes. There are 611 Town Panchayats in Tamil Nadu. These are functioning under the executive control of the Director of Town Panchayats. Elected directly by the people. Five years office.

States: 28 Union Territories: 7 Total: 30 Responsible for administration of the whole district. Asssited by District Revenue Officer, Revenue Officials and Block Development Officers. Districts Divided Taluks Fircas Villages. Looks after the function of the Revenue Department at the district level. Tashildar remains the head of the revenue department. Assisted by the deputy tashildars. Looks after the revenue dept. at the village level.

91 92 93 94 95 96

Superindendent of Police is the head of the police dept at the distict level. SPs are assisted by DSPs. Cadre of Inspectors, Sub-Inspectors, Head constables and Constables have been appointed in these police stations. Each district is provided with a District Sessions Court. Presided Over by District Munsif. Enquire petty cases.

Class Seventh : Chapter 1 S.No Topics 1 India 2 National Flag

Adopted-22nd July 1947. Hoisted 15th August 1947. National Anthem

Description Soverign Democratic Republic. Saffron Courage and Sacrifice White Purity and Truth Dark Green Faith and Prosperity Wheel (Navy Blue) - Sarnath lion capital of Ashoka 24 Spokes Move along the path of dharma.

National Emblem

National Anthem

Composed by Rabindranath Tagore. Adopted: 24th January 1950 First Sung: 27th December 1911 at the Calcutta session of The Indian National Congress. Time: 52 Seconds. Message: Tolerance national unity and patriotism Lion : Ashoka pillar of Sarnath. Adopted: 26th January 1950. 4 Lions : Power and Majesty. 1 Horse : Speed and Energy. 1 Bull: Work and Steadfastness. Inscription: Satyameva Jayate(In devanagri). Truth alone Triumphs. Composed by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee. (Book Anand Mutt 1882). First Sung: Calcutta session of the Indian national congress meeting in 1886.

National flower

Lotus. Symbolises Unity. Peacock. Symbolises Beauty of our country. Tiger. Symbolises Strength and Bravery.

National Bird

National Animal

9 10 11

Hindi National Languages National Tree

Official Language. Indian constitution has recognized 18 languages as national languages. Banyan Tree is our National Tree.

Class Seventh : Chapter 2 12 Accidents

13 14 15 16

Road Rules Fire Service/Ambulances Drivers of Vehicles Road Safety Cell

a) Personal factors:- Age, fatigue, attitude, physical defect, less knowledge about driving and disorder come under this category. b) Environmental factors - Tools, machinery, weather, driver and engine fault of other vehicles come under this category. Came in to effect from July 1, 1989. Cannot stop at the signals. Driving licence, Insurance copy, registration and road tax and other needed certificates. Road safety cell was set up by the ministry of surface transport in September 1986. Formulate policies for road safety to minimise road accidents The primary objective of first aid is to save the life Constitution and Government of India announced secularism as an official policy of India Secular is derived from the Latin word SAECULUM Indian king Maharaja Ranjith Singh officially announced secularism as the policy of his Government. Controlled all the Christian Countries. Had political control over the muslim rulers. Islam is the official religion of Pakistan. Hinduism is the official religion of Nepal. Among these eight basic and guiding principles of the constitutionSecularism is placed in fifth position. Secularism was officially included in the preamble of the constitution by the 42 amendment on 18.12.1976. Unity in Diversity.
nd

17 First Aid Class Seventh : Chapter 3 18 India 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 SAECULUM Maharaj Ranjith Singh Pope Sultan of Turkey Pakistan Nepal Secularism 18.12.1976

26 Cultural Nationalism Class Seventh : Chapter 4 27 Democracy 28 Root Democracy

29 30 31 32 33 34

Herodotus Historian Abraham Lincoln Aristotle Democratic Government Direct Democracy Indirect Democracy

Political ideologies in many parts of the world. Democracy is a term derived from two Greek words- Demos and Kratos. Demos means the people. Kratos means the power or rule. Democracy is a rule of the masses The Government of the people, by the people and for the people. Father of Politics. Upholds the dignity of the human personality and every one is guaranteed fundamental rights. Swizerland. Representatives are duly elected by the people and act on behalf of the people. These elected representatives form and run the

35 36

India Parliament

37

State Legislature

38 39 40 41

Elections Indian Citizen Political Parties Public Opinion

42 Dictatorship 43 Government 44 Era Class Seventh : Chapter 5 45 Political Parties 46 Democratic Government

Government. India, England, France and the United States of America have Indirect democratic form of Government Follows Parliamentary Democracy. Body of the elected representatives to the central Government is known as parliament. Member of Parliament is known as M.P Body of the elected representatives at the State level is known as state legislature. Member of the legislative assembly at State level is known as M.L.A. Election commission of India has been conducting elections in India Age 18: Right to Vote. Age 25: Contest in the elections. Political parties play a very vital role in indirect democratic system. Newspapers, television, radio, magazines, public meetings and cinema play an important role in shaping the public opinion in Democracy. Dictatorship was a rule of a powerful individual. In a Democracy, Government is accountable to the people. The modern era is called the era of Democracy Political parties play significant role in the proper functioning of Democracy and Government. First Stage: People elect their representatives through the election process. Second Stage: The elected representatives elect their own leader from among them and try to form and run the Government. Political party is held together primarily by its ideology and organisation. It is a statutory body. Conducts elections for parliament, legislative assembly and municipal bodies in co-ordination with the state level Election Commissions. Elections to the local bodies are conducted by the state level Election Commission. The elected representatives of the successful political parties (MPs or MLAs) meet and elect their leader as Prime Minister or Chief minister to head the Government The party that secures maximum votes forms the government and becomes the ruling party. The party, which does not win the election but has secured the second largest vote, becomes the opposition party.

47 48

Dr.Roucek Election Commission of India

49 50

State Election Commission PM/CM

51 52

Ruling Party Opposition Party

53 54 55

Election Manifesto Single Party System Bi Party System

56 57 58 59

United States of America Multi Party System Party System in India National Parties

The document that contains the policies and programmes of a party is called a manifesto. Countries like China and Russia have only one political party. That is the Communist party. In a bi-party system, there are two parties. Countries like United States of America and England have twoparty system. Democrats and Republicans. India has such a system. National Parties and Regional Parties. Election Commission recognises a party as a national party if it secures not less than 4% of the total valid votes in previous general elections at least in four states. Lok Sabha: 545 Rajya Sabha: 245 M.L.A: Total seats: 234 Appointed: 1 Total: 235 Democracy without a political party is just like a ship without pilot or a boat without rudder. Human Rights promote human dignity. Famous human right documents. Established on 24th October 1945. Supreme body in the world. International Human Rights Day. UNO day all over the world. Explains that all children must be given equal opportunities and facilities to develop a healthy freedom and dignity. It further says that children must be protected against all types of exploitations. Prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 in hazardous, industries. National Human Rights Commission India 12.10.1993. Retired Supreme Court Judge is appointed to head the commission and four other experts are also appointed as its members for a term of 5 years. State Human Rights Commission to look after the Human Rights issues. Tamilnadu: Head Office: Chennai. Juvinile Justice Act. Persons under the age of 14 are classified as children. Childrens day in india. International Labour Day International Health Day.

60 61

Member of Parliament Tamilnadu Assembly

62

Jawaharlal Nehru

Class Seventh : Chapter 6 63 Human Rights 64 Magna Carta- England 1215 A.D 65 United Nations Organisation 66 December 10th 67 October 24th 68 Article 39(f)

69 70

Article 24 NHRC 1993

71 72 73 74 75 76

SHRC 1986 Children November 14th May 1st April 7th

Class Eight : Chapter 1 1 15th August 1947 2 26th January 1950 3 National Goals 4 Election Commission of India General Elections 14th General Election Socialism K.Kamaraj

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Acharya Vinobha Bhave Social Welfare Commission Fundamental Rights Directive Principles Untouchability Adult Franchise Independent Judiciary Service Commission

17 18

UPSC TNPSC

India attained freedom. Our constitution came into force. Democracy, Secularism, Socialism, Social Economic and Political Justice. It consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two others as Election Commissioners. They are appointed by the President of India. 14 General Elections were conducted so far. Voting machines are used for elections. Socialism means equal distribution of a nations resources among the people without any discrimination The Indian National Congress held at Avadi in 1955, under the guidance of K.Kamaraj, the then Chief Minister of Tamilnadu passed a resolution, to follow the principle of socialism in India. Boodhan movement of Acharaya Vinoba Bhave aim at providing land to the landless. Established for the upliftment of socially and economically backward people. Are given in the Part III of the constitution. Are given in the Part IV of the constitution. Mahatma Gandhi, Periyar, Narayana Guru championed the cause of abolition of untouchability.. Our constitution has given the right to vote to everyone. Safeguard our Economic, Social and Political rights guaranteed by our Constitution. A service commission has been established for the qualified person to get employment in the various government departments on merit basis Union Public Service Commission. Select Candidates for central govt jobs. Tamilnadu Public Service Commission. Select Candidates for state govt jobs. Largest democracies in the world. Unity in Diversity. Subramanya Bharathiyar Celebrated as National Integration Day. Communalism refers to selfish aggressive attitude of one community towards another. 18 Languages are recognized by the constitution of india. India shares a common land border with Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma and China. It also shares a common

Class Eight : Chapter 2 19 India 20 National Integration 21 National Poet 22 November 19th 23 Communalism 24 Languages Class Eight : Chapter 3 25 Indian Border

26 27 28 29

1962 Defence Allocation President Army January 15th Navy December 4th

31

32

Airforce October 8th Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam National Defence Academy Indian Military Academy Kirkee Air force Academy HAL Tanks Military Explosives 1971 December 7th

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

sea border with Sri Lanka. Indo China War [Chinese Aggression] Rs 1,05,600 Crore Supreme commander of the Armed forces of India. Head Quarters: New Delhi. Chief: General. Five Commands: Eastern,western,Southern,Central,Northern Headquarters: New Delhi. Chief: Admiral. 3 Commands: Western,Eastern,Southern. Naval Training: Mumbai, Cochin, and Vishakapatinam. Warship: Kolkatta. Headquarters: Newdelhi Chief: Airchief Marshall 5 Operating and 2 Supporting commands. Father of Agni Missile. Pune. Dehradun. College of Military Engineering. Hyderabad. Bangalore Vijayantha and Arjun tanks are manufactured at Avadi. Military explosives are manufactured at Aravangadu in Nilgiris Indo Pakistan War. Flag day. Remembrance of the sacrifices of the Soliders of our country. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is an effort to universalize elementary education by community ownership of the school system Directive Principles of state policy gave guidlines to centre and the state to give free and compalsary education upto the age of 14. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswara Chandra Vidya Sagar, Dayananda Saraswathi, K.C.Sen, M.G.Ranade, Pandit Rama Bai, Jothi Pule, Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy , Subramaniya Bharathi,EVR Periyar and Veerasa Lingam Panthulu worked for educating the Muslim Women. Child marriage was banned by passing Sarada Act in 1929 due to the efforts of Dr.Muthulakshmi. Craddle baby scheme in Tamilnadu. Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian born American woman who travelled to International space lab in the space shuttle Colombia along with five other astronauts.

Class Eight : Chapter 4 43 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA- 2003): 44 Compusory Education

45

Social Reformers

46 47 48 49

Sir Syed Ahamad Khan Child Marriage 1992 Kalpana Chawla

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Article 45

51 1986 Class Eight : Chapter 5 52 Five Year Plans

state to enforce universal free and compulsory education to all children in the country upto the age of 14 Child Labour Act. Ten five year plans are implemented. First plan (1951-1956) Second plan (1956-1961) Third plan (1961-1966) [2Years] Fourth plan (1969-1974) Fifth plan (1974-1979) Sixth plan (1980-1985) Seventh plan (1985-1989)[2Years] Eighth plan (1992-1997) Ninth plan (1997-2002) Tenth plan (2002-2007) Eleventh plan (2007-2012) Agriculture oriented to solve the food problems Reduce the Price Level. Measures for raising the purchasing capacity of the people living below the poverty line. Remove poverty and to attain self sufficiency in food production. Double the per capita income of Indians. Expanded employment opportunities in India by creating 10 million new jobs Intensive Agricultural development, improved techniques, new variety of seeds. Operation flood. Production of Milk and Milk products. Blue Revolution increases the production of sea food in India. 16% world Population, 2.4% of world area. World Population day. Self Sufficiency in food production. National rural employment Programme. (50:50). A Right is a claim recognised by a Society and enforced by the State. Rights are guaranteed by the state. Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948 Part III of our constitution. Constitution of India guaranteed the equality of sex and special favour to women (Article of 14,15,16, of our Constitution). Hindu Marriage Act/ Amended age :21 Hindu Succession Act

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

First Plan Fourth Plan Fifth Plan Seventh and Eight Tenth Plan Second Plan Green Revolution White Revolution Blue Revolution

62 India 63 11th july 64 Third Plan 65 NREP Class Eight : Chapter 6 66 Bosanquet 67 68 69 70 71 72 Earnest Barker 10th December 1948 Fundamental Rights Women 1955 1956

73 74 75

1961 8th March Kiran Bedi

Dowry Prohibition Act. International Womens Day Ramon Magsasey Award(Asia Nobel Prize).

Class Ninth : Chapter 1 S.No Topics 1 Devanagri 2 3 Kalidasa Dance

4 Paintings 5 Music Class Ninth : Chapter 2 6 Nuclear family 7 Joint Family

Description Devanagiri is the script used to write Sanskrit and other north Indian languages. Mehadootum and Sankuntalam. Bharata Natyam Tamilnadu. Kuchipudi AndhraPradesh. Kathakali Kerala. Manipuri Manipur. Odissi Orissa. Ajantha and Ellora Maharashtra. Carnatic and Hindustani. In the nuclear family, there are minimum number of members like parents and children. In the joint family, along with parents and children there are uncles, aunties, sons - in - law, daughters - in - law, grandfather, grandmother and others. It was to draft a constitution for the undivided India. It consisted of the representatives of Indian people. Its provisional president was Dr.Sacchidananda Sinha. While the work was in progress, Dr.Sinha died. Dr.Rajendra Prasad became the president of the Constituent Assembly. Chairman B.R. Ambedkar. 26th November 1949 Constitution of India came into effect on 26th January 1950.This day is known as Republic Day. 1. Preamble. 2. The Articles (395 in number divided into 22 Parts) 3. The Schedules(12 in number) 4. The Appendix 5. The Amendments(83 in number) Soverign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic Social Economic Political Justice.

Class Ninth : Chapter 3 8 Constituent Assembly

9 10 11

Constitution Drafting Committee Constitution of India Salient features of Indian Constitution.

12

India

13

Aim

14

Guarantees

15

Fundamental Rights Article 12 35

16

17

18 19

Directive Principles of State Policy Articles 36-51 Fundamental Duties Article 51A 42nd Amendment 1976 Union Government Article 52-151 Central Executive

Equality Liberty Fraternity [Important Slogans of French Revolution-1789] 1. Right to Equality 2. Right to Freedom 3. Right Against Exploitation 4. Right to Freedom of Religion 5. Cultural and Educational Rights 6. Right to Constitutional Remedies 19 Welfare Objectives.

Indian citizens are expected to discharge certain fundamental duties.

Union Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. President Head. [Prime Minister and his/her council of Ministers discharge the real executive functions.] Parliament. Lok Sabha -543 + 2(appointed by president). Rajya Sabja -250 [12 Appointed] Except money bills the Rajya Sabha has equal powers with the Lok Sabha. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in India. It has both original and appellate jurisdictions. It is situated at New Delhi Strength : 26 (including chief justice) Supreme Court Judge retires at age 65. President appoint him. She/he prepares the audit reports on the Union and States accounts. Governer Head. The Chief Minister and her/his Council of Ministers discharge the real executive functions. Tamilnadu has Unicameral Legislature. M.L.A 234 + 1 Each state has one High Court. President of India appoint the Judges of the court. Retirement Age of Judge : Age 62 Federal State. Therefore, there is division of powers between the Central and State Governments. Union List: 97 Subjects

20

Central Legislature

21 22

Money Bills Judiciary

23 24

Age of Retirement Comptroller and Auditor General State Government Article 152 237 Legislature Assembly Judiciary

25

26 27

28 29

India Indian Constitution

State List: 66 Subjects Concurrent List: 47 Subjects Class Ninth : Chapter 4/5/6 30 Article 17 31 American Bill of Rights 32 10th December 1948 33 NHRC Abolition of Untouchability. 1791 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 30 Articles. 1 ChairPerson Ret. Chief Justice of Supreme Court. 4 Members. 1 Mem Ret.Judge of the supreme court 1 Mem Ret. Chief Justice of High Court 1 Mem - who are having knowledge and practical experience in matters relating to Human Rights are appointed by the President. [5Years 70 Years of Age] Chief Executive officer of NHRC Investigative and reporting body One month to table report. The Commission shall submit an annual report to the concerned government. 1 ChairPerson Ret. Chief Justice of High Court. 4 Members. 1 Mem Ret.Judge of the High court 1 Mem Ret. Judge of the District Court 1 Mem - who are having knowledge and practical experience in matters relating to Human Rights. The appointment of the members of the State Commission is made on the recommendation of a Committee consisting of the Chief Minister, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Minister in charge of the Home Department in that State, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly, 193 the Chairman of Legislative Council and the Leader of the Opposition in that Council. Chief Executive Officer of SHRC

34 35 36

Secretary General NHRC Powers

37

SHRC

38

Secretary

Class Tenth: Chapter 1 S.No Topics 1 Federal Government

Unitary Government

4 Features

Description Federal State there exist two government bodies i.e. one at the Centre and the other in the States. USA, India, Australia, Canada If there exists only one government in a country it is called a Unitary State. England and Sri Lanka. 1. Supremacy of the Constitution. 2. Division of Powers between Centre and State.

4 5

6 7 8 9

Amendment Relation between Central and State Governments. Governers Union Territory Income Tax Finance Commission

10

Sarkaria Commission

3. Rigidity of the Constitution. 4. Existance of Judiciary. 2/3 Majority in both the houses of Parliament. 1. Legislative Relations. 2. Administrative Relations. 3. Financial Relations. Appointed by President of India. Central Govt directly takes care of the ut. Shared among the Centre and State. President of India Constitutes Finance Commission every five years to review the allocation of certain tax proceeds and the principles of Grants-in-aid to the States. Late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi appointed the Sarkaria Commission to make an enquiry into the Centre-State relations. It made certain recommendations to improve the relations between the Centre and the States within the purview of the Constitution. President of India. Vice President of India. Council of Ministers headed by Prime Minister. First Citizen of Country./ Completed 35 Age / 5 Years tenure / Eligible for re-election. Elected Members of Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha+ elected embers of the State Legislative Assemblies of all the States. The President appoints the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, the Governors of the States, the Chief Justice and the other Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court and all other key officers. President Summons Parliament twice a Year. Nominate 12 Members Rajya sabha Arts,Literature, Science and Social Service. 2 Members Lok Sabha Anglo Indian Community. Has the powers to dissolve the parliament. President is empowered to issue an ordinance when the Parliament is not in session. Contigency Fund At the disposal of the President. The President has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or remission of punishment. A. Declare emergency due to war or external aggression or armed rebellion, B. Emergency due to failure of constitutional machinery in States and C. Financial Emergency. Ex- Officio Chaiman of Rajya sabha. Elected by the members of both the Houses of the Parliament.

Class Tenth: Chapter 2 11 Union Executive

12

President Oath: Chief Justice of India. Appointment

13

14

Legislative Powers

15 16 17 18

Ordinance Financial Powers Judicial Powers Emergency Powers

19

Vice President

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Prime Minister Oath: President

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Cabinet Ministers Minsiter of State Deputy Minister Power of PM Cabinet Parliament of India Rajya Sabha Oath: President Lok Sabha Oath:President Parliament

28 29

Vice-President can act as the President for a maximum period of six months. Appointed by President. Salary : Determined by the Parliament. Ministers are individually as well as collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. A person who is not a member of the Parliament can be appointed as a minister but he has to get himself / herself elected to the Parliament within 6 months. The Cabinet Ministers hold the important portfolios and decide major policies of the Government. A Minister of State is higher in status than a Deputy Minister. He/She may or may not be given independent charge. Deputy Minister assists the Cabinet Minister. The Prime Minister distributes the portfolios among the inisters. The Prime Minister can ask for the resignation of any minister. The Cabinet is an informal body of senior ministers who form the nucleus of administration. President, House of the People (LS), Council of States.(RS). Permanent Body. Cannot be Dissolved. 30 Age. / 6 Years term. / 1/3 members get retired every 2 years. Elected by the People. 25 Age / 5 Years tenure Can Impeach and remove President Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court. Comptroller and Auditor General Chief Election Commissioner of India Can change the boundaries of the states. 1 Chief Justice [Appointed by President] 25 Judges[Appointed by President in Consultation with chief Justice] The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. The power of the Judiciary to declare a law as unconstitutional is called as Judicial Review. Tamilnadu in 1967. Governer. Chief Minister and Council of Minsiter. Appointed by President [Recommended by the union council of ministers]. Opinion is sought from the Chief Minsiter before appointment of the governer. Advocate General. Chairman and Members of State Public Service Commission. Vice Chancellors of the Universities.

30

Supreme Court

31

Judicial Review

Class Tenth: Chapter 3 32 Madras State 33 Executive 34 Governer

35

Appointment

36 37 38 39 40

Nominate Speaker Chief Minister Council of Ministers

Chief Justice of High Court Class Tenth: Chapter 4 41 Election Commission of India 42 3 Members Status: Supreme Court Judges. Election

1/6 member in the legislative council. Legislative assembly elects 2 members for the speaker and deputy speaker. Chairman of the cabinet. The Council of Ministers carries out the policies and Programmes through the Secretariat. President appoints the High court Chief Judge with consultation from chief justice of Supreme court. Independent Constitutional Body. It is situated at New Delhi. It supervises the entire election process in the country. It is also known as Nirvachan Sadan. 1 Chief Election Commissioner.(Tenure 6 Years/ 65 Years Age) 2 Deputy Election Commissioners. (Tenure 6 Years/ 65 Years Age.) Parliament. State and UT Legislatures. President and Vice President. An Election Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner Every state has a Chief Electoral Officer. The Election Commission of India nominates or designates an officer of the Government of the State/Union Territory as the Chief Electoral Officer. Such appointment is made in consultation with the State Government / Union Territories Administration. The Election Commission of India nominates Officers of Government as observers (General observers and Election Expenditure observers) for Parliament and State Legislative Constituencies. Municipal Corporation Muncipalities District Panchayats, Panchayat Unions Village Panchayats and other Local bodies Chennai.

43

44

Election Commissioner Chief Electoral Officer

45

46

Observers Statutory One.

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State Election Commission 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.

State Election Commission Class Tenth: Chapter 5 49 General Elections 50 Direct Elections 51 Indirect Elections

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President

Once in Five Years. Members of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies are elected by this method for a period of five years. In this system the people elect an electoral college which inturn elects their representatives. This type of election is called Indirect election. Electoral College (Loksabha Members+ Rajyasabha

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Bye Election Mid Term Poll 73rd Amendment 74th Amendment

Members(except People nominated by president)+State legislatures) Resignation /Death of a Candidate (During the tenure). Conducting general election after dissolving the Parliament or State Legislature prematurely is called mid-term poll. provides a Gram Sabha in each village and the constitution of Panchayats at village, intermediate and district levels. Nagarpalika Act,provides for setting up of three types of municipal bodies. These are Town Panchayats, Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation. Single Citizenship in India. USA and Swizerland Dual Citizenship is given. During Voting a person should produce voter ID card or he has to have (1) Family Ration card, (2) Driving License, (3) Passport Certificate. Open Ballot, Secret Ballot. Electronic Voting Machines are Used. Raising Hands. The voters exercise their franchise secretly. The voters exercise their franchise secretly. Every Political Party has its own symbol. The symbols are allotted by the Election Commission of India for those who contest for the Parliament and the State Legislatures. For the Local bodies elections such as Village Panchayats and Municipal Corporations the symbols are allotted by the State Election Commission.

Class Tenth: Chapter 6 57 Citizenship 58 Dual Citizenship 59 Voting

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Voting System Polls Open Ballot Secret Ballot Symbols

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Symbols Local Bodies.