Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.

israelensis Bacterium:
Schizomycetes: Eubacteriales

NOMENCLATURE:

Approved name:
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.

SOURCE: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis occurs naturally in soil (Serotype H-14, strain SA-3 is widely used for development as an insecticide).

PRODUCTION: Produced by fermentation, as for otherBtk.

TARGET PESTS: Only Diptera: e.g. mosquito and blackfly (simuliid) larvae and fungus gnats (Gnatrol).

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Mode of action:
Insecticide with stomach action as for Btk.

Biology:
As for Btk except that the crystal inclusions derived from Bti are the most insoluble of any Bt crystals, requiring a very high pH (>11) for full solubilisation. Bti produces five different insecticidal proteins and all have dipteran activity although one toxin, the 27kDa cytolytic toxin, appears to synergise the others. The effects of Bti on larvae are as for Btk. Sometimes its effects are more rapid: heavily infested mosquito pools may be dramatically covered by floating, dying larvae within twenty minutes of application ofBti granules. Cannibalising habit of larvae help spread of the infection The spores cause no significant increase in mortality and so spore-free products are marketed to minimise the weight and to suit during aerial application, in contrast to Btk in which the action of spores is significant in some host species.

COMMERCIALISATION:

Formulation:
Sold as aqueous suspensions, briquettes (BR), flowable concentrates, granules (GR), wettable powders (WP) and slow release rings.

Tradenames:
.Aqua Bac XT.

APPLICATION: Applied hand-held application equipment to water bodies to be treated. Rates of application increase with the age of larvae to be treated and the organic content of the water. Rates between 2 and 4 kg of product per hectare are usual. Spray on the soil surrounding germinating seedlings to control fungus gnats.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS:

Purity:
B.thuringiensis subsp. israelensis formulations contain delta-endotoxins with or without spores.

Storage conditions:
Store under cool and dry conditions. Stable for up to two years if stored under recommended conditions.

COMPATIBILITY: Apply Bti alone and avoide pesticide mixing. Incompatible with strong oxidising agents, acids and bases.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY: LC50 for water feeder guppies (Toecilia reticulata) >156 mg/litre (as Teknar). LC50 (96 hours) Daphnia pulex >25 mg/litre (technical). INDIAN LITERATURE:

Adams, L.F., Liu, C.L., Macintosh, S.C. and Starnes, R. L. 1996. Diversity and biological activity of Bacillus thuringiensis. In Crop Protection Agents from nature: Natural Products and Analogues, L G Copping (ed.), 360-88, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Amalraj, D.D., Sahu, S.S., Jambulingam, P., Doss, P.S.B., Kalyanasundaram, M. and Das, P.K. 2000. Efficacy of aqueous suspension and granular formulations

of Bacillus thuringiensis (Vectobac) against mosquito vectors. Acta Tropica. 75: (2), 243-246. Barjac, H.de. and Sutherland, D. J. (eds.). 1990. Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes and Blackflies: Biochemistry, Genetics Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus, Unwin Hyman, London. Batra, C.P., Mittal, P.K. and Adak, T. 2000. Control of Aedes aegypti breeding in desert coolers and tires by use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulation. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 16: (4), 321-323. Becker, N. 1998. Biorational control of nuisance and vector mosquitoes with special emphasis on community participation. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne. 44: (4), 759. Biswas, D., Ghosh, S.K., Dutta, R.N. and Mukhopadhyay, A.K. 1997. Field trial of Bacticide on larval populations of two species of vector mosquitoes in Calcutta. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (1), 37-41. Chitra, S., Narayanan, R.B., Balakrishnan, A., Jayaraman, Kunthala. and Jayaraman, K. 1998: A rapid and specific method for the identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by indirect immunofluorescence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71: (3), 286-287. Dua, V.K., Sharma, S.K., Srivastava, A., Sharma, V.P. and Srivastava, Aruna. 1997. Bioenvironmental control of industrial malaria at Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Hardwar, India results of a nine year study (1987-95). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 13: (3), 278-285. Entwistle, P.F., Cory, J. S., Bailey, M. J. and Higgs, S (eds.). 1993. Bacillus thuringiensis, an Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 311 pages. Fast, P. 1981. The crystal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980, H D Burges (ed.), Academic Press, London. Kar, I., Eapen, A., Ravindran, K.J., Chandrahas, R.K., Appavoo, N.C., Sadanand, A.V., Dhanraj, B. and Kar, Indranil. 1997. Field evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus, H5a5b and B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, H-14 against the bancroftian filariasis vectorCulex quinquefasciatus, Say in Chennai, India. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (1), 25-36. King, A.M.L., Gunasekaran, K., Shriram, A.N., Elangovan, A., Narayanan, R.J., Balaraman, K. and Sudarsanam, D. 1997. Efficacy of a microgel formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in controlling Culex quinquefasciatus. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 35: (1), 62-66. Kumar, A., Sharma, V.P., Sumodan, P.K. and Thavaselvam, D. 1998. Field trials of biolarvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis strain 164 and the larvivorous fish Aplocheilus blocki against Anopheles stephensi for malaria control in Goa, India. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 14: (4), 457-462. Kumar, A., Sharma, V.P., Sumodan, P.K. and Thavaselvam, D. 1999. Anopheles stephensi build-up and accelerated malaria transmission in the post bio-control intervention phase in Candolim PHC of Goa, India Goa. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 23: (1), 41-44. Manonmani, A.M. and Hoti, S.L. 1995. Field efficacy of indigenous strains of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 and Bacillus sphaericusH-5a5b against Anopheles subpictus larvae. Tropical Biomedicine. 12: (2), 141-146. Pandian, R.S. and Manoharan, A.C. 2000. Evaluation of VectoBac(C) 12 AS against the urban mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Insect Environment. 6: (3), 111. Prakash, Anil., Bhattacharyya, D.R., Mohapatra, P.K., Mahanta, J., Prakash, A. and Goel, S.C. 1998. Studies on laboratory and field efficacy evaluation of a biocide

formulation in district Dibrugarh (Assam). Advances in medical entomology & human welfare. No. 1 Supplement, 21-27. Shukla, R.P., Kohli, V.K. and Ojha, V.P. 1997. Larvicidal efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus H-5a,5b and B. thuringiensis var.israelensis H-14 against malaria vectors in Bhabar area, District Naini Tal, U.P. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (4), 208-212 Srivastava, R., Tilak, V.W., Mukherjee, S. and Yadav, J.D. 1996. Field trial of Bacillus thuringiensis varisraelensis pellet formulation in the control of mosquitoes. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 52: (4), 233-235. Surges, H.D. and Jones, K.A. 1989. Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects, in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial Microorganisms, Nematodes and Seed Treatments, H D Burges (ed.), 33-127, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordecht, the Netherlands.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Biological insecticide)

Bacterium:
Schizomycetes: Eubacteriales

Nomenclature: Approved name:

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki.

Other names:
Btk.

Source:
Bacillus thuringiensis is common in soil , insect-rich environments mills and warehouses. Strains that are used in crop protection are selected from those isolated in nature on the basis of their potency in test insect species, spectrum of host insects and the ease with which they can be grown in fermenters.

Production:
Produced in controlled fermentor in deep tanks of sterilised nutrient liquid medium. The endotoxins and living spores are harvested as water dispersible liquid concentrates for subsequent formulation.

Target Pests and Crops:

Lepidopteran larvae, particularly the American Bollworm (Hellicoverpa armigera), Pink bollworm (Pectinophera species), spotted bollworm (Erias insulana)diamond back moth (Plutela xylostella (Linnaeus)) and other vegetable pests such as Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineota (Say)) and forest insects. Vegetables, fruit, maize, small grain cereals and forests, orchards .

Target Pest Plutella sylostella, Crocidolomia binotalis, Pieris brassicae Hellothis armigera Spodoptera litura, H. armigera S. Litura Athlia lugens proxima Papilio demoieus Achaea janata Helicoverpa armigera, Amsacta moorei Acigona steniellus Earias vitella Spoiadea recurvalis Phthorimaea operculella

Target Crops Crucifers Tomato, Sunflower Tobacco, Soybean Beet root Radish Citrus Castor Pulses Sugarcane Okra Amaranthus Potato

Biological Activity Mode of action:

Bacillus thuringiensis produces parasporal, proteinaceous, crystal inclusion bodies during sporulation. Upon ingestion, these are insecticidal to larvae of the order Lepidoptera and to both larvae and adults of a few Coleoptera. Once in the insect, the crystal proteins are solubilised and the insect gut proteases convert the original pro-toxin into a combination of up to four smaller toxins. These hydrolysed toxins bind to the insect's midgut cells at highaffinity, specific receptor binding sites where they interfere with the potassium-ion dependent, active amino acid symport mechanism. This disruption causes the formation of large pores that increase the water permeability of the cell membrane. A large uptake of water causes cell swelling and eventual rupture, disintegrating the midgut lining. Different toxins bind to different receptors in different insect species and with varying intensities: this explains species specificities.

Biology:
The crystal inclusions derived from Btk are generally lepidopteran specific. Because they have to be ingested and then processed within the insect's gut, they are often slow acting (two to forty-eight hours in comparison to conventional chemicals). The toxin results in starvation leading to death; insects not killed by direct action of the toxin may die from bacterial infection over a longer period. Different toxins have different spectra of activity. Different strains and serotypes have been developed by different companies. In addition to producing the endotoxins, many strains of Bt are potent insect pathogens. (Many Bt genes ( Cry IA) have been isolated and used to transform crops, also known as Genetically Modified Crop (GMO) or Transgenic Crop ( Cotton ECH-162, MECH-184, MECH-12) thereby making them resistant.

Efficacy:

Effective against lepidopteran species, however, light instability can cause problems if exposed to high light intensities. Rapidly hydrolysed under even mild alkaline conditions.

Commercialization: Formulation:
Sold as a combination of endotoxin crystals and living bacterial spores. Formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC), a granular bait (GB), a ready to use bait (RB), a suspoemulsion (SE), a granule (GR), an oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension) (OF), a dispersible powder (DP) and a wettable powder (WP).

Trade Name:
Dipel BL, Delfin WG, Bactin, Bio-Tek, Bio Bit WP, WOCK Biological (Halt-Bt).

Application:
Use at rates of 100-300 g active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare ensuring that the crop is well covered with the spray suspension. Apply while larvae are small and repeat every five to seven days if infestations are high. Bt-based sprays can be applied up to the day of harvest.

Product Specification: Purity:

All formulations are standardised at a toxin content expressed in terms of international units active against a target pest per mg of product.

Storage conditions and shelf-life:

Do not expose to direct sunlight, and keep in cool conditions. If stored under cool dark conditions, the products remain viable for two years or more.

Compatibility:
Do not use in combination with broad spectrum biocides such as chlorothalonil. Compatible with a wide range of acaricides, insecticides, fungicides, stickers, spreaders and wetters. Do not use water with a pH above 8.0.

Environmental impact and non-target toxicity:

Btk has a short persistence owing to its sensitivity to UV. light. No adverse effects have been recorded in approved field use and none are anticipated. Btk should not be used near water-courses, however no adverse effect have been observed on birds, fishes and honeybees.

Indian literature:
Babu, B.R. and Krishnayya, P.V. 1998. Bioinsecticides to mitigate the load of quinalphos against cauliflower caterpillars. Pesticide Research Journal. 10: (2), 231234 .

Balikai, R.A. and Sattigi, H.N. 2000. Management of sunflower head borer by using bioinsecticide alone and in combination with insecticide. Agricultural Science Digest. 20: (2), 110-111. Banuprakash, K.G., Govindan, R. and Devaiah, M.C. 2000. Survivability of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki H3a3b in different ecosystems and its pathogenicity to silkworm Bombyx mori L. Environment and Ecology. 18: (3), 718-721. Biradar, A.P., Balikai, R.A., Nandihalli, B.S. and Jagginavar, S.B. 1996. Efficacy of bioinsecticides in the management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on sunflower. Advances in Agricultural Research in India. 5: 70-74 . Biswas, S., Kumar, Ashok., Upadhyay, K.D. and Kumar, A. 1996. Effect of sub-lethal concentration of Dipel on the post embryonic development of Spilosoma obliqua. Indian Journal of Entomology. 58: (4), 359-363. Biswas, S., Upadhyay, K.D. and Dubey, R.K. 1996. Effect of dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) on different larval instars ofSpilosoma obliqua Walker. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 4: (2), 165-166. Biswas, S., Upadhyay, K.D. and Kumar, A. 1994. Bio-efficacy of various Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and dosages against hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma (Diacrisia) obliqua. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring. 4: 3-4, 185-188. Biswas, S., Upadhyay, K.D., Ashok, Kumar. and Kumar, A. 1996. Efficacy of some insecticides alone and in combination with Dipel (a bacterial formulation) against Spilosoma obliqua Walker Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie. 81: (2), 227-235. Bora, R.S., Murty, M.G., Shenbagarathai, R., Sekar, Vaithilingam., Singh Bora, R. and Sekar,V. 1994.Introduction of a Lepidoptera-specific insecticidal crystal protein gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki by conjugal transfer into a Bacillus megaterium strain that persists in the cotton phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60: (1), 214-222. Borah, M. and Basit, A. 1996. Effect of certain insecticides on the emergence of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead. Journal of the Agricultural Science Society of North East-India. 9: (2), 224-225. Burges, H.D. and Jones, K A. 1989. Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects, in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial Microorganisms, Nematodes and Seed Treatments, H D Burges (ed.), 33-127, Kluwer Academic, Dordecht, the Netherlands. Butter, N.S., Battu, G.S., Kular, J.S., Singh, T.H. and Brar, J.S. 1995. Integrated use of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with some insecticides for the management of bollworms on cotton. Journal of Entomological Research. 19: (3), 255-263.

Chandra, Ajanta., Kaushik, N.C., Gupta, G.P. and Chandra, A. 1999. Studies of Bacillus thuringiensis on growth and development ofHelicoverpa armigera Hubner. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 7: (2) , 154-158. Chari, M.S., Sreedhar,U., Rao, RSN. and Reddy, SAN. 1996. Studies on compatibility of botanical and microbial insecticides to the natural enemies of Spodoptera litura F. Tobacco Research. 22: (1), 32-35. Chitra, S., Narayanan, R.B., Balakrishnan, A., Jayaraman, Kunthala and Jayaraman, K. 1998. A rapid and specific method for the identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by indirect immuno fluorescence.Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71: (3), 286-287. Das, N.D., Sankar, G.R.M. and Biswas, K.K. 2000. Field evaluation of botanical and biopesticides against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences., 8: (2), 233-234. Devasahayam, S. 2000. Evaluation of biopesticides for the management of shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis Guen.) on ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)Spices and aromatic plants:-challenges and opportunities in the new century. Contributory papers Centennial conference on spices and aromatic plants, Calicut, Kerala, India 20-23-September, 2000. 276-277. Indian Society for Spices; Calicut; India Devi, P.S.V., Prasad, Y.G. and Rajeswari, B. 1996. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and neem on castor defoliators -Achaea janata (Linnaeus) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Journal of Biological Control. 10: (1-2), 67-71. Dilawari, V.K., Khanna, V., Gupta, V.K., Dhaliwal, H.S.and Dhaliwal, G.S. 1996. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta-endotoxin proteins from HD-1 and HD-73 strains against Plutella xylostella (L).Allelopathy Journal. 3: (2) 267-272. Entwistle, P.F., Cory, J. S., Bailey, M. J.and Higgs, S. (eds.). 1993. Bacillus thuringiensis, on Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 311 pages. Fast, P. and Surges, D (ed.). 1981. The crystal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. In Microbial Control of Pests and PlantDiseases 1970-1980. Academic Press, New York. Gaikwad, M.A., Narkhede, S.S. and Borkar, S.L. 1998. Toxicity of different formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). PKV Research Journal. 22: (1), 49-53. Gloriana, A.S., Raja, N. Seshadri, S., Janarthanan, S.and Ignacimuthu, S. 2000. Pathogenicity of entomopathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Beauveria bassiana, to the larvae of Spodoptera litura (F.) and Pericallia ricini (F.). Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 18: (3), 235-242.

Gujar, G.T. and Mohan, M. 2000. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and its endotoxin CrylAb on growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Pesticide Research Journal. 12: (2), 210-214. Gujar, G.T., Kalia, Vinay., Kumari, Archana., Kalia, V. and Kumari, A. 2000. Bioactivity of Bacillus thuringiensis against the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 8: (2), 125-131. Gujar, G.T., Kumari, Archana., Kalia,Vinay,. Chandrashekar, K., Kumari, A. and Kalia, V. 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in susceptibility of the American bollworm , Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in India.Current Science. 78: (8), 995-1001. Gupta, G.P., Chandra, Ajanta., Chandra, A., Dhaliwal,G.S (ed.)., Arora, R (ed.)., Randhawa, N.S. (ed.). and Dhawan, A.K. 1998. Food consumption by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae intoxicated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner).Ecological agriculture and sustainable development: Volume 1. Proceedings of an International Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Towards Sustainable Development, Chandigarh, India, 15-17 November, 1997. 468-474. Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development; Chandigarh; India Gupta, P.R., Babu, RRM., Reddy, P.P. (ed.), Kumar, NKK. (ed.) and Verghese, A. 1998. Management of Helicoverpa armigera on tomato with Trichogramma pretiosum and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: environmental implications and thrusts, Bangalore, India, 15-17 October 1997. 75-80. Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research; Bangalore; India Jayanthi, PDK. and Padmavathamma, K. 1996.Cross infectivity and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. Journal of Entomological Research., 20: (3), 211-215. Jeyakumar, P. and Gupta, G.P. 1999. Impact of UV and white lights on the biopotency of Bacillus thuringiensis against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences.7: (2), 121-124. Kalia, Shamila., Lall, R.B. and Kalia, S. 2000. Efficacy of three varietal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis tested against some important forest insect pests of multipurpose forest tree species. Indian Forester. 126: (1), 62-66. Kulat, S.S., Nimbalkar, S.A., Radke, S.G. and Tambe, J. 1999. Evaluation of biopesticides and neem seed extract againstHelicoverpa armigera on chickpea. Indian Journal of Entomology. 61: (1), 19-21.

Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Analysis of 66 KDA toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki reveals differential amino terminal processing of protoxin by endogenous protease(s). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 45: (4), 769-774. Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Endogenous protease activated 66-kDa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstakiactive against Spodoptera littoralis. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 159: (1), 113-120. Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Intracellular proteases in sporulated Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and their role in protoxin activation. FEMS Microbiology Letters., 166: (2), 377-382. Kumawat, K.C. and Jheeba, S.S. 1999. Ecofriendly management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences., 7: (2), 212-214. Latha, E.S., Krishnayya, P.V. and Subbaratnam, G.V. 1996. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner and its additive chemicals on haemolymph constituents of Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 4: 1-2, 65-69. Latha, K., Balasubramanian, G., Sundarababu, P.C. and Gopalan, M. 1994. Field evaluation of insecticides alone and in combination against leaffolders and their effect on natural enemies in rice. Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 2: (2), 105-109. Loganathan, M., Babu, P.C.S. and Balasubramanian, G. 2000. Testing of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis var galleriae against the predatory green lace wing, Chrysoperla carnea. Indian Journal of Entomology. 62: (3), 286-288. Malathi, S., Sriramulu, M. and Babu, T.R. 1999. Evaluation of certain eco-friendly insecticides against lepidopterous pests of cabbage. Indian Journal of Entomology. 61: (2), 127-133.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae

(Biological insecticide)
Bacterium:
Schizomycetes: Eubacteriales

Nomenclature:

Approved name:
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.galleriea.

Source:

Bacillus thuringiensis is common in soil , insect-rich environments mills and warehouses. Strains that are used in crop protection are selected from those isolated in nature on the basis of their potency in test insect species, spectrum of host insects and the ease with which they can be grown in fermenters.

Production: Produced in controlled fermentor in deep tanks of sterilized nutrient liquid medium. The endotoxins and living spores are harvested as water dispersible liquid concentrates for subsequent formulation.

Target Pests : Lepidopteran larvae, particularly the American Bollworm (Hellicoverpa armigera), Pink bollworm (Pectinophera species), spotted bollworm (Erias insulana)diamond back moth (Plutela xylostella (Linnaeus)) and other vegetable pests such as Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineota (Say)) and forest insects.

Target Crops: Vegetables, Cabbage & Cauliflower .

Biological Activity:

Mode of action:
Bacillus thuringiensis produces parasporal, proteinaceous, crystal inclusion bodies during sporulation. Upon ingestion, these are insecticidal to larvae of the order Lepidoptera and to both larvae and adults of a few Coleoptera. Once in the insect, the crystal proteins are solubilised and the insect gut proteases convert the original pro-toxin into a combination of up to four smaller toxins. These hydrolysed toxins bind to the insect's midgut cells at highaffinity, specific receptor binding sites where they interfere with the potassium-ion dependent, active amino acid symport mechanism. This disruption causes the formation of large pores that increase the water permeability of the cell membrane. A large uptake of water causes cell swelling and eventual rupture, disintegrating the midgut lining. Different toxins bind to different receptors in different insect species and with varying intensities: this explains species specificities.

Biology:
The crystal inclusions derived from Btk are generally lepidopteran specific. Because they have to be ingested and then processed within the insect's gut, they are often slow acting (two to forty-eight hours in comparison to conventional chemicals). The toxin results in starvation leading to death; insects not killed by direct action of the toxin may die from bacterial infection over a longer period. Different toxins have different spectra of activity. Different strains and serotypes have been developed by different companies. In addition to producing the endotoxins, many strains of Bt are potent insect pathogens. (Many Bt genes ( Cry IA) have been isolated and used to transform crops, also known as Genetically Modified Crop (GMO) or Transgenic Crop ( Cotton MECH-162, MECH-184, MECH-12) thereby making them resistant.

Efficacy:

Effective against lepidopteran species, however, light instability can cause problems if exposed to high light intensities. Rapidly hydrolysed under even mild alkaline conditions.

Commercialisation:

Formulation:
Liquid strain.

Trade Name:
Spicturin

Application: Use at rates of 100-300 g active ingredient (ai) per hectare ensuring that the crop is well covered with the spray suspension. Apply while larvae are small and repeat every five to seven days if infestations are high. Bt-based sprays can be applied up to the day of harvest.

Product Specification:

Purity:
All formulations are standardised at a toxin content expressed in terms of international units active against a target pest per mg of product.

Storage conditions and shelf-life:

Do not expose to direct sunlight, and keep in cool conditions. If stored under cool dark conditions, the products remain viable for two years or more.

Compatibility: Do not use in combination with broad spectrum biocides such as chlorothalonil. Compatible with a wide range of acaricides, insecticides, fungicides, stickers, spreaders and wetters. Do not use water with a pH above 8.0.

Environmental Impact and Non-Target Toxicity: Btk has a short persistence owing to its sensitivity to UV. light. No adverse effects have been recorded in approved field use and none are anticipated. Btk should not be used near water-courses, however no adverse effect have been observed on birds, fishes and honeybees.

Indian Literature:

Adams, L.F., Liu, C.L., Macintosh, S.C. and Starnes, R.L. 1996. Diversity and biological activity of Bacillus thuringiensis. In Crop Protection Agents from Nature: Natural Products andAnalogues, L G Copping (ed.), 360-88, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Asokan, R. 1999. A method of delivering Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner insecticidal crystal toxins for the management of diamond back moth on cabbage. Insect Environment., 4: (4), 124. Asokan, R. and Mohan, K.S. 1996. Safety of sporeless mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki to Cotesia plutellae Kurdj., a larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (L.).Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. 2: (1) , 4548. Asokan, R., Mohan, K.S. and Gopalakrishnan, C. 1996. Effect of commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on yield of cabbage. Insect Environment. 2: (2), 58-59. Babu, B.R. and Krishnayya, P.V. 1998. Bioinsecticides to mitigate the load of quinalphos against cauliflower caterpillars. Pesticide Research Journal. 10: (2), 231234 . Balikai, R.A. and Sattigi, H.N. 2000. Management of sunflower head borer by using bioinsecticide alone and in combination with insecticide. Agricultural Science Digest. 20: (2), 110-111. Banuprakash, K.G., Govindan, R. and Devaiah, M.C. 2000. Survivability of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki H3a3b in different ecosystems and its pathogenicity to silkworm Bombyx mori L. Environment and Ecology. 18: (3), 718-721. Biradar, A.P., Balikai, R.A., Nandihalli, B.S. and Jagginavar, S.B. 1996. Efficacy of bioinsecticides in the management ofHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on sunflower. Advances in Agricultural Research in India. 5: 70-74 . Biswas, S., Kumar, Ashok., Upadhyay, K.D. and Kumar, A. 1996. Effect of sub-lethal concentration of Dipel on the post embryonic development of Spilosoma obliqua. Indian Journal of Entomology. 58: (4), 359-363. Biswas, S., Upadhyay, K.D. and Dubey, R.K. 1996. Effect of dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) on different larval instars of Spilosoma obliqua Walker. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 4: (2), 165-166. Biswas, S., Upadhyay, K.D. and Kumar, A. 1994. Bio-efficacy of various Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and dosages against hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma (Diacrisia) obliqua. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring. 4: 3-4, 185-188. Biswas, S., Upadhyay, K.D., Ashok, Kumar. and Kumar, A. 1996. Efficacy of some insecticides alone and in combination with Dipel (a bacterial formulation) against Spilosoma obliqua Walker Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie. 81: (2), 227-235. Bora, R.S., Murty, M.G., Shenbagarathai, R., Sekar, Vaithilingam., Singh Bora, R. and Sekar,V. 1994.Introduction of a Lepidoptera-specific insecticidal crystal protein gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki by conjugal transfer into aBacillus megaterium strain that persists in the cotton phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60: (1), 214-222. Borah, M. and Basit, A. 1996. Effect of certain insecticides on the emergence of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead. Journal of the Agricultural Science Society of North East-India. 9: (2), 224-225. Burges, H.D. and Jones, K A. 1989. Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects, in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial

Microorganisms, Nematodes and Seed Treatments, H D Burges (ed.), 33-127, Kluwer Academic, Dordecht, the Netherlands. Butter, N.S., Battu, G.S., Kular, J.S., Singh, T.H. and Brar, J.S. 1995. Integrated use of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with some insecticides for the management of bollworms on cotton. Journal of Entomological Research. 19: (3), 255-263. Chandra, Ajanta., Kaushik, N.C., Gupta, G.P. and Chandra, A. 1999. Studies of Bacillus thuringiensis on growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 7: (2) , 154-158. Chari, M.S., Sreedhar,U., Rao, RSN. and Reddy, SAN. 1996. Studies on compatibility of botanical and microbial insecticides to the natural enemies of Spodoptera litura F. Tobacco Research. 22: (1), 32-35. Chitra, S., Narayanan, R.B., Balakrishnan, A., Jayaraman, Kunthala and Jayaraman, K. 1998. A rapid and specific method for the identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by indirect immuno fluorescence.Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71: (3), 286-287. Das, N.D., Sankar, G.R.M. and Biswas, K.K. 2000. Field evaluation of botanical and biopesticides against pod borer,Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences., 8: (2), 233-234. Devasahayam, S. 2000. Evaluation of biopesticides for the management of shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis Guen.) on ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)Spices and aromatic plants:-challenges and opportunities in the new century. Contributory papers Centennial conference on spices and aromatic plants, Calicut, Kerala, India 20-23-September, 2000. 276-277. Indian Society for Spices; Calicut; India Devi, P.S.V., Prasad, Y.G. and Rajeswari, B. 1996. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and neem on castor defoliators - Achaea janata (Linnaeus) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Journal of Biological Control. 10: (1-2), 67-71. Dilawari, V.K., Khanna, V., Gupta, V.K., Dhaliwal, H.S.and Dhaliwal, G.S. 1996. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstakidelta-endotoxin proteins from HD-1 and HD-73 strains against Plutella xylostella (L).Allelopathy Journal. 3: (2) 267-272. Entwistle, P.F., Cory, J. S., Bailey, M. J.and Higgs, S. (eds.). 1993. Bacillus thuringiensis, on Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 311 pages. Fast, P. and Surges, D (ed.). 1981. The crystal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. Academic Press, New York. Gaikwad, M.A., Narkhede, S.S. and Borkar, S.L. 1998. Toxicity of different formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki(Berliner) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). PKV Research Journal. 22: (1), 49-53. Gloriana, A.S., Raja, N. Seshadri, S., Janarthanan, S.and Ignacimuthu, S. 2000. Pathogenicity of entomopathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Beauveria bassiana, to the larvae of Spodoptera litura (F.) and Pericallia ricini (F.). Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 18: (3), 235-242. Gujar, G.T. and Mohan, M. 2000. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and its endotoxin CrylAb on growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Pesticide Research Journal. 12: (2), 210-214. Gujar, G.T., Kalia, Vinay., Kumari, Archana., Kalia, V. and Kumari, A. 2000. Bioactivity of Bacillus thuringiensis against the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 8: (2), 125-131.

Gujar, G.T., Kumari, Archana., Kalia,Vinay,. Chandrashekar, K., Kumari, A. and Kalia, V. 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in susceptibility of the American bollworm , Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in India.Current Science. 78: (8), 995-1001. Gupta, G.P., Chandra, Ajanta., Chandra, A., Dhaliwal,G.S (ed.)., Arora, R (ed.)., Randhawa, N.S. (ed.). and Dhawan, A.K. 1998. Food consumption by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae intoxicated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner).Ecological agriculture and sustainable development: Volume 1. Proceedings of an International Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Towards Sustainable Development, Chandigarh, India, 15-17 November, 1997. 468-474. Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development; Chandigarh; India Gupta, P.R., Babu, RRM., Reddy, P.P. (ed.), Kumar, NKK. (ed.) and Verghese, A. 1998. Management of Helicoverpa armigera on tomato with Trichogramma pretiosum and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: environmental implications and thrusts, Bangalore, India, 15-17 October 1997. 75-80. Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research; Bangalore; India Jayanthi, PDK. and Padmavathamma, K. 1996.Cross infectivity and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensissubsp. kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. Journal of Entomological Research., 20: (3), 211215. Jeyakumar, P. and Gupta, G.P. 1999. Impact of UV and white lights on the biopotency of Bacillus thuringiensis againstHelicoverpa armigera Hubner. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences.7: (2), 121-124. Kalia, Shamila., Lall, R.B. and Kalia, S. 2000. Efficacy of three varietal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis tested against some important forest insect pests of multipurpose forest tree species. Indian Forester. 126: (1), 62-66. Kulat, S.S., Nimbalkar, S.A., Radke, S.G. and Tambe, J. 1999. Evaluation of biopesticides and neem seed extract againstHelicoverpa armigera on chickpea. Indian Journal of Entomology. 61: (1), 19-21. Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Analysis of 66 KDA toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki reveals differential amino terminal processing of protoxin by endogenous protease(s). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 45: (4), 769-774. Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Endogenous protease activated 66-kDa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki active against Spodoptera littoralis. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 159: (1), 113-120. Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Intracellular proteases in sporulated Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and their role in protoxin activation. FEMS Microbiology Letters., 166: (2), 377-382. Kumawat, K.C. and Jheeba, S.S. 1999. Ecofriendly management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences., 7: (2), 212-214. Latha, E.S., Krishnayya, P.V. and Subbaratnam, G.V. 1996. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner and its additive chemicals on haemolymph constituents of Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 4: 1-2, 65-69.

Latha, K., Balasubramanian, G., Sundarababu, P.C. and Gopalan, M. 1994. Field evaluation of insecticides alone and in combination against leaffolders and their effect on natural enemies in rice. Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 2: (2), 105-109. Loganathan, M., Babu, P.C.S. and Balasubramanian, G. 2000. Testing of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis var galleriae against the predatory green lace wing, Chrysoperla carnea. Indian Journal of Entomology. 62: (3), 286-288. Malathi, S., Sriramulu, M. and Babu, T.R. 1999. Evaluation of certain eco-friendly insecticides against lepidopterous pests of cabbage. Indian Journal of Entomology. 61: (2), 127-133. Mathur, N.M., Qureshi, Q.G., Gupta, H.C. and Srivastava, R.C. 1996. Field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki for the management of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner on tomato in Rajasthan. Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 4: 1-2, 51-53. Mathur, N.M., Sharma, G.K., Qureshi, Q.G., Reddy, P.P. (ed.), Kumar, NKK.(ed.) and Verghese, A. Fruit borer (Earias spp.) management on okra in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: environmental implications and thrusts, Bangalore, India, 15-17 October 1997. 1998, 121-123. Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research; Bangalore; India Mathur, Y.K., Alam, M.A. and Kumar, J. 1994. Effectiveness of different formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner againstPericallia ricini Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Journal of Entomological Research. 18: (2), 95-104 . Meenakshisundaram, K. S. and Gujar, G.T. 1998. Proteolysis of Bacillus thuringiensis sub sp. kurstaki endotoxin with midgut proteases of some important lepidopterous species. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 36: (6), 593-598. Meshram, P.B., Bisaria, A.K., Kalia, Shamila. and Kalia, S. 1997. Efficacy of Bioasp and Biolep - a microbial insecticide against teak skeletonizer, Eutectona machaeralis Walk. Indian Forester. 123: (12), 1202-1204. Mohan, K.S., Asokan, R. and Gopalakrishnan, C. 1997. Development and field performance of a sporeless mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 6: (2) , 105-109. Mohan, M. and Gujar, G.T. 2001. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains and commercial formulations to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Crop Protection. 20: (4), 311-316. Mohan, Muthugounder., Gujar, G.T. and Mohan, M. 2000. Susceptibility pattern and development of resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L), to Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. var. kurstaki in India. Pest Management Science. 56: (2), 189-194. Murty, M.G., Srinivas, G., Bora, R.S. and Sekar, V. 1994. A simple method for separation of the protein crystals from Bacillus thuringiensis using carboxymethyl cellulose column chromatography. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 19: (2), 103110 . Murugan, K. and Jeyabalan, D. 1998. Neem enhances the activity of microbial pesticides. Insect Environment. 4: (1), 3-4. Murugan, K., Babu, R., Pandey, A (ed.)., Soccol, C.R (ed.). and Josh, V.K. 1998. Impact of certain plant products andBacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspecies kurstaki on the growth and feeding physiology of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). International conference on

frontiers in biotechnology, Trivandrum, India, November 1997. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research., 57: (10-11), 757-765. Nagrare, V.S. and More, G.D. 1998. Economics in using bioagents against Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea Indian Journal of Entomology. 60: (2), 203-206. Neharkar, P.S., Patange, N.R., Kendre, M.S. and Munde, A.T. 1999. Comparative efficacy of insecticides against pod borer complex of pigeonpea. Journal of Soils and Crops. 9: (2), 178-181. Palanichamy, M.and Arunachalam, A. 1995. Temperature dependent feeding rate and the larval mortality of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) treated with Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Berliner) New Agriculturist., 6: (1), 55-58. Panda, S.K., Nayak, S.K. and Behera, U.K. 1999. Field efficacy of five commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against the rice stem borer and leaf folder. Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 7: (2), 143-146. Parthiban, M. and Ananthan, G. 1998. Alternate application of neem and biopesticide in cotton pest management. Insect Environment. 3: (4), 97-98. Patel, M.C. and Vyas, R.V. 1999. Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki formulation cutlass with cypermethrin against Earias vittella and Spodoptera litura. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 7:(2), 236-239. Patnaik, P. and Singh, K.M. 1997. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and conventional insecticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer under different spraying schedules. Orissa Journal of Horticulture. 25: (1), 18-21. Pramanik, A., Somchoudhury, A.K. and Khatua, D.C. 2000. Persistent toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki toSpilosoma obliqua Walker on different host plants under field conditions. Journal of Entomological Research. 24: (1), 91-95. Pramanik, A., Somchoudhury, A.K. and Khatua, D.C. 2000. Persistence toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in combination with some chemical additives under field condition. Environment and Ecology. 18: (1), 114-118. Pramanik, A., Somchoudhury, A.K. and Khatua, D.C. 2000. Persistent toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki toSpilosoma obliqua Walker on different host plants under field conditions. Journal of Entomological Research. 24: (1), 91-95. Puntambekar, U.S., Mukherjee, S.N. and Ranjekar, P.K. 1997. Laboratory screening of different Bacillus thuringiensis strains against certain lepidopteran pests and subsequent field evaluation on the pod boring pest complex of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 71: (4), 319-323. Qureshi, Q.G., Mathur, N.M., Srivastava, R.C., Reddy, P.P. (ed.), Kumar, NKK (ed.) and Verghese, A. 1998. Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, using Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: environmental implications and thrusts, Bangalore, India, 15-17 October 1997. 81-83. Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research; Bangalore; India Rajendran, B. and Gopalan, M. 1999. Effect of biopathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin) on different stages of egg plant spotted beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Entomological Research. 23: (1), 9-14. Rajendran, N., Sivamani, E. and Jayaraman, K. 1994. Expression of the insecticidal crystal protein gene from a Gram-positiveBacillus thuringiensis in a Gram

negative Pseudomonas fluorescens mediated by protoplast fusion. FEMS Microbiology Letters. , 122: 1-2, 103-108. Rao, B.M. and Krishnayya, P.V. 1996. Effect of diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki baits on the growth and development of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae. Pesticide Research Journal. 8: (1), 80-83. Reddy, S.T., Kumar, N.S. and Venkateswerlu, G. 1998. Comparative analysis of intracellular proteases in sporulated Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Biotechnology Letters. 20: (3), 279-281. Roy, P. 1992. Genomic amplification and expression of delta-endotoxin fragment of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.187: (2), 641-647. Santharam, G., Victoria, D.R., Rabindra, R.J. and Jayaraj, S. 1994. Studies on biological control of pigeonpea pod borers in India.Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz., 67: (5), 103-106. Sasikala, K., Rao, P.A. and Krishnayya, P.V. 1999. Comparative efficacy of ecofriendly methods involving egg parasitoid,Trichogramma japonicum, mechanical control and safe chemicals against Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee infesting brinjal. Journal of Entomological Research. 23: (4), 369-372. Satapathy, C.R. and Panda, S.K. 1997. Effect of commercial Bt. formulations against fruit borers of okra. Insect Environment. 3: (2), 54. Selvakumar, T., Nataraju, B. and Datta, R.K. 1999. Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis varieties in relation to pathogenicity to silkworm, Bombyx mori. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 38: (1), 75-78. Selvanarayanan, V. and Baskaran, P. 1996. Efficacy of non-conventional insecticides against the sesame shoot webber and capsule borer Antigastra catalaunalis.Indian Journal of Entomology. 58: (4), 326-336. Sen, A.K., Bhattacharya, A. and Naqvi, A.H. 1993.Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner infection on the larval haemolymph of the lac predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore. Journal of Insect Science. 6: (2), 290-291 . Sharma, S.S., Kalra, V.K. and Mrig, K.K. 2000. Evaluation of different formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstakiagainst Plutella xylostella (L.). Annals of Agri Bio Research. 5: (1), 67-70. Sharma, S.S., Kaushik, H.D. and Kalra, V.K. 2001. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis varieties kurstaki and aizawai against some lepidopterous pests. Annals of Biology. 17: (1), 91-94. Shenhmar, M., Sekhon, B.S. and Brar, K.S. 1996. Efficacy of some bio-pesticides for the control of Helicoverpa armigeraHubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 24: 1-2, 132-133. Singh, A.P., Arora, Ramesh., Battu, G.S., Arora, R. 2000. Laboratory evaluation of three Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner based biopesticides against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus).Pesticide Research Journal. 12: (1), 54-62. Singh, P.P., Monobrullah, M. and Singh, B. 1999. Field efficacy in some microbial pesticides against gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) in chickpea. Shashpa. 6: (1), 63-66. Singh, S., Kumar, R. and Chhabra, M.B. 1992. Efficacy of Dipel-8L and Sumicidin 20EC against mammalian lice. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 6: (1), 1-5. Singh, S.P. and Chaudhary, S.D. 1995. Efficacy of some insecticides against stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) infesting forage sorghum. Journal of Insect Science. 8: (2), 223-224.

Singh, S.P., Jalali, S.K. and Venkatesan, T . 2000. Susceptibility of diamondback moth and its egg parasitoid to a new Bt formulation. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. 6: 2, 114-117. Sreeramulu, K.R., Gowda, Gavi., Hanumanthaswamy, B. and Gowda, G. 1999. Screening entomophagus pathogens for the biological control of black ant Camponotus compressus Fab. Journal of Ecobiology., 11: (1), 47-52. Sreeramulu, K.R., Gowda, Gavi., Rajagopal, D., Hanumanthaswamy, B.C. and Gowda, G. 1999. Biological control of black antCamponotus compressus. Fab.Insect Environment. 4: (4), 121-122. Srinivas, G., Vennison, S.J., Sudha, S.N., Balasubramanian, P., Sekar, V. and Vaithilingam, Sekar. 1997. Unique regulation of crystal protein production in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis is mediated by the Cry proteinencoding 103-megadalton plasmid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63: (7), 2792-2797 . Subramanian, S. and Gujar, G.T. 2000. Inducible antibacterial proteins in haemolymph of the American bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner).Entomon. 25: (3), 161-178. Sudarsan, N., Suma, N.R., Vennison, S.J., Vaithilingam, Sekar. aAnd Sekar, V. 1994.Survival of a strain of Bacillus megaterium carrying a lepidopteran-specific gene of Bacillus thuringiensis in the phyllospheres of various economically important plants. Plant and Soil., 167: (2), 321-324. Sudha, S.N., Jayakumar, R., Vaithilingam, Sekar. and Sekar,V. 1999. Introduction and expression of the cry1Ac gene ofBacillus thuringiensis in a cereal-associated bacterium, Bacillus polymyxa. Current Microbiology., 38: (3), 163-167. Thakur, J.N. and Pawar, A.D. 2000. Comparative toxicity of different insecticides against Trichogramma chilosis Ishii. Journal of Biological Control. 14: (2) , 51-53. Tiwari, L.D. 2000. Studies on the activity of the isolated crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki. Indian Journal of Entomology. 62: (2), 214-217. Tomar, R.K.S. 1998. Efficacy and economics of biopesticide and insecticide combinations against okra shoot and fruit borer. Indian Journal of Entomology. 60: (1), 25-28. Tomar, R.K.S. 1998. Efficacy of some insecticides against okra petiole maggot Melanagromyza hibisci. Indian Journal of Entomology. 60: (1), 22-24. Tripathi, Deepak., Singh, H.M., Singh, S.B. and Tripathi, D. 2001. Management of Papilio demoleus (Linn.) attacking babchi, Psoralea corylifolia L. Shashpa. 8: (1), 65-68. Ujagir, R., Chaubey, A.K., Sehgall, V.K., Saini, G.C. and Singh, J.P. 1997. Evaluation of some insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea at Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter. No. 4, 22-24 . Unnamalai, N. and Sekar, Vaithilingam. 1995. Bacillus thuringiensis, a biocontrol agent for major tea pests. Current Science. 69: (11), 939-940 . Vikram, Singh., Mathur, N.M., Kalyan, R.K., Akhter, Hussain., Sharma, G.K., Singh,V. and Hussain, A. 2000. Evaluation of some IPM modules against Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea. Indian Journal of Entomology. 62: (1), 24-27. Visalakshmi, V., Rao, P.A. and Krishnayya, P.V. 2000. Efficacy of chitin inhibitor and Bacillus thuringiensis Ber. used either alone or in combination with certain insecticides against Spodoptera litura Fab. infesting sunflower. Journal of Entomological Research., 24: (4), 369-373. Wanjari, R.R., More, G.D., Supare, N.R., Turkar, K.S. and Agarkar, V. 1998. Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on chickpea with some herbal, chemical and bio-pesticides. Journal of Soils and Crops. 8: (1), 34-37.

Bacillus sphaericus
Bacterium:
Schizomycetes: Eubacteriales

NOMENCLATURE:

Approved name:
Bacillus sphaericus.

SOURCE: Bacillus sphaericus is found widely in soil substrate available nature and selected because of its effective control of mosquito larvae.

PRODUCTION: Bacillus sphaericus is produced commercially by fermentation as for Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki.

TARGET PESTS: Mosquito larvae. Particularly active against Culex spp.

TARGET CROPS: Used for urban Pest Management.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Mode of action:
Bacillus sphaericus produces parasporal, proteinaceous, crystal inclusion bodies during sporulation. Upon ingestion, these are insecticidal to mosquito larvae in the same way as Btk is to Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

Biology:
The crystal inclusions are mosquito larva specific. Because they have to be ingested and then processed within the insect's gut, they are often slow-acting (in comparison to conventional chemicals).. It is active against mosquito larvae under a wide range of conditions including extended residual activity in highly organic aquatic environments. sphaericus has a mode of action similar to that of thuringiensis Berliner. It should be applied from first instar up to early fourth instar, with toxic symptoms often

appearing within an hour of ingestion by susceptible species. The bacterium is said to recycle in the aquatic environment and this is thought to be a consequence of proliferation in susceptible insects, cannibalism and release into the water.

Efficacy:
Very effective when used against mosquito larvae in still water, even in the presence of high levels of organic matter. Light instability can cause problems if exposed to high intensities. Rapidly hydrolysed under even mild alkaline conditions. Sphaericus is more effective than Bti for use in slow-release formulations designed to control mosquitoes. COMMERCIALISATION:

Formulation:
Formulated as water soluble granules (SG).

Tradenames:
SPIC Biomass.

APPLICATION: Applied by hand-held application equipment to water bodies. Rates of application depend upon the stage of larvae to be treated and the organic content of the water. Rates between 2 and 4 kg of product per hectare are recommended, with the highest rates used against large larvae and in highly polluted water.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS:

Purity:
Prepared as for Btk. The commercial product contains living spores of sphaericus plus the protein endotoxin. Efficacy can be determined by bioassay on Culex larvae in the laboratory.

Storage conditions and shelf-life:

Store in cool, dry, stableconditions. If stored under cool, dry, stable conditions, the formulated product will remain viable for 2 years.

COMPATIBILITY: Compatible with other major pesticides except copper-based fungicides or algal control agents.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY: Sphaericus has shown no adverse effects in approved field use on non-target organisms.

INDIAN LITERATURE:

Ansari, M.A., Sharma, V.P., Mittal, P.K. and Razdan, R.K. 1995. Efficacy of two flowable formulations of Bacillus sphaericusagainst larvae of mosquitoes. Indian Journal of Malariology. 32: (2), 76-84. Becker, N. 1998. Biorational control of nuisance and vector mosquitoes with special emphasis on community participation. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne. 44: (4), 759. Bhattacharya, P.R. 1998. Microbial control of mosquitoes with special emphasis on bacterial control. Indian Journal of Malariology. 35: (4), 206-224. Chitra, S., Narayanan, R.B., Balakrishnan, A., Kunthala, Jayaraman. and Jayaraman, K. 1998. A rapid and specific method for the identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by indirect immunofluorescence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71: (3), 286-287. Dash, A.P. and Hazra, R.K. 1995.A small scale field experiment on comparative efficacy of three mosquito larvicides in a filarial endemic locality of Orissa, India.Tropical Biomedicine. 12: (1), 69-72. Dua, V.K., Sharma, S.K., Srivastava, A., Sharma, V.P. and Aruna, Srivastava. 1997. Bioenvironmental control of industrial malaria at Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Hardwar, India results of a nine-year study (1987-95). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 13: (3), 278-285. Gunasekaran, K., Narayanan, R.J., Shriram, A.N., Elangovan, A. and Balaraman, K. 1998. Efficacy of a Bacillus sphaericusformulation as influenced by the quality of Culex quinquefasciatus breeding waters. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 108: December, 260-264. Gunasekaran, K., Vijayan, V., Shriram, A.N., Subramanian, S. and Balaraman, K. 1997. Development of alginate-based slow release formulation of Bacillus sphaericus for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 28: (1), 203-207. Kant, R., Pandey, S.D., Sharma, S.K. and Rajni, Kant. 1996. Role of biological agents for the control of mosquito breeding in rice fields. Indian Journal of Malariology. 33: (4), 209-215. Kar, I., Eapen, A., Ravindran, K.J., Chandrahas, R.K., Appavoo, N.C., Sadanand, A.V., Dhanraj, B. and Indranil, Kar. 1997. Field evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus, H5a5b and B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, H-14 against the bancroftian filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus, Say in Chennai, India. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (1), 25-36. Kumar, A., Sharma, V.P., Thavaselvam, D., Sumodan, P.K., Kamat, R.H., Audi, S.S. and Surve, B.N. 1996. Control of Culex quinquefasciatus with Bacillus sphaericus in Vasco City, Goa. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 12: (3), Part 1, 409-413. Kumar, A., Thavaselvam, D., Fernandes, F.S. and Sharma, V.P. 1993. Community participation and intersectoral cooperation in malaria control in Panaji, Goa. Community participation in malaria control. 181-191.

Mala, S.R. and Solayappan, A.R. 2001. Screening of certain effective microbial insecticides for the control of sugarcane early shoot borer larvae Chilo infuscatellus Snell. Cooperative Sugar. 32: (8), 631-633. Manonmani, A.M. and Hoti, S.L. 1995. Field efficacy of indigenous strains of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 and H-5a5b against Anopheles subpictus larvae.Tropical Biomedicine. 12: (2), 141-146. Mariappan, T., Amalraj, D.D., Doss, P.S.B., Sahu, S.S., Jambulingam, P., Somachary, N., Reddy, C.M.R., Kalyanasundaram, M., Das, P.K. and Bhoopathi-Doss, S.S. 1999. Field evaluation of Spicbiomoss, a biolarvicidal formulation of Bacillus sphaericusagainst immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus & Anopheles species. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 110: October, 128-132. Mittal, P.K., Adak, T. and Sharma, V.P. 1998. Variations in the response to Bacillus sphaericus toxins in different strains of Anopheles stephensi Liston. Indian Journal of Malariology. 35: (4), 178-184. Poopathi, S. 2000. Comparative estimation of activity of two marker enzymes for determining the quality of brush border membrane fractions for in vitro binding assays in Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquito larvae. Journal of EntomologicalResearch. 24: (3), 199-205. Poopathi, S., Mani, T.R., Baskaran, G. and Kabilan, L. 1999. Investigations on crossresistance to Bacillus thuringiensis H14 in the Bancroftian filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus resistant to Bacillus sphaericus. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 23: (2), 121-124. Poopathi, S., Mani, T.R., Rao, D.R., Baskaran, G., Lalitha, Kabilan. And Kabilan, L. 1999. Effect of Bacillus sphaericus andBacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on the ultrastructural changes in the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Entomological Research. 23: (4), 347-357. Poopathi, S., Mani, T.R., Rao, D.R., Baskaran, G., Lalitha, Kabilan. and Kabilan, L. 1999. Evaluation of synergistic interaction between Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against Culex quinquefasciatus resistant and susceptible to B. sphaericus 1593 M. Journal-of-Ecobiology. 11: (4) 289-298. Prakash, Anil., Bhattacharyya, D.R., Mohapatra, P.K., Mahanta, J., Prakash, A. and Goel, S.C. 1998. Studies on laboratory and field efficacy evaluation of a biocide formulation in district Dibrugarh (Assam). Advances in medical entomology & human welfare. No. 1 Supplement, 21-27. Rippere, K.E., Johnson, J.L. and Yousten, A.A. 1997. DNA similarities among mosquito-pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Bacillus sphaericus. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47: (1), 214-216. Shanmugavelu, M., Sritharan, V. and Jayaraman, K. 1995.Polymerase chain reaction and non-radioactive gene probe based identification of mosquito larvicidal strains of Bacillus sphaericus and monitoring of B. sphaericus 1593M, released in the environment. Journal of Biotechnology. 39: (2), 99-106. Sharma, S.N., Sharma, T and Prasad, H. 1998. Impact of Spherix (Bacillus sphaericus B-101, serotype H5a, 5b) spraying on the control of mosquito breeding in rural areas of Farrukhabad district, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Malariology. 35: (4), 185-196. Shukla, R.P., Kohli, V.K.and Ojha, V.P. 1997. Larvicidal efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus H-5a,5b and B. thuringiensis var.israelensis H-14 against malaria vectors in Bhabar area, District Naini Tal, U.P. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (4), 208-212.

Sundararaj, R. and Raghunatha-Rao, D. 1993. Field evaluation of a microgel droplet formulation of Bacillus sphaericus 1593M (Biocide-S) against Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus in South India. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 24: (2), 363-368. Yadav, R.S., Sharma, V.P. and Upadhyay, A.K. 1997. Field trial of Bacillus sphaericus strain B-101 (serotype H5a,5b) against filariasis and Japanese encephalitis vectors in India. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 13: (2), 158-163.

Trichodermo harzianum
Biological insecticide

Mitosporitic Fungus:
Previously classified as: Deuteromycetes: Moniliales

NOMENCLATURE:

Approved name:
Trichoderma harzianumTul.

Other names:
Previously known as Trichoderma lignorum(Tode) Harz.

SOURCE: Trichoderma harzianumoccurs widely in nature in soil substrate and this is being commercialization because of its ability to compete with phytopathogenic fungi and produce toxins.

PRODUCTION: Trichoderma harzianumis produced commercially by fermentation as well as on solid substrate.

TARGET PESTS: Recommended for the control of soil-inhabiting Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, Sclerotinia and Botrytis species.

TARGET CROPS: Recommended for use on crops, vegetables and vines.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Mode of action:
Competes in the soil for nutrients and rhizosphere dominance with phyto-pathogenic fungi. In presence of sufficient organic carbon it produces enzymes having lytic effect on target fungi and in contrast in adverse conditions it produces toxins which are equally harmful.

Biology: Trichoderma harzianumis a widely distributed member of the soil microflora and exerts its effect by competing for nutrients and producing toxins against phytopathogenic species.

COMMERCIALISATION:

Formulation:
Formulated as an MG. CFU (2 * 107 /gm)

APPLICATION: Apply to soil or compost FYM heap using conventional application equipment. Ensure that the soil is moist and that the temperature is at least 12 C.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS: Purity: The product contains only spores of Trichoderma harzianum.Viability of the formulation is determined by plating the product out on agar and counting the number of colonies formed after incubation in the laboratory for 48 hours.

Storage conditions: Store under dry, stable conditions as unopened packs.

Shelf-life:
Vacuum packs maintain product viability for one year if stored at 20 C and if unopened.

COMPATIBILITY:

Not to be used with most of fungicidal treatment except with Vitavax.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY: Acute oral LD50 mallard ducks and bobwhite quail >2,000 mg/kg. LC50 (96 hours) zebra fish 1.23 x 105 colony forming units (cfu)/ml. LC50 (10 days) aphnia pulex1.6 x 104 cfu/ml. Trichoderma harzianumwas not toxic to honeybees at 1,000 pp

INDIAN LITERATURE

Baby, U.I. 1998.Biocontrol potential of fungicide resistant mutants of Trichoderma spp. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 38: (3), 165-166. Biswas, K.K. 1999. Screening of isolates of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai for their relative biocontrol efficacy againstFusarium oxysporum f.sp. udum and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 7: (2), 125-130. Bora, L.C., Minku, Das., Das, B.C. and Das, M. 2000. Influence of microbial antagonists and soil amendments on bacterial wilt severity and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 70: (6), 390392. Chakrabarti, D.K., Kumar, R. and Prasad, J. 1998. Stem rot of Psoralea corylifolia and its biological control. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 68: (6), 333-335. Daljeet, Singh., Kapur, S.P., Kuldip, Singh., Singh, D. and Singh, K. 2000. Management of citrus scab caused by Elsinoe fawcettii. Indian Phytopathology. 53: (4), 461-467. De, R.K. and Chaudhary, R.G. 1999. Biological and chemical seed treatment against lentil wilt. Lens-Newsletter. 26: (1-2), 28-31. De, R.K., Chaudhary, R.G. and Naimuddin. 1996. Comparative efficacy of biocontrol agents and fungicides for controlling chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 66: (6), 370-373. Deore, P.B. and Sawant, D.M. 2000. Management of guar powdery mildew by Trichoderma spp. culture filtrates. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. publ. 2001, 25: (3), 253-254. Dinakaran, D., Ramakrishnan, G., Sridhar, R. and Jeyarajan, R. 1995. Management of sesamum root rot with biocontrol agents. Journal of Oilseeds Research. 12: (2), 262-263. Dutta, P. and Das, B.C. 1999. Control of Rhizoctonia solani in soybean (Glycine max) by farmyard manure culture ofTrichoderma harzianum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 69: (8), 596-598. Ebenezar, E.G., Alice, D. and Sivaprakasam, K. 1996. Biological control of damping off disease in mustard caused byPythium aphanidermatum. Journal of Ecobiology. 8: (1), 55-57. Gangadharaswamy, M., Lokesh, S. and Rai, V.R. 1997. Impact of Phomopsis vexans on seed quality of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and its management in vitro. International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases. 15: (1), 43-51. Hazarika, D.K. and Das, K.K. 1998. Biological management of root rot of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused byRhizoctonia solani. Plant Disease Research. 13: (2), 101-105.

Hegde, G. and Anahosur, K.H. 1998. Integrated management of foot rot of black pepper. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 11: (1), 78-82. Jayaraj, J. and Ramabadran, R. 1999. Effect of moisture levels on the survival of Trichoderma harzianum in soil. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 188-189. Jayaraj, J. and Ramabadran, R. 1999. Rhizobium - Trichoderma interaction in vitro and in vivo. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 190-192. Jisha, M.S. and Alagawadi, A.R. 1996. Nutrient uptake and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) inoculated with phosphate solubilizing bacteria and cellulolytic fungus in a cotton stalk amended Vertisol .Microbiological Research. 151: (2), 213-217. Johnson, I. and Palaniswami, A. 1999. Phytophthora tuber rot of cassava - a new record in India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 29: (3), 323-332. Jubina, P.A. and Girija, V.K. 1998. Antagonistic rhizobacteria for management of Phytophthora capsici, the incitant of foot rot of black pepper. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 28: (2), 147-153. Kalaimani, T. 2000. Biological control of red rot of sugar cane caused by (Colletotrichum falcatum Went).Indian Sugar. 50: (8), 489-492. Kanth, A.K., Gowda, M.V.C. and Lingaraju, S. 2000. Role of partial resistance in integrated management of stem and pod rots in groundnut. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 13: (3), 726-728. Khan, M.R. and Gupta, J. 1998. Antagonistic efficacy of Trichoderma species against Macrophomina phaseolina on eggplant. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 105: (4), 387-393. Krishnamurthy, J., Samiyappan, R., Vidhyasekaran, P., Nakkeeran, S., Rajeswari, E., Raja, J.A.J. and Balasubramanian, P. 1999. Efficacy of Trichoderma chitinasesagainst Rhizoctonia solani, the rice sheath blight pathogen. Journal of Biosciences. 24: (2), 207-213. Madhumita, Choudhury., Sen, C. and Choudhury, M. 1999. Studies on the morphological variations and cultural identity among a few indigenous isolates of Trichoderma spp. Journal of Interacademicia. 3: (3-4), 239-252. Mahanty, B., Roy, J.K., Dasgupta, B., Chitreshwar, Sen and Sen, C. 2000. Relative efficacy of promising fungicides and biocontrol agent Trichoderma in the management of foot rot of betelvine .Journal of Plantation Crops. 28: (3), 179-184. Mesta, R.K., Amaresh, Y.S. 2000. Biological control of Sclerotium wilt of sunflower. Plant Disease Research. 15: (2), 202-203. Mohanan, C., Nair, K.S.S.,Sharma, J.K.(ed.). and Varma, R.V. 1996. Epidemiology and control of Rhizoctonia web blight of bamboos. Impact of diseases and insect pests in tropical forests. Proceedings of the IUFRO Symposium, Peechi, India, 23-26 November 1993. 169-185. Natarajan, S, T. and Raj., Kalaimani akumar, M. 1997. Management of sugarcane red rot disease in Tamil Nadu - results of some trials. Indian Sugar. 47: (6), 413418. Nayak, B.K. 1997. Air and phylloplane mycoflora of Corchorus olitorius L. and C. capsularis L. Journal of Palynology. 33: (1-2), 227-240. Parakhia, A.M., Akbari, L.F., Jugnu, Antharia., Vaishnav, M.U. and Antharia, J. 1998.Comparative evaluation of bio-agents and seed dressing fungicides against Aspergillus niger causing collar rot of groundnut. Gujarat Agricultural University Research Journal. 23: (2), 61-65. Patel, S.T. and Anahosur, K.H. 1998. Rhizosphere microflora of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under irrigated conditions as influenced by various soil treatments. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 11: (2), 394-398.

Prasad, R.D. and Rangeshwaran, R. 2000 Effect of soil application of a granular formulation of Trichoderma harzianum onRhizoctonia solani incited seed rot and damping-off of chickpea. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 30: (2), 216220. Priya, Rani., Ashok, Aggarwal., Mehrotra, R.S., Rani, P. and Aggarwal, A. 1999. Growth responses in Acacia niloticainoculated with VAM fungi (Glomus mosseae), Rhizobium sp. and Trichoderma harzianum. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 151-153. Raguchander, T., Rajappan, K. and Samiappan, R. 1997. Evaluating methods of application of biocontrol agent in the control of mungbean root rot. Indian Phytopathology. 50: (2), 229-234. Rao, S.K.T. and Sitaramaiah, K. 2000.Management of collar rot disease (Aspergillus niger) in groundnut withTrichoderma spp. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 30: (2), 221-224. Revathi, G., Mala, S.R., Vadivelu, M., Muthukumarasamy, R. and Solayappan, A.R. 1997. An in vitro study for testing the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma viride against Colletotrichum falcatum. Cooperative Sugar. 28: (6), 447-449. Sanjhev, Sharma., Dohroo, N.P. and Sharma, S. 1997.Management of ginger yellows through organic amendment, fungicide seed treatment and biological methods. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal. 21: (2), 29-30. Sarode, S.V. and Sonalkar, V.U. 2001.Comparative performance of biopesticides and insecticides on pigeonpea crop. Shashpa. 8: (1), 85-87. Sawant, I.S., Sawant, S.D. and Nanaya, K.A. 1995. Biological control of Phytophthora root-rot of coorg mandarin (Citrus reticulata) by Trichoderma species grown on coffee waste. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: (11), 842-846. Sharma, B.K. and Basandrai, A.K. 2000.Effectiveness of some fungicides and biocontrol agents for the management of Karnal bunt of wheat. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 30: (1), 76-78. Singh, R.S., Mann, S.S., Anuradha, Jindal., Parminder, Kaur., Jindal, A. and Kaur, P. 1995.Variation in isolates ofTrichoderma harzianum from Punjab soil. Plant Disease Research. 10: (1), 10-15. Sinha, A., Singh, S.K. and Qaisar, J. 1999. Seed mycoflora of French bean and its control by means of fungicides. Tropenlandwirt. 100: (1), 59-67. Sitansu, Pan., Ghosh, S.K. and Pan, S. 1997. Antagonistic potential of some soil fungi on Phytophthora colocasiae Racib. Journal of Mycopathological Research. 35: (2), 153-157. Thakur, V.S. and Sharma, R.D. 1999. Effect of urea on microbial degradation of apple leaf litter and its relationship to the inhibition of pseudothecial development of Venturia inaequalis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 69: (2), 147-151. Ushamalini, C., Rajappan, K., and Kousalya, Gangadharan. 1997. Control of cowpea wilt by non-chemical means. Plant Disease Research. 12: (2), 122-129. Wuike, R.V., Shingare, V.S. and Dawane, P.N. 1998. Biological control of wilt of sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesami. Journal of Soils and Crops. 8: (1), 103-104. Yogendra, Singh. and Singh, Y. 1998. Biological control of Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed and mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Disease Research . 13: (2), 144-146.

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Biological insecticide Bacterium:

Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae

NOMENCLATURE:

Approved name:
Pseudomonos fluorescens (Trevisan) Migula.

SOURCE: A naturally and widely occurring bacterium. A strain that was naturally non-ice nucleating was originally isolated and registered in the USA for suppression of frost damage to fruit crops. Other strains with anti-fungal or anti-bacterial activity have been isolated and commercialized in the USA and India

PRODUCTION: Produced byfermentation.

TARGET PESTS: Soil-borne diseases caused by Fusarium and Rhizoctonia spp..

TARGET CROPS: Fruit tree crops, particularly pears and apples, cotton and vegetables.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Mode of action:
Bacteria and fungal propagules on the leaves of crops often serve as nucleationsites for ice formation and ice crystals often form when they are present and the temperature falls below freezing, with resulting damage to the leaf.If these are replaced on plant leaves with competitive antagonists that lack the ice-nucleating protein, frost is prevented, even at temperatures as low as -5 C. Other strains of Pseudomonos fluorescens are antagonistic to foliar or rhizosphere bacteria and fungi through the production of siderophores and antibiotics.

COMMERCIALISATION:

Formulation:
Sold as seed treatments or WPs of bacterial spores.

APPLICATION: Soil-borne pathogens are controlled with the use of seed treatments or hopper-box applications and foliar pathogens by spray applications. Fire blight sprays should be applied before flowering. Apply non-nucleating bacteria to foliage of tree crops and vegetables before the temperature falls below freezing. A single application will protect from frost damage to temperatures as low as -5 C for up to two months. The bacterium must be established on the foliage before freezing temperatures occur.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS:

Storage conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place in a sealed container. Do not expose to extremes of temperature or direct sunlight.

Shelf-life:
If stored under recommended conditions, the product remains viable for a year.

COMPATIBILITY: It is unusual to apply fluorescenswith other chemical treatments.

MAMMALIAN TOXICITY: There are no records of allergic or other adverse effects following use of fluorescens. It is regarded as being of low mammalian toxicity.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY: P. fluorescens. occurs widely in nature and is not expected to have any adverse effects on non-target organisms.

INDIAN LITERATURE:

Anith, K.N., Manomohandas, T.P., Jayarajan, M., Vasanthakumar, K. and Aipe, K.C. 2000.Integration of soil solarization and biological control with a fluorescent Pseudomonas sp.for controlling bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum (E. F. Smith) Yabuuchi et al. of ginger. Journal of Biological Control. 14: (1), 25-29. Bhattacharya, I. and Pramanik, M. 1998. Effect of different antagonist rhizobacteria and neem products on clubroot of crucifers. Indian Phytopathology. 51: (1), 87-90. Bora, L.C., Minku, Das., Das, B.C. and Das, M. 2000. Influence of microbial antagonists and soil amendments on bacterial wilt severity and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 70: (6), 390-392. De, R.K. and Chaudhary, R.G. 1999. Biological and chemical seed treatment against lentil wilt. Lens Newsletter. 26: (1-2), 28-31. Hiremath, P.C., Kulkarni, S.A., Radder, G.D.(ed.)., Gidnavar, V.S.(ed.)., Chittapur, B.M.(ed.)., Itnal, C.J.(ed.)., Patil, B.N.(ed.). and Babalad, H.B. 1998. Production of biocontrol agents for plant pathogens. Organics in sustaining soil fertility and productivity. 291-293. Johnson, I. and Palaniswami, A. 1999. Phytophthora tuber rot of cassava - a new record in India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 29: (3), 323-332. Jubina, P.A. and Girija, V.K. 1998. Antagonistic rhizobacteria for management of Phytophthora capsici, the incitant of foot rot of black pepper. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 28: (2), 147-153. Kalaimani, T. 2000.Biological control of red rot of sugar cane caused by (Colletotrichum falcatum Went). Indian Sugar. 50: (8), 489-492. Khan, M.R. and Khan, S.M. 2001. Biomanagement of Fusarium wilt of tomato by the soil application of certain phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. International Journal of Pest Management. 47: ( 3), 227-231. Krishnamurthy, K. and Gnanamanickam, S.S. 1998. Biological control of rice blast by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf7-14: evaluation of a marker gene and formulations.Biological Control. 13: (3), 158-165. Mala, S.R. and Solayappan, A.R. 2001. Screening of certain effective microbial insecticides for the control of sugarcane early shoot borer larvae Chilo infuscatellus Snell.Cooperative Sugar. 32: (8), 631-633. Mastan, S.A. and Qureshi, T.A. 2001.Role of bacteria in the epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) of fishes. Journal of Environmental Biology. 22: (3), 187-192. Meena, B., Marimuthu, T., Vidhyasekaran, P. and Velazhahan, R. 2001. Biological control of root rot of groundnut with antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 108: (4), 369-381. Meena, B., Ramamoorthy, V., Marimuthu, T. and Velazhahan, R. 2000.Pseudomonas fluorescens mediated systemic resistance against late leaf spot of groundnut. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 30: (2), 151-158. Natarajan, S., Kalaimani, T. and Rajakumar, M. 1997. Management of sugarcane red rot disease in Tamil Nadu - results of some trials. Indian Sugar. 47: (6), 413418. Nautiyal, C.S. 1997. Selection of chickpea-rhizosphere-competent Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRI1303 antagonistic toFusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Pythium sp. Current Microbiology. 35: (1), 52-58. Parakhia, A.M., Akbari, L.F., Jugnu, Antharia., Vaishnav, M.U. and Antharia, J. 1998. Comparative evaluation of bio-agents and seed dressing fungicides against Aspergillus niger causing collar rot of groundnut. Gujarat Agricultural University Research Journal. 23: (2), 61-65.

Pradeep, Kumar., Sood, A.K. and Kumar, P. 2001. Integration of antagonistic rhizobacteria and soil solarization for the management of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Indian Phytopathology. 54: (1), 12-15. Qureshi, T.A., Mastan, S.A., Prasad, Y., Chauhan, R., Dubey, R.K and, Chopade, R. 1999.Bacteriological investigation on EUS affected Channa striatus (Bloch). Journal of Ecobiology. 11: (1), 71-79. Ramakrishnan, S., Sivakumar, C.V., Dhawan, S.C.(ed.). and Kaushal, K.K. 1999. Biological control of rice root nematode withPseudomonas fluorescens. Proceedings of national symposium on rational approaches in nematode management for sustainable agriculture, Anand, India, 23-25 November, 1998. 43-46. Ramakrishnan, S., Sivakumar,C.V., Poornima, K. 1998. Management of rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man) Luc & Goodey with Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula. Journal of Biological Control. 12: (2), 135-141. Ramesh, K.R. 2000. Inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani the causal agent for collar rot of teak (Tectona grandis) seedlings by fungicides and biocontrol agents in in-vitro conditions. Indian Forester. 126: (3), 284-288. Ravi, S., Valluvaparidasan, V., Sabitha, Doraiswamy., Jayalakshmi, C. and Doraiswamy, S. 2000.Production ofColletotrichum lindemuthianum free French bean seeds. Legume Research. 23: (3), 170-173. Santhi, A., Rajeshwari, Sundarababu., Sivakumar, C.V., Sundarababu, R., Dhawan, S.C.(ed.) and Kaushal, K.K. 1998. Field evaluation of rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens for the management of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Proceedings of national symposium on rational approaches in nematode management for sustainable agriculture, Anand, India, 23-25 November, 1999, 38-42. Shaid, Ahamad., Mukesh, Srivastava., Ahamad, S. and Srivastana, M. 2000. Biological control of dry root rot of chickpea with plant products and antagonistic microorganisms. Annals of Agricultural Research. 21: (3), 450-451. Shanthi, A., Rajeswari, S., Sivakumar, C.V. and Mehta, U.K. 1998. Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Migula) for the control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on grapevine (Vitis vinifera Linn.). Nematology: challenges and opportunities in 21st Century. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of Afro-Asian Society of Nematologists (TISAASN), Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore, India, April 16-19, 1998. 203-206. Singh, U.P., Prithiviraj, B., Singh, K.P. and Sarma, B.K. 2000. Control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) of pea (Pisum sativum) by combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and Neemazal TM. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 107: (1), 59-66. Sivakumar, G. and Narayanaswamy, N.T. 1998. Biological control of sheath blight of rice with Pseudomonas fluorescens.Oryza. 35: (1), 57-60. Sivakumar, G., Sharma, R.C. and Rai, S.N. 2000. Biocontrol of banded leaf and sheath blight of maize by peat basedPseudomonas fluorescens formulation. Indian Phytopathology. 53: (2), 190-192. Umesha, S., Dharmesh, S.M., Shetty, S.A., Krishnappa, M. and Shetty, H.S. 1998. Biocontrol of downy mildew disease of pearl millet using Pseudomonas fluorescens. Crop Protection. 17: (5), 387-392. Vanitha, S. 1998.Control of ragi blast with selected fungicides and plant products. Madras Agricultural Journal. 85: (5-6), 336-337.

Vanitha, S. and Ramachandram, K. 1999.Management of late blight disease of tomato with selected fungicides and plant products. South Indian Horticulture. 47: (1-6), 306-307. Vidhyasekaran, P. and Muthamilan, M. 1999.Evaluation of a powder formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 for control of rice sheath blight. Biocontrol Scienceand Technology. 9: (1), 67-74.

Beauveria bassiana
Mitosporitic fungus:
Previously classified as: Deuteromycetes: Moniliales

NOMENCLATURE:

Approved name:
Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin.

Other names:
Previously known as Botrytis bassiana Balsamo. (White muscardine).

SOURCE: An isolate of Beauveria bassiana was obtained from a mycosed larva of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)) found in Beauce, France by INRA. A production process was developed by INRA and is now owned by Natural Plant Protection (NPP). Similarly, the Troy isolate was obtained from a boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis (Boheman)) at the USDA-ARS Crop Insect Research Center, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. The three isolates that have been commonly commercialised are Bb 147 - NPP; ATCC 74040 (= ARSEF 3097 = FCI 7744) - Troy; and GHA - Mycotech.

PRODUCTION: Beauveria bassiana is cultured by semi-solid as well as by solid state fermentation on clay granules.

TARGET PESTS: Strain Bb 147 is most commonly being used against borers, European Corn borer (Ostrinlo nubilalis)and Asiatic corn borer (Ofurnacalis Guenee); different strain (GHA) is also being used against whitefly, thrips, aphids and mealybugs; and ATCC 74040 is effective against a range of soft-bodied coleopteran, homopteran and heteropteran pests.

TARGET CROPS: Corn, Coffee, Cotton and Sugarcane

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Biology:
The entomopathogen invades the insect body. Fungal conidia become attached to the insect cuticle and, after germination, the hyphae penetrate the cuticle and proliferate in the insect's body. High humidity or free water is essential for conidial germination and infection establishes between 24 and 48 hours. The infected insect may live for three to five days after hyphal penetration and, after death, the conidiophores bearing conidia are produced on cadaver. The fungus is insect specific.

COMMERCIALISATION:

Formulation:
Clay microgranular formulation colonised by sporulating mycelia.

Tradenames:
Dispel

APPLICATION: Used as foliar sprays. Application rates depend upon the crop and the pests to be controlled. The normal application rate on commodity crops is 750 to 1000 ml of product per hectare, for ornamentals under cover or outdoors 24 to 80 ml per 10 litres and on turf and lawns 32 to 96 ml per 100 square metres.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS:

Purity:
Formulations should contain conidia of Beauveria bassiana at a concentration of 2.3 x 107 spores per ml or at least 5 x 108 spores per gram. Viability of the spores is determined by culture on nutrient agar and counting the colonies formed. Efficacy is checked by bioassay with an appropriate insect. Detailed identification of the specific strain in any formulation requires DNA and isoenzyme matching with the registered strain held in a type culture collection.

Storage conditions and shelf-life:

Store in a cool, dry place. Do not freeze and do not allow the product to undergo thermal shock. May be kept for up to one year if stored below 20 C.

COMPATIBILITY:

The products may be used alone or tank mixed with other products such as sticking agents, insecticidal soaps, emulsifiable oils, insecticides or used with beneficial insects. Do not use with fungicides and wait 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY:

Birds:
Oral LD50: (5 days) quail >2,000 mg/kg daily (by gavage).

Fish:
Naturalis-L does not affect fish embryos, larvae or adults. LC50: (31 days) rainbow trout 7,300 mg/litre. EC50: (14 days) Daphnia pulex 4,100 mg/litre. Bees: 30-day dietary and contact studies indicate that Naturalis-L has no significant effect; LC50: (23 days, ingestion) 9,285 mg/kg.

Other beneficial species:

Field application did not result in adverse effect on beneficial insects.

INDIAN LITERATURE:

Agarwala, S.P., Sagar, S.K. and Sehgal, S.S. 1998. A laboratory evaluation of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes) as a biological control agent against Aedes aegypti larvae. Shashpa. 5: (2), 217-220. Ali, M.I.M. and Varma, R.V. 1994. Beauveria bassiana - a new insect pathogen on Atteva fabriciella and its comparative efficacy with Paecilomyces farinosus. Entomon. 19: 3 & 4, 153-157. Ambetghar,V. 1996. Biological control of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens with entomogenous fungi. Madras Agricultural Journal. 83: (3), 203-204. Ambethgar, V. 1996. Occurrence of the white muscardine fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. on the rice leaf folder,Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Guenee). Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 4: (2), 183-184. Ambethgar, V. 1997. Record of white muscardine fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. on rice leaf folder complex from Karaikal, Pondicherry Union Territory (India). Journal of Entomological Research. 21: (2), 197-199. A taste for ticks. African Farming and Food Processing. 1998, No. 14, 11. Ansari, M.M., Ashok, Shukla. and Shukla, A. 1996. Entomogenous fungi from Andamans. Indian Phytopathology. 49: (1), 83-84. Balakrishnan, M.M., Sreedharan, K. and Bhat, P.K. 1994. Occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassianaon certain coffee pests in India. Journal of Coffee Research. 24: (1), 33-35. Balakrishnan, M.M., Vijayan, V.A., Sreedharan, K . and Bhat, P. K. 1995. New fungal associates of the coffee berry borerHypothenemus hampei. Journal of Coffee Research. 25: (1), 52-54.

Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Ananthalakshmi, K.V.V., Selvakumar, T., Nataraju, B. and Datta, R.K. 1999. Chlorine dioxide, a new disinfectant in sericulture. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 38: (2), 125-130. Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B. and Datta, R.K. 1996. Chlorine dioxide and virkon-s as disinfectants against pathogens of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 35: (1), 50-53. Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B., Baig, M. and Datta, R.K. 1994. Comparative efficacy of different disinfectants against nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and Beauveria bassiana of silkworm Bombyx mori. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 33: (2), 142-145. Bhattacharya, J., Krishnan, N., Chandra, A.K., Sen, S. K. and Saratchandra, B. 1997. Efficacy of three disinfectants on inactivation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus Beauveria bassiana and Nosema bombycis infecting silkworm Bombyx moriL.Environment and Ecology. 15: (3), 493-496. Byrareddy, M.S., Devaiah, M.C., Govindan, R., Narayana- Swamy, T.K. and Shyamala, M.B. 1993. Effect of some disinfectants in prevention of silkworm white muscardine.Current Research University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore. 22: (68), 97-98. Chavan, Shrikant., Chinnaswamy, K.P. and Changalarayappa. 1998.. Silkworm pupal powder as ingredient of culture media of Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. Insect Environment. 4: (1), 21. Devi, K.U., Padmavathi,J., Sharma,H.C.and Seetharama, N. 2001. Laboratory evaluation of the virulence of Beauveria bassiana isolates to the sorghum shoot borer Chilo partellus, Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their characterization by RAPD-PCR. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 17: (2), 131-137. Doumandji- Mitiche, B., Halouane, F., Bensaad, H., Bissaad, F. and Cherief, A. 1999. The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana(Bals.) against Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Proceedings, 51st international symposium on crop protection, Gent, Belgium, 4 May 1999. Part I. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent. 64: (3a), 205-209. Fajak, R.C., Agarwal, G.P., Khan, A.R and Sandhu, S.S. 1993. Susceptibility of teak defoliator (Hyblaea puera Cramer) and teak skeletonizer (Eutectona machaeralis Walker) to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 31: (1), 80-82. Geetha, I. and Balaraman, K. 1999. of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana on larvae of three species of mosquitoes. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 37: (11), 1148-1150. Gindin, G., Barash, I., Raccah, B., Singer, S., Ben-Ze'-ev, I.S., Klein, M., Jenser, G (ed.). and Adam, L. 1996. The potential of some entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents against the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Thysanoptera held at Godollo, Hungary from 28 August to 1 September 1995. Folia Entomologica Hungarica. 62: Suppl., 37-42 . Gloriana, A.S., Raja,N., Seshadri,S., Janarthanan,S. and Ignacimuthu,S. 2000. Pathogenicity of entomopathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Beauveria bassiana, to the larvae of Spodoptera litura (F.) and Pericallia ricini (F.). Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 18: (3), 235-242. Gurusubramanian, G., Tamuli, A. and Ghosh, R.K.R. 1999. Susceptibility of Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Insect Science and its Application. 19: (2-3), 157-162.

Haraprasad, N., Niranjana, S.R., Prakash, H.S., Shetty, H.S., Seema, Wahab. and Wahab, S. 2001. Beauveria bassiana - a potential mycopesticide for the efficient control of coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) in India. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 11: (2), 251-260. Haseeb, M. and Murad, H. 1997. Pathogenicity of the entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to insect predators.International Pest Control. 40: (2), 50-51. Haseeb, Masarrat. and Murad, Humayun. 1997. Susceptibility of the predator, Coccinella septempunctata to the entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana.Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 5: (2), 188-219. Haseeb, Masarrat., Srivastava, R.P. and Haseeb, M. 1998. Dose-mortality relationship of entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. against mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green). Insect Environment. 4: (3), 74-75. Hazarika, L.K. and Puzari, K.C. 1995. White muscardine fungus (Beauveria bassiana) pathogenic to different stages of rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: (5), 368-372. Hazarika, L.K. and Puzari, K.C. 1997. Field efficacy of white muscardine fungus (Beauveria bassiana) on rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera).Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 67: (10) 463-465. Hazarika, L.K., Puzari, K.C. and Saikia, D.K. 1998. Seasonal and host-correlated variation in the susceptibility of rice hispa toBeauveria bassiana in the field. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 68: (7), 361-363. Javaregowda, B. L., Visweswaragowda. and Jayaramaiah, M. 1994. Effect of solar heat treatment (sundrying) on the inactivation of the muscardine fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. infecting the silkworm Bombyx mori L.Entomon. 19: (1-2), 712 Jayanthi, P.D.K. and Padmavathamma, K. 1996. Cross infectivity and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. Journal of Entomological Research. 20: (3), 211-215. Jayanthi, P.D.K. and Padmavathamma, K. 1996. Effect of microbial agents on different developmental stages of tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 24: (1-2), 102-109. Kak, Alpna., Khan, H.R. and Kak, A. 1999. Beauveria bassiana Vuill., a possible biocontrol agent against bamboo defoliator,Crypsiptya coclesalis (Walk.).Shashpa. 6: (2), 149-152. Kaur, Gurvinder., Padmaja, V., Sasikala, V. and Kaur, G. 1999. Control of insect pests on cotton through mycopesticide formulations. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 39: (3), 169-173. Keerthi, T. R., Suresh, P.V., Sabu, A., Rajeevkumar, S. and Chandrasekaran, M. 1999. Extracellular production of L-glutaminase by alkalophilic Beauveria bassiana BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment.World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 15: 6, 751-752. Khan, H.K., Jayaraj, S. and Gopalan, M. 1993. Muscardine fungi for the biological control of agroforestry termiteOdontotermes obesus (Rambur).Insect Science and its Application. 14: (4), 529-535. Kumar, Vineet., Singh, G.P., Babu, A.M., Ahsan, M.M., Datta, R.K. and Kumar,V. 1999. Germination, penetration, and invasion of Beauveria bassiana on silkworm, Bombyx mori, causing white muscardine.Italian Journal of Zoology. 66: (1), 39-43.

Mala, S.R. and Solayappan, A.R. 2001. Screening of certain effective microbial insecticides for the control of sugarcane early shoot borer larvae Chilo infuscatellus Snell.Cooperative Sugar. 32: (8), 631-633. Manjula, K. and Padmavathamma, K. 1996. Effect of microbial insecticides on the control of Maruca testulalis and on the predators of redgram pest complex. Entomon. 21: (3-4), 269-271. Manjula, K. and Padmavathamma, K. 1999.Effect of insect pathogens on the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomon. 24: (1), 71-74. Mathew, M.J., Saju, K.A. and Venugopal, M.N. 1998. Efficacy of entomogenous fungi on biological suppression ofPentalonia nigronervosa f. caladii Van der Goot of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops. 7: (1), 43-46. Mazumder, D., Puzari, K.C. and Hazarika, L.K. 1995.Mass production of Beauveria bassiana and its potentiality on rice hispa. Indian Phytopathology. 48: (3), 275-278. Mishra, A.K.and Shrivastava, S.K. 2000. Natural enemy complex of Helicoverpa armigera Hubn. in Durg.Agricultural Science Digest. 20: (1), 17-20. Mitra, S .K. and Sikdar, A. 1993. Association of keratinophilic non-dermatophytic fungi with skin diseases of ruminants. Current Science. 65: (4), 356-357. Mitra, S.K., Sikdar, A. and Das, P. 1998. Dermatophytes isolated from selected ruminants in India. Mycopathologia. 142: (1), 13-16. Mohan, C.M., Lakshmi, K.A. and Devi, K.U. 1999. Laboratory evaluation of the pathogenicity of three isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin on the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 9: (1), 29-33. Narayanasamy, P. 1999. Mycoses of rice green leaf hoppers (GLF) in India. Insect Environment. 4: (4), 114-115. Nehru, C.R. and Jayarathnam, K. 1993. Evaluation of biological and chemical control strategies against the white grubs (Holotrichia serrata) infesting rubber seedlings. Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research. 6: (1-2), 159-162. Padmaja, V., Gurvinder, Kaur and Kaur, G. 1998. Relative susceptibility of brinjal spotted beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) to certain isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Journal of Biological Control. 12: (2), 147-151. Pandit, N.C. and Samanta, B.K. 1995. Effect of biocides (Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarrhizium anisopliae(Metsch.) Sorok.) on the polyphagous insect pest (Spilosoma obliqua Walker) of bast fiber crops. Environment and Ecology. 13: (2), 469-470. Prabhakara, M.K., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sivaprasad, V., Baig, M. and Datta, R.K. 1997. Rate of spread of white muscardine in silkworm rearing. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 36: (1), 81-84. Pramila, Gupta., Paul, M.S., Sharma, S.N. and Gupta, P. 1999. Studies on compatibility of white muscardine fungusBeauveria bassiana with some neem products. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (3), 278-280. Puzari, K.C., Hazarika, L.K. and Deka, N. 1994. Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana on rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 64: (2), 123-125. Puzari, K.C., Sarmah, D.K. and Hazarika, L.K. 1997. Medium for mass production of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Journal of Biological Control. publ. 1998, 11: (1-2), 97-100. Rajendran, B. 1997. Management of white fly Aleurolobus barodensis mask. in sugarcane.Insect Environment. 3: (3), 68-69.

Rajendran, B. and Gopalan, M. 1999. Effect of biopathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin) on different stages of egg plant spotted beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Entomological Research. 23: (1), 9-14. Ramesh, K., Mohan, C.M., Lakshmi, K.A., Padmavathi, J. and Devi, K.U. 1999. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes, Moniliales) in cotton pest management: a field trial on the cotton leaf roller, Sylepta derogata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae). Journal of Entomological Research. 23: (3), 267-271. Reddy, AGSM. and Rao, L.V.A. 1999. Incidence of coffee berry borer in nonconventional coffee area of Karnataka. Indian Coffee. 63: (2), 15-16. Reddy, C.N., Yeshbir, Singh., Prem, Dureja., Singh, V.S., Singh,Y. and Dureja, P. 2001. Bioefficacy of insecticides, biopesticides and their combinations against podborers in pigeonpea. Indian Journal of Entomology. 63: (2), 137-143. Riba,G. 1985. These de Doctorat d'Etat, Mention Sciences, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France. Saikia, M.K. 1998. Colonization of nematode eggs by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill- a new report from north east India. Annals of Agri Bio Research. 3: (1), 97-99. Saikia, M.K. 1998. Comparative efficacy of Beauveria bassiana in suppressing attack of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. Annals of Agri Bio Research. 3: (1), 9195. Samson, M.V., Sasidharan, T.O., Singh, R.N., Santha, P.C., Suryanarayana, V., Manjula, A. and Chandrashekaraiah. 1995. Efficacy of the disinfectant 'Disfect-S' against pathogens of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Madras Agricultural Journal. 82: (2), 93-98. Sandhu, S.S. 1995. Effect of physical factors on germination of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana conidia. National Academy Science Letters. 18: (1-2), 15. Sandhu, S.S. and Singh-Sandhu, S. 1993. Mode of entry of Beauveria bassiana in Helicoverpa armigera larvae.National Academy Science Letters. 16: (4), 133-135. Sandhu, S.S., Rajak, R.C. and Sharma, M. 1993. Bioactivity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae as pathogens ofCulex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes aegypti: effect of instar, dosages and time. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 33: (3), 191-194. Sandhu, S.S., Sharma, M. and Goel, S.C. (Editor). 1993. Larvicidal activity of fungal isolates Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Aspergillus flavus against Culex pipiens. Biological control of insect pests. Proceedings, Sanatan Dharm College, Muzaffarnagar, India, 2-4 October, 1994, 145-150. Uttar Pradesh Zoological Society; Muzaffarnagar; India Sandhu, S.S., Shrivastava, A., Gupta, K.D., Verma, S., Grover, S., Mathew, S.O. and Goel, S.C. 1998. Development of entomopathogenic hybrid IA [sic] through biotechnological approaches for the biocontrol of Aedes aegypti. Advances in medical entomology & human welfare. No. 1 Supplement, 101-108. Sandhu, S.S., Unkles, S.E., Rajak, R.C. and Kinghorn, J.R. 2001. Generation of benomyl resistant Beauveria bassiana strains and their infectivity against Helicoverpa armigera. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 11: (2), 245-250. Sandhu,S.S., Kinghorn, J.R., Rajak, R.C. and Unkles, S.E. 2001. Transformation system of Beauveria bassiana andMetarhizium anisopliae using nitrate reductase gene of Aspergillus nidulans. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 39: (7), 650653.

Sandhu,S.S., Usha, Chandrasekharan., Rajak, R.C., Mathew, S.O. and Chadrasekharan, U. 1999. Autolytic enzymes of two entomopathogenic fungi for the isolation of protoplast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B, Biological Sciences. 69: (2), 177-181. Sardana, H.R. 1997. Occurrence of entomophagous fungi on sugarcane root borer, Emmalocera depressella Swinhoe. Annals of Agricultural Research. 18: (1), 104. Sardana, H.R. 2000. Efficacy of bioagents against sugarcane root borer, Emmalocera depressella Swinhoe.Insect Environment. 6: (3), 102-103. Saxena, Hem., Ahmad, R. and Saxena, H. 1997. Field evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin againstHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) infecting chickpea. Journal of Biological Control. publ. 1998, (1): 1-2, 93-96. Selvasundaram, R. and Muraleedharan, N. 2000. Occurrence of the entomogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana on the shot hole borer of tea. Journal of Plantation Crops. 28: (3), 229-230. Sharma, S., Agarwal, G.P. and Tajak, R.C. 1994. Pathophysiological alterations caused in Heliothis armigera by toxic metabolites of Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 32: (3), 168-171. Sharma, Shashi., Gupta, R.B.L., Yadava, C.P.S. and Sharma, S. 1999. Mass multiplication and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi and their efficacy against whitegrubs. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 29: (3), 299-305. Sharma, Shashi., Gupta, R.B.L., Yadava, C.P.S. and Sharma, S. 1999. Effect of certain soil fungi on Metarhizium andBeauveria spp. and their pathogenicity against Holotrichia consanguinea. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 196-197. Sharma, Shashi., Gupta, R.B.L., Yadava, C.P.S. and Sharma, S. 1998. Effect of temperatures on growth, sporulation and bioactivity of entomofungi against whitegrub (Holotrichia consanguinea). Indian Journal of Entomology. 60: (1), 1-7. Sharma, Shashi., Gupta, R.B.L., Yadava, C.P.S., Sharma, S., Reddy, P.P (ed.)., Kumar, N.K.K (ed.) and Verghese, A. 1998.Preliminary studies on activity of three entomofungi against whitegrub, Holotrichia consanguinea. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: environmental implications and thrusts, Bangalore, India, 15-17 October 1997. 230-232. Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research; Bangalore; India Sheeba, Govindan., Seshadri, Sundaram., Raja, Nagappan., Janarthanan, Sundaram., Ignacimuthu, Savarimuthu., Sheeba,G., Seshadri,S., Raja,N., Janarthanan, S. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2001.Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for control of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Applied Entomology and Zoology. 36: (1), 117-120. Sivasankaran, P., Easwaramoorthy, S. and David, H. 1998. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the growth, sporulation and pathogenicity of Beauveria nr. bassiana. Journal of Biological Control. 12: (1), 71-76. Somasekhar, N., Mehta, U.K., Hari, K. and Mehta, U.K. 1998. Evaluation of sugarcane by-products for mass mltiplication of nematode antagonistic fungi. Nematology: challenges and opportunities in 21st Century. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of Afro Asian Society of Nematologists (TISAASN), Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore, India, April 16-19, 1998. 199-202. Afro Asian Society of Nematologists; Luton; UK

Sreeramulu, K.R., Gowda, Gavi., Hanumanthaswamy, B. and Gowda, G. 1999. Screening entomophagus pathogens for the biological control of black ant Camponotus compressus Fab. Journal of Ecobiology. 11: (1), 47-52. Sreeramulu, K.R., Gowda, Gavi., Rajagopal, D., Hanumanthaswamy, B.C. and Gowda, G. 1999. Biological control of black antCamponotus compressus. Fab. Insect Environment. 4: (4), 121-122. Suresh, P.V. and Chandrasekaran, M. 1998. Utilization of prawn waste for chitinase production by the marine fungusBeauveria bassiana by solid state fermentation.World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 14: (5), 655-660. Tarannum, Z., Som, D. and Pandit, N.C. 1999. Growth activities of associated microbes on the entomogenous fungusBeauveria bassiana (Balls) Vuill. Environment and Ecology. 17: (4), 1037-1038. Thippaiah, M. and Kumar, N.G. 1999. Additions to the natural enemies of the semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Entomon. 24: (4), 397-398. Varma, Ashok., Tandan, B.K. and Varma, A. 1996. Pathogenicity of three entomogenous fungi against insect pests of sugarcane. Journal of Biological Control. 10: (1)-2, 87-91. Viji, P. and Bhagat, R.M. 2001.Bioefficacy of some plant products, synthetic insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi against black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon larvae on maize. Indian Journal of Entomology. 63: (1), 26-32. Visalakshy, P.N.G. and Jaynath, K.P. 1995. A fungal pathogen attacking Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi in Bangalore, India.Weed News. 2: (1-2), 31-32. Wright, J. E. and Knauf, T. A. 1994. Evaluation of Naturalis-L for control of cotton insects, Proc. Brighton Crop Prot Conf. -Pests & Diseases, 1, 45.

NEEM BASED INSECTICIDES

Biological insecticide NOMENCLATURE:

Approved Name:
Azadirachtin derived from neem (Azadirachta indica)

SOURCE: The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural products for Integrated pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes.

PRODUCTION: The production of azadirachtin is carried out from the kernels of the neem seeds (Azadrachta indica). A number of other plants for e.g. Melia azadrachta (Meeta Neem) also yields the crude insecticidal. It grows in the areas with sufficient rainfall (800-1200 mm per year), neem can regenerate naturally from the seeds upto 15-20 days of their ripening and detachment from the plants.

TARGET PEST:
Bollworms, Aphids, Jassids, Thrips, Whitefly, Leaf folder, Pod borer, Fruit borer, Leaf hopper, Diamond backmoth.

TARGET CROPS: Cotton, Rice, Pigeonpea, Chickpea, Safflower, Okra, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Tomato.

BIOLOGIACAL ACTIVITY:

Mode of action:
Act as repellant and anti-feedant. Neem seed contains certain chemicals (azadirachtin, sulpher, toluene and fatty acids) which inhibits the population of insect pests.

Efficacy :
When artificial reproduction is intended, fresh neem seeds should be planted during the rainy season as soon as possible ripening, as they lose their germination capacity under natural conditions with a few weeks, or at the latest 3-4 months.

COMMERCIALIZATION:

Formulation:
Trade Name ACHOOK APHIDIN AZA AZADIT BIOSOL BIONEEM BIOPEST ECONEEM FIELD MARSHAL FORTUNA AZA JAI NEEM JAWAN JEEVAN CROP PROTECTOR JUERKEN LIMONOOL Formulation 0.5% Azadiradione, Nimbocinol and Epinimbocinol Soapy humus extract 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.3% Azadirachtin Oil 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.3% Azadirachtin 0.3% EC Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.05% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 75% EC (0.03%) Azadirachtin

MARGOCIDECK Margosan-o NEEMARK NEEMAZAL-F NEEMGOLD NEEM GUARD NEEM RICH NEEMOLIN NEEMPOURN NEEMOSAN NEEMOX NEEMTA NEETHRIN NIMBA NIMBECIDINE NIMBOSOL NIMBASAL NIMLIN NEEM BASE NEEM HIT NEEM OIL NEEM PLUS NEEM TOP NEEMOL NIM-76 NEEM OIL NEEMAX NEEMOCIDE NEEMACTINE NEEMBO BAS NEEMBO BAS NIMBITOR (ZA-199) PHYTOWIN RAKSHAK REPLIN 555 RD-9 REPELIN SHAKTIMAN SUKRINA SWATICURE SUNEEM TRIC

20% EC(Azadirachtin 0.15% w/w) 80% EC Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 5% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 80% EC Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin Oil 0.03% Azadirachtin Wettable Powder 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 20%EC 20 WDP Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% EC Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.05% Azadirachtin 2% Azadirachtin Seed Powder 300 ppm (Azadirachtin) 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.15% Azadirachtin 93% EC Azadirachtin 100% EC Azadirachtin, Pongamia, Anona 0.03% Azadirachtin, Nimbim 0.03% Azadirachtin, Meliontrial 0.03% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin Oil, 0.03% Azadirachtin

VAPACIDE WELLGRO

0.03% Azadirachtin 0.03% Azadirachtin

APPLICATION: Neem seed contains certain chemicals which inhibit germination if used in excess, hence it is recommended to use correct dose. In case of home made/crude preparations it is advisable to use freshly prepared 5% aqueous solution (NSKE) as spray on affected/target poRTIons.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION:

Storage conditions:
When artificial reproduction is intended, fresh neem seeds should be planted during the rainy season as soon as possible ripening, as they lose their germination capacity under natural conditions with a few weeks, or at the latest 3-4 months. When kept in a refrigerator, their viability lasts for several months longer, and when stores in a cold room (4oc, 30% r.h.), after careful drying, longer than 5 years.

INDIAN LITERATURE:

S.S. Narwal, Patric, Tauro and S.S. Bisla in Neem in Sustainable Agriculture, pp. 8, 1997, Scientific Publishers .I. Joarder, A.T.M. Naderuzzaman, R. Islam, M. Hossain, N. Joarder and B.K. Biswas. 1996. Micropropagation of Neem through Axillary Bad Culture. In: Neem and Environment Vol. II. (Eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus). Proceeding published by Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi., pp. 961-966. M.S. Joashi and S.R. Thengane. 1996. Potential Application of in vitro methods for propogation of neem (Azadirachta indica). In: Neem and Environment Vol. II. (Eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus). Proceeding published by Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi., pp. 967-973. Narayan G. Hedge, 1996. Improving the productivity of neem trees. In: Neem and Environment Vol. I. (Eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus). Proceeding published by Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi., pp. 6979). Ramesh, K. and M.A. Padhya, 1987. Prospects of tissue culture studies on neem. Neem Newsletter 4:5-27; K. Ramesh and M.A. Padhya. 1996. De novo synthesis of secondary metabolities in cultured cells of neem. In: Neem and Environment Vol. I. (Eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus). Proceeding published by Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi., pp. 173184).