SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF POWER PLANT TURBINE

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF POWER PLANT TURBINE

Andrei V. Petrenkoa, Peter S. Vasilyeva, Alexander S. Lisyanskyb
a

CKTI-Vibroseism, bLMZ, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

SUMMARY This paper reviews the seismic analysis of a high power and high rotating speed turbine designed and installed at a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in Russia. A minimum intensity of seismic excitation of 0.1 g should be used in the design of NPPs buildings, structures and components according to Russians codes and international codes [1, 2]. A turbine is one of the most important and complicated systems for manufacturing, testing, maintenance and operation. It consists of many internal elements connecting to each other. A turbine has a huge mass, and lies on a pedestal with length comparable to a building in size. So the turbine can have great influence on the whole building behaviour during an earthquake. This is why a complete system Building Vibroisolation Pedestal Turbine (BVT) analysis is necessary. Up until the last decade, only simplified structural analyses of separate turbine parts were available due to the complicated overall structure and internal parts of this class of turbine. The scope of the present work includes seismic analysis of the complete BVT system, as well as the detailed analyses of the parts of the turbine itself. Finite element analyses were performed on these types of turbines using NEiNastrans capabilities. The steps performed were as follows: 1. A detailed spatial model of the turbine hall building was developed. Most simplified models of the turbine and vibroisolation were incorporated into it. Seismic analysis of such a model considers three variations of soil and three components of seismic excitation on a free ground surface. The approach on soil impedance was applied based on reference [4]. The seismic excitation input on the base slab was determined based on this analysis. 2. For the main turbine parts (high pressure part, low pressure part, condenser and rotor with bearings) detailed spatial models were developed. Simplified models of these turbine parts were also created to be included into the BVT system model. 3. Dynamic analysis of the coupled model BVT under seismic excitation was performed. As a result of this analysis, a full picture of time history relative displacements and loads of turbine parts were correctly determined. In addition, a solution to a problem of rotor gaps was obtained.

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4. Seismic analyses of turbine parts using detailed models were carried out under all operational and seismic loads determined in the BVTs analysis. 1 Seismic Excitation Design

The seismic excitation was defined by three components of time history acceleration on a free ground surface. The average soil conditions were calculated using average values of velocities of compression and shear seismic waves [6]. Two additional variations of soil were included in the analysis to take into account uncertainties of soil properties [4]. The detailed spatial model of the turbine hall was developed (Figure 1a). The building may be functionally divided into the four parts: turbine section, power supply section, oil supply section and generator section. That is the reason why the building constructively consists of cast reinforced concrete parts as well as concrete skeleton with metal frame roof.

a)

b)

Figure 1: Turbine Hall Model (a); Simplified Turbine and Vibroisolation System (b).

At this stage of the analysis the extremely simplified models of equipment were coupled to the building model. It was done only for the equipment with mass, which is comparative to the buildings mass (> 1%) [4]: turbine with vibroisolation system, deaerator etc. (Figure1b). Direct linear time history analysis was carried out considering three samples of soil to develop a broaden envelope response spectra for the building base mat (Figure 2) [1, 2, 3, 4]. Three components of time history acceleration were synthesized to be compatible with these spectra [3]. As a result, the variation in soil properties was excluded from the model of BVT system and this lead to one variant for further analysis.

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Figure 2: Seismic Broaden Envelope Spectra for the Base Slab (Damping 5%).

Development of the Compatible Detailed and Simplified Models of the Turbines Parts and the Vibroisolation Pedestal

The detailed spatial models were developed for all main turbine parts. At the same time the analysis of dynamic properties (inertia, eigenvalues and stiffness) of these models allowed the creation of corresponding simplified models to be included in the building model and to correct their characteristics.

a) Figure 3: Detailed (a) & Simplified (b) Models of the Turbines High-Pressure Chamber.

b)

The high-pressure chamber of the turbine is an internally loaded, massive steel casting device. It can be considered symmetric about two planes. The first plane is vertical and goes through the axis of the turbine rotor. The second plane is normal to the axis of the turbine rotor. The high-pressure chamber has sixteen nozzles: four inlet nozzles supply the device with high-pressure dry steam, while the other twelve nozzles are for separation and outlet of the steam. With the help of CAD-CAE techniques, the detailed model of this device was developed (Figure 3a). SOLID finite element type was used. The simplified model was also created in accordance with the detailed one (Figure 3b).

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a) Figure 4: Detailed (a) & Simplified (b) Models of the Turbines Low-Pressure Chamber.

b)

The turbine has three identical low-pressure chambers supported on the foundation slabs. Each low-pressure chamber is a weld construction made of sheet steel with massive flanges and diaphragms with blades. It consists of outlet parts and the middle part with double walls. The pressure of the steam going through the chamber drops from overpressure up to practically a total vacuum. The low-pressure chamber is an almost symmetrical structure about two planes: normal to the axis of turbine and vertical through that axis. The low-pressure chamber has two inlet and four outlet nozzles. There are a few pressure stages provided with the rotor and diaphragms blades. The detailed model of the low-pressure chamber was created with SHELL elements in general. The first two mode shapes have 9.45 Hz and 14.17 Hz frequencies, respectively. The simplified model was made based on the detailed model, and had eigenvalues close to the frequencies shown above (9.40 Hz and 15.35 Hz, respectively). The turbine also has three identical condensers. Each of them is based on four spring supports. Upper flanges of the connection nozzle of the condensers are welded to outlet nozzles of the corresponding low-pressure chambers. There is a spatial frame inside the condenser to support it against outer atmospheric pressure and the inner vacuum. The detailed model of the condenser was made of SHELL and BEAM elements and had frequencies of 3.43 Hz and 4.47 Hz for the first two mode shapes. The appropriate simplified model had frequencies of 3.54 Hz and 4.36 Hz for the same modes. The evaluation of these eigenvalues was fulfilled with the models based on the spring supports and constrained on the edges of the connection nozzles.

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a) Figure 5: Detailed (a) & Simplified (b) Models of the Condenser.

b)

The turbine rotor lies on 11 journal-bearings placed in the supports cases on the cross fundament beams outside of the high-pressure and low-pressure chambers. The stiffness of the rotor was modelled with BEAM elements with suitable cross-sections (Figure 6). At the same time elastic modulus varies from section to section depending on temperature. Mass and inertia of the rotor and coupled features were described using concentrated masses and inertial elements (MASS elements).

Figure 6: Rotor Model (A high-pressure part, B, C, D low-pressure parts, E generator rotor, F- exciter rotor, G thrust bearing).

To avoid the longitudinal oscillations, the rotor is supported by a thrust bearing, which is the most loaded part of this subsystem. Moreover, this bearing has essentially non-linear stiffness under static, as well as under dynamic load (Figure 7). The supports cases and coupled mass of underlying pedestal beams were modelled with SHELL elements. These supports were connected to the rotor with non-linear SPRING elements which have stiffness representing the oil film of the bearing.

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Figure 7: Thrust Bearing Reaction vs. Rotor Displacement.

The vibroisolation pedestal includes a massive reinforced concrete frame and vibroisolation system with elastic and viscous-elastic members of GERB GmbH (Germany). The vibroisolation is placed between horizontal concrete beams of buildings and the frame of the pedestal. The model of the vibroisolation pedestal includes BEAM and SHELL elements to describe the frame, and SPRING elements with concentrated damping for vibroisolation (Figure 8). Viscous-elastic members were modelled by two parallel Maxwells series of elastic springs and ideal viscous dampers [5].

Figure 8: Vibroisolation Pedestal Model.

To consider dynamic properties, the eigenvalues and mode shapes were determined for the coupled Vibroisolation Pedestal Turbine system. The linearized stiffness of the thrust bearing was used. There are bending mode shapes excited in the case of non-uniform distribution mass, stiffness or damping in that system along the rotor axis (Figure 9), which may lead to the rise of seismic inertial loads to the support system of the low pressure chambers. The same effect can be caused by non-uniform stiffness of the underlying building beams which are the base of the vibroisolation pedestal.

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Figure 9: Vibroisolation Pedestal - Turbine System; Mode Shape No. 10 (3.18Hz).

Determination of Pipelines Seismic Loads

The main steam pipelines connected to the turbine are symmetrically positioned about the vertical plane crossed through the rotor axis. A halfsymmetry model of the pipelines is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Main Steam Pipelines Connected to the Turbine (DPipe).

The analysis of these pipelines subjected to the operational and seismic loads was performed. The response spectra method [7], including multi-support excitation, was applied for seismic qualification of that system. The software dPipe developed by CKTI-Vibroseism was used for determination of deformation and stresses, temperature and seismic displacements of the pipelines compensators, as well as operational and seismic loads to the turbine nozzles. 4 The Seismic Analysis of the BVT System

The preliminary modal analysis of the whole BVT system determined eigenvalues and mode shapes under the assumption of linear stiffness of the

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thrust bearing (Figure 11). The modes responsible for oscillation of vibroisolation pedestal turbine system itself were separated. The eigenvalues of these modes were significantly lower than the values observed for that system above. It proves that the stiffness of the vibroisolation system and pedestal is comparable to the stiffness of underlying building supports. Therefore, the complex approach with the consideration of BVT system is absolutely suitable and justified.

a)

b)

c) Figure 11: BVT System Mode Shapes (a) Mode 1 1.3 Hz, (b) Mode 2 1.67 Hz, Mode 3 2.38 Hz.

Direct integration of the whole BVT system was carried out taking into account the non-linearity of the thrust bearing. The system was subjected to the excitation of an acceleration time history load with three components on the base slab. Rayleigh damping was used for the structural elements of the building and equipment. Concentrated damping was applied to model the viscous elements of the vibroisolation system.

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The following results were obtained: 1. Inertial and reaction loads on the parts of the turbine were calculated for the entire range. 2. The stress and strain fields of vibroisolation pedestal were estimated. 3. The load condition of capacity of vibroisolation system was analyzed. 4. The range of relative displacements between the turbine rotor and fixed parts was determined. The relative displacements vs. time history of the rotor about the highpressure chamber and about the low-pressure chamber are shown below (Figures 12 15). The analysis of the maximum absolute values of these displacements leads to conclusions about capacity of the turbine under earthquake conditions.

Figure 12: Relative Rotor Displacement in the High-Pressure Part vs. Time in the Axial Direction.

Figure 13: Relative Rotor Displacement in the High-Pressure Part vs. Time in the Radial Direction.

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Figure 14: Relative Rotor Displacement in the Low-Pressure Part vs. Time in the Axial Direction.

Figure 15: Relative Rotor Displacement in the Low-Pressure Part vs. Time in the Radial Direction.

Analysis of the Turbine Part Using Detailed Models

The loads obtained by seismic analysis of the whole BVT system were used in the analysis of each part of the turbine based on detailed three dimensional models. The results of the particular analysis of the high-pressure chamber, low-pressure chamber, condenser and the fragment of the support under seismic and operational loads are shown in Figure 16. To perform such analysis the following three steps were performed: 1. Static analysis of the devices under operational loads (dead-load and pipelines load) 2. Static analyses under maximum possible seismic reactions of connected equipment and pipelines 3. Response spectra calculation to find deformation, stresses and reactions due to the inertial seismic loads [7] The results of these three steps were combined to evaluate the summarized values.

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a)

b)

c)

d)

Figure 16: Effective Stresses for the High-Pressure Chamber (a), the Condenser (b), the Low-Pressure Chamber (c) and for the Support Element (d).

Conclusions

The approach of seismic and other external events qualification of powerful NPP's turbines was developed. Under seismic excitation loading a finite element analysis was performed on the base of the turbine hall's system for the Nuclear Power Plant being constructed at the present time. The analysis of coupled "Building - Vibroisolation Pedestal - Turbine" system proves the appropriateness of such an approach and also its efficiency.

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REFERENCES 1. 2. GOSATOMNADZOR OF RUSSIA NP-031-01 Norms for SeismicResistant Design of Nuclear Plants, 2002 IAEA SAFETY SERIES No. 50-SG-D15 Seismic Design and Qualification for Nuclear Power Plants, A Safety Guide, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1992 NUREG-0800 Standard Review Plan, Sections 3.7.1, 3.7.2, Seismic Design Parameters, Seismic System Analysis, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1989 ASCE 4-98 STANDARD Seismic Analysis of Safety Related Nuclear Structures and Commentary, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998 KOSTAREV, V., BERKOVSKI, A. et al Application of Mathematical Model for High Viscous Damper to Dynamic Analysis of NPP, Proc of 10th ECEE, Vienna, 1994 BIRBRAER, A. N. Seismic Analysis of Structures, Nauka, StPetersburg, 1998 GUPTA, A.K. Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990

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