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LaTeX:Symbols
LaTeX About - LaTeX on AoPS - Downloads - Basics - Math - Examples - Pictures - Layout - Symbols Commands - Packages - Help This article will provide a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols.

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Contents
1 Operators 2 Relations 3 Greek Letters 4 Headline text 5 Arrows 6 Dots 7 Accents 8 Others 9 Command Symbols 10 European Language Symbols 11 Bracketing Symbols 12 Multi-Size Symbols 13 Examples 14 See Also

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Operators
SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand \pm \mp \times \div \cdot \ast \star \dagger \ddagger \amalg \cap \cup \uplus \sqcap \sqcup \vee \wedge \oplus \ominus \otimes \circ \bullet \diamond \lhd \rhd \unlhd \unrhd \oslash \odot \bigcirc \triangleleft \Diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \Box \triangleright \setminus \wr \sqrt{x}

Relations
SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand \le \ge \neq \sim \ll \gg \doteq \simeq \subset \supset \approx \asymp \subseteq \supseteq \cong \smile \sqsubset \sqsupset \equiv \frown \sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq \propto \bowtie

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LaTeX:Symbols - AoPSWiki

\in \succ \preceq \perp \mid

\ni \vdash \succeq \parallel

\prec \dashv \models \|

Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word. Here are a few examples, plus a few other negations; it works for many of the others as well. SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand \nmid \nleq \ngeq \nsim \ncong \nparallel \not< \not> \not= \not\le \not\ge \not\sim \not\approx \not\cong \not\equiv \not\parallel \nless \ngtr \lneq \gneq \lnsim \lneqq \gneqq To use other relations not listed here, such as =, >, and <, in LaTeX, you may just use the symbols on your keyboard.

Greek Letters
Lowercase Letters SymbolCommandSymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \theta \vartheta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega

Capital Letters SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand \Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda \Xi \Pi \Sigma \Upsilon \Phi \Psi \Omega

Headline text Arrows

SymbolCommand SymbolCommand \gets \to \leftarrow \Leftarrow \rightarrow \Rightarrow \leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \mapsto \hookleftarrow \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \rightleftharpoons \longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longrightarrow \Longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leadsto \uparrow \Uparrow \downarrow \Downarrow \updownarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow

Dots

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LaTeX:Symbols - AoPSWiki

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand \ldots 2 \vdots \cdots 2 \ddots (The '2's after \ldots and \cdots are only present to make the distinction between the two clear.)

Accents
SymbolCommandSymbolCommand SymbolCommand \hat{x} \check{x} \dot{x} \breve{x} \acute{x} \ddot{x} \grave{x} \tilde{x} \mathring{x} \bar{x} \vec{x} When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents: SymbolCommand SymbolCommand \vec{\jmath} \tilde{\imath} \tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression: SymbolCommand SymbolCommand \widehat{3+x} \widetilde{abc}

Others

SymbolCommand SymbolCommand SymbolCommand \infty \triangle \angle \aleph \hbar \imath \jmath \ell \wp \Re \Im \mho \prime \emptyset \nabla \surd \partial \top \bot \vdash \dashv \forall \exists \neg \flat \natural \sharp \backslash \Box \Diamond \clubsuit \diamondsuit \heartsuit \spadesuit \Join \blacksquare \S \P \copyright \pounds

Command Symbols

Some symbols are used in commands so they need to be treated in a special way. SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand \& \% \# $$ \$ \_ \{ \} \backslash

European Language Symbols

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand {\oe} {\ae} {\aa} {\o} {\OE} {\AE} {\AA} {\O} {\l} {\ss} !` {\L} {\SS} ?`

Bracketing Symbols

In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets or braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands: SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand \{ \} \| \backslash \lfloor \rfloor \lceil \rceil \langle \rangle You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like (\frac{a}{x} )^2 the parentheses don't come out the right size:

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LaTeX:Symbols - AoPSWiki

If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression: \left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2 gives

\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols: SymbolCommandSymbolCommand SymbolCommand \uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow

Multi-Size Symbols

Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode Display mode occurs when you use \[...\] or $$...$$, or environments like \begin{equation}...\end{equation}, \begin{align}...\end{align}. Read more in the commands section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes. In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode. SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand \sum \int \oint \prod \bigcup \bigwedge \bigoplus \coprod \bigsqcup \bigodot \biguplus \bigcap \bigvee \bigotimes

Examples
x^y is the same as x^{y}, producing x_y is the same as x_{y}, producing . instead of . .

However, x^10 is not the same as x^{10}. The former produces

See Also
Next: Commands Previous: Layout Retrieved from "http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index.php/LaTeX:Symbols" Category: LaTeX This page was last modified on 9 January 2012, at 18:00. This page has been accessed 1,588,519 times. Privacy policy About AoPSWiki Disclaimers

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