Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition, Vol 25, No 3, Mar 2004) 9 Committeeof Appl. Math. Mech.

, ISSN 0253-4827

Published by Shanghai University, Shanghai, China Article ID: 0253-4827(2004)03-0297-10

A N A L Y T I C E X P R E S S I O N OF M A G N E T I C F I E L D D I S T R I B U T I O N OF R E C T A N G U L A R
GOU Xiao-fan (;~jl~Jq~),

PERMANENT
g]),

MAGNETS *
ZHENG Xiao-jing ( i k ~ l ~ J i )

YANG Yong ( ~

(Department of Mechanics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China) (Communicated by CHEN Shan-lin) Abstract: From the molecular current viewpoint, an analytic expression exactly describing magnetic field distribution of rectangular permanent magnets magnetized sufficiently in one direction was derived from the Biot-Savart' s law. This expression is useful not only for the case of one rectangular permanent magnet bulk, but also for that of several rectangular permanent magnet bulks. By using this expression, the relations between magnetic field distribution and the size of rectangular permanent magnets as well as the magnitude of magnetic field and the distance from the point in the space to the top ( or bottom) surface of rectangular permanent magnets were discussed in detail. All the calculating results are consistent with experimental ones. For transverse magnetic field which is a main magnetic field of rectangular permanent magnets, in order to describe its distribution, two quantities, one is the uniformity in magnitude and the other is the uniformity in distribution of magnetic field, were defined. Furthermore, the relations between them and the geometric size of the magnet as well as the distance from the surface of permanent magnets were investigated by these formulas. The numerical results show that the geometric size and the distance have a visible influence on the uniformity in magnitude and the uniformity in distribution of the
magnetic field.

Key words: permanent magnet; magnetic field distribution; analytic expression Chinese Library Classification: O441.6 Document code: A 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 78A30; 78M99

Introduction Permanent magnets which are usually used to produce magnetic field, are very widely adopted in engineering, such as the guide of magnetic levitation vehicle system 'L1] and permanent

* Received date: 2002-04-09; Revised date: 2003-11-31 Foundation items: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10132010); the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Outstanding Young Researchers (10025208); Pre-Research for Key Basic Researches of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China; the Fund of Excellent Teachers in University of the Education Ministry of China Biographies: GOU Xiao-fan ( 1971 - ), Doctor ( E-mail : xfgou @ 163. com); ZHENG Xiao-jing ( Corresponding author) ( Tel: 86-0931-8912112 ; Fax: 86-0931-8625576 ; E-mail: xjzheng @ lzu. edu. cn) 297

298

GOU Xiao-fan, YANG Yong and ZHENG Xiao-jing

magnets in high Tc superconducting levitation system E2'3] e t c . . In these engineering applications, it is very important to investigate magnetic field distribution of permanent magnets. However, it is difficult to know the exact distribution of permanent magnets, especially for the complex configuration of magnets [a] . So, many numerical methods are suggested to obtain the magnetic field distribution of permanent magnets. In general, there are two calculating models which are used to characterize magnetic field distribution of permanent magnets. One is the scalar potential model and the other is the vector potential model [5'6] . The former is based on the magnetic charge viewpoint, and the latter is based on the molecular current viewpoint (including surface current and volume current). Both models are based on the Maxwell equations. By introducing magnetic scalar potential or magnetic vector potential, a set of differential equations about magnetic scalar potential or magnetic vector potential are obtained, and are usually solved by the boundary element method (BEM)ET] or finite element method ( F E M ) [8] . Besides their complexity, this kind of numerical program is dependent on some parameters such as magnetic permeability (linear case) or magnetization curve (nonlinear case) of permanent magnets which are gotten by experimental measurements for the permanent magnet. An analytic expression [9] of magnetic field distribution was given by using the molecular current model, but only the field on the surface of one rectangular permanent magnet bulk can be gotten. As well, the magnetic field distribution gotten by the expression is not supported by experimental one El~ . According to the molecular current model, a set of analytic expressions based on the BiotSavart' s law are derived in this paper. The magnetic field distribution, not only for one rectangular permanent magnet bulk magnetized sufficiently in one direction, but also for n rectangular permanent magnet bulks arranged by alternating north pole N and south pole S of the magnet can be calculated by these analytic expressions. The expressions are only dependent on one parameter, that is, the equivalent current density J of the magnet, which can be determined by the expression once the value of one of the magnetic induction intensity components of the magnet at an arbitrary point in the space is known. Using this method, the distribution of magnetic induction components B x , By and B~ of rectangular permanent magnets are quantitatively simulated in this paper. Furthermore, the effect of the size of rectangular permanent magnets and the distance away from the magnet's top (or bottom) surface on the uniformity in magnitude and the uniformity in distribution are investigated. 1 Analytic

Expression of

Magnetic

Let' s consider a rectangular permanent magnet with length a , width b and thickness h (see Fig. 1 ) , which is magnetized sufficiently in one direction and saturated. Its magnetic vector M is assumed a constant. From the viewpoint of the molecular current model, the magnetic field at an arbitrary point in the space out of the magnet is produced by all the molecular current of the magnet. As the result of magnetized uniformly, there exists not all the molecular current but the surface current in the magnet. So it is reasonable that only the surface loop A B C D current contributes to the magnetic field. Here we assume that the current strength in the loop is I , so the current density in the plane is parallel to the plane z y , and J = I / h . Denoting a point in the magnet as ( x0, Y0, z0 ) and an arbitrary point in the space out of the

Magnetic Field Distribution of Rectangular Permanent Magnets magnet as P ( x ,

y, z),

299 p(z,r,z) b ~,C

/~c'

we take the very thin layer

z D~,
/i~

between the plane z = z0 and z = z0 + dz0, as shown in Fig. 1. In this thin layer, the current loop is denoted as A ' B ' C ' D ' and its current strength is J d z o . If we denote the magnetic field at point P ( x , y , z ) , produced by the current loop A ' B ' C ' D ' , as d B , the magnetic field at point P ( x , y , z ) , produced by the magnet can be written as follows:
B = B~i + B y j + B , k
i

~r

,~.- . . . . . . . . . . ~ ........

. . ~. , ......

IA,o
' zFig. 1
s

= f~_(dB~i
.)0

+ dBrj

+ dB, k),

(1)

One permanent magnet bulk

wheredB~, dBr and dB~ are the magnetic induction components in the direction of x , y and z at the point P ( x , y , z) produced by current loop A ' B ' C ' D ' , which are composed of four sections of A ' B ' , B ' C ' , C ' D ' and D ' A ' . Here we take the section o f A ' B ' ( xo = a ) as an example, and derive the formulas of d B~, d By and d Be . From the Biot-Savart' s law
dB I~~ I d l x r

(2)
'

47r

r2

where/10 = 4a" x 10 -7 is magnetic permeability in the air, and r is a vector from source points (where current unit is located) to the field point P ( x , dB~ _
dBy, y, z).

For the section of A ' B ' we have Zo)2] 3/2' (3) (4)

,uoJdz o [b (z - zo)dyo 47t Jo [ ( x - a ) 2 + ( y - yo) 2 + ( z -

= 0, u o J d z orb 4rt Jo [ ( x (a - x)dyo a ) 2 + ( y - yo) 2 + ( z Zo)2] 3/2'

dB~, -

(5)

using the same method, d B , ,

B'C", C'D', and D ' A ' .

dBy, and dB,, ( i = 2, 3, 4) can be obtained from the sections of

To describe simply, we introduce

= (r + r

/1~ J

4rr ' ~ , ( r 1 6 2 1 6 2

+ r

( i = 1, 2 , 3 ) ,

(6)

where ~ i is a function notation related to the independent variable r dBx = dB,, + dB,2 + dB,, + dB,, =
K
0 0

and r

9 The magnetic

field produced by the current loop A ' B ' C ' D ' can be expressed as follows:

gr3(x

- a,y

- yo,z - yo,z

- zo)dyo + 0 -

gr3(x,y-

yo,z

- zo)dy o +0 = (7)

K
dBy

[kP'3(x - a , y

- Zo) - "tr~3(x,y - Y o , Z - Z o ) ] d y o , =

= dBy, + dBy2 + d B y 3 + dBy,

KI~aF3(x-

xo, y - b,z - xo, y - b,z

- zo)dxo + 0 - KI~'trz3(X - xo, y,z - Zo) - aF3(x - x o , y , z

ZO)

- zo)dxo + 0 =

KI'E
.10

3<x

3dxo ,

(8)

300

GOU Xiao-fan, YANG Yong and ZHENG Xiao-jing

dB~ = dB~, + dB~2 + dB~3 + dB~, =

Kf~alr2(xgrl(x,y
[gq(x
gtl(x,y

xo,y,z-

zo)dxo-

Kf~ ~ 2 ( x - x o , y - b , z - zo)dxo +
grl(x - a,y
0

- y o , z - zo)dyo - xo,y,z
yo,z -

- y o , z - zo)dyo =
- Zo)~dxo + - Zo)~dyo.

- Zo) - g q ( x
Zo) gt~(~ _

- Xo,y -b,z
a,y yo,z

(9)

Having substituted Eqs. (7) ~ (9) into Eq. ( 1 ) , we introduce two functions as follows:

/'~( ~"1, ~/2, ~/3 ) : In

~/~ ~/~

+ r~ + ( r ~ - z o ) ~ - r2
+ ~'~ + ( 7 ~ - ~o)~ + r ~ '

(lO)

I
tO

93 -- ZO

]
Zo) 2 ' if if

arctan ~22,x/92 + 9 2 : ( - - ; 3 -

y#O,
(11)

y=O,

here P is a function notation about the independent variable ) ' t , ?'2 and ~'3 ; and # is a function notation about the independent variable 91, 92 and 93. Then the magnetic field at the arbitrary point P ( x , y , z) in the space out of the permanent magnet ABCDA can be written as B~ = dBx = - - ~ - E / ' ( a r(~,y,~) - r(~,b

x,y,z)

E'(a- x , b - y , z ) (12)

- y,z)~lo, h

Bs = f : d B y
r(y,~,~)

=-K[p(b-y,x,z)
-

+ P(b-

y,a-

x,z)(13)

r(y,~

- ~ , ~ ) ] 1 o ,h

B~ = f : d B ~ = r r

K[r

x,z)

+ r

y,a+ r

x,z)

+ +
(14)

- y,z) + r - x,b - y,z) + r - x,y,z) + r

- y,x,z) h 1o,

where " [ - ] ] 0 denotes the subtractionbetween the value of the function [" ] at z 0 = h and at h" z o = 0. Therefore, it is obvious that we can obtain the magnetic field distribution at an arbitrary point P ( x , (14).

y , z) in the space out of the permanent by using analytic expressions Eqs. (12) ~

For n Permanent

Magnet

Bulks

It is assumed that there are n permanent magnet bulks which are alternately arranged with the n o r t h pole N and south pole S (see Fig. 2 ) , and the north N of the fwst bulk that is the farthest one away from x axis, is up. In this coordinate system, shown in Fig. 2, the magnetic field created by m-th magnet bulk can be calculated by the expressions ( 1 2 ) - ( 1 4 ) as long as the coordinates x , y and z in the expressions (12) ~ (14) are substituted by x = x, y = y-(m-1)b, z = z, (15)

Magnetic Field Distribution of Rectangular Permanent Magnets where m is an arbitrary bulk in n b u l k s . superimposed the magnetic point P ( x , Having / *A

301

field created by each

magnet b u l k , the calculating formulas at an arbitrary y , z ) in the space out o f the permanent = 2k1, k = 1,
h

magnet bulks are obtained as follows: For odd number case ( n 2,'")

Bx

:-

K{~[F(a

- x,y

g~

2(k - 1)b,z)
2(k 1)b,z)

+ /-'(a - x,
- I'(x,y
/-'(x,(2k -

(2k - 1)b - y,z)

-

+
1)b -

Fig. 2
y,z)] -

n permanent magnet bulks

~-],[_Y'(a - x , y
k=2

- (2k - 3)b,z)

+ F(a

- x,2(k

- 1)b - y,z)

F(x,y-

(2k-3)b,z)

- F(x,2(k

- 1)b - y,z)]}[o h,

(16)
-

K B, = - ~-[/-'((2k

- 1)b - y,x,z)

+ P((2k

- 1)b - y,a

- x,z)

r( y,x,z)

- r( y,a

h - x , z ) ] [o,

(17)

8, = -

K[~(y,x,z)
~(x,(2k

+ ~(x,y,~)

+
- 1)b - y,x,z)
+ ~((2k - x,y + - x,z) +

- 1)b - y,z)

+ ~((2k - x,z)

]>-]j[ ~ ( y + 2 ( k - 1 ) b , a
k=l

- 1)b - y,a

~(a

- x,(2k

- 1)b - r,z)

+ ~(a

+ 2(k - 1)b,z)]

~[r
k=2

(2k -3)b,a
- x,2(k

- x,z)

+ r - x,yIho.

1)b - y,a

- x,z)

~(a

- 1)b - y,z) + ~(2kb

+ ~(a - y,x,z)3

(2k - 3)b,z)]

+ (18)

~(x,2kb

- y,z)

For even number case ( n

Bx = ~[~_j[r(ak=l

= 2k,

k = 1, 2 , " ' ) (2k1)b,z)

+ 1"(ax,2kby,z) -

x,y-

F(x,y-

(2k-

1)b,z)

- F(x,2kb - 1)b,z) - F(x,(2k

- y

- y,z)]

~,[r(a
k=2

- *,r

-2(k

+ r(a

- x , ( 2 k - 1)b - y , z )
Io , h

F(x,y By

- 2(k - 1)b,z) - y,x + F(y,a ~(y,x,z)

- 1)b - y,z)]] ax,z) +

(19)

K[ F(2kb

z) + F(2kb - x,z)] - $(x,y,z) - x,z)

r(y,x,z)
Bz = K[-

h [o,
+ ~(x,2kb + ~(a - y,z) - x,y1)b -

(20)
+ ~(2kb - y,x,z) +

~[~(y/t=l

(2k - 1)b,a
- y,a - x,z)

(2k - 1)b,z)

~(2kb
k=2

+ ~(a

- x ,2kb - y,z)]
+ ~(a x,(2k

~,,[~(yr

2(k - 1)b,a

- x,z)

y,z) h

- 1)b - y,a

- x,z)

+ ~(a-

x,y-2(k-

1)b,z)]][o.

(21)

302

GOU Xiao-fan, YANG Yong and ZHENG Xiao-jing

Results and Discussion

Firstly, it is necessary to determine only one parameter---equivalent current density J (or constant K ) in the analytic expressions--before calculating magnetic field of permanent magnets. One just needs to measure one of the magnetic induction components at an arbitrary point in the space out of a given permanent magnet, such as Bz. Having substituted this value, such as B~, into one of the analytic expressions, which should be related to this measured value, one can solve equivalent current density J of this given magnet. For example, if one can know the magnetic induction component B~ of a rectangular permanent magnet bulk at the point P( a/2, b/2, z ) , the equivalent current density J of this magnet can be gotten as B, Tr (22)

/~o[r

+ r

]~

For the sake of testing the analytic expressions, we take the rectangular permanent magnet with the length a = 30mm, width b = 40mm, h = 5mm, and thickness h = 5minas an example, whose magnetic field intensity on its surface is about 0.2 T (corresponding J = 8.550 x 105 A/m2). The magnetic field at different points in the space out of the magnet has been calculated by the formulas ( 1 2 ) ~ ( 1 4 ) . These calculating results 0.3 --o-d=l ram "" ' ~ --~--d = 2 mm show that the values of B~ or By are much less 0.2 --~d=5mm ~r-d= l0 mm than those of B~ in the main region of a x b. In 0.1 --~d = 30 r ~ addition, the distributions of B~ and By are -0.1
- 0.2~

antisymmetrical about the line x = a/2 and y = b/2, respectively; while the distribution of Bz is symmetrical about the geometric center of the magnet. Fig. 3 ( a ) , Fig. 3 (b) and Fig. 3 (c) show
i

-0.3'
0

1'0

1'5
x/mm

20

2~5

30 the distributions of B,, ( x , b/2, d ) , By ( a/2, y, d ) and B~ ( x , b/2, d ) for different distances away from the top ( o r bottom) surface of the magnet. From Fig. 3, it is also found that with 0.20
-o-d--l.=

Fig.3(a)

The distribution of B~ along the line y = b/2

0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1'

- 0.2~

.-~-d= l mm +d=2ram --~- d = 5 mm ~d=10mm --a--d = 30 mm

0.15

,r 0.10
0.05, 10 20 y/mm 30 40
0 5 10 15
x /mm

-0.3~
0

20

25

30

Fig.3(b)

The distribution of By along the line x = a/2

ng.3(e)

The distribution of B~ along the line y = b/2

Magnetic Field Distribution of Rectangular Permanent Magnets

303

the distance d increasing, the distributions of all the magnetic induction components are becoming uniform, but their values are becoming small. At the same time, the distribution of B~ changes with the distance d increasing. In the region close to the top (or bottom) surface of the magnet, the values of B~ near the center of the magnet are lower than those near the boundaries of the magnet. When the distanceis big enough, the values of B e near the center of the magnet are higher than those near the boundaries of the magnet. For example, when d = 1 mm the transverse magnetic field distribution displays that the values at the points near the center of the magnet are lower than those at the points near the boundaries, and the values at the boundaries approach to zero, which is consistent with the experimental results I~~ . So, the analytic expressions of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets, given in this paper, are reasonable and credible. According to the main characteristics of the magnetic field distribution shown in Fig. 3, one can fred that the transverse magnetic field B~ is main magnetic field. In following discussion, more attention to the transverse magnetic field B, will be paid to. As we know in applications, such as mag-lev system where levitated body is generally located in the center region over and close to permanent magnets (that is, the distance away from magnets' center is in the size range of the magnet thickness), much more uniform transverse magnetic fields in magnitude and in distribution are required. So we define fll = B,o ~Be, and fiE = So/S respectively as the uniformity in magnitude and the uniformity in distribution of the transverse magnetic field. Where B~0 denotes the transverse magnetic field in the center region over the magnet. B~ denotes the value at the points near the boundaries over the magnet (for example, for the magnet with size a = b = 20 ram, one can take the value at the point which is 2 mm away from the boundary of the magnet). So is an area in which the values of the magnetic field are not lower than 5% of B~o, and the center of So is the geometric center of the magnet' s surface; S is the area (that is, S =

ab ) of the magnet' s top (or bottom) surface. Since the values of the magnetic field at the center
region are lower than those at the nearby boundaries, that is, B , , both of the uniformity in magnitude and the uniformity in distribution of the magnetic field are less than 1, and we hope both of them are close to 1 in application. The more the values of 131 and f12 close to l , the less the change in magnitude of the magnetic field and the larger the center region are. For the purpose of analyzing quantitatively the variation of the uniformity in fl~ and in f12, the permanent magnet (corresponding J is still 8.550 x 105 A/m E) with size a = b = 20 mm is taken as an example. The calculated results show that Bzo is varied with the distance away from the magnet' s top (or bottom) surface. Fig. 4 shows the variational relation between the transverse magnetic field and the distance for h = 5 mm. From Fig. 4, it is found that the value of B,0 decreases rapidly with d increasing; the values of B,o at d = l0 mm and d = 20 mm are respectively equal to 3 2 . 5 % and 1 2 . 6 % of those at d = 1 mm, which is accordant with

experimental results [7] . The curves about the uniformity in magnitude fl~ and the uniformity in distribution f12 varied with the distance d for different thick-to-length ratio h / a of the permanent magnet are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively. Fig. 5 shows that the uniformity in fll increases first, then decreases, at last approaches to a constant for different thick-to-length ration

304 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 Fig.4

GOU Xiao-fan, YANG Yong and ZHENG Xiao-jing 1.5 1.4

,\

lb

i5
d/ram

3o

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

10

20 d /mm

30

40

The center transverse magnetic field with the distance

Fig.5

The uniformity in magnitude with the distance

h / a with d increasing. According to the definition of the uniformity in magnitude /31 of the

magnetic field, /31 ~

1 means the change of the values of transverse magnetic field in the region

over the magnet is very small, which is just needed in application. So, from Fig. 5, one can find that the transverse magnetic field distribution has a good uniform at the distance d = 1 mm for the magnet h / a = 0.5 as well as at the distance d = 2.5 mm for h / a = 0 . 1 . In general, for spacial points, the farther they are away from the magnet's top (or bottom) surface, the more uniform their transverse magnetic field distribution is. However, the values of the magnetic field are becoming small with d increasing. 1.0 O.g ~t
I

0.5

--e--h/a=O.l -e-h/a=0.2

0.4

/~,

0.6 O.4

--~

~. 0.3
~" O.2

0.~

0.1

o
Fig. 6

i
d/mm

lo
Fig.7

0.5

1.0 h/a

1.5

2.0

The uniformity in distribution with the distance

The center transverse magnetic field with the thick-to-length ratio

Figure. 6 shows that the uniformity in t2 is varied with thick-to-length ratio of the magnet. From Fig. 6, one can find that the uniformity in/32 changes in different ways, and the location of its maximum value is different for different thick-to-length ratio of the magnet. For a permanent magnet with small thick-to-length ratio, such as h / a = 0.1 or h / a = 0 . 2 , the uniformity in distribution /32 increases slowly, then increases suddenly at a certain distance, and finally decreases rapidly. For a permanent magnet with large thick-to-length ratio such as h / a = 0 . 5 , t2 achieves the largest value when the distance d is very small, then rapidly and monotonously decreases with d increasing. When d = 8 mm, the uniformity in/32 is almost lower than 0 . 1 . The transverse magnetic field in center region over the permanent magnet B~o, the uniformity

Magnetic Field Distribution of Rectangular Permanent Magnets in magnitude

305

and the uniformity in distribution

f12 with

the thick-to-length ratio of the magnet

for different distance d are plotted respectively in Figs. 7, 8 and 9. Figs. 7 and 8 show that the magnetic field Bzo and the uniformity in magnitude fll are varied increasedly with the thick-tolength ratio increasing, then approach to a constant when h / a is close to 2 for B,0 and larger than 0 . 6 for fll, respectively; In addition, B~o decreases with the distance d increasing and the case is reverse to fll 9 The variation of the uniformity in distribution f12 with the thick-to-length ratio of the magnet is plotted in Fig. 9, which is similar to the case shown in Fig. 6. That is, the change of fiE is in different ways for different distance d . However, with the thick-to-length ratio of the magnet increasing, the uniformity in distribution f12 decreases and gradually approaches to level whenh/a > 0.8.
0.8 1.4

0.7
0.6 0.5 #2 0.4 0.3 0.2

--o- d = 1 "ram ---a-d = 2 mm ~ d - - 5 mm

1.2 1.0 #1 0.6~ 0.4 0.2 --o-d= 1 ~

0.1 0 0.2 0.4

h/a

......................

0.6

0.8

.0 Fig. 9

012

014
h/a

016

018 't.o

Fig. 8

The uniformity in magnitude with the thick-to-length ratio

The uniformity in distribution with the thick-to-length ratio

Conclusions

Based on the Biot-Savart's law,

the analytic formulas of calculating magnetic field

distribution of rectangular permanent magnets am derived in this paper. The main characteristics of the magnetic field distribution and its varying from the geometric size and the distance away from the top (or bottom) surface of the magnet am investigated in detail by these analytic formulas. The calculating results show that the geometric size of permanent magnets such as thick-to-length ratio
h / a , and the distance away from the top (or bottom) surface of the magnet have strong influence

on the distribution of the transverse magnetic field, the uniformity in magnitude fll and the uniformity in distribution fiE- In general, the uniformity in fll increases with the distance d increasing within a certain range of the distance. However, the uniformity in distribution/32 changes in different ways, which relates to the thick-to-length ratio of the magnet. As well, the uniformity in magnitude fl~ increases with the thick-to-length ratio of the magnet increasing, and the uniformity in distribution fla changes with the thick-to-length ratio of the magnet in different ways, which relates to the distance away from the magnet. In order to achieve a good distribution of the magnetic field, it is very necessary to take great account of these influencing factors in the design of the geometric sizes of the permanent magnets and their arrangement. Obviously, it is much convenient and credible for doing this design based on the analytic formulas of calculating magnetic

306

GOU Xiao-fan, YANG Yong and ZHENG Xiao-jing

field distribution of permanent magnets, given in this paper.

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I-1] [2] E3]

Moon F C. Superconducting Levitation[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1994. WANG Jia-su, WANG Su-yu. Application of Superconducting Technology [ M]. Chengdu: Chendu University Science and Techology Press, 1995. (in Chinese) ZHANG Yong, XU Shah-gang. High Tc Superconducting mag-lev model vehicles[ J]. Cryogenics and Superconductivity, 1998,26(4) :35 - 3 9 . (in Chinese) Enokizono M, Matsumura K, Mohri F. Magnetic field of anisotropic permanent magnet problems by finite element method[J]. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, 1997,33(2):1612- 1615. Harrold W J. Calculation of equipotentials and flux lines in axially symmetrical permanent magnet assemblies by computer[ J]. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, 1972,8( 1 ) : 23 - 29. SUN Yu-shi. On the calculating models of permanent magnets[J]. Actc Electronica Sinica, 1982, (5) :86 - 89. (in Chinese) LI Jing-tian, ZHENG Qin-hong, SONG Yi-de, et al. Computation of permanent magnet field with boundary element method[ J]. New Technology Electrician and Electric Energy, 1998,1:7 - 9. (in Chinese) Campbell P, Chad M V K, Angeio J D. Three-dimension finite element solution of permanent magnet machines [ J ]. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, 1981,17 (6) : 2997 - 2999. LIN De-hua, CAI Cong-zhong, DONG Wan-chun. A study of the distribution of magnetic induction over the surface of square permanent magnet[ J]. Engineering Course Physics, 1999,9 (2) :5 - 9. (in Chinese) CHEN In-gann, LIU Jian-xiong, Weintein Roy, et al. Characterization of YBa2Cu307 , including critical current density, by trapped rmagnetic field [ J ]. Journal Appllied Physics, 1992,72 ( 3 ) : 1013 - 1020.

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