Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Prelude to Revolution: the Eighteenth-Century Crisis The American Revolution, 1775-1800 The French Revolution, 1789-1815 Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850
Monday, February 20, 12
Learning Objectives: After reading and studying this chapter you should be able to discuss: 1. Be able to discuss the causes, course, and importance of the French and American revolutions. 2. Be able compare and contrast early independence movements in Spanish South America, Mexico, and Portuguese Brazil. 3. Be able to describe late eighteenth- and nineteenthcentury efforts to end slavery and achieve equal rights for women and blacks.
Monday, February 20, 12
Focus Questions: How did the costs of imperial wars and the Enlightenment challenge the established authority of monarchs and religion in Europe and the American colonies? What were the direct causes of the American Revolution? What were the origins and accomplishments of the French Revolution? How did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?
Monday, February 20, 12
Newton: the worldmachine Locke: theory of knowledge and tabula rasa People believed that they could discover the natural laws to produce an ideal society
Montesquieu
Came from French nobility, writing The Spirit of the Laws Tried to use the scientic method to nd the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings Wrote on governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies *separation of power
Monday, February 20, 12
Voltaire
Came from prosperous middle-class wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories especially well known for his criticism of Christianity *deism
Monday, February 20, 12
Author of the rst Encyclopedia He wrote the text to change the general way of thinking Many articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration Consumed by doctors, clergy, teachers, and lawyers
Monday, February 20, 12
Diderot
The Salon
Salons were elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class in which writers and artists gathered together with aristocrats, government ofcials, and wealthy middle-class people
The cost of wars fought among Europes major powers over colonies and trade precipitated the revolutionary era Unpopular and costly wars funded by new taxes, fueled by changes in Western intellectual thought, led to revolution
Monday, February 20, 12
In 1740, a major war broke out in connection with the succession to the Austrian throne Maria Theresa took the throne when her father, Charles V, died Prussia invaded because a women ruled Austria. France allied with Prussia. Austria allied itself with Great Britain
The War expanded and was fought in other parts of the world, the far east, India, and North America
The British and French fought over two primary areas in North America: the water ways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Ohio River valley The French were able to gain the support of the Indians. As traders and not settler, the French viewed by the Indians with less hostility than the British
Monday, February 20, 12
Spain and the Dutch Republic also entered the war against Great Britain The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies
The Constitution
The new system created a federal system in which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments The federal governments powers were broken into three separate branches to prevent a monarchy: executive, legislative, and Judicial
Monday, February 20, 12
The causes of the French Revolution include both longrange problems and immediate forces French society was based on inequality: the three estates
The Second Estate, the nobility included about 350,000 people They held many of the leading positions in the government, the military, the law courts, and the higher church ofces They were exempt from the taille
Monday, February 20, 12
The Third Estate, or the commoners of society, made up the overwhelming majority of the French population This estate was divided by vast differences in occupation, level of education, and wealth
Peasants, (75 to 80 percent of the total population) Serfdom no longer existed on any large scale in France, but obligations were owed relics of feudalism Skilled craftspeople, shopkeepers, and wage earners
Monday, February 20, 12
The *bourgeoisie, or middle class, was another part of the Third Estate; merchants, bankers, and industrialists, and professional people lawyers, doctors, and writers 8 percent of the population
Members of the middle class were unhappy with the privileges held by nobles Aristocrats and members of the bourgeoisie were drawn to the new political ideas of the Enlightenment Many were upset with the abuses by the monarchical system
Monday, February 20, 12
Financial Crisis
The immediate cause of the revolution was the near collapse of government nances Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 and a slowdown in manufacturing led to food shortages, rising prices for food, and unemployment
Monday, February 20, 12
In spite of these economic problems, the French government continued to spend enormous sums on costly wars and court luxuries The government had also spent large amounts to help the American colonists against Britain Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General to raise new taxesthe French parliament
Monday, February 20, 12
The 3rd estate rebelled and held a meeting in the Tennis Court, having been locked out of the assembly The storming of the Bastille Royal authority soon collapsed Popular rebellions emerged The Great Fear
Monday, February 20, 12
*Olympe de Gouges saw this as an incomplete declaration and penned the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizenwomen should have all the same rights as men The National Assembly ignored her demands
Church Reforms
The National Assembly seized and sold the lands of the Church The Church was secularized: bishops and priests were elected by the people The French government now controlled the Church
Monday, February 20, 12
A radical phase in the French Revolution emerged The *sans-culottes (without breeches) patriots without ne clothes took the lead in the radical movements Power was transferred from the Assembly to the Paris Commune
Monday, February 20, 12
*Girondins represented the provinces and outside the city, fearing and supported the king *The Mountain represented the interests of the radicals, largely from Paris The latter condemned Louis XVI and sentenced him to death This execution created many enemies abroad
Monday, February 20, 12
The National Convention gave broad powers to a special committee of 12 known as the *Committee of Public safetylater run by *Maximilien Robespierre
Crushing Rebellion
Revolutionary armies were set up to bring rebellious cities under the control of the National government Robespierre enacted harsh punishments to control the radical elements People from all classes were killed during the Terror
Monday, February 20, 12
A new order that reected reason, the National Convention pursued a policy of dechristianization The priests were encouraged to marry Notre Dame was converted to the temple of reason New Calender, 10-day weeks (the elimination of Sunday) and months were renamed France remained overwhelmingly Catholic
Monday, February 20, 12
A Nation in Arms
To save the republic from its foreign enemies, the Committee of Public Safety declared for the mobilization of the nation The French raised a huge army, conquered the *Austrian Netherlands
Monday, February 20, 12
The Directory
The National Convention reduced the power of the Committee of Public Safety A new constitution was established, 500 leaders were elected The new centralized power, the Directory, ruled with the legislature In 1799, a *coup detat led by a popular general, Napoleon Bonaparte, overthrew the Directory
Monday, February 20, 12
Early Life
Napoleon was born in 1769 in *Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean Sea Received a royal scholarship to study at a military school in France Student of the French Enlightenment
Monday, February 20, 12
Military Successes
Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of the French army Made commander of the French armies in Italy, where he used speed, deception, and surprise to win a series of victories He attacked Britain indirectly by invading its colony in Egypt
Monday, February 20, 12
The idea of republican liberty had been destroyed by Napoleons takeover of power
A New Bureaucracy
Development a bureaucracy of capable ofcials Promotion was based on ability, not rank or birth Napoleon also created a new aristocracy based on merit in the state service
Napoleons Empire
Building the Empire
When Napoleon became consul in 1799, France was at war with the coalition of Russia, Great Britain, and Austria Napoleons Grand Army defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies, trying to create a new European order French Empire created dependent states and allied states
Monday, February 20, 12
Spreading the Principles of the Revolution Napoleon sought to spread some of the principles of the French Revolution He tried to destroy the old order of other nations The spread of French revolutionary principles was an important factor in the development of liberal traditions in these countries
Monday, February 20, 12
Nationalism
*Nationalism is the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols Napoleon established Nationalism in France and to other regions: They were hated as oppressors, stirring patriotism
Monday, February 20, 12
This military disaster led other European states to rise up and attack the crippled French Army Exile on the island of Elba The Bourbon monarchy was restored to France under Louis XVIII
Monday, February 20, 12
The Final Defeat Napoleon escaped from Elba, rallying France to his side again Mustering another army, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, Belgium He was exiled to the island of St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic
Monday, February 20, 12
News of revolutionary events in France destabilized the colonial regime in Saint Domingue (present-day Haiti), a small French colony on the western half resulting in the rst successful slave rebellion
A slave rebellion began on the plantations of the north and spread throughout the colony In 1802, Napoleon sent a large military force to Saint Dominque to reestablish both French colonial authority and slavery
Monday, February 20, 12
Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 1821-1850 Greece had been under Ottoman control until patriots launched and independence movement After years of struggle, Russia, France, and Great Britain forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize Greek independence in 1830
Monday, February 20, 12
*Revolutions of 1848 The desire for democratic reform and national selfdetermination and the frustrations or urban workers Reforms swept through France, Hungary, Italy, Bohemia, and Russia Class conict erupted
Monday, February 20, 12