National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical

Engineering

CSE-340: Transmission Lines & Waveguides

Faculty Member:____________________

Dated:

, 2012

Semester:________________________

Section: BICSE-6 ___

Lab # 03:
Impedance Transformation: Lumped L impedance Transformation

Name

Reg. no.

Report Marks / 10

Viva Marks /5

Total /15

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical Engineering

1.0 Objectives Basic of 2-elements impedance matching/transformation method. Using Advance Design System (ADS) software for impedance transformation.

2.0 Background Impedance transformation serves many purposes in high frequency circuits, among them are to: (1) Enable maximum power transfer between a source and load network. Such network is usually called impedance matching network. (2) To tune the performance of the circuit by controlling the impedance of the source or load, for instance in low noise amplifier design the source impedance determines the noise contribution of the amplifier. In oscillator design the load impedance will affect the oscillation frequency. As long as the load impedance, ZL has some nonzero real part, a matching network can always be found. Many choices are available, however factors that may be important in the design and performance of several types of practical matching networks include the following: (1) Complexity-As with most engineering solutions, the simplest design that satisfies the required specifications is generally the most preferable. A simpler matching network is usually cheaper, more reliable, and less lossy than a more complex design. (2) Bandwidth-Any type of matching network can ideally give a perfect match (zero reflection) at a single frequency. In many applications, however, it is desirable to match a load over a band of frequencies. There are several ways of doing this with, of course, a corresponding increase in complexity. (3) Implementation-Depending on the type of transmission line or waveguide being used, one type of matching network may be preferable compared to another. For example tuning stubs are much easier to implement in waveguide than are multisection quarter wave transformers. (4) Adjustability-In some applications the matching network may require adjustment to match variable load impedance. Some types of matching networks are more amenable than others in this regard. The convention for terms used in impedance transformation is shown in Figure 2.1 which shows an impedance matching network placed between load impedance and a transmission line or a source. The matching network is ideally lossless, to avoid unnecessary loss of power, and is usually designed so that the impedance seen looking into the matching network is same as characteristic impedance or conjugate matched to source impedance. Then reflections are eliminated on the transmission line to the left of the matching network, although there will be multiple reflections between the matching network and the load.

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical Engineering

The simplest type of matching network is the L-section transformation network. The L" impedance transformation approach uses two reactive components, and has two configurations, depending upon the values of source resistance RS and load resistance RL. In either of the configurations, the reactive elements may be either inductors or capacitors, depending on the load impedance. Thus, there are eight distinct possibilities for the matching circuit for various load impedances. If the frequency is low enough and/or the circuit size is small enough, actual lumped-element capacitors and inductors can be used. This may be feasible for frequencies up to about 1 GHz or so, although modern microwave integrated circuits may be small enough so that lumped elements can be used at higher frequencies as well. There is, however, a large range of frequencies and circuit sizes where lumped elements may not be realizable. This is a limitation of the L-section matching technique. The schematics and analytical expressions for the reactance and susceptance of the L network are shown in Figure 2.2. For greater flexibility, we can use graphical method employing the Smith chart, which can cater to transform networks with more than two elements. The complexity of the analytical expression grows exponentially with additional component, and is not suitable when the impedance transformation network contains more than 3 elements.

Zs Impedance Transformation Network Image impedance ZI Load impedance Figure 2.1 Nomenclature of impedance transformation.

Vs

ZL

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical Engineering

jX RL + jXL (a) For RL>Rs

ZI = Rs + jXs

jB

jX jB ZI = Rs + jXs RL + jXL (b) For RL<Rs

Figure 2.2 The two configurations for L impedance transformation network. For RL<RS:
XS B RS RS
2 RS RL RL XS2 RL RS

XS

BRS RL X S 1 BX S

XL

For RL>RS:

XL

RL RS

RL RL
2

XL XL
2

RS R L

1 B

X L RS RL

RS RL B

XS

3.0 Introduction to the Lab Task In this lab task we want to transform a complex load impedance to ZI = 35+j20 at 450.0 MHz. The load is modeled by a 300 resistor in series with a 0.82 pF capacitor. (a) At 450.0 MHz, calculate the load impedance ZL:

ZL
(b) Depending on the value of impedance calculated which configuration of Figure 2.2 is to be used and why?

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical Engineering

(c) Using appropriate equations of the configuration determined in (b), determine the values of B and X. Assuming that the susceptance B can be synthesized by capacitor C while the reactance X can be synthesized by inductance L B= X= (d) Calculate the values of lumped components at 450.0 MHz C= L= 4.0 The Experiment Procedures 1. Log into workstation and run the ADS and create a new project named Impedance_Transform. 2. Draw the schematic with only the load impedance. Perform an S-parameter simulation, at a single frequency 450 MHz and insert a Smith Chart in the data display window.

Click this button to insert an X-Y plot

Click this button to insert a Smith chart Display area

Click this button to insert an equation in the display area

Figure 4.1 Different plot options

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical Engineering

3. You can change the color, the thickness of the line and the format of the Smith chart by using the Trace Option and Plot Options tab as shown below.

Figure 4.2 Changing the properties of a plot. Enabling both impedance and admittance coordinates in the Smith chart. Hints: To show both impedance and admittance lines on the Smith chart, double click on the chart and modified the plot options, select both for the coordinate. 4. Use a Marker to display the complex value of the s11. Note that both impedance and admittance coordinates are shown in the Smith Chart (See Figure 4.2 again if you do not know how to set this). Mark the S(1,1) point on the smith chart (M1) at the end of this handout. 5. Now we also want to show the s11 of the required input impedance ZI on the Smith chart. This can be done by first calculating the s11 of ZI = 35+j20 using equations inserted into the data display area. The equations are shown in Figure 4.3. Note that s11 = I , the reflection coefficient of the impedance.

Figure 4.3 The equations for finding s11 of the image impedance ZI (Note that we use ZS = ZI in this case). 6. Now insert s11 for ZI on the ADS smith chart and also mark it on the smith chart (M2).

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Department of Electrical Engineering

At this stage you should save the data display, save it as schematic1.dds.

7. Using a graphical method such as Smith Chart allows us to visualize the effect of C1 and L1. Calculate the B and X from the smith chart. B smith chart= X smith chart=

8. Insert your matching network (calculated from formulas and smith chart values one schematic for each) in the schematic and perform the S-parameter simulation. What impedance does the S(1,1) show (calculated)?

What impedance does the S(1,1) show (smith chart)? Write some brief comments about L segment impedance matching

Conclusion

NOTE
No report is needed for this experiment.