Hydraulics- Introduction & Pumps

APPLICATIONS

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These bull-dozers are

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hydraulically operated.

APPLICATIONS

Hydraulic truck cranes can lift thousands of pounds

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Many parts in large farm equipment and vehicles are hydraulically operated.

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HYDRAULIC PRESS

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FLUID POWER
MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION - CHAINS, GEARS, PULLEYS . ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION - USING WIRE TO TRANSMIT ELECTRIC CURRENT TO LONG DISTANCE FLUID POWER TRANSMISSION -FLUID POWER IS THE USE OF CONFINED FLUID FLOWING UNDER PRESSURE TO TRANSMIT POWER FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER IT HAS ABILITY TO MULTIPLY FORCE AND FLEXIBILITY TO CHANGE DIRECTION QUICKLY WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THE SYSTEM.

APPLICATIONS Hydraulic presses Automobile applications Motion control of airplanes Civil engineering applications Agricultural machinery Industrial robotics Earthmoving machinery

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PASCAL LAW
In the following illustration we have a vessel filled with a noncompressible liquid. If 10 pounds of force is applied to a 1 square inch stopper, the result would be 10 pounds of force on every square inch of the container wall. If the bottom of the container was 20 square inches total, the result in force would be 10 psi times 20 square inches, or 200 pounds of total force, since force equals pressure times area.
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 The hydraulic press is an important application of Pascals Principle

F1 F2 P= = A1 A 2
Also used in hydraulic brakes, forklifts, car lifts, etc.
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Advantages of Hydraulics
Versatility in design Not constrained by mechanical linkages Simply route the hoses Actuator speed can be controlled via valves or pump displacement Reversibility of actuators without damage Overload protection High power density; High power/small size

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Hydraulic Components
Pumps
Fixed Displacement , Variable Displacement

Valves
Flow control , Pressure relief

Actuators
Cylinders, Motors

Hoses Other
Reservoirs, Filters, Heat Exchangers Accumulators
Stores hydraulic pressure Absorb shock, maintain pressure, develop system flow
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A TYPICAL HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

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1 pump 2 oil tank 3 flow control valve 4 pressure relief valve 5 hydraulic cylinder 6 directional control valve 7 throttle valve

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HYDRAULIC PUMPS

Lecture 2

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

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NON POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

Used in low-pressure, high volume flow rate applications. Maximum pressure capacity :250-300 psi. Rarely used in fluid power because output drops if pressure resistance increases

POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
High pressure capability (up to 12,000 psi) Small, compact size High volumetric efficiency Small changes in efficiency throughout the design pressure range Great flexibility of performance

PERFORMANCE CURVE comparison:

CENTRIFUGAL vs POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Theoretical
Head Flow

Actual

Flow

Pressure

Centrifugal
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Positive Displacement
Pumping Machinery, Pump School 18

Qslip = Qo - Q
Qo

Volumetric Efficiency, = Q / Qo

Flow

slip (Qslip) Q

Pressure

Q0 = q0 x RPM
q0 is called unit flow in m3/rev
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EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

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EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

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EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

Assembly

Parts

ADVANTAGES High speed High pressure No overhung bearing loads Relatively quiet operation Design accommodates wide variety of materials DISADVANTAGES Four bushings in liquid area No solids allowed Fixed End Clearances

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND GEAR PUMPS:

These pumps have few moving parts, making them inexpensive. These pumps are typically used where low to medium pressure (about 2500 - 4000 psi) is needed and mechanical efficiency is not extremely important (typical efficiency is about 85%.) You can find gear pumps on the following machines:
Usually your car's oil pump Hydraulically driven lawn care equipment Some hydraulically driven log splitters Hydraulic power units on trucks and construction equipment Metering applications (gear pumps are good at controlling volume flow rate)
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Volumetric Efficiency,
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INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

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INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

Advantages

Only two moving parts Non-pulsating discharge Excellent for high-viscosity liquids Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions Operates well in either direction Single adjustable end clearance Easy to maintain Flexible design offers application customization
Usually requires moderate speeds Medium pressure limitations One bearing runs in the product pumped Overhung load on shaft bearing
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Disadvantages

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APPLICATIONS
Common internal gear pump applications include, but are not limited to:
All varieties of fuel oil and lube oil Resins and Polymers Alcohols and solvents Asphalt, Bitumen, and Tar Polyurethane foam (Isocyanate and polyol) Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter Paint, inks, and pigments Soaps and surfactants Glycol
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LOBE PUMPS

Lecture 3

LOBE PUMP

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ADVANTAGES
Pass medium solids No metal-to-metal contact Long term dry run (with lubrication to seals) Non-pulsating discharge

DISADVANTAGES
Requires timing gears Requires two seals

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