Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens Born 14 April 1629 The Hague, Netherlands 8 July 1695 (aged 66) Netherlands Netherlands, France Dutch Physics Mathematics Astronomy Horology Science fiction Royal Society of London French Academy of Sciences University of Leiden College of Orange

Died

Residence Nationality Fields

Institutions

Alma mater

Doctoral advisor Frans van Schooten John Pell Knownfor Titan Explanation Saturn's rings Centrifugal force Collision formulae Pendulum clock HuygensFresnel principle Wave theory Birefringence First theoretical physicist Ren Descartes Frans van Schooten Blaise Pascal Marin Mersenne Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Isaac Newton

Influences

Influenced

Christiaan Huygens, FRS (English pronunciation:/hanz/, Dutch:[hyns]; 14 April 1629 8 July 1695) was a prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist, horologist, and writer of early science fiction. His work

Christiaan Huygens included early telescopic studies elucidating the nature of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in timekeeping, and studies of both optics and the centrifugal force. Huygens achieved note for his argument that light consists of waves,[1] now known as the HuygensFresnel principle, which became instrumental in the understanding of wave-particle duality. He generally receives credit for his discovery of the centrifugal force, the laws for collision of bodies, for his role in the development of modern calculus and his original observations on sound perception (see repetition pitch). Huygens is seen as the first theoretical physicist as he was the first to use formulae in physics.

Life
Christiaan Huygens was born in April 1629 at The Hague, the second son of Constantijn Huygens, (15961687), a friend of mathematician and philosopher Ren Descartes, and of Suzanna van Baerle (deceased 1637), whom Constantijn had married on 6 April 1627. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at the University of Leiden and the College of Orange in Breda. After a stint as a diplomat, Huygens turned to science.

French Academy of Sciences and Royal Society

The Royal Society elected Huygens a member in 1663. In the year 1666 Huygens moved to Paris where he held a position at the French Academy of Sciences under the patronage of Louis XIV. Using the Paris Observatory (completed in 1672) he made further astronomical observations. In 1684 he published "Astroscopia Compendiaria" which presented his new aerial (tubeless) telescope.

Death

Christiaan Huygens by Bernard Vaillant, Museum Hofwijck, Voorburg

Huygens moved back to The Hague in 1681 after suffering serious illness. He attempted to return to France in 1685 but the revocation of the Edict of Nantes precluded this move. Huygens died in The Hague on 8 July 1695, and was buried in the Grote Kerk.[4]

Scientific work
Mathematics
Probability theory After Blaise Pascal encouraged him to do so, Huygens wrote the first book on probability theory,[5] De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance"),[6] which he had published in 1657.

Christiaan Huygens

Physics
Mechanics Huygens formulated what is now known as the second law of motion of Isaac Newton in a quadratic form. Newton reformulated and generalized that law. In 1659 Huygens derived the now well-known formula for the centripetal force, exerted by an object describing a circular motion, for instance on the string to which it is attached, in modern notation:

Christiaan Huygens. Cut from the engraving following the painting of Caspar Netscher by G. Edelinck, between 1684 and 1687.

Spring driven pendulum clock, designed by Huygens, built by instrument maker Salomon [2] Coster (1657), and manuscript Horologium [3] Oscillatorium , Museum Boerhaave, Leiden

Huygens' telescope without tube. Picture from his 1684 Astroscopia Compendiaria tubi optici molimine liberata (compound telescopes without a tube)

Christiaan Huygens

Huygens' explanation for the aspects of Saturn, Systema Saturnium, 1659.

with m the mass of the object, v the velocity and r the radius. Furthermore, Huygens concluded that Descartes' laws for the elastic collision of two bodies must be wrong and formulated the correct laws. Wave theory Huygens is remembered especially for his wave theory of light, expounded in his Treatise on light, 1678 (see also Huygens-Fresnel principle). The later theory of light by Isaac Newton in his Opticks proposed a different explanation for reflection, refraction and interference of light assuming the existence of light particles. The interference experiments of Thomas Young vindicated Huygens' wave theory in 1801, as the results could no longer be explained with light particles (see however wave-particle duality). Optics Huygens experimented with double refraction (birefringence) in Icelandic crystal (calcite) and explained it with his wavetheory and polarised light. Clocks Clocks, suitable for naval navigation. His invention of the pendulum clock, patented in 1657, was a breakthrough in timekeeping. Huygens was a scholar, scientist, and inventor, not a clockmaker, and is not known to have ever made any clock himself; he contracted the construction of his clock designs to Salomon Coster in The Hague, who actually built the first pendulum clocks. In 1673 he published his mathematical analysis of pendulums, Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum, his greatest work on horology. It had been discovered that pendulums are not isochronous for swings; that is, their period depends on the width of swing. Huygens analysed this problem by finding the shape of the curve down which a mass will slide under the influence of gravity in the same amount of time, regardless of its starting point; the so-called tautochrone problem. By geometrical methods which were an early use of calculus, he showed that this curve is a cycloid, not the circular arc of a pendulum's bob, so pendulums are not isochronous. He also solved the problem of how to calculate the period of a pendulum made of an arbitrarily shaped swinging rigid body, discovering the center of oscillation and its reciprocal relationship with the pivot point. In the same work, he analysed the conical

Christiaan Huygens pendulum, consisting of a weight on a cord moving in a circle, using the concept of centrifugal force. Huygens was the first to derive the formula for the period of an ideal mathematical pendulum (with massless rod or cord), in modern notation:

with T the period, l the length of the pendulum and g the gravitational acceleration. Huygens also observed that two pendulums mounted next to each other on the same support will become synchronized, swinging in opposite directions, which he referred to as "odd sympathy". This was the first observation of what is now called coupled oscillations. The oldest known Huygens style pendulum clock is dated 1657 and can be seen at the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden[7] [8] [9] [10] which also shows an important astronomical clock owned and used by Huygens. Huygens also developed a balance spring clock more or less contemporaneously with, though separately from, Robert Hooke, and controversy over whose invention was the earlier persisted for centuries. In February 2006, a long-lost copy of Hooke's handwritten notes from several decades' Royal Society meetings was discovered in a cupboard in Hampshire, and the balance-spring controversy appears by evidence contained in those notes to be settled in favor of Hooke's claim.[11] [12] Internal combustion and other inventions In 1673, Huygens carried out experiments with internal combustion. Although he designed a basic form of internal combustion engine, fueled by gunpowder, he never successfully built one. In 1675, Christiaan Huygens patented a pocket watch. He also invented numerous other devices, including a 31 tone to the octave keyboard instrument which made use of his discovery of 31 equal temperament.

Astronomy
Saturn's rings and Titan In 1655, Huygens proposed that Saturn was surrounded by a solid ring, "a thin, flat ring, nowhere touching, and inclined to the ecliptic." Using a 50 power refracting telescope that he designed himself, Huygens also discovered the first of Saturn's moons, Titan.[13] In the same year he observed and sketched the Orion Nebula. His drawing, the first such known of the Orion nebula, was published in Systema Saturnium in 1659. Using his modern telescope he succeeded in subdividing the nebula into different stars. (The brighter interior of the Orion Nebula bears the name of the Huygens Region in his honour.) He also discovered several interstellar nebulae and some double stars.

Christiaan Huygens Transit of Mercury On 3 May 1661, he observed the planet Mercury transit over the Sun, using the telescope of telescope maker Richard Reeves in London together with astronomer Thomas Streete and Richard Reeves.[14]

Extraterrestrial Life
Christiaan Huygens believed in existence of extraterrestrial life. Prior to his death in 1695, he completed a book entitled Cosmotheoros in which he discussed his notions on extraterrestrial life. Huygens was of the opinion that life on other planets is pretty much similar to that on Earth. He thought that availability of water in liquid form was essential for existence of life and therefore the properties of water should vary from planet to planet, since the kind of water that is found on Earth would instantly freeze on Jupiter and vaporize on Venus. He even reported observing dark and bright spots on the surface of planet Mars and Jupiter. This he explained could only be justified by existence of water and ice on those planets.[15]

Works
1649 - De iis quae liquido supernatant (About the parts above the warer, unpublished) 1651 - Cyclometriae 1651 - Theoremata de quadratura hyperboles, ellipsis et circuli (theorems concerning the quadrature of the hyperbola, ellipse and circle, Huygens' first publication) 1654 - De circuli magnitudine inventa 1656 - De Saturni Luna observatio nova (About the new observation of the moon of Saturn - discovery of Titan) 1656 - De motu corporum ex percussione, published only in 1703 1657 - De ratiociniis in ludo aleae = Van reeckening in spelen van geluck (translated by Frans van Schooten) 1659 - Systema saturnium (on the planet Saturn)

Possible depiction of Huygens left of center, detail from l'tablissement de l'Acadmie des Sciences et fondation de l'observatoire', 1666 by Henri Testelin. Colbert presents the members of the newly founded Acadmie des Sciences to king Louis XIV of France, around 1675.

Huygens on the Dutch 25-guilder banknote from 1950s, showing his country house Hofwijck, Saturn, its moon Titan and an eclipse.

1673 - Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendularium (theory and design of the pendulum clock, dedicated to Louis XIV of France) 1673 - De vi centrifuga (Concerning the centrifugal force) 1684 - Astroscopia Compendiaria tubi optici molimine liberata (compound telescopes without a tube) 1685 - Memorin aengaende het slijpen van glasen tot verrekijckers (How to grind telescope lenses) 1686 - Kort onderwijs aengaende het gebruijck der horologin tot het vinden der lenghten van Oost en West (How to use clocks to establish the longitude 1690 - Trait de la lumire 1690 - Discours de la cause de la pesanteur (Discourse about gravity, from 1669?) 1691 - Lettre touchant le cycle harmonique (Rotterdam, concerning the 31-tone system) 1698 - Cosmotheoros (solar system, cosmology, life in the universe) 1703 - Opuscula posthuma including

Christiaan Huygens De motu corporum ex percussione (Concerning the motions of colliding bodies - contains the first correct laws for collision, dating from 1656). Descriptio automati planetarii (description and design of a planetarium) 1724 - Novus cyclus harmonicus (Leiden, after Huygens' death) 1728 - Christiani Hugenii Zuilichemii, dum viveret Zelhemii toparchae, opuscula posthuma ... (pub. 1728) Alternate title: Opera reliqua, concerning optics and physics 1888-1950 - Huygens, Christiaan. Oeuvres compltes. The Hague Complete work, editors D. Bierens de Haan (tome=deel 1-5), J. Bosscha (6-10), D.J. Korteweg (11-15), A.A. Nijland (15), J.A. Vollgraf (16-22). Tome I: Correspondance 1638-1656 (1888). Tome II: Correspondance 1657-1659 (1889). Tome III: Correspondance 1660-1661 (1890). Tome IV: Correspondance 1662-1663 (1891). Tome V: Correspondance 1664-1665 (1893). Tome VI: Correspondance 1666-1669 (1895). Tome VII: Correspondance 1670-1675 (1897). Tome VIII: Correspondance 1676-1684 (1899). Tome IX: Correspondance 1685-1690 (1901). Tome X: Correspondance 1691-1695 (1905). Tome XI: Travaux mathmatiques 1645-1651 (1908). Tome XII: Travaux mathmatiques pures 1652-1656 (1910). Tome XIII, Fasc. I: Dioptrique 1653, 1666 (1916). Tome XIII, Fasc. II: Dioptrique 1685-1692 (1916). Tome XIV: Calcul des probabilits. Travaux de mathmatiques pures 1655-1666 (1920). Tome XV: Observations astronomiques. Systme de Saturne. Travaux astronomiques 1658-1666 (1925). Tome XVI: Mcanique jusqu 1666. Percussion. Question de lexistence et de la perceptibilit du mouvement absolu. Force centrifuge (1929). Tome XVII: Lhorloge pendule de 1651 1666. Travaux divers de physique, de mcanique et de technique de 1650 1666. Trait des couronnes et des parhlies (1662 ou 1663) (1932). Tome XVIII: L'horloge pendule ou balancier de 1666 1695. Anecdota (1934). Tome XIX: Mcanique thorique et physique de 1666 1695. Huygens lAcadmie royale des sciences (1937). Tome XX: Musique et mathmatique. Musique. Mathmatiques de 1666 1695 (1940). Tome XXI: Cosmologie (1944). Tome XXII: Supplment la correspondance. Varia. Biographie de Chr. Huygens. Catalogue de la vente des livres de Chr. Huygens (1950).

Portraits
During his lifetime
1639 - His father Constantijn Huygens in the midst of his five children by Adriaen Hanneman, painting with medaillons, Mauritshuis, The Hague 1671 - Portrait by Caspar Netscher, Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, loan from Haags Historisch Museum ~1675 - Possible depiction of Huygens on l'tablissement de l'Acadmie des Sciences et fondation de l'observatoire, 1666 by Henri Testelin. Colbert presents the members of the newly founded Acadmie des Sciences to king Louis XIV of France. Muse National du Chteau et des Trianons de Versailles, Versailles 1679 - Medaillon portrait in relief by the French sculptor Jean-Jacques Clrion 1686 - Portrait in pastel by Bernard Vaillant, Museum Hofwijck, Voorburg between 1684 and 1687 - Engraving by G. Edelinck after the painting by Caspar Netscher 1688 - Portrait by Pierre Bourguignon, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam

Christiaan Huygens

Named after Huygens

Science
The Huygens probe: The lander for the Saturnian moon Titan, part of the Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn Asteroid 2801 Huygens A crater on Mars Mons Huygens, a mountain on the Moon Huygens Software, a microscope image processing package. A two element eyepiece designed by him. An early step in the development of the achromatic lens, since it corrects some chromatic aberration. The HuygensFresnel principle, a simple model to understand disturbances in wave propagation. Huygens wavelets, the fundamental mathematical basis for scalar diffraction theory W.I.S.V. Christiaan Huygens [16]: Dutch study guild for the studies Mathematics and Computer Science at the Delft University of Technology Huygens Laboratory [17]: Home of the Physics department at Leiden University, Netherlands Huygens Supercomputer [18]: National Supercomputer facility of the Netherlands, located at SARA in Amsterdam The Huygens-building in Noordwijk, Netherlands, first building on the Space Business park opposite Estec (ESA)

The Huygens-building at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. One of the major buildings of the science department at the university of Nijmegen.

Other
Christiaan Huygens College [19], High School located in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The Christiaan Huygens, a ship of the Nederland Line. Huygens Scholarship Programme for international students [20] and Dutch students [21]

See also
History of the internal combustion engine List of largest optical telescopes historically

Further reading
Andriesse, C.D., 2005, Huygens The Man Behind the Principle. Foreword by Sally Miedema. Cambridge University Press. Boyer, C.B.: A history of mathematics, New York, 1968 Dijksterhuis, E. J.: The Mechanization of the World Picture: Pythagoras to Newton Hooijmaijers, H.: Telling time - Devices for time measurement in Museum Boerhaave - A Descriptive Catalogue, Leiden, Museum Boerhaave, 2005 Struik, D.J.: A history of mathematics Van den Ende, H. et al.: Huygens's Legacy, The golden age of the pendulum clock, Fromanteel Ltd, Castle Town, Isle of Man, 2004 Yoder, J G., 2005, "Book on the pendulum clock" in Ivor Grattan-Guinness, ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 33-45. Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) : Library of Congress Citations [22]. Retrieved 2005-03-30.

Christiaan Huygens

External links
Primary sources, translations
Works by Christiaan Huygens [23] at Project Gutenberg Treatise on Light [24] translated into English by Silvanus P. Thompson, Project Gutenberg etext. De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae or The Value of all Chances in Games of Fortune, 1657 [25] Christiaan Huygens' book on probability theory. An English translation published in 1714. Text pdf file. Horologium oscillatorium [26] (German translation, pub. 1913) on the pendulum clock [27] (Cosmotheoros). (English translation of Latin, pub. 1698; subtitled The celestial worlds discover'd: or, Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets.) Trait de la lumire [24] or Treatise on light [28] (English translation, pub. 1912 and again in 1962) Systema Saturnium 1659 text [29] a digital edition of Smithsonian Libraries On Centrifugal Force [30] (1703) Huygens' work at WorldCat [31] Christiaan Huygens biography and achievements [32] Portraits of Christiaan Huygens [33]

Museums
Huygensmuseum Hofwijck [34] in Voorburg, Netherlands, where Huygens lived and worked. Huygens Clocks [35] exhibition from the Science Museum, London LeidenUniv.nl [36], Exhibition on Huygens in [[University Library Leiden] (Dutch)

Other
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Christiaan Huygens" [37], MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. Huygens and music theory [38] HuygensFokker Foundation on Huygens' 31 equal temperament and how it has been used Christiaan Huygens on the 25 Dutch Guilder banknote of the 1950s. [39] Christiaan Huygens [40] at the Mathematics Genealogy Project [41] How to pronounce "Huygens"

References
[1] Christiaan Huygens, Trait de la lumiere (Leiden, Netherlands: Pieter van der Aa, 1690), Chapter 1. (Note: In the preface to his Trait, Huygens states that in 1678 he first communicated his book to the French Royal Academy of Sciences.) [2] "Boerhaave Museum Top Collection: Hague clock (Pendulum clock) (Room 3/Showcase V20)" (http:/ / www. museumboerhaave. nl/ AAcollection/ english/ M03V20_V09853. html). Museumboerhaave.nl. . Retrieved 2010-06-13. [3] "Boerhaave Museum Top Collection: Horologium oscillatorium, siue, de motu pendulorum ad horologia aptato demonstrationes geometricae (Room 3/Showcase V20)" (http:/ / www. museumboerhaave. nl/ AAcollection/ english/ M03V20_g13604. html). Museumboerhaave.nl. . Retrieved 2010-06-13. [4] "GroteKerkDenHaag.nl" (http:/ / www. grotekerkdenhaag. nl/ ) (in (Dutch)). GroteKerkDenHaag.nl. . Retrieved 2010-06-13. [5] "I believe that we do not know anything for certain, but everything probably." Christiaan Huygens, Letter to Pierre Perrault, 'Sur la prface de M. Perrault de son trait del'Origine des fontaines' [1763], Oeuvres Compltes de Christiaan Huygens (1897), Vol. 7, 298. Quoted in Jacques Roger, The Life Sciences in Eighteenth-Century French Thought, ed. Keith R. Benson and trans. Robert Ellrich (1997), 163. Quotation selected by W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds., 2005), Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations ISBN 0-19-858409-1 p. 317 quotation 4. [6] p963-965, Jan Gullberg, Mathematics from the birth of numbers, W. W. Norton & Company; ISBN 0-393-04002-X ISBN 978-0-393-04002-9 [7] Hans van den Ende: "Huygens's Legacy, The Golden Age of the Pendulum Clock", Fromanteel Ldt., 2004,

Christiaan Huygens
[8] van Kersen, Frits & van den Ende, Hans: Oppwindende Klokken - De Gouden Eeuw van het Slingeruurwerk 12 September - 29 November 2004 [Exhibition Catalog Paleis Het Loo]; Apeldoorn: Paleis Het Loo,2004, [9] Hooijmaijers, Hans; Telling time - Devices for time measurement in museum Boerhaave - A Descriptive Catalogue; Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 2005 [10] No Author given; Chistiaan Huygens 1629-1695, Chapter 1: Slingeruurwerken; Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1988 [11] nature - International Weekly Journal of Science, number 439, pages 638-639, 9 February 2006 [12] Notes and Records of the Royal Society (2006) 60, pages 235-239, 'Report - The Return of the Hooke Folio' by Robyn Adams and Lisa Jardine [13] Ron Baalke, Historical Background of Saturn's Rings (http:/ / www2. jpl. nasa. gov/ saturn/ back. html) [14] Peter Louwman, Christiaan Huygens and his telescopes, Proceedings of the International Conference, 13 17 April 2004, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands, ESA, sp 1278, Paris 2004 [15] "Johar Huzefa (2009) Nothing But The Facts - Christiaan Huygens" (http:/ / www. brighthub. com/ science/ space/ articles/ 50441. aspx). Brighthub.com. 2009-09-28. . Retrieved 2010-06-13. [16] http:/ / www. ch. tudelft. nl [17] http:/ / www. science. leidenuniv. nl/ e/ index. php3?m=6& c=15 [18] http:/ / huygens. supercomputer. nl/ [19] http:/ / www. huygenscollege. nl/ [20] http:/ / www. nuffic. nl/ international-students/ scholarships/ worldwide/ hsp-huygens-programme/ [21] http:/ / www. nuffic. nl/ nederlandse-studenten/ studiebeurs/ beurzen/ hsp-talentenprogramma/ [22] http:/ / www. mala. bc. ca/ ~mcneil/ cit/ citlchuygens1. htm [23] http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Christiaan+ Huygens [24] http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 14725 [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] http:/ / math. dartmouth. edu/ ~doyle/ docs/ huygens/ huygens. pdf http:/ / digital. library. cornell. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ text-idx?c=kmoddl;cc=kmoddl;view=toc;subview=short;idno=kmod053 http:/ / www. phys. uu. nl/ ~huygens/ cosmotheoros_en. htm http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ treatiseonlight031310mbp http:/ / www. sil. si. edu/ DigitalCollections/ HST/ Huygens/ huygens. htm http:/ / www. princeton. edu/ ~hos/ mike/ texts/ huygens/ centriforce/ huyforce. htm http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ find?fullName=christiaan+ huygens http:/ / www. brighthub. com/ science/ space/ articles/ 50441. aspx http:/ / www. leidenuniv. nl/ fsw/ verduin/ stathist/ huygens/ acad1666/ huygpor/ http:/ / www. hofwijck. nl/ hofwijck/ en/ http:/ / www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/ onlinestuff/ stories/ huygens_clocks. aspx?keywords=huygens http:/ / bc. ub. leidenuniv. nl/ bc/ tentoonstelling/ Huygens/ index. html http:/ / www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/ Biographies/ Huygens. html http:/ / www. xs4all. nl/ ~huygensf/ english/ huygens. html http:/ / www-personal. umich. edu/ ~jbourj/ money1. htm http:/ / genealogy. math. ndsu. nodak. edu/ id. php?id=125561 http:/ / frank. harvard. edu/ ~paulh/ misc/ huygens. htm

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Christiaan Huygens Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=371915394 Contributors: -- April, AJim, AaronJabbari, Adhib, Aecharri, Aetheling, Aeusoes1, Afasmit, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Alexf, Allen Jesus, Allen234, Ancheta Wis, Andrei Stroe, Ap, Arjen Dijksman, Astrochemist, Awolf002, Bcrowell, Ben-Zin, Billcarr178, Bishonen, Bobo192, Brion VIBBER, Bryan Derksen, Bughunter2, Caltrop, Cantus, CapitalSasha, Ceyockey, Ched Davis, Chetvorno, Chicagogreen, Curps, Cwkmail, Cwoyte, D6, DBaba, Darius Bacon, Dave3457, DePiep, Default007, Derescientia, Discospinster, Dlohcierekim, Dmmaus, Dr. Submillimeter, Dreamword, Dthomsen8, Durova, Easchiff, Ed Poor, Egil, Eloquence, Enchanter, Erik Zachte, Excirial, FABilsen, Farhan nasim, Favonian, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Fratrep, Gabbe, Gail, Gamaliel, Garry Denke, Gene Ward Smith, Gidonb, Giftlite, Glanthor Reviol, Grye, Gurch, Headbomb, Hjohar, Horology, Ian G. Bruce, IanOsgood, Icairns, Inktvis, JEN9841, JForget, JMMuller, Jaredwf, Jbourj, JeLuF, Jeff G., Jeffq, Jeronimo, Jewbacca, John, JonesMI, Jumbuck, Jyril, Kaihsu, Kanags, Karel Anthonissen, Kate, Katimawan2005, Kirin, KnowledgeBased, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kristaga, Kwamikagami, Kwantus, Lachico, Ladne2, Leafyplant, Ligulem, Lincher, Lir, Looxix, Lotje, MBHM, Magnus Manske, Mark Dingemanse, Maximaximax, Mbc362, Michael Daly, Mike s, Mike-Kerkhoven, Mion, Mirekp, Mosesofmason, N419BH, Neddyseagoon, NeilN, NewEnglandYankee, Novangelis, ObfuscatePenguin, Omer88f, Oneiros, Oom Agent, Oxymoron83, Palnot, Palthrow, Pedant17, Peruvianllama, Pethan, PhillyCheese, Piniricc65, Pizza Puzzle, Profoss, Protostan, QueenAdelaide, Qwertyus, Qwfp, RJFJR, RJHall, RJaguar3, RS1900, Rajah, RandomCritic, RayTomes, Rbs, Reddi, Remkos, Resurgent insurgent, Revera, Rex Germanus, Rich Farmbrough, Robvhoorn, Roscelese, RoyBoy, Rozth, Rtyq2, Ryulong, Sagan666, Sagredo, Samrica, Sandman30s, Schlier22, Scotty.dean, SeeSchloss, Shadowjams, Sjoerd22, Skarl the Drummer, Sl, Slady, SlamDiego, Snowmanradio, Spearhead, StockTrader, SureFire, Tabletop, Tagishsimon, Tempodivalse, The Singing Badger, The Tom, Thue, Tpbradbury, Ubardak, Ulysses Zagreb, Vantelimus, Vgent, Victor Gijsbers, Visitronix, VivaEmilyDavies, Vsmith, Wavelength, Wdl1961, Wenli, West.andrew.g, WilliamKF, Woohookitty, XJamRastafire, Xanzzibar, thelwold, jlfr, , , 288 anonymous edits

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