Work: The work done by a force is defined as the product of that force times the parallel distance over

which it acts. Consider the simple case of straight- line motion shown in the figure, where a force F acts on a body simultaneously undergoes a vector displacement s . The component of F in the direction of s is F Cos . The work W done by the force F is defined to be component of F in the direction of the displacement, multiplied by the displacement:

W = ( F Cos )( s ) = Fs Cos
Unit: The SI unit of work is the Newton- meter, called the Joule (J) Other unit of work: erg = 10-7 J ft- lb = 1.355 J Note:

1. If F and 2. If F and

s are in the same direction, Cos = Cos 0 = 1 and W = Fs s are in opposite directions, then Cos = Cos 180 = -1 and W = - Fs;

the work is negative. Forces such as friction often slow the motion of an object and are then opposite in the direction to the displacement. Such forces usually do negative work. 3. Work is a scalar quantity. Work is the transfer of energy from one entity to another by way of the action of a force applied over a distance. The point of application of the force must move if the work is to be done. Energy: Energy is a measure of the change imparted to a system. It is given to an object when a force does work on the object. Thus, it is defined as the ability to do work. The amount of energy transferred to the object equals the work done. Further, when an object does work, it loses an amount of energy equal to the work it does. Energy and work have the same unit, Joules. Energy like work is a scalar quantity. Kinds of Energy: 1. Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy possessed by an object because it is in motion. If an object of mass m is moving with a speed v, it has translational KE given by: KE =

1 2 mv 2

2. Potential Energy (PE) is the energy possessed by an object because of the

gravitational interaction. As mass falls through a vertical distance H, a gravitational force can do work in the amount mgh. It is also known as the energy in position or configuration. PE = mgh

Engr. Alma V. Lapuz

Physics 1

Work and Kinetic Energy:

F (resultant force) = P Cos - f From Newtons Second Law of Motion: F = ma Suppose the speed of the body increases from v1 to v2 while the body undergoes a displacement s. v22 = v12 + 2as

Then, F = m

v v1 a= 2 2s v 2 v1 2s
2 2

Fs is the work of the resultant force F Fs = m

W = m v22 m v12 The work of the resultant external force on a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body. Gravitational Potential Energy: Potential Energy energy in a body due to it height relative to a reference line. Wgrav. = -w(y2 y1) = -(mgy2 mgy1) Let: P represents the resultant of all other forces acting on the body. W be the work of P W + Wgrav. = KE2 KE1 W (mgy2 mgy1) = mv22 m v12 W = ( mv22 m v12) + (mgy2 mgy1) The sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the body is called its total mechanical energy. W = ( mv22 + mgy2) ( m v12 + mgy1) W = KE2 + PE 2 (KE1 + PE2) Work- energy Theorem: The net work done on an object always produces a change in kinetic energy of the object. (Positive work Negative work = Final KE Initial KE).
Engr. Alma V. Lapuz Physics 1

v 2 v1 2

Wnet = KE 1 1 2 2 KE = mv2 mv1 2 2

Where: Wnet = Wpositive - Wnegative KE = change in Kinetic Energy v1 = initial velocity v2 = final velocity m = mass Conservation of Energy: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed from one kind to another. Power is the time rate of doing work

Average Power =

which force is applied) Unit: J/s (Watt, W) Conversion factors (work- energy- power) 1 Hp = 746 W = 550 ft- lb = 33,000 ft- lb/ min 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J 4.186 J = 1 Calorie or (Cal) 778 ft- lb = 1 BTU 1 x 107 ergs = 1 J Problems: 1. Compute the useful work done by a pump which discharges 2m3 (i.e. 2000l) of linseed oil into a tank 15 m above the intake. Linseed oil has a density 941 kg/m3. 2. A sled is drawn a distance of 8 m along the level ground. The pull in the rope is 75 N and the angle between the rope and ground is 28. Find the work done. 3. A 5 kg body falls freely through a height of 3m. Find its kinetic energy when it reaches the ground and show that it equals the potential energy before falling. 4. A 20 kg projectile has a velocity of 600 m/s. The shell acquired the velocity in a mortar (barrel) 3 m long. Determine the average force F against the shell as it was fired. 5. A brick is thrown forward on the ground with a speed of 28 m/s. The coefficient of sliding friction between the brick and the ground is 0.25. Compute the time and the distance the brick will travel before coming to rest. 6. A force F of 16 N is applied continuously at an angle of 30 to a 50 kg body as shown in figure 6. Compute the velocity of the body after it has moved 20 m from rest. Neglect friction. 7. A 1500 kg car is coasting down a 30 hill as shown in figure below. At a time when the cars speed is 12 m/s the driver applies the brakes. What force F

work done = (Force applied) x (velocity of the body to time taken to do the work

Engr. Alma V. Lapuz

Physics 1

(parallel to the road) must be applied by the brakes if the car is to stop after covering 30 m? 8. What average power is employed in lifting 50 kg a height of 20 m in 1 minute? 9. What mass, m can a 4.5 kW engine pull along a level road at 7 m/s if coefficient of friction between the mass and the road is 0.20? 10. A motor having an efficiency of 90% operates a crane having an efficiency of 40%. With what steady velocity does the crane lift 400kg bale if the power supplied to the motor is 5 kW?

Problem 6

Problem 7

Engr. Alma V. Lapuz

Physics 1