822

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1992

SPIRAL ARC QUENCHING

Z Kolacinski
Technical University of Lodz, Poland

L C Campbell, Member, IEEE University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland

L S Zdanowicz Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Abstract - A description of the general behaviour of an atmospheric pressure ac and dc spiral arc, during interruption in a narrow cylindrical slot, is presented. The arc duration time and overvoltage have been measured, as a function of magnetic flux density, arc current, slot width and electrode gap, for different electrode arrangements. Multi-channel optical fibre probes and a two-line spectroscopic method have been used for arc temperature measurement and the spatial spread of the arc wake has been determined, along with some associated phenomena. Kevwords - circuit breakers, current limiting, arc quenching INTRODUCTION A new approach to arc quenching using a cylindrical slot may yield a practical solution for dc contactors and MV circuit breakers. In the case of an ac medium voltage type circuit breaker, the very fast arc elongation, together with electrode arc root rotation, can be used to advantage, especially near current zero. Basically, the ac and dc arcs occur as a result of the same phenomena and the only difference lies in the overall dynamics of the rotation process. Due to loop-shortings taking place between separate spiral turns of the arc, a pulsating arc voltage results in ac current modulations during arc quenching. The results of additional investigations, concentrating on the arc dynamics and temperature profiles, are also described. The first results obtained with a laboratory model of a spiral arc quenching chamber were presented in Venice (1988) [l], and its modifications were discussed during international forums in Xian (1989) [ Z , 31 and Lodz (1989) [4]. This paper reports recent important findings of spiral arc behaviour during the quenching of both ac and dc currents in air at atmospheric pressure.

Magnet

/- Ring Electrode

Rod Electrode
I

(Finger)

ng Electrode

Spiral

Internal Cylinder

External cylinder Fig 1 Arc chamber: Two electrode arrangements are marked. Ring - Rod (Pinger) [R-F Arrangement] Ring - Ring [R-R Arrangment] arc root over the surface of the ring electrode, and keeping the other arc root nearly stationary on the arcing tip of the fixed rod electrode. In the second electrode arrangement (R-R), the rod electrode is replaced by a ring electrode. With both arrangements the arc was initiated by means of a thin fuse wire linking the two electrodes.

DC CURRENT ARC CHARACTERISTICS

ExrJerimental Conditions Both the R-R and R-F electrode arrangements were tested by placing them inside two coaxial ceramic or glass

MODEL OUENCHING CHAMBER The electrode arrangement and the general principal of operation of the model quenching chamber is shown in Fig 1 . In this basic arrangement with R-F electrodes, the ring and the rod (finger type) copper electrodes are placed in the narrow slot s and the inter-electrode distance L varied by changing the inner cylinder diameter and the positioning of the rod electrode. The magnet is used to produce a transverse magnetic field B with a strong radial component in the plane of the ring. According to the experimental requirements, a dc electromagnet or a permanent magnet may be used. The arc is forced into a spiral shape by magnetically rotating the

1.0

0.s

50

This paper was presented at the Transmission and Distribution Conference in Dallas, Texas
from September 22-27,1991at the Dallas Convention Center. Sponsored by the IEEE Power Engineering Society.

Fig 2 Voltage and rurrent oscillograms, a ) I = 20 A , B = 20 mT, s = 4 m, b) I = 5 0 A , B = 45 mT, s = 6 . 5 mm, c) I = 200 A , B = 45 mT, s = 4 m, 1 - distance covered by the arc root electrode in case c . ) 0885-8977/91/$3.0001992 IEEE

h = 30m h = 30mm h = 45tlUll on the ring

60

30 20
10

1
I

ob

100

200

B mT

-4do

Fig 3 Dependence of arcing time as a function of radial magnetic flux density B for current breaking of 2 0 , 50 and 100 A . The electrode gap 1 = 30 mm, the arc slot s = 4 mm and s = 6.5 mm (marked with asterisk). The solid line corresponds to the cases where the arc is quenched without shorts between spiral arc turns and the dotted line refers to the cases with the shorts. The transient zone is shaded.

On the basis of these current and voltage traces, it can be seen that the current may be reduced to zero directly or through a series of consecutively occurring shorts between adjacent spiral arc turns, which diminish the overvoltages significantly. Fig 2 also presents a diagram of the arc foot movement over the ring electrode (case c) It appears that in spite of the decrease in instantaneous arc current, the arc velocity remains nearly constant, and results, for this case, in an average value of just over 421x11s. This is probably caused by a decrease in the aerodynamic drag in the slot, as a result of a reduction in the gas density with time associated with an increase in the ambient slot temperature. Figs 3, 4 and 5 present selected results of measurements of arc duration and overvoltages, as a function of radial magnetic flux density in the slot adjacent to the ring electrode. It can be seen from Fig 3 that, for a current of 20A, spiral arc shorting does not occur with either s = 4mm or s = 6.5mm. For a current of 50A with s = 4mm,. shorts appear with a magnetic flux density greater than 135mT and for s = 6.5mm they occur at B = 45mT. This difference is undoubtedly caused by a smaller aerodynamic drag in the case of the broader slot, resulting in the arc velocity, with the same magnetic field, being higher. From the analysis of a number of spiral arc shortings the significant increase in arc duration for the 6.5mm slot and a current of 100A, over those results for the 4mm slot is found to be caused by an increase in the number of spiral arc shorts for the cases with the broader slot. In the cases with arc currents of 20A and 50A a reduction in the adhesion area of the arc column to the co-axial chamber walls, coupled with a reduction in power loss from the arc, bring about a longer arc duration time for a slot with 8 = 6.5mm. Increasing the electrode gap to 45mm (Fig 4) and 60mm (Fig 5) causes a reduction in the t-B characteristic. The range over which the shorts between spiral arc tvrns occur moves in the direction of increasing magnetic flux density B (Fig 4) and greater arc current (Fig 5). The shorts between spiral arc turns contribute to a considerable reduction in overvoltage, as can be seen from Figs 4 6r 5. A limitation of overvoltage, to around 40% in the transient range (the lined zone) is caused, however, by about a 40% increase in the arc duration time.

823

Fig 4 Dependence of arcing time, as a function of radial magnetic flux density B for current breaking of 20, 50, 100 and 2 0 0 A . The arc slot s = 4 mm, electrode gap 1 = 45 mm and the dependence of the overvoltage U as a function of B for the interrupted current of 50 A is also shown. The solid line corresponds to the cases when the arc is quenched without shorts between the spiral arc turns and the dotted line refers to the cases with the shorts. The transient zone is shaded. cylinders. A direct current of 20 to 400A was passed through a reactive circuit with a time constant of 15ms and a source voltage of 700V. The radial magnetic flux density B was varied within the range 10-300mT, the coaxial arc slot varied between 4 and 14mm and the electrode gap set within the range of 30-6Om.

.0

100

MO

mT300

9UENCHING CHARACTERISTICS R-F Electrode Arranaement Fig 2 presents typical current and voltage oscillograms obtained for different quenching conditions.

Fig 5 Dependence of arcing time a s a function of radial magnetic flux density B for current breaking of 20, 5 0 , 100 and 200 A . The arc slot s 4 mm electrode gap, L = 60mm and the dependence of the overvoltage U a s a function of B for an interrupted current of 2 0 and 200 A . The solid line corresponds to the cases where the arc is quenched without shorts between spiral arc turns and the dotted line refers to the cases with the shorts..

824
R-R Electrode Arranaement

Arcing time [millisecl

Figs 6 E, I present the dependence of arcing time, as a function of transverse flux density, for different values of interrupted current. In Fig 6 the results are with the slot width at its narrowest and in Fig 7 at its 60 broadest as used in the present investigation. In the case with a 4mm slot, (Fig 6), the arc was extinguished much faster than for the case with the 1 4 m slot, (Fig 7). Only for the lowest current value of 20A was the arcing time similar. Here the effect of surface cooling, by flattening of the arc channel, has taken place. Generally, this effect is more efficient the narrower the insulating slot and the higher the transverse magnetic flux density. However, it should be noted that only at the start of the extinguishing process is the arc moving in room temperature air and also touching walls at the same temperature. Because of the annular shaped slot the B arc rotates in the same space and, as the front of the arc I I I 1 0 channel approaches the former space of the receeding arc 0 50 100 160 200 260 300 channel tail, an accumulation of heat takes place in the slot. The heat accumulation and resulting poorer arc Transverse magnetic flux density [mT] cooling conditions are most evident when the arc is at its I-20A +I-100A -*- I-200A narrowest, or most confined. It can be seen in Fig 6 that for currents of lOOA and 200A a rise in magnetic flux density producing a higher rotating velocity does not Fig 7 Arcing time t, as a function of magnetic flux reduce the arcing time effectively in the range of flux density B . Slot width s = 14mm. densities of 5 0 to 30mT. For I = 300A the arcing time even rises and with the 14mm slot (Fig 7), increasing the Arcing time [millisec] magnetic flux density improves the interrupting performance, but the decrease in arcing time associated with this increased magnetic flux starts from a much higher value of arcing time than for the case with the 4mm slot. .

40

Arcing time [millisec]

1c LU

Ri-FinQer Electrok

20

!
16

3 20

10

B
0 0
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50

100

150

200

260

300

Transverse magnetic flux density [mTl

00

60

100

160

200

250

300

k20A

+ I-200A * M O A

-S I.200A

Transverse magnetic flux density [mT]

k20A
Im100A

x I-200A

-3 I-300A ! -

Fig 8 Arcing time t, as a function of magnetic flux density B . Comparison of R-R and R-F arrangements with slot width s = 4mm. avoided in the case of the R-R electrode arrangement, where the arc spiral was not expanding all the time, but was rotating about its own axis. The reason for this is that for the R-R electrodes the whole length of the arc spiral is instantaneously in balance. The three basic forces are: an electromagnetic force acting on one root, aerodynamic drag force, which has different values along the length.of the arc chamel, and another electromagnetic force causing trc looping. In Fig 9, the overvoltages produced, as a function of magnetic flux density, with various slot widths and at two dc current levels, are presented. A common dependence for arc chutes is that the narrower the slot and the lower the current then the higher the overvoltage produced. The value of overvoltage produced rises with increasing magnetic flux density,

Fig 6 Arcing time t, as a function of magnetic flux density B . Slot width s = 4 mm. Comparison of Arranaements

Especially interesting is a comparison of the arcing time characteristics for the two quenching chamber models: one with R-F electrodes [l], and the other with R-R electrodes [ 2 ] . It can be seen from Fig 8 that for the two current values of 20A and 200A, the arc quenching is faster (shorter arcing time) for the R-R electrodes. This is because, in the case of the R-F electrodes, shorts between spiral arc turns have appeared. These were

825

Overvoltage [kVl
3.5I
3

Radial magnetic flux B [mTl

100 I i l2O
2.5 2
1.5
1

80

Ring electrode edge position

0.5

B
I I
I I

20

10

o
Fig 9 Overvoltage U, as a function of magnetic flux density B. Slot width s = var.

I
20

30 40 50 60 70 Axial station z [mm]

80

90 100

Overvoltage [kVl
U

Fig I 1 Transverse magnetic flux density B, in the slot, measured along the arc chamber axis.

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60

100

150

200

250

300

...............................................................

Transverse magnetic flux density [mTl

t

Fig 12 Optical diagnostic arrangement. by a permanent magnet placed externally end-on to the arcing chamber. The value of flux acting on the arc root moving on the ring electrode reached 95mT and decreased with the axial distance from the ring (Fig 11). Constriction of the arc and its elongation during spiralling caused extensive cooling of the arc channel by the cool cylinder walls. Vaporisation of the wall material in the case of PTFE could also have enhanced the cooling rate. The measuring arrangement is presented in Fig 12. The arc was initiated by discharging a capacitor into an inductive circuit to obtain an oscillating 60Hz current wave of peak amplitude up to 1800A, thus enabling a maximum possible instantaneous power input to the arc of greater than 1MW. The current and voltage transients were recorded digitally. It can be seen from the examples in Fig 13 that the consecutively occurring shortings of arc turns significantly influence the arc voltage and current traces. The sequential shortings of the circumferentially elongated arc channel, and jumps of the arc foot on the ring electrode, cause sudden reductions in the arc resistance. The arc voltage behaves in a sawtooth-like fashion and the distorted arc resistance strongly affects

R-R

+R-F

+R-R

4-R-F

Fig 1 0 Overvoltage U, as a function of magnetic flux density B. Slot width s = 4 mm. Comparison of R-R and R-F arrangements. particularly at low current levels (20A). On comparing the overvoltages produced by R-F and R-R electrode arrangements it is seen that lower overvoltages are produced by the R-R arrangement (Fig l o ) , despite more effective quenching (Fig 8). This effect is caused by self-control of the arc length during extinguishing, i.e. a s the current is approaching zero.

AC ARC DIAGNOSTICS Experimental Conditions An optical diagnostic system was set up for the ac arc quenching chamber, with the R-F arrangement and a constant slot width of 5wm formed by two PTFE or glass cylinders. A static axially distributed magnetic field was produced

826
Optical diagnostics (Fig 12) have been introduced to investigate the behaviour of the spiral arc. A spectrometric arrangement [SI, with an entrance slit aligned at the 90 degree position clockwise from the arc ignition point was used to resolve and detect two copper emission line (CUI,= 510.5nm, CuIz = 521.8nm) intensities. Due to the rotational movement of the arc, self scanning occurred and provided two dimensional (spatial-temporal) information on the distribution of monochromatic radiation. The side-on spectral observations were made possible through horizontally distributed narrow slits at five axial stations on the surface of the external cylinder. The arc emission was spectrally resolved using a spectrometer equipped with a two line separator and two photomultipliers (PM1 and PM2) as radiation detectors. Two output signals, corresponding to the spatial changes of the spectral emission lines, were sent to the 2OMS/s digital recorder and then transmitted to a PC for data processing. At the other three 90 degree positions around the circumference, above the ring electrode, thin fibre optic probes were positioned to detect the rotational speed of the arc root over the surface of the electrode. The optical pulses from these probes were converted into electrical signals by means of photomultiplier PM3 and then recorded simultaneously with the arc current and arc voltage. This provided useful information on the dependence of the instantaneous value of rotational speed and current.

Fig 1 3 Arc voltage and current traces. 5 m , electrode gap 1 = 50 m.

Slot width s

Air/Im-BQOA/Cu-ring cathode/50mm gap

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0.3 02 01 04

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RESULTS
1 . 4

Time [microsec.]
Fig 1 4 The self-scanning Cu spectral line intensities during 8 ms of arcing.

Velocity [m/s] 500

i
,,

400 -

1=25mm _ - _ _ - - - L =50mm

300

200

cathode

6 Arcing time [millisec.]

4

10

Fig 15 Linear velocity of the cathode or the anode arc root on the ring electrode during arcing. the instantaneous current value. This can be considered as a characteristics of this type of discharge. It should be noted that not only the arc current intensity is modulated, but also the duration of the half cycle is affected. For example, for small amplitudes of current (below 500A), it can shorten the half-period by as much as 30%.

An example of the temporal (spatial) distribution of the two copper atomic spectral line intensities is presented in Fig 14. Every set of monochromatic light pulses from lines CUI, = 510.5nm and CUI, = 5 2 1 . 8 ~ 1 correspond to one revolution of the arc root as a result of self-scanning. The amplitude of particular pulses depends on the temperature and copper atom density variation during the current loop. These two variables are, however, strongly dependent on the arc root velocity. In Fig 15, the experimental results of the temporal changes of the arc root velocity, for different electrode gaps and electrode polarities, are shown. Generally the arc velocity is a function of arc current and magnetic flux density, but the data presented above also reveals its dependence upon gap geometry and electrode polarity. From the exemplary results obtained for the 60Hz current of Im = 1800A (Fig 15), one can notice the higher velocity when the ring electrode is the cathode. This velocity is higher for the shorter gap (25mm). The faster movement of the cathode root relative to the anode root is related to the multi-spot nature of the cathode. The elementary spots making up the whole cathode spot appear and disappear in a matter of nanoseconds. Their great temporal dynamics are also space related according to the continuous selection by the arc, of the best emitting sites. In the case with the ring electrode as the anode the arc root action has a jumping movement. This is because the anode spot is a collector of electrons that are easily concentrated by the electric field at certain points. Locally evaporated anode material causes a decrease in the surface ionisation potential at the anode root. This creates better conditions for the burning arc and keeps the anode root at the same place until the voltage fall, according to the arc elongations, exceeds the snode voltage fall for a new area on the cool electrode surface. This produces movements which are smoother for the cathode root than for the anode. The cathode root velocity over the ring surface must therefore be faster than that for the anode. Fig 16 shows a current wave with a maximum value Im = 570A, modulated in time by the dynamic changes of arc resistancs caused by arc elongation during each spiral turn. A l s o , the sudden shortening of the arc to the

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Peak temperature [K*103] 16
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t-3.8ms (2nd run)

6.3 6.2
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12
t-5.5ms (3rd run)

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5.8

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Arcing time

[microsec.]
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Fig 1 6 Temperature and current of spiral arc.

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Arcing time [millisec] t

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Time t [microsec] (arc cross-sectional dim. d=v*t) Fig 1 7 Temperature decay for conditions in Fig 16.

Time t [microsec] (arc cross-sectional dim. d-v*t) Fig 1 8 Example of 3 - D temperature field. minimum inter-electrode distance can be observed. The temperature profiles of the arc cross-section adjacent to an axial distance z = 25mm from the ring electrode are presented for three sequential spiralling rotations of the arc. The maximum value of arc temperature decreases as the current approaches zero. Comparing the first two arc revolutions, one notices a significant decrease in arc temperature during the second run in spite of very similar instantaneous current values corresponding to the first and second run. This is due to different ambient gas conditions arising as a result of gas pre-heating during

Fig 19 Plot of peak arc temperature during 1500A current half-wave. the first run and also due to higher arc velocities as a result of lower density during the second run. In Fig 17, a numerical reconstruction produced by the use of a smoothing procedure over the axially determined temperature distributions is presented. The temperature profiles are drawn as a function of time, resulting from the self-scanning principle of the spectroscopic measurements. The arc cross-sectional dimension d (the arc spread) depends on the instantaneous arc velocity and time (d = v.t) assuming the other cross-sectional dimension is constant. The average arc velocity over the scanning time is shown above each particular profile. This allows the determination of the arc speed for the arc boundary temperature chosen (i.e. 5000K). Taking account of the values of the arc velocity v (Fig 7), one can notice that the largest arc speed was produced during the second run when the arc velocity was also highest. The decrease in time of the average level of the temperature plateau and the size of the arc-tail can also be observed. This effect of revealing a more or less flat temperature plateau has already been found in [6] for a radial rotating arc in a coaxial electrode configuration. (not the same configuration as here). In Fig 18, the three-dimensional temperature field of the spiral arc for the first rotation during the flow o f a 6OHz current wave with a maximum amplitude Im = 280A is shown. The temperature field is presented as a function of the scanning time for different distances from the ring electrode (radial station z). We can see from this figure that the maximum temperature (the temperature head) always appears in the arc front (the beginning of the scanning time). For the station z = Smm, the arc speed is the largest (d = 60.t) and there are several maxima of the arc tail. This is a typical case for the ring electrode acting as a cathode. It is suspected that the cathode root is not uniform in space since the multi-spot cathode root view is commonly held. This fibrous root can also influence the temperature distribution. Moving towards the other end of the arc (station z = 35mm) is accompanied by a decrease in velocity a s the arc root is stationary on the rod electrode tip, some 50mm from the ring electrode. At the the last measuring station (z = 35mm) an increase in metal vapour concentration is to be expected. Thus, for this configuration the arc responds to the copper metal contamination by a reduction in its mean temperature, since the high core temperature is no longer necessary to maintain the same electrical conductivity.

828
This also causes a decrease in the arc spread. From the point of view of arc extinction, information on the arc temperature near and at current zero is of the highest importance. In Fig 19, the peak arc temperature, as a function of time, is plotted. Here the arc was successfully extinguished at the first current zero after Ems of arcing (60Hz). At the instant 0.2ms before current zero the arc temperature decreased to 50% of its value at the current maximum. Uncontaminated air , with a temperature below 6000K, can be considered as too insulating to be able to conduct current with a voltage fall typical for that of an arc. However, the postarc plasma is contaminated with metal vapour (copper spectral lines were detected) which might sufficiently decrease this critical value of temperature. Zbigniew Kolacinski was born in Poland on May 20, 1944. He received his MSc, PhD and Ass Prof degrees in the electrical engineering from Technical Universitv of Lodz in 4 1968, 1973 and 1984 iespectively. He v worked at the ELAN Electrical Apparatus CO from 1968 and after two years moved to the Technical University of Lodz, being appointed Research Fellow (1972), Lecturer (1974). Senior Lecturer (1985) and Professor of Electrical Engineering in 1991. Since 1986 he has been Deputy Head of the Institute of Electrical Apparatus at the Technical University of Lodz being responsible for switchgear and plasma research. He is a member of SEP (Society of Polish Electrical Engineers) and an academic visitor to the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde.

CONCLUSIONS It follows from the results obtained during the investigation using a small laboratory model of a dc spiral arc chamber that the R-R electrode arrangement could be considered as a promising form of arc chute for the current interrupters used on city transportation vehicles. Compared to the R-F electrode arrangement the R-R electrode chamber, of the same size, has shorter arcing times and lower values of overvoltage. The application of the R-F electrode arrangement, for ac interrupters, could be competitive with rotary arc devices that work successfully in S , F. The use of air as the working gas sufficiently simplifies interrupter maintenance and using SF, [7] with the spiral arc interrupter geometry could improve significantly the breaking capability of this device. REFERENCES

Leslie C Campbell (M83) was born in Scotland, UK, on October 16, 1941. He received a BSc Hons degree and MSc in electrical engineering from Strathclyde University in 1964 and 1965 respectively. He was with *e r Honeywell UK Ltd from 1960 until being appointed as a Lecturer in Electrical Engineering at Strathclyde University in 1967. He was appointed Senior Lecturer in 1985 and is responsible for switchgear and plasma research in this department. He is a member of the IEE and is vice-chairman of the Scottish Centre Power Committee. He is a member of the IEE Professorial Group M2.

Z Kolacinski, B Bartoszewski, B Bolanowski, M Marcinkowski: DC Spiral Arc Quenching Chamber Proc of Int Conf on Gas Discharges and their Applications, Venice 1988, pp 139 - 141. Z Kolacinski: Characteristics of a DC Arc Rotating in Insulated Channel, Proc of 1st Int Conf ECAAA, Xian 1989, pp 88 - 92.

L C Campbell, Z Kolacinski, L Zdanowicz: Wake Dominated AC Arc in Cylindrical Slot, Proc of 1st Int Conf ECAAA, Xian 1989, pp 22 - 2 7 .
L C Campbell, Z Kolacinski, L Zdanowicz: Thermodynamical Behaviour of an AC Spiral Arc, Proc of 6th Int Conf on Switching Arc Phenomena, Lodz 1989, pp 523-327. Z Kolacinski: Thermodynamics of Short-Arc Plasma, PAN, Warsaw, PAN Press, 1989. A Kopansky, E Schade: Rotating High Current Arc, J Applied Phys, Vol 20 1979, pp 147 - 153. Biblography of Switchgear Literature, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, (USA), Vo1.5, NO.1,
Jan.1989, pp177-188.

Lech S Zdanowicz was born in Poland on April 11, 1952. He received his MSC and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) in 1976 and 1981 respectively. He was appointed as a Research Fellow (1981) and Lecturer (1985) in the High Power Division of the Institute of High Voltage at W T . He has been involved in research into new high voltage circuit breakers. He is a member of SEP and has recently been an academic visitor to the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde.

Acknowledaements: - The authors acknowledge the contributions to this paper by M Stewart and colleagues at the Technical University of Lodz, Poland and the University of Stratclyde, UK.