Test 1 Study Guide Sociological imagination The practice of sociology involves the ability to think imaginatively and to detach

h oneself from

preconceived ideas about social relationships.

Social structure and Agency Social Structure - Patterns in social life that shape and constrain the actions of individuals and

organizations.
Institution and organization Agency (or action) - the meaningful deeds carried out by individuals, groups and organizations that

impact society.
Durkheim Social Facts - the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals. Could be studied scientifically Social Solidarity - sense of collective togetherness Organic Solidarity - the social cohesion that results from the various parts of society functioning as an integrated whole. Mechanical Solidarity - simple division of labor, similar cultural conditions Social Constraint - The conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members. A distinctive property of Social Facts. Anomie - A situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. Thought that ideas and values human beings hold are the main sources of social change. Marx Materialist Conception of History - The view developed by Marx, according to which material, o economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change. Capitalism - An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit. Weber Critical of Marxs views Certain aspects of Christian beliefs strongly influenced the rise of capitalism, Bureaucracy Cultural views shape society. Symbolic Interactionism George Herbert Mead Symbols and Language are the core of human interaction. Power and Ideology Power - How much one is able to put their will into action. Ideology - Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups. Serve to legitimize the power that groups hold. Types of Research Questions Factual Comparative Developmental Theoretical Ethnography/Fieldwork and Survey Ethnography - The firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing. Document analysis and Experiments Values and Norms (folkways, mores, tabus) Values - Ideas held by groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. Norms - Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations.

Folkways - minor norms governing manners, etiquette and life-style Mores - fairly serious norms governing socially acceptable behavior Tabus - Strongest and most serious norms, usually shared across many cultures

governing acts that are strictly prohibited, even unthinkable for vast majority of people.
Nature v Nurture Debate and reproductive strategies Hunting and gathering, Agrarian, and Pastoral socieites Traditional Civilizations/tributary states Industrializatin, Captialism, Core Developing countries (periphery and semiperiphery) NIE, Nation-state, Colonialism Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan Subculture, dominant culture, counterculture, gatekeepers Xenocentrism, ethnocentrism and cultural contextism Socialization Mead on socialization The Self is a Process with two moments or aspects Me and I, stages of development, role taking, generalized other Game Stage - development of the generalized other. Piaget on socialization, stages of development, egocentric, capable of cognitive complexity Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational Freud on socialization, Layers of the mind, Structure of the self (id, ego, super-ego, external world) 1) Id repository of biological drives 2) Ego rational, problem solver, mediator, translator 3) Super Ego Social norms against pure biological drives 4) External world source of both gratification and obstacles to gratification.

Oral Stage Anal Stage Genital Stage

Social interaction, impression management, front stage, backstage, Prerequisite for communicating with language Role and Status Focused and unfocused interactions