Thyristor Commutation Techniques 100403040622 Phpapp02

Thyristor Commutation Techniques
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
Commutation
Process of turning off a conducting thyristor.
Current Commutation Voltage Commutation
Methods of Commutation
Natural Commutation Forced Commutation
Natural Commutation
Occurs in AC circuits
T +
vs
ov

Supply oltage T
Sinusoidal 3T [t
2T Gate ulse E Load oltage

o
TE urn o occurs here
[t
[t TE
T 2T
oltage across S
3T
[t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, c E&E Dept., MSRIT t
Natural Commutation of hyristors takes place in AC oltage controllers. Phase controlled rectifiers. Cyclo con erters.
Forced Commutation
Applied to dc circuits Commutation achie ed by re erse biasing the C or by reducing the C current below holding current alue. Commutating elements such as inductance and capacitance are used for commutation purpose.
Methods of Forced Commutation

elf commutation. esonant pulse commutation. Complementary commutation. Impulse commutation. External pulse commutation. oad Commutation. ine Commutation.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT 8
Forced Commutation is applied to

Choppers. In erters.
Self Commutation Or Load Commutation Or Class A Commutation (Commutation By Resonating The Load)
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT 10 10
Circuit is under damped by including suitable alues of & C in series with load. Oscillating current flows. C is turned off when current is zero.
11 11
R Load
Vc(0) + C
12 12
Expression for Current

( )
( )
-
Fig. shows a transformed network

V VC 0 S I S ! R SL CS CS V VC 0
S ! I S ! 2 RCS S LC
C V VC 0 2 R LC S S L LC
14 14
V VC 0 L I S ! R 2 S S L LC V VC 0 I S ! L 2 2 R R R 2 S S L LC 2 L 2 L
15 15
V V 0
C
I S !
L S 2 L LC 2 L
2 2
A S H [2
2
Where, A!
V VC 0
L
R , H! , 2L
[!
R LC 2 L
16 16
[ is called the natural frequency A [ I S ! 2 [ S H [ 2

aking in erse aplace transforms A H t i t ! e sin [ t [
@ Expression for current [L Peak alue of current

C
i t !
V VC 0
R t 2L
sin [ t
V V 0 !
[L
Expression For Voltage Across Capacitor At The Time Of Turn Off

T i R Load V Vc(0) + C
19 19
Applying K L to igure vc t ! V vR VL di vc t ! V iR L dt Substituting or i, A H t d A H t vc t ! V R e sin[ t L e sin[ t [ dt [

A H t A H t vc t ! V R e sin[ t L e [ cos[ t H eH t sin[ t [ [ A H t H vc t ! V e ?R sin[ t [ L cos[ t L sin[ t A [ A H t R vc t ! V e R sin[ t [ L cos[ t L sin[ t [ 2L A H t R vc t ! V e sin[ t [ L cos[ t 2 [
Substituting or A, vc t vc t S
V V 0 e !V
C
H t
[L
C
R sin [ t [ L cos [ t 2
V V 0 e !V
turns o i.e., at [ t ! T
R sin [ t [ cos [ t 2L [ hen current goes to zero.

H t
22 22
here ore at turn o vc t ! V
V VC 0
[
H T [
0 [ cosT
vc t ! V V VC 0 e vc t ! V V VC 0 e
H T [ RT [ 2L
23 23
ote: or e ecti e commutation the circuit should be under damped. R hat is LC 2L With = 0, and the capacitor initially uncharged that is VC 0 ! 0 V t sin i t ! [L LC
But [ !
1 LC
V t C t @ i t ! !V LC sin sin L L LC LC and capacitor oltage at turn o is equal to 2 ig. sho s the a e orms or the abo e conditions. nce the S turns o oltage across it is negati e oltage.
Current i
0 2
T/2
T Capacitor oltage
[t
[t
Gate pulse
T Conduction time of SCR ! [

[t [t
oltage across SCR

Problem
Calculate the conduction time of SCR and the peak SCR current that flows in the circuit employing series resonant commutation (self commutation or class A commutation), if the supply voltage is 300 V, C = 1QF, L = 5 mH and RL = 100 ;. Assume that the circuit is initially relaxed.
RL 100 ; V=300V 5
L H 1Q
28 28
[!
1 RL LC 2 L
1 100 [! 3 6 3 v10 v 1v 10 2 v v10 [ ! 10, 000 rad/sec
Since the circuit is initially relaxed, initial oltage across capacitor is zero as also the initial current through L and the expression or current i is
V H t R i t ! e sin[ t , where H ! 2L [L V peak alue of current ! @ [L 300 IP ! ! 6A 3 10000 10 T T Conducting time of C ! ! 0.314msec [ 10000
Problem
Figure shows a self commutating circuit. The inductance carries an initial current of 200 A and the initial voltage across the capacitor is V, the supply voltage. Determine the conduction time of the SCR and the capacitor voltage at turn off.
31 31
i(t) p IO 10 Q V 100V C 0 QF VC(0)=V
32 32
The transformed circuit of the pre ious figure is shown in figure below
L I(S) + V S IOL + + VC(0) S 1 CS
33 33
The go erning equation is VC 0 V 1 ! I S SL I O L I S S S CS V VC 0 IO L S I S ! S 1 SL CS V VC 0 CS S I O LCS S I S ! 2 2 S LC 1 S LC 1

34 34
V VC 0 C I O LCS I S ! 2 1 2 1 LC S LC S LC LC V VC 0 SI O I S ! 2 2 2 S [ S [ 2 L V VC 0 [ SI O I S ! 2 ; where [ ! 2 [ L S 2 [ 2 S [
1 LC
35 35
Taking in erse T C i t ! V VC 0 L sin [ t I O cos [ t The capacitor oltage is gi en by 1 vc t ! i t dt VC 0 C0

t
C 1 vc t ! V VC 0 L sin [ t IO cos [ t dt VC 0 C 0
t
t IO t 1 V VC 0 C vc t ! cos [ t sin [ t VC 0 o [ o C L [ IO 1 V VC 0 C vc t ! 1 cos [ t sin [ t VC 0 C L [ [ IO vc t ! C vc t ! I O vc t ! I O C 1 LC sin [ t V VC 0 LC 1 cos [ t VC 0 C L L sin [ t V V cos [ t VC 0 VC 0 cos [ t VC 0 C L sin [ t V VC 0 cos [ t V C
37 37
I0
i(t)
Q VC O ! V
[t T/
c(t)
@ we get
i t ! I O cos [ t vc t ! I O
[t
L sin [ t V C
38 38
T/
Turn o occurs at a time 'tO ' so that T [ tO ! 2 0. T ! 0. T LC tO ! [ tO ! 0. v T 10 v 10 v 0 v 10

6 6
tO ! 0. v T v 10
6
00 ! 3 .1Q seconds
39 39
and the capacitor oltage at turn off is gi en by vc tO ! I O L sin [ tO V C

6
10 10 0 sin 90 100 vc tO ! 200 6 0 10 vc tO ! 89.4 100 ! 189.4 V

Problem
In the circuit shown in figure V = 600 volts, initial capacitor voltage is zero, L = 20 QH, C=50QF and the current through the inductance at the time of SCR triggering is IO = 350 A. Determine Peak values of capacitor voltage and current Conduction time of T1.
L pI
i(t) V
42 42
The expression for i t is gi en by C i t ! V VC O L sin [ t I O cos [ t It is gi en that the initial oltage across the capacitor VC O is zero. C @ i t ! V sin [ t I O cos [ t L
i t can be written as C sin [ t E i t ! I V L

2 O 2
where E ! tan
1
IO V
L C and [ !
2 O
1 LC
2
The peak capacitor current is

C I V L
44 44
Substituting the alues, the peak capacitor current 0 v106 2 2 ! 3 0 600 v ! 1011.19 A 6 20 v10 The expression or capacitor oltage is vc t ! I O L sin [ t V VC 0 cos [ t V C L sin [ t V cos [ t V C
45 45
with VC 0 ! 0, vc t ! I O
This can be rewritten as C V L 2 2 L vc t ! V I O sin [ t F V ; Where F ! tan 1 C IO L V The peak alue of capacitor oltage is ! V I C ubstituting the alues, the peak alue of capacitor oltage
2 2 O
! 600 2 3 0 2
20 106 600 ! 639. 600 ! 1239. V 6 0 10

46 46
To calculate conduction time of T1

The wa eform of capacitor current is shown in figure. When the capacitor current becomes zero the C turns off.
Capacitor current
[t E TE
47 47
@ conduction time of C L IO C 1 T tan V T E ! ! 1 [ LC
L IO C Substituting the alues E ! tan1 V


48 48
3 0 20 v 106 1 E ! tan 6 600 0 v 10 E ! 20.2 0 i.e., 0.3 34 radians 1 1 [! ! ! 31622.8 rad/sec 6 6 LC 20 v 10 v 0 v 10 @ conduction time o SCR T 0.3 34 ! ! 88.17 Q sec 31622.8
Resonant Pulse Commutation (Class B Commutation)

L T
a b
i C
V FWD
IL Load
50 50
Series LC circuit connected across thyristor T. Initially C is charged to V olts with plate a as positi e. Current in LC oscillates when SC is ON. T turns off when capacitor discharges through thyristor in a direction opposite to IL
G SCR t1 T Capacitor oltage vab t tC i t (t

52 52
Ip
IL
T [
ISCR
Thyristor
rre t
Volta e across SCR t
53 53
Expression For tC , the Circuit Turn Off Time

Assume that at the time o turn o o the SCR the capacitor oltage vab } V and a constant load current I L lows. tc is the time taken or the capacitor oltage to reach 0 olts rom V olts and it is deri ed as ollows
I L tc 1 V ! I L dt ! C0 C VC tc ! seconds IL For proper commutation tc should be greater than tq . Magnitude of I p the peak alue of i should be greater than the load current I L . Expression for i is deri ed as follows
tc
The LC Circuit During The Commutation Period

IS SL T +
C
L T C i +
1 CS
S
56 56
LC Circuit
Transformed Circuit
V CS s ! 2 I S ! 1 S LC 1 SL Cs V S V ! I S ! 2 1 L LC S LC
VC
1 1 S LC
2
57 57
V I S ! L
1 LC 1 2 S LC
1 1 LC
C I S ! V L
1 LC 1 2 S LC C i t ! V sin[ t L
58 58
Taking in erse LT
1 Where [ ! LC V or i t ! sin [ t ! I p sin [ t [L @ C Ip !V amps L

59 59
Expression For Conduction Time Of SCR

Conduction time o SCR T ! (t [ IL sin I T p ! [ [
1
Alternate Circuit For Resonant Pulse Commutation

T1 C iC(t) T2 L O A D IL
ab
iC(t)
+ VC( )
V T3 FWD
61 61
Initially C charged with polarity as shown in figure. T1 is conducting & IL is constant. To turn off T1, T2 is fired. iC(t) flows opposite to IL & T1 turns off at iC(t) = IL
ic t ! I p sin [ t Where I p ! VC 0 C L and the capacitor oltage
1 vc t ! iC t .dt C 1 C sin [ t.dt vc t ! VC 0 C L vc t ! VC 0 cos [ t

Instant at which the thyristor turns o is at t1 t1 I L ! I p sin LC I p ! VC 0

C L
64 64
IL L 1 or t1 ! LC sin V 0 C C the corresponding capacitor oltage is
vc t1 ! V1 ! VC 0 cos [ t1

Expression For tC
Assuming a constant load current I L which charges the capacitor CV1 tc ! seconds IL Normally V1 } VC 0 For reliable commutation tc " tq tC depends on I L & becomes smaller for higher alues of I L
urr nt i (t)
V lt
it r
t
t1 V1 t V( )
Resonant Pulse Commutation With Accelerating Diode
68 68
D2
iC(t)
IL iC(t
2
L VC(0) V
3
FWD
L O A D
69 69
Diode D2 connected as shown to accelerate discharge. T2 turned on to turn off T1. Once T1 is off at t1. iC(t) flows through D2 until current reduces to IL at time t2. From t = t2 , C charges through load, T2 self commutates. But thyristor reco ery process low hence longer re erse bias time.
iC IL 0 VC 0 V1 VC(O) t
t1 tC
t2
71 71
Problem
The circuit in figure shows a resonant pulse commutation circuit. The initial capacitor voltage VC(O)=200V, C = 30QF and L = 3QH. Determine the circuit turn off time tC, if the load current IL is 200 A and 50 A.
72 72
IL i (t)
2
C VC(0) V
F D
L O A D
73 73
When I L ! 200 A; when T1 turns off
Let T2 be triggered at t ! 0
Capacitor current ic t reaches a alue I L at t ! t1 IL L t1 ! LC sin V 0 C C

1
200 3 106 t1 ! 3 106 30 106 sin 1 ! 3.0 Q sec 6 200 30 10 1 1 ! ! 0.10 106 rad / sec [! 6 6 LC 3 10 30 10
At t ! t1 the magnitude o capacitor oltage is, V1 ! VC 0 cos [ t1 i.e., V1 ! 200 cos 0.10 v106 v 3.0 v10 6 V1 ! 200 v 0.9487 V1 ! 189.75 Volts CV1 tc ! IL 30 v 10 v189.75 ! 28.46 Q sec tc ! 200
6
When I L ! 50 A 50 3 106 6 6 1 t1 ! 3 10 30 10 sin ! 0.749 Q sec 6 200 30 10 6 6 V1 ! 200 cos 0.105 10 0.749 10 ! 200 1 ! 200 Volts CV1 30 106 200 ! ! 120 Q sec tc ! 50 IL It is obser ed that as load increases the alue of tc reduces.
Problem
Repeat abo e problem For I L ! 200 A if an antiparallel diode D2 is connected across thyristor T1 as shown in figure
77 77
D2
iC(t)
C + VC(0) V
T L
IL iC(t) T2
T3 FWD
L O A D
78 78
I L ! 200 A Let T2 be triggered at t ! 0 Capacitor current iC t reaches the alue I L at t ! t1 , when T1 turns o @ IL L t1 ! LC sin VC O C
1
200 3 v 106 t1 ! 3 v 10 6 v 30 v 10 6 sin 1 200 30 v 106 t1 ! 3.05Q sec


79 79
1 1 [! ! 6 6 LC 3 v 10 v 30 v 10 6 [ ! 0.105 v 10 radians/sec At t ! t1 VC t1 ! V1 ! VC O cos [ t1 VC t1 ! 200 cos 0.105 v 10 v 3.05 v 10

6 6
VC t1 ! 189.75V
iC t lows through diode t2 ! T LC t1
a ter T1 turns o .
iC t current alls back to I L at t2 . t2 ! T 3 v10 v 30 v10 3.05 v 10

6 6 6
t2 ! 26.75Q sec 1 1 [! ! 6 6 LC 3 v10 v 30 v10 6 [ ! 0.105 v 10 rad/sec.

At t ! t2 VC t2 ! V2 ! 200 cos 0.105 10 VC t2 ! V2 ! 189.02 V @ tC ! t2 t1 ! 26.75 10 3.05 10 tC ! 23.7 Q secs

6
26.75 10
6
6
6
Problem
For the circuit shown in figure calculate the value of L for proper commutation of SCR. Also find the conduction time of SCR.
4 QF V =30V RL
L i IL
83 83
30 ;
The load current V 30 IL ! ! ! 1 Amp RL 30 For proper SCR commutation I p , the peak alue of resonant current i, should be greater than I L Let I p ! 2I L ,
@ I p ! 2 Amps
84 84
Also
V ! Ip ! [L
V 1 LC
6
C !V L L
4 10 2 ! 30 L L ! 0.9mH
[!
1 1 ! ! 16666 rad/sec 3 6 LC 0.9 10 4 10

85 85
Conduction time of SCR IL 1 1 sin sin I T p! T 2 ! [ [ 16666 16666 T 0.523 radians ! 0.00022 seconds ! 16666 ! 0.22 msec
1
Problem
For the circuit shown in figure given that the load current to be commutated is 10 A, turn off time required is 40Qsec and the supply voltage is 100 V. Obtain the proper values of commutating elements.
87 87
V =100V
I I
88 88
C I p peak alue o i ! V L Let I p ! 1.5I L
this should be greater than I L
C 1.5 v 10 ! 100 ... a @ L Also, assuming that at the time o turn o the capacitor oltage is approximately equal to V, and the load current linearly charges the capacitor CV seconds tc ! IL
& this tc is gi en to be 40Qsec.
@ Substituting this in equation (a)

4 v106 1.5 v10 ! 100 L 104 v 4 v106 2 v102 ! 1.5 L L ! 1.777 v 104 H ! 0.177mH
90 90
100 40 v10 ! C v 10 C ! 4Q F
6
Problem
In a resonant commutation circuit supply voltage is 200 V. Load current is 10 A and the device turn off time is 20Qs. The ratio of peak resonant current to load current is 1.5. Determine the value of L and C of the commutation circuit.
91 91
Gi en @
Ip IL
! 1.5
I p ! 1.5 I L ! 1.5 10 ! 15 A
C ! 15 A ... a i.e., Ip !V L It is gi en that the de ice turn off time is 20Q sec. Therefore tc the circuit turn off time should be greater than this, Let tc ! 30Q sec & CV tc ! IL
92 92
@ @
200 v C 30 v 10 ! 10 C ! 1.5Q F
6
Substituting in (a) 1.5 v10 15 ! 200 L 6 1.5 v10 2 2 15 ! 200 v L L ! 0.2666 m

6
93 93
Complementary Commutation (Class C Commutation, Parallel Capacitor Commutation)
94 94
IL
1 2
95 95
Two SCRs are used, turning ON one SCR turns off the other. T1 is fired, IL flows through R1. At same time C charges towards V through R2 with plate b positi e. To turn off T1, T2 is fired resulting in capacitor oltage re erse biasing T1 and turning it off. When T2 is fired current through load shoots up as oltage across load is V+VC
Gate p lse of T1 T IL V C rre t thro gh R1 C rre t thro gh T1

V R1
2V R1
Gate p lse of T2
t
2V R2
V R1
t C rre t thro gh T2
2V R1
V R2
t
97 97
Current through R 2
V Voltage across capacitor v ab

t
-V
tC
tC Voltage across T 1 t
tC
Expression For Circuit Turn Off Time tC

vc t ! V f i V f e V
t X
Where V f is the final oltage, Vi is the initial oltage and X is the time constant. At t ! tc , vc t ! 0, V f ! V , X ! R1C, & Vi ! V
tc R1C tc R1C
99 99
0 ! V V V e
! V 2Ve
V ! 2Ve
tc R1C
; 0.5 ! e
tc R1C
Taking natural logarithms on both sides t c ln 0.5 ! R1C tc ! 0.693 R1C This time should be greater than the turn off time tq of T1 Similarly when T2 is commutated Usually R1 ! R2 ! R
tc ! 0.693 R2C
And this time should be greater than tq of T2
Problem
In the circuit shown in figure, the load resistances R1 = R2 = R = 5; & the capacitance C = 7.5 QF, V = 100 volts. Determine the circuit turn off time tC
101 101
R1 V C T1
R2
T2
The circuit turn-off time tc ! 0.693 RC seconds tc ! 0.693 5 7.5 10

6
tc ! 26 Q sec
102 102
Problem
Calculate the alues of RL and C to be used for commutating the main SCR in the circuit shown in figure. When it is conducting a full load current of 25 A flows. The minimum time for which the SCR has to be re erse biased for proper commutation is 40Qsec. Also find R1, gi en that the auxiliary SCR will undergo natural commutation when its forward current falls below the holding current alue of 2 mA.
i1 R1 iC V =100V Auxiliary SCR

IL RL
C Main SCR
104 104
In this circuit only the main SCR carries the load and the auxiliary SCR is used to turn off the main SCR. Once the main SCR turns off the current through the auxiliary SCR is the sum of the capacitor charging current iC and the current i1 through R1, iC reduces to zero after a time tC and hence the auxiliary SCR turns off automatically after a time tC, i1 should be less than the holding current.
Gi en I L ! 25 A i.e., @ i.e., @ V 100 25 A ! ! RL RL RL ! 4; tc ! 40 Q sec ! 0.693RLC 40 10 ! 0.693 4 C 40 106 C! 4 0.693 C ! 14.43Q F

106 106
6
V i1 ! should be less R1 than the holding current of auxiliary SCR 100 @ should be 2mA R1
@
i.e.,
100 R1 " 3 2 10 R1 " 50 K ;

107 107
Impulse Commutation (Class D Commutation)

T1 T3 V VC(O) L IL

+
C T2 FWD L O A D
108 108
C charged to a oltage VC(O) with polarity as shown. T1 is conducting and carries load current IL. To turn off T1, T2 is fired. Capacitor oltage re erse biases T1 and turns it off. C Charges through load. T2 self commutates. To re erse capacitor oltage T3 is turned ON.
Gate pulse of T2 VS
Gate pulse of T3
Gate pulse of T1 t
Capacitor oltage t
VC tC
Voltage across T1 t
-VC
Expression For Circuit Turn Off Time tC

tc depends on I L & is gi en by the expression 1 VC ! I L dt C0 (assuming the load current to be constant) I L tc VC ! C VC C tc ! seconds IL
111 111
tc
For proper commutation tc " tq , turn off time of T1

y T1 is turned off by applying a negati e oltage across its terminals. ence this is oltage commutation. y tC depends on load current. For higher load currents tC is small. This is a disad antage of this circuit. y When T2 is fired, oltage across the load is V VC; hence the current through load shoots up and then decays as the capacitor starts charging.
112 112
An Alternative Circuit For Impulse Commutation

T1 IT 1 T2 V V (O) i + _ D
I RL
Initially C is charged to VC with top plate positi e. T1 is fired, load current IL flows. C discharges at the same time & re erses its polarity. D ensures bottom plate remains positi e. To turn off T1, T2 is fired.
Gate pulse of T1
Gate pulse of T2 t
VC
Capacitor oltage t
-V
tC This is due to i IT 1 IL Current through SCR
V RL t
115 115
2V RL
IL
Load c rre t t
Voltage across T 1 t tC
Problem
An impulse commutated thyristor circuit is shown in figure. Determine the available turn off time of the circuit if V = 100 V, R = 10 ; and C = 10 QF. Voltage across capacitor before T2 is fired is V volts with polarity as shown.
117 117
+ T1 C V + VC( ) T2 R
When T2 is triggered the circuit is as shown in figure

+ VC(O) - + C V T2 R i(t)
119 119
Writing the transform circuit, we obtain

1 s V (0) s + I(s)
+ V s
120 120
Expression for capacitor oltage is obtained as follows, 1 V VC 0 I S ! S 1 R CS I S ! C VC 0 V 1 RCS
V V 0 I S !
C
1 RS RC
121 121
Voltage across capacitor 1 VC 0 VC s ! I S CS S 1 V VC 0 VC 0 VC s ! 1 RCS S S RC V VC 0 V VC 0 VC 0 VC S ! 1 S S S RC

VC 0 V V VC S ! 1 S S 1 S RC RC t t vc t ! V 1 e RC VC 0 e RC In the gi en problem VC 0 ! V @
t RC vc t ! V 1 2e
123 123
The waveform of vC(t) is shown in figure
v (t) t
(0) t
At @
t ! tc , vc t ! 0 0 ! V 1 2e 1 ! 2e
tc
RC
tc
RC
tc 1 ! e RC 2
Taking natural logarithms 1 tc log e ! 2 RC tc ! RC ln 2 tc ! 10 10 10 ln 2 tc ! 69.3Q sec

6
Problem
In the commutation circuit shown in figure C = 20 QF, the input voltage V varies between 180 and 220 V and the load current varies between 50 and 200 A. Determine the minimum and maximum values of available turn off time tC.
127 127
T1 +
I0
C V
VC(0)=V
T2
I0
128 128
It is gi en that V aries between 180 and 220 V & I O aries between 50 and 200 A The expression for a ailable turn off time tc is gi en by CV tc ! IO tc is max. when V is max. & I O is min.
tc max
CVmax ! I O min
6
And
220 ! 88 Q sec tc max ! 20 v10 v 50 CVmin tc min ! I O max tc min 180 ! 20 v 10 v ! 18Q sec 200
6
130 130
External Pulse Commutation (Class E Commutation)
VS
RL
2VAUX
+
VAUX
131 131
T1 is conducting & RL is connected across supply. T3 is fired & C is charged to 2VAUX with upper plate positi e. T3 is self commutated. To turn off T1, T2 is fired. T2 ON results in a re erse oltage VS 2VAUX appearing across T1.
Load Side Commutation

In load side commutation the discharging and recharging of capacitor takes place through the load. ence to test the commutation circuit the load has to be connected. Examples of load side commutation are Resonant Pulse Commutation and Impulse Commutation.
133 133
Line Side Commutation

In this type of commutation the discharging and recharging of capacitor takes place through the supply.
134 134
L + T3 VS +
T1 IL
_C
FWD Lr T2
L O A D
_
Thyristor T2 is fired to charge the capacitor C. When C charges to a oltage of 2V, T2 is self commutated. To re erse the oltage of capacitor to -2V, thyristor T3 is fired and T3 commutates by itself. Assuming that T1 is conducting and carries a load current IL thyristor T2 is fired to turn off T1.
The turning ON of T2 will result in forward biasing the diode (FWD) and applying a re erse oltage of 2V acrossT1. This turns off T1, thus the discharging and recharging of capacitor is done through the supply and the commutation circuit can be tested without load.
137 137

Thyristor Commutation Techniques 100403040622 Phpapp02

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Thyristor Commutation Techniques

Current Commutation Voltage Commutation

2T Gate ulse E Load oltage

TE urn o occurs here

Methods of Forced Commutation

Forced Commutation is applied to

Expression for Current

Fig. shows a transformed network

[ is called the natural frequency A [ I S ! 2 [ S  H  [ 2

@ Expression for current [L Peak alue of current

Expression For Voltage Across Capacitor At The Time Of Turn Off

Applying K L to igure vc t ! V  vR  VL di vc t ! V  iR  L dt Substituting or i, A H t d A H t vc t ! V  R e sin[ t  L e sin[ t [ dt [

R sin [ t  [ cos [ t 2L [ hen current goes to zero.

here ore at turn o vc t ! V 

T Conduction time of SCR ! [

 oltage across SCR

1 100 [!  3 6 3 v10 v 1v 10 2 v v10 [ ! 10, 000 rad/sec

i(t) p IO 10 Q V 100V C 0 QF  VC(0)=V

The go erning equation is VC 0 V 1 ! I S SL  I O L   I S S S CS V VC 0   IO L S I S ! S 1 SL  CS V VC 0  CS S I O LCS S I S !  2 2 S LC  1 S LC  1

Taking in erse T C i t ! V  VC 0 L sin [ t  I O cos [ t The capacitor oltage is gi en by 1 vc t ! i t dt  VC 0 C0

Turn o occurs at a time 'tO ' so that T [ tO ! 2 0. T ! 0. T LC tO ! [ tO ! 0. v T 10 v 10 v 0 v 10

and the capacitor oltage at turn off is gi en by vc tO ! I O L sin [ tO  V C

10 10 0 sin 90  100 vc tO ! 200 6 0 10 vc tO ! 89.4  100 ! 189.4 V

i t can be written as C sin [ t  E i t ! I  V L

The peak capacitor current is

20 106  600 ! 639.  600 ! 1239. V 6 0 10

To calculate conduction time of T1

@ conduction time of C L IO C 1 T  tan V T E ! ! 1 [ LC

L IO C Substituting the alues E ! tan1 V

Resonant Pulse Commutation (Class B Commutation)

G SCR t1 T Capacitor oltage vab t tC i t (t

Volta e across SCR t

Expression For tC , the Circuit Turn Off Time

The LC Circuit During The Commutation Period

1 Where [ ! LC V or i t ! sin [ t ! I p sin [ t [L @ C Ip !V amps L

Expression For Conduction Time Of SCR

Alternate Circuit For Resonant Pulse Commutation

ic t ! I p sin [ t Where I p ! VC 0 C L and the capacitor oltage

1 vc t ! iC t .dt C 1 C sin [ t.dt vc t ! VC 0 C L vc t ! VC 0 cos [ t

Instant at which the thyristor turns o is at t1 t1 I L ! I p sin LC I p ! VC 0

IL L 1 or t1 ! LC sin V 0 C C the corresponding capacitor oltage is

vc t1 ! V1 ! VC 0 cos [ t1

Resonant Pulse Commutation With Accelerating Diode

When I L ! 200 A; when T1 turns off

Capacitor current ic t reaches a alue I L at t ! t1 IL L t1 ! LC sin V 0 C C

200 3 v 106 t1 ! 3 v 10 6 v 30 v 10 6 sin 1 200 30 v 106 t1 ! 3.05Q sec

1 1 [! ! 6 6 LC 3 v 10 v 30 v 10 6 [ ! 0.105 v 10 radians/sec At t ! t1 VC t1 ! V1 ! VC O cos [ t1 VC t1 ! 200 cos 0.105 v 10 v 3.05 v 10

iC t lows through diode t2 ! T LC  t1

iC t current alls back to I L at t2 . t2 ! T 3 v10 v 30 v10  3.05 v 10

t2 ! 26.75Q sec 1 1 [! ! 6 6 LC 3 v10 v 30 v10 6 [ ! 0.105 v 10 rad/sec.

At t ! t2 VC t2 ! V2 ! 200 cos 0.105 10 VC t2 ! V2 ! 189.02 V @ tC ! t2  t1 ! 26.75 10  3.05 10 tC ! 23.7 Q secs

1 1 ! ! 16666 rad/sec 3 6 LC 0.9 10 4 10

C I p peak alue o i ! V L Let I p ! 1.5I L

this should be greater than I L

& this tc is gi en to be 40Qsec.

@ Substituting this in equation (a)

Substituting in (a) 1.5 v10 15 ! 200 L 6 1.5 v10 2 2 15 ! 200 v L L ! 0.2666 m

Complementary Commutation (Class C Commutation, Parallel Capacitor Commutation)

Gate p lse of T1 T IL V C rre t thro gh R1 C rre t thro gh T1

V Voltage across capacitor v ab

Expression For Circuit Turn Off Time tC

And this time should be greater than tq of T2

TE urn o occurs here

[ is called the natural frequency A [ I S ! 2 [ S H [ 2

Applying K L to igure vc t ! V vR VL di vc t ! V iR L dt Substituting or i, A H t d A H t vc t ! V R e sin[ t L e sin[ t [ dt [

R sin [ t [ cos [ t 2L [ hen current goes to zero.

here ore at turn o vc t ! V

oltage across SCR

1 100 [! 3 6 3 v10 v 1v 10 2 v v10 [ ! 10, 000 rad/sec

i(t) p IO 10 Q V 100V C 0 QF VC(0)=V

The go erning equation is VC 0 V 1 ! I S SL I O L I S S S CS V VC 0 IO L S I S ! S 1 SL CS V VC 0 CS S I O LCS S I S ! 2 2 S LC 1 S LC 1

Taking in erse T C i t ! V VC 0 L sin [ t I O cos [ t The capacitor oltage is gi en by 1 vc t ! i t dt VC 0 C0

and the capacitor oltage at turn off is gi en by vc tO ! I O L sin [ tO V C

10 10 0 sin 90 100 vc tO ! 200 6 0 10 vc tO ! 89.4 100 ! 189.4 V

i t can be written as C sin [ t E i t ! I V L

20 106 600 ! 639. 600 ! 1239. V 6 0 10

@ conduction time of C L IO C 1 T tan V T E ! ! 1 [ LC

L IO C Substituting the alues E ! tan1 V

1 vc t ! iC t .dt C 1 C sin [ t.dt vc t ! VC 0 C L vc t ! VC 0 cos [ t

IL L 1 or t1 ! LC sin V 0 C C the corresponding capacitor oltage is

vc t1 ! V1 ! VC 0 cos [ t1

200 3 v 106 t1 ! 3 v 10 6 v 30 v 10 6 sin 1 200 30 v 106 t1 ! 3.05Q sec

1 1 [! ! 6 6 LC 3 v 10 v 30 v 10 6 [ ! 0.105 v 10 radians/sec At t ! t1 VC t1 ! V1 ! VC O cos [ t1 VC t1 ! 200 cos 0.105 v 10 v 3.05 v 10

iC t lows through diode t2 ! T LC t1

iC t current alls back to I L at t2 . t2 ! T 3 v10 v 30 v10 3.05 v 10

t2 ! 26.75Q sec 1 1 [! ! 6 6 LC 3 v10 v 30 v10 6 [ ! 0.105 v 10 rad/sec.

At t ! t2 VC t2 ! V2 ! 200 cos 0.105 10 VC t2 ! V2 ! 189.02 V @ tC ! t2 t1 ! 26.75 10 3.05 10 tC ! 23.7 Q secs

1 1 ! ! 16666 rad/sec 3 6 LC 0.9 10 4 10

Substituting in (a) 1.5 v10 15 ! 200 L 6 1.5 v10 2 2 15 ! 200 v L L ! 0.2666 m

Gi en I L ! 25 A i.e., @ i.e., @ V 100 25 A ! ! RL RL RL ! 4; tc ! 40 Q sec ! 0.693RLC 40 10 ! 0.693 4 C 40 106 C! 4 0.693 C ! 14.43Q F

100 R1 " 3 2 10 R1 " 50 K ;

Expression for capacitor oltage is obtained as follows, 1 V VC 0 I S ! S 1 R CS I S ! C VC 0 V 1 RCS

Voltage across capacitor 1 VC 0 VC s ! I S CS S 1 V VC 0 VC 0 VC s ! 1 RCS S S RC V VC 0 V VC 0 VC 0 VC S ! 1 S S S RC

Taking natural logarithms 1 tc log e ! 2 RC tc ! RC ln 2 tc ! 10 10 10 ln 2 tc ! 69.3Q sec