REFERENCE

CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

Retaining Wall Design

Input Parameters Retaining Wall Properties Wall Height, h1 = h2 = h3 = H= Base Width, w = Surcharge Load = 18 kN/m2 6 m thickness, t = 1.4 m 3 2.5 2.5 8 m m m m Thickness, t1 = t2 = t3 = 0.3 0.8 1.2 m m m

Material Properties Cover to Reinforcement = Yield Strength of reinforcement = concrete cube strength = Soil/Backfill Properties Unit Weight of Soil, = Consol. Act. coefficient, k0 = Active Pressure Coefficient, ka = Water Density = Internal angle of friction, = 1.8 0.50 0.33 10 30 kN/m3 deg. kN/m3 50 420 30 mm N/mm2 N/mm2

Density of concrete, kN/m3 =

24

Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering by Height of soil above retaining wall base on Braja M.Das passive side of wall, hp = pg.211 Tab 7.1 Passive Pressure Coefficient, kp = Density of soil on passive side, p = Allowable Bearing Capacity of native soil = Density of native soil, native = native = Width of backfill behing retaining wall,m =

2.9 2.00 20 133 20 0 2

m kN/m3 kN/m2 kN/m3 m

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CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

Earthquake Forces
USACE For retaining walls which are able to yield laterally during an earthqauke, the Eng.Manual calculation of increased earth pressures induced by earthquakes can be 1110-2-2502: approximated by the Mononobe-Okabe formula Engineering and Design of Retaining and Flood Walls pg.3-42

= h= = kv = AASHTO 4th Edition Tab.3.11.5.3-1 kh = = = = = KAE =

1.8 8 30 0 0.26 0 30 0 14.57 0.548

kN/m3 m deg. gals gals deg. deg. deg. deg.

In this calculation, a value of 0.26 was used for kh, which does not take into account the required scaling factor of 2.5 as stipulated by the seismic research unit. If 0.26 x 2.5 was used, the limiting value for kh will be exceeded making the KAE unpractical.

KAE = 0.548

Limiting factor: kh (1-kv) . tan(-) = 0.276 Foundation Analysis and Design by J..Bowles 5th Ed.pg. 645 Alternatively, earthquake forces can be estimated by including an additional horizontal force on the wall equivalent to 0.2 to 0.4WR of the active wedge, where WR = weight of Rankine Wedge + surcharge acting on wall. The driving force must be applied at 0.5H. An estimate of this horizontal force is calculated in the following page.The mononobe okabe earthquake coefficient will not be used. The seismic acceleration for the la romain area is Ss =0.75 gals, which exceeds the criteria for kh to be used appropriately for the mononobe okabe equation. Based on the criteria indicated above, the max. value for kh is 0.276. In leau of this, a equivalent wedge force (0.4W) will be used to simulate the earthquahe lateral loading on the wall. CALCULATIONS Failure wedge will develop at an angle equivalent to 45 +

OK

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OUTPUT

/2 = 45 deg. Extent of failure wedge away from backside of wall = 5.66 m Total weight of soil in wedge, W R = 452.59 kN Surcharge Load = 71.99 kN 0.4 W R = 209.83 kN Active Earth Pressure, p = Horizontal Force on 1m length of wall,Hk = Horiszontal force due to surcharge loads along 1m length of wall = Total horiz.force on 1m length of wall, Pah = Passive Pressure on wall, Pp =
Component Density (kN/m3) Volume (m3)

71.99 287.97 71.99 359.96 168.22

Weight (kN)

kN/m kN kN kN kN

Level Arm (m)

Restoring Moment (kNm)

wall base backfill

24 24 18

5.9 8.4 37.30 N= 2

141.60 201.60 671.40 1014.60

1.20 3.00 1.90 kN

169.92 604.8 1275.66 2050.38

0.3 3 To determine the restraining moment, take moments about point A 2.5 0.8

2.5 0

1.4

A 0.6 1.2 4.2 6 m

Total width of footing =

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CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

(a) Check for Stability (Sliding)

Factor of SafetySLIDING = N + Pp > 1.5

Pah = Tan = 0.58 2.09 1.32 (gravel/sand/crush rock base) serviceability conditions > 1.5 ultimate conditions > 1.0 PASS PASS

Factor of SafetySLIDING = Factor of SafetySLIDING =

Frictional resisting force = 754.09 kN Sliding force= 359.96 kN

(b) Check for Overturning

Factor of SafetyOVERTURNING = Restoring Moment Overturning Moment Taking moments about the base at point A Restoring Moment = Overturning Moment= 2050.38 kNm 119.99 kNm 17.09 serviceability conditions > 1.5 2.14 ultimate conditions > 1.0 PASS PASS > 1.5

Factor of SafetyOVERTURNING = Factor of SafetyOVERTURNING =

(c ) Check for Bearing Pressures

Factor of SafetyBEARING = Allowable Bearing Pressure Maximum Bearing Pressure > 3

max = N/A . ( 1 + 6e/B ) e = B/2 - x = x = ( Mr -Mo ) / N = B/6 = e < B/6 Pressure,p1, max = Pressure,p2, min = Pressue, p3, mid = 1.00 m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

min = N/A . ( 1 - 6e/B ) 1.10 m 1.90 m Y= 5.71 m

355.51 0.00 248.86

serviceability conditions

Since the factor maximum bearing pressure is greater than the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, drilled piles will be used to support the wall. The axial capacity of 400mm diameter, 6000mm long piles is approximately 145kN (refer to geotechnical investigative report).

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OUTPUT

Reinforcement Design
Wall- Bottom 1/3 Assume vertical bars = 20 mm

Horizontal force due to earth pressure= Horizontal force due to surcharge = Horizontal force due to earthquake load= Total horizontal force on wall = Maximum Moment = Effective depth, d = Reinforced Concrete Design by W.H. Mosely & J.H. Bungey, 4th Ed. Pg. 161 Fig. 7.5 1918.30 kNm 1140 mm

287.97 71.99 209.83 569.79

kN kN kN kN

M 2 bd fcu la = As =

= 0.95

0.0492

2880.77 mm

Provide T20 @ 100mm c/c =

2 3140 mm

Minimum reinforcement for temperature crack control 2 As(min) = 1560 mm Provide T20 @ 200 longitudinally = Middle 1/3 of wall Assume vertical bars = 20 mm 379.86 kN kNm mm 0.0385 1570

(longitudinal bars)

mm2

Total horizontal force on wall = Maximum Moment = Effective depth, d = M bd2 fcu la = As = 633.10 740 = 0.87

2 2691.25 mm 2 2510 mm

Provide T20 @ 125mm c/c =

Minimum reinforcement for temperature crack control 2 As(min) = 1040 mm Provide T20 @ 300mm c/c =
2 1050 mm

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CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

Top 1/3 of wall Assume vertical bars = 20 mm 189.93 kN

Total horizontal force on wall =

Maximum Moment = Effective depth, d = M bd2 fcu la = As =

189.93 240 = 0.88

kNm mm 0.1099

2461.12 mm

Provide T20 @ 125mm c/c =

2 2510 mm

Minimum reinforcement for temperature crack control 2 mm As(min) = 390 Provide T12 @200 longitudinally = 566 mm
2

Heel Taking moments about the centreline of stem for the vertical loads and pressures M = 661.09 kNm assume bars size = 20.00 mm d = 1340.00 mm M bd2 fcu la = As = = 0.86
2 1569.96 mm

0.0123

Minimum reinforcement for temperature crack control 2 As(min) = 1820 mm Provide T20 @150 longitudinally = 2090 mm2