SUPORT CURS 2005/2006

CURS DE LIMBI MODERNE APLICATE N DOMENIUL AFACERILOR LIMBA ENGLEZA

ANUL I NVMNT LA DISTAN

LIMBA ENGLEZ Titulat Lector Dr. Mariana Toma

CONTENTS
Forward Unit one. Business Communication
I.

Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Mind Your Manners: It's Good Business II. Vocabulary Practice:

1)/ 2)/ 3) Collocations 4) Dictionary definitions 5) Factors That Influence Communication III. Glossary of Business Communication Terms

Unit two. Information Technology

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Agents Can Benefit from Advances in Basic Office Equipment

II.

Vocabulary Practice:

1) Web of Trust 2) Dictionary definitions 3) Fill-in-the-gaps III. Glossary of IT Terms

Unit three. Employment

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) In the Land of Jobless

II.

Vocabulary Practice:

1) The Letter of Application

2) Word formation: Work

III. Glossary of Employment Terms

Unit four. Company Structure

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Henry Ford II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Error-correction 2) Types of Business 3) Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Traders and Partnerships 4) Fill-in-the-gaps III. Glossary of Company Structure and Organisation

Unit five. Management

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Leadership Styles II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) The Bosses who Drive Staff Away 2) Sick Leave Notes

3) Word Formation : Manage

III. Glossary of Management Terms

Unit six. Business Travel

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) How to Complain Effectively at Your Hotel II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Packing Luggage for Business Trips

2) Word Formation : Travel

3) Collocations III. Glossary of Business Travel Terms

Unit seven. Business and the Environment

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Types of Environment Pollution II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Environmental Subsidies for Business and Industry 2) Dictionary definitions

3) Word Formation : environment, pollution

4) Collocations III. Glossary of Environmental Terms

Unit eight. Economics

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Monetary Policy Expectations II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Economic Growth 2) Collocations 3) Supply and Demand 4) Business Cycle

III. Glossary of Economics Answer key Bibliography

Forward
The present material is a useful tool, both for class study anf for individual study, for business students preparing for their first year final exam, or for the final examination at the end of their academic studies. The eight theme-based units consist of reading and vocabulary tasks built on business authentic on-line publications . The types of exercises are: I. Reading Comprehension a text accompanied by four/option multiple choice items. The stem of a multiple choice item may be in the form of a question or an incomplete sentence. a gapped text with six sentence-length gaps. The correct sentence must be identified in order to fill each gap from a set of eight sentences marked A-H. One sentence is an example and one other sentence is a distractor which does not fit any of the gaps. a text accompanied by true-false multiple choice items. The stem is generally a statement. a gapped text followed by sub-headings. The correct sub-heading must be identified, according to meaning. II. Vocabulary Practice a lexical cloze: a gapped text with 10-15 four-option multiple choice items, most of which test vocabulary. a structural (open) cloze: a gapped text in which one word has to be supplied in order to fill each gap.

an error-correction or proof-reading task based on a text, with 10-15 items. In most lines of the text there is either an extra word that shouldnt be there, or there is a spelling or grammar mistake, which should be identified and deleted. There are, nevertheless, lines which contain no error. a word-formation task, based on a text with 10-15 gaps. Prompts are given for each gap and the correct form of the word must be supplied for each gap.

a matching exercise, based on a text with 10-15 gaps, followed by the missing words in jumbled order. The appropriate words must be given for each gap. a matching exercise, in which two list of words are given, and each word in the first column must be matched with a word from the second column in order to form suitable

collocations, followed by a gapped text, in which the collocations found above have to be inserted.

a matching exercise, in which two lists are given, one with words and phrases, whereas in the second column are to be found their definitions. Each word and phrase have to be matched to their corresponding definition.

a matching exercise, based on a text, followed by a list of synonyms to some of the words in the text.

a matching exercise, based on a text, followed by a list of antonyms to some of the words in the

Each unit is followed by a glossary of specific trems. At the end of the course students may find the answer key to the exercises and the bibliography used by the author.

UNIT ONE BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

I. READING COMPREHENSION

1. Read the following text about business manners: Mind Your Manners: It's Good Business Mom said it best: If you want to succeed in business, try to act like you weren't raised in a barn. But even though knowing how to behave is more important than ever, global alliances, new technology and an increasingly diverse work force have changed many of the old rules. .0. Here are a few tips from Sue Fox and Perrin Cunningham, authors of Business Etiquette for Dummies (Hungry Minds Inc.): When someone gives you a business card, don't just glance at it and slide it into your pocket. Instead, take a moment to read it thoroughly. You may want to repeat the person's name to be sure of the correct pronunciation and/or ask about the person's job responsibilities. ..1 Treat everyone with courtesy, even co-workers who bug you. Remember the morning affirmation of Marcus Aurelius, a former Emperor of Rome: "Today I will be surrounded by people who irritate me. I will not demonstrate my irritation." Americans routinely eat French fries with their fingers. But in France, pommes frites are eaten with a knife and fork. When you dine overseas or with an international group, be especially watchful of the behaviour of your companions. When in doubt, use a knife and fork. Be careful how you sit. Jiggling your knee is a sign of nervousness. Leaning forward can, at times, suggest aggressiveness, so do it with care. Leaning back with your hands behind your head and your pelvis lifted is an unseemly display for a man. So is sitting with your legs open if no desk shields your conversation partner from you. 2. Giving your boss a gift? Use extreme caution. Extravagant gift-giving is bad strategy (it may look as if you're trying to curry favor or offer a bribe) and in poor taste. 3. When making introductions, observe the "pecking order." Always present the "lesser" person to the more senior person. For instance: "Ms. Executive, I'd like to introduce Mr. Assistant." "Mr. Client, I'd like to introduce my partner." "Governor, may I introduce Ms. Citizen."

"Two-Year Employee, this is Ms. New Employee." If you'll be hosting foreign visitors, ditch the slang. Idioms can be confusing to foreign visitors, even if they speak the King's English better than you do. .4. A sentence such as, "The printer works 24/7, so I'll get you that report ASAP unless the finance guy is AWOL again today" can be difficult for even a U.S. native to understand. When dining with colleagues, follow the senior person's lead. If he or she orders an appetizer and an additional side dish, you should, too. 5. And although you can always drink less than the senior person, you should never drink more. Two or three glasses of wine during a business dinner is plenty for anyone. Be discreet with your pager. If at all possible, keep your pager on the vibrate mode. If you absolutely must have your beeper tone on, know exactly where your pager is so you can shut it off immediately. Every second you spend fumbling through your jacket pockets or purse while your pager plays "God Bless America" is more bad business karma piling up. ..6. Wait until it is your turn to speak, then excuse yourself for a moment. Better still, wait until your meeting is over to check your message. (http://www.business-survival.com/articles/startrun/BizManners.html) 2. Choose the best sentence from below to fill each of the gaps in the text above. E.g. 0 D. Do not use any letter more than once. There is one extra sentence. A. Remember to keep courses balanced so that everyone is eating at the same time. B. If you're talking to someone, don't look at your pager for a message while they are speaking. C. Others may resent you for "going overboard." Consider sending group gifts rather than individual gifts to bosses. It's all right, however, to send a card or flowers to your boss if he or she has been ill or in the hospital. D. Good manners really can give your career a boost, but are you confident that you know the rules? E. Similarly, leaning back with your legs crossed and one side off the seat of the chair is an unseemly display for a women. So is sitting like a sexy starlet on the Tonight Show. F. The expression "How's it going?" for instance, doesn't make much sense to someone who doesn't understand what "it" refers to, let alone where it would be "going." G. "If this person can't handle the fundamentals of a knife and fork, what else did this person neglect to learn--and do I want him to handle my account?" H. Be sure to express your thanks for being given the information. II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Match the following verbs and nouns to form suitable collocations:
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1. make 2. reach 3. return 4. ask for 5. state 6. do 7. burn 8. end 9. express 10. take 11. handle 12. make

a) bridges b) a/the call c) an interest d) a deal e) a/the call f) business g) a message h) a number i) j) l) a/the call an appointment the purpose

k) a/the call

2. Now fill in the gaps in the following text with the collocations you found above. You may want to change the form of the verbs (-ing, -ed, etc.) or of the nouns (pl., etc.): Business Telephone Etiquette for Success Proper Telephone Etiquette is more important than ever in todays business environment. Much of our business communications takes place on the phone: in the office, at home, in the car, virtually anywhere. In this area, proper phone technique can 1. ________or break _______ or relationships. The following are some guidelines to help you use the phone as a power tool. First is the greeting. When answering the phone for business, be sure to identify yourself (and your company, if applicable). If answering someone elses line, be sure to include their name in your greeting, so that the other party does not think they have 2. ________ a wrong ________. For example, if answering Jim Smiths line, Bob Johnson would answer the phone Jim Smiths line, Bob Johnson speaking and then 3. _________ ________ or 4. ________ _________, depending on how your office works. When you are the person 5. _______ _______, be sure to use proper phone etiquette from the start. You want to be sure to be polite to the gatekeepers i.e. Secretaries, receptionists etc. that answer the phone for your business contact, as they are the ones who have the power put you through, (or not) at 4:55 pm on Friday, when their boss is getting ready to leave the office. They may sit outside of the office, but they too have influence and power so a greeting such as Good morning, this is Penny Jones, Im 6. _______ _______from John Jones, is he available? is a bit of etiquette well spent in the long run. It would also be wise to learn the names of the top

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assistants, and use their names to make them feel noticed and important. Some business relationships, especially in fields like sales and marketing, start or stall right at the front desk. When you have reached the party, if your call has been expected, remind them of the prior conversation and appointment. People get busy and can seem surprised until you remind them of where they should remember you from. If your call is not expected, unless it will be a short call, ask the party if they have the time for you. Calling unannounced is much like dropping in and you shouldnt overstay unless invited. If the other person does not have time, briefly 7. __________ __________ of your call and 8. __________ _________ to follow up at a later time. Have a phone diary. Keep a pencil and pad near the phone and jot notes during phone conversations. This will help you actively listen and have a reference for later. Employ active listening noises such as yes or I see or great. This lets the other person know that you care about what they have to say. Recap at the end of the call, using your notes and repeat any resolutions or commitments on either side to be sure you are both on the same page. 9. __________ _________ on a positive note by thanking the other person for their time and 10. _________ _________ in speaking with them again (if that is true). If not, just let them know you appreciated them speaking with you and end the call. A gracious good bye leaves the door open for further communication and in this day of mergers and acquisitions you never know with whom you will 11. _________ ________ with in the future, so 12. ________ any ___________, or telephone lines, would be unwise. Remember, in this global marketplace, some of the most powerful business relationships have been between people who have never seen each other. (http://ny.essortment.com/businesstelepho_rtli.htm) 3. Find more collocations with the noun call: verb + call accept give sb. make ________ _________ 4. adjective + call business collect emergency __________ __________

Match the following words and expressions with their corresponding definitions: 1. assessment
a)

a device which makes images on a flat transparent sheet larger and shows them on a white screen or wall.

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2. interview 3. agenda

b) c)

the written record of what was said at a meeting something that you are shown, such as a picture, film or map, in order to help you understand or remember information.

4. Annual General Meeting (AGM) 5. minutes 6. overhead projector (OHP) 7. feedback 8. visual aids

d)
e) f)

a judgment about something based on an understanding of the situation a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting meeting once every year in which a company or other organization discusses the past year's activities and elects new officers.

g)
h)

face to face communication where questions are asked. Information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that provide an idea of whether it is successful or liked

5. Read the article about factors that influence communication and choose the best word from below to fill each gap: Factors That Influence Communication For communication to work and get the response or reaction that you want, the receiver must understand the message that the sender is sending. To make this possible the message should be: clear, simple, accurate, complete, relevant. This sounds easy enough to do but there are quite a few of those little gremlins that get in the way of ____________ 1. communication.

Understanding

If you were told to "vat vir jou 'n boek en sit daar op die stoel" you would not do so. Not ___________ 2., considering that the communication takes place in a language you don't understand. (It is, by the way, in Afrikaans, which is one of South Africa's 11 official languages). There has not been effective communication between me, the sender, and you, the ___________ 3., because the medium used was one you did not understand.

Attitude

Your response to the request = "would you be able to stay this afternoon and help in the office?" would be very different if the ____________ 4. was given by a sender you liked and wanted to impress than it would be if the same message was given by a sender you ___________ 5. The communication from the sender you want to make a good __________ 6. on would have got

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the desired result, you would have helped in the office. The sender that you have a bad ____________ 7. towards would be doing the work himself.

Timing

Teenagers are experts __________ 8. timing! Don't you just know the right time to ask Dad for those new jeans? Even if your communication is clear, simple, accurate, relevant and complete you know that it won't be effective (get the jeans) if you ask when the receiver (Dad) is in a bad __________ 9., has just come home from a hectic day, has just seen your report/ messy bedroom/you fighting with your sister.

Method

We have already said that in communicating we have a sender (you) a message (I am dumping you) a receiver (your boyfriend, sorry, ex-boyfriend) and a medium or method. In this case the notice board at school is not a good method. He will understand the message but the __________ 10. may not be desirable.

Tone

The "Oh, go away" that you laughingly say to your friend who is teasing you is communicating a very different message to the "Oh, go away" that you say to your _________ 11. little brother when he asks if he could borrow 2. Same message but very different tones that convey very different meanings.

Purpose

In business, communicating is usually to remind, reprimand, persuade, request, encourage or inform. Your reaction to any message would depend __________ 12. the purpose of it, what the sender was trying to __________ 13. you, the receiver, to do.

Capability

It is very important for the receiver to understand the message, given in the right tone, at the right time for the right purpose, but useless if the desired result is ________ 14. his/her capabilities. Instructing you to split the atom is not effective communication because you are not a __________ 15. physicist. 1. a) efficient 2. a) extraordinary 3. a) receiver 4. a) demand 5. a) disliked 6. a) impact b) effective b) unexpected b) recipient b) request b) hated b) effect c) effectual c) surprising c) beneficiary c) memo c) detested c) influence d) professional d) astonishing d) addressee d) message d) disapproved d) impression

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7. a) feeling 8. a) in 9. a) state 10. a) reaction 11. a) frustrating 12. a) upon 13. a) make 14. a) within 15. a) accomplished

b) attitude b) at b) humour b) answer b) irritating b) by b) get b) beyond b) skilled

c) inclination c) about c) disposition c) reply c) vexing c) onto c) persuade c) in c) expert

d) dislike d) on d) mood qd) riposte d) disturbing d) on d) convince d) inside d) trained

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Glossary of Business Communication Terms

A
acknowledgement of order n. - confirmarea comenzii addressee n. - destinatar (al unei scrisori sau al unui colet) adjournment (of a meeting) n. - amnare, suspendare, ntrerupere (a unei edine) advice of despatch n. - aviz de expediere analytical report n. - raport analitic annual report n. - raport anual Any Other Business (AOB) n. - diverse (n procesul verbal al unei edine) appeal to emotions v. - a face apel la sentimente application letter n. - scrisoare de intenie arm gesture n. - gest cu braul ask for information v. - a solicita informaii attendance n. - prezen, participare attention curve n. - curb de variaie a ateniei attention span n. - limite de timp ntre care cineva poate fi atent; durata de concentrare audience analysis n. - analiza/studiul asculttorilor / publicului / clienilor audience n. - auditoriu, public, asculttori, audien; public cititor audience profile n. - caracterizare a publicului audience resistance n. - rezistena/opoziia publicului authorisation n. - autorizaie authorised report n. - raport autorizat

brackets n. pl. - parantez dreapt build credibility v. - a crea/produce credibilitate business card n. - carte de vizit business communication n. - comunicare n sfera afacerilor business plan n. - plan de afaceri businesslike tone n. - ton oficial butt in v. - a se amesteca, a interveni ntr-o conversaie (neinvitat)

C
cancel an order v. - a anula o comand capitalisation n. - folosirea literelor de tipar caption n. - titlu, subtitlu al unui articol sau capitol; textul unor benzi desenate/ caricaturi; legend central idea n. - idee central/de baz chartering of ships n. - contract de navlosire check for errors v. - a verifica greelile (ntr-un text scris) citation n. - citaie closed-ended question n. - ntrebare cu rspuns unic closing line n. - formulare de ncheiere (ntr-o scrisoare) code of ethics n. - codul etic/principiilor morale coherence n. - coeren, claritate collaborative speech n. - conversaie colon n. - dou puncte comma n. - virgul common noun n. - substantiv comun communication between departments n. comunicare ntre sectoarele/departamentele unei firme communication channel n. - canal de comunicare communication climate n. - climat favorabil comunicrii communication n. - comunicare communication skills n. pl. - deprinderi de comunicare comparison n. - comparaie complaint letter n. - scrisoare de reclamaie complex sentence n. - fraz complimentary close n. - formul de ncheiere i salut composition process n. - proces de compunere/creare computer assisted visual aids n. - material

B
bad-news message n. - mesaj nefavorabil bargaining n. - negociere, nelegere asupra unui pre be in conformity with v. - a fi n conformitate cu, conform cu behaviour n. - comportament biased language n. - limbaj prtinitor, folosit n de/favoarea cuiva Bill of Lading n. - conosament block format for letters n. - format bloc al unei scrisori (toate elementele scrisorii sunt aliniate la marginea stng) body language n. - limbajul corpului / trupului body of letter n. - textul / coninutul unei scrisori brainstorming n. - asaltul de idei; metod de soluionare a unei probleme prin colectarea mai multor idei; brainstorming

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vizual prezentat cu ajutorul computerului computer graphics n. pl. grafice realizate cu ajutorul computerului computer-aided design n. - proiectare realizat cu ajutorul computerului computerised databases n. pl. - baz de date computerizat conclude v. - a trage o concluzie, a ncheia, a conclude concluding sentence n. - formulare de ncheiere conclusion n. - concluzie concrete word n. - cuvnt care denumete un obiect concret, un lucru real conduct a meeting v. - a conduce o edin conference call n. - propunere/invitaie de participare la o conferin confidential adj. - confidenial, secret confidentiality n. - discreie conflicting idea n. - idei contradictorii conflict-resolution interview n. - interviu, ntrevedere de soluionare a unui conflict conformity n. - conformitate, concordan congeniality n. - conformitate, potrivire, afinitate congratulation n. - felicitare connotation n. - conotaie connotative words n. pl. - cuvinte cu valoare conotativ content meaning n. - sensul/semnificaia coninutului content n. - coninut contents of the letter n. pl. - elementele componente ale scrisorii contract draft n. - proiect de contract convey an impression v. - a transmite o impresie copy v. - a copia copyright n. - drept de autor, proprietate literar copyright v. - a-i rezerva drepturile de autor corporate culture n. - valorile, obiceiurile i tradiiile proprii unei companii; atmosfera profesional care caracterizeaz o firm; cultur organizaional correct in terms of grammar adj. - corect din punct de vedere gramatical correction symbol n. - simbol/semn folosit la corectarea (unui text) correlation n. - corelare, relaionare correspondence n. - coresponden, schimb de scrisori, pot correspondence on methods and instruments of payment n. - coresponden privind modalitile i instrumentele de plat correspondent n. - corespondent, reporter courteous tone n. - ton amabil, politicos cover letter n. - scrisoare de intenie

credibility n. - credibilitate credit a source v. - a credita o surs; a meniona sursa bibliografic crisis communication n. - comunicare n situii de criz. tensionate criteria n. - criterii criticism n. - critic cross-cultural communication n. - comunicare transfrontalier cross-cultural interaction n. - interaciune transfrontalier cultural bias n. - prejudeci culturale currently used expressions n. pl. - expresii uzuale

D
data analysis n. - analiza datelor data processing n. - prelucrare / procesare de date database n. - baz de date decision making n. - luare de decizii; proces decizional decision-making meeting n. - edin n vederea adoptrii unor hotrri decline an invitation v. - a refuza o invitaie deductive approach n. - abordare deductiv defend ones point v. - a-i susine punctul de vedere deliver a presentation v. - a face o prezentare deliver a speech v. - a ine o cuvntare delivery of mail n. - expedierea corespondenei, potei dependent clause n. - propoziie secundar diagram n. - diagram dictionary entry n. - articol de dicionar direct eye contact n. - contact direct, fa-n-fa direct-mail n. - publicitate prin pot distortion of information n. - modificarea, distorsonarea informaiei distraction n. - distragere, ntrerupere, lips de continuitate documentation n. - documentare, informare double-check v. - a verifica, a se asigura downward communication n. - comunicare de sus n jos (pe scara ierarhic a unei organizaii) draw conclusion v. - a trage o concluzie

E
edit v. - a edita effective listening n. - ascultare eficient electronic delivery system n. - sistem de expediere electronic electronic mail/post n. - pota electronic electronic message n. - mesaj electronic

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electronic office n. - birou dotat cu echipament electronic ellipses n. pl. - elips emotional conflict n. - conflict emoional emphasis n. - accentuare emphasize v. - a accentua, a scoate n eviden empathy n. - empatie enclose v. - a altura, a anexa (ntr-un plic) enclosed adj. - anexat, alturat enclosure (Enc. /Encl./ Ends) n. - anex (la o scrisoare) ending n. - concluzie, ncheiere, sfrit; desinen, terminaie (a unui cuvnt) endnotes n. pl. - note de final envelope n. - plic episodic memory n. - memorie fragmentat/ episodic error n. - greeal ethical communication n. - comunicare etic etiquette n. - etichet, maniere ethnic bias n. - diferen etnic evaluation n. - evaluare evaluation of proposals n. evaluarea/analizarea unei propuneri exaggerated statement n. - exagerare, afirmaie exagerat executive summary n. - raport, dare de seam ntocmit de conducerea unei organizaii express a contrary opinion v. - a exprima o opinie contrar express confidence in the good business relations of the two business partners v. a-i exprima ncrederea n posibilitile de cooperare dintre cei doi parteneri express goodwill v. - a exprima bunvoina (n ncheierea unei scrisori) external communication n. - comunicare extern/exteriorizat extract n. - fragment eye contact n. - contact vizual

contractului de vnzare cumprare formal letter n. - scrisoare oficial formal presentation n. - prezentare oficial formality n. - formalitate format n. - format formulate an idea v. - a formula o idee fragment n. - fragment framework (for) n. - cadru potrivit (pentru)

G
gain sbs attention v. - a capta atenia cuiva generalisation n. - generalizare generate an idea v. - a genera o idee gesture n. - gest get straight to the point v. - a fi direct, a trece direct la subiect give an example v. - a da un exemplu glossary n. - glosar go into details v. - a da detalii go over an issue v. - a prezenta o problem good-news message n. - mesaj favorabil goodwill message n. - mesaj prietenos, favorabil government document n. - document guvernamental graphic design n. - prezentare grafic greetings n. pl. - complimente, felicitri grievance n. - nemulumire, reclamaie, revendicare grouping of ideas n. - gruparea ideilor guest speaker n. - vorbitor, prezentator invitat guidelines n. pl. - linii directoare, instruciuni quotation n. - citat

H
handwriting analysis n. - analiz grafologic, a scrisuluide mn handwriting n. - scris de mn handy n. - telefon mobil hold ones attention v. - a reine atenia cuiva honesty in answering questions n. - sinceritate manifestat n acordarea rspunsurilor horizontal communication n. - comunicare pe orizontal (ntre membri aceluiai nivel ierarhic) hostility n. - ostilitate humour n. - umor hyphen n. - cratim, liniu de desprire (ntrun cuvnt compus sau la desprirea n silabe) hypothesis n. - ipotez

F
face-to-face communication n. - comunicare fa-n-fa / direct facilitation of feedback n. - facilitarea feedback-ului/conexiunii inverse fact checking n. - verificarea faptelor familiar words n. pl. - cuvinte familiare fax/facsimile message n. - mesaj fax feedback n. - feedback, conexiune invers focus group n. - grup reprezentativ (ntr-un sondaj) follow-up message n. - mesaj suplimentar/adiional, completare footnote n. - not de subsol form n. - formular tip form of the sales contract n. - forma

I
idiomatic expression n. - expresie idiomatic,

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locuiune illiteracy n. - analfalbetism illiterate a. - analfabet illustrate v. - a ilustra, a exemplifica impromptu speaking n. - exprimare spontan, formularea unui mesaj oral fr pregtire prealabil incoming mail n. - coresponden care urmeaz s soseasc independent clause n. - propoziie principal index n. - list de cuvinte n ordine alfabetic, tabel alfabetic individual differences n. pl. - diferene individuale inductive approach n. - abordare/metod inductiv inference v. - a deduce, a concluziona inferencing n. - deducie, concluzionare informal communication channel n. - canal de comunicare neoficial informal letter n. - scrisoare neoficial information n. - informaie informational overload n. - suprancrcare informaional informative synopsis n. - rezumat, sumar informativ inside address n. - adresa destinatarului/interioar interact v. - a interaciona interaction n. - interaciune intercultural barriers n. pl. - bariere culturale intercultural communication n. - comunicare intercultural interjection n. - interjecie internal communication n. - comunicare intern interoffice mail n. - coresponden ntre birourile aceleai organizaii interpersonal conflict n. - conflict interpersonal interpreter n. - interpret interruption of a conversation n. - ntreruperea unei conversaii interview n. - interviu, ntrevedere introduction n. - introducere irrelevant information n. - informaie nesemnificativ, fr importan

key points n. pl. - puncte cheie, de importan major key word n. - cuvnt cheie

L
language barriers n. - bariere de limbaj, de exprimare language learning n. - nvarea unei limbi lay-out of a letter n. - forma de prezentare a scrisorii layout of a report n. - forma de prezentare a unui raport leasability n. - lizibilitate, calitatea unui text de a fi lizibil, cite leave a voicemail v. - a lsa un mesaj vocal pe robotul telefonic length of message n. - lungimea/durata mesajului (scris sau vorbit) letter aiming at an agreement between partners n. - scrisoare viznd realizarea unui acord letter of acceptance n. - scrisoare de acceptare letter of credit n. - acreditiv bancar letter of dismissal n. - scrisoare de ntiinare pentru concediere letter of inquiry n. - cerere de ofert letter of promotion - scrisoare de ntiinare a primirii unui post, cu detaliile acestuia letter of warning n. - scrisoare de avertisment, avertisment scris (pentru nclcarea regulamentului de munc) letter of refusal n. - scrisoare de refuzare a unei comenzi letter of refusal of price reduction n. (scrisoare de) refuzare a reducerii de pre letter referring to loading /discharging n. scrisoare referitoare la ncrcarea/descrcarea mrfii letterhead n. - antet, hrtie sau scrisoare cu antet level of proficiency n. - nivel de performan line length n. - lungimea unui rnd, a unei propoziii linking verb n. - verb de legtur listening n. - ascultare listening skill n. - deprinderea de a asculta literature search n. - selectare, cutare de literatur de specialitate logical approach n. - abordare/metod logic

J
justification report n. - raport de justificare

K
keep the audiences attention throughout v. - a reine atenia publicului pe tot parcursul (prezentrii, conferin, etc.)

M
mailing list n. - list/fiier de adrese main question n. - ntrebare principal make corrections v. - a face corecturi make introductions v. - a face prezentrile

18

manners n.pl. - (bune) maniere meeting n. - edin, ntlnire de afaceri memo n. - memorandum, raport, not, circular memorise v. - a memora memory n. - memorie mental map n. - hart, reprezentare mental mental representation n. - reprezentare mental message adjustment n. - ajustarea mesajului message n. - mesaj message of the letter n. - mesajul scrisorii message transmission n. - tramsmiterea mesajului minimise noise v. - a minimaliza zgomotul minutes of meeting n. - procesul verbal al unei edine/ntlniri de afaceri misunderstanding n. - nenelegere, disput motivation n. - motivaie, motiv motivational speech n. - cuvntare rostit cu scopul de a motiva, stimula move from point to point v. - a trece de la o problem la alta ( pe ordinea de zi a unei edine)

openness n. - franchee, sinceritate oral communication n. - comunicare oral oral presentation n. - prezentare oral order n. - (scrisoarea de) comand organize a letter v. - a organiza coninutul unei scrisori outgoing mail n. - coresponden care urmeaz s fie expediat outline n. - plan, schi overhead projector n. - retroproiector

P
paragraph n. - paragraf parenthesis n. - parantez rotund parts of speech n. - pri de vorbire perception n. - percepere, nelegere, receptare permission for using copyrighted materials n. - permisiunea de a folosi materiale originale/cu drept de autor persuasive message n. - mesaj convingtor photocopier n. - fotocopiator phrase n. - expresie, locuiune plagiarism n. - plagiat planning of speech n. - planificarea prelegerii/cuvntrii polarisation n. - polarizare, diferene de opinii positive close n. - propoziie afirmativ postal code n. - cod potal postal regulations n. pl. - regulamente potale postscript n. - postscriptum preamble to contract n. - preambulul la contract presentation n. - prezentare presentation techniques n. - tehnici de prezentare press release n. - declaraie/buletin de pres preview n. - prefa, cuvnt nainte productive skills n. pl. - deprinderi productive pronunciation n. - pronunie proofreading n. - corectur proper noun n. - substantiv propriu punctuate v. - a folosi semne de punctuaie punctuation n. - punctuaie put forward an idea v. - - a prezenta o idee

N
native speaker n. - vorbitor nativ negotiate the price clause v. - a negocia clauza pre negotiate the quality /quantity clause v. - a negocia clauza de calitate/cantitate negotiation n. - negociere negotiation principles n. pl. - principii de negociere negotiation strategies n. pl. - strategii de negociere negotiation techniques n. pl. - tehnici de negociere network n. - reea non-verbal communication n. - comunicare non-verbal, fr cuvinte note taking n. - luare de notie

O
obsolete language n. - limbaj nvechit offer n. - (scrisoarea de) ofert office technology n. - tehnologie, echipament de birou open communication n. - comunicare deschis, fr constrngeri open ended question n. - ntrebare deschis opener n. - formul introductiv opening line n. - formulare introductiv (ntr-o scrisoare) opening of a letter n. - formul de ncepere a unei scrisori

Q
question n. - ntrebare question-and-answer chain n. - lan de ntrebri i rspunsuri questionnaire n. - chestionar quotation mark n. - ghilimele

R
19

racial bias n. - prejudecat rasial rapport n. - relaie, raport interuman readability n. - lizibilitate, gradul de uurin cu care se poate citi un text reading skill n. - deprinderea de a citi receiver n. - receptor (la telefon) ; receptor (al unui mesaj, n procesul comunicrii) recipient n. - destinatar, primitor, beneficiar receptive skills n. - deprinderi receptive receptivity n. - receptivitate receptor n. - receptor recommendation letter n. - scrisoare de recomandare recommendation n. - recomandare referee n. - persoan care d o referin/recomandare, referent reference line n. - referinele (ntr-o scrisoare) reference n. - referin, recomandare reiterate v. - a reitera, a repeta reject an offer v. - a respinge o ofert rejection of job application n. - neacceptarea unei cereri de angajare reminder n. - scrisoare de revenire repetition n. - repetiie report n. - raport resignation letter n. - scrisoare de demisie response to a letter of complaint n. - rspuns la o scrisoare de reclamaie resume n. - C.V., autobiografie retrieve v. - a recupera (datele stocate) revision n. - recapitulare role-playing n. - joc de rol rough draft n. - ciorn routine request n. - cerere/ntrebare de rutin

spelling checker n. - corector spelling n. - rostire sau scriere liter cu liter, ortografie spoken message n. - mesaj vorbit staff magazine n. - jurnal (sptmnal sau lunar) publicat pentru angajaii unei organizaii status inquiry n. - scrisoare care solicit informaii despre situaia financiar a unei firme store v. - a stoca, a reine (cuvinte, informaii) strategic competence n. - competen strategic stress n. - accent stress v. - a accentua subject line n. - (formularea care conine) obiectul scrisorii summarize v. - a face un rezumat, a rezuma symbol system n. - sistem de simboluri

T
table of contents n. - tabl de materii, cuprins tailor ones style v. - a-i adapta, cizela stilul tailoring of style n. - adaptarea stilului (de scris, etc.) take turns v. - a vorbi cu rndul/pe rnd targeted audience n. - public vizat teamwork n. - munc n echip telecommunications n. pl. - sistem de telecomunicaii telegram n. - telegram tense of verb n. - timpul verbelor termination letter n. - scrisoare de reziliere the enclosed document n. - documentul anexat/alturat title page n. - pagin titlu tone n. - ton al vocii, al unui mesaj etc. tone of voice n. - tonul vocii topic n. - subiect topic sentence n. - propoziie principal translate v. - a traduce translation n. - traducere transportation correspondence n. coresponden referitoare la transporturi typical business letter n. - scrisoare tipic n corespondena de afaceri

S
salutation n. - formul de salut selective attention n. - atenie selectiv semicolon n. - punct i virgul sender n. - emitor sender of message n. - expeditor shipping instructions n. pl. - instruciuni de expediere show hospitality v. - a manifesta ospitalitate size of audience n. - numrul participanilor la o manifestare public snail mail n. - pos/coresponden transmis cu ajutorul mijloacelor de transport tradiionale social chat n. - conversaie monden socialise with sb v. - a ntreine relaii sociale cu cineva speaking skill n. - deprinderea de a vorbi specimen sentences in quantity clauses n. pl. formulri folosite n redactarea clauzei referitoare la cantitate

U
un/favourable information n. - informaii ne/favorabile underline v. - a sublinia unfavourable reply n. - rspuns nefavorabil upward communication n. - comunicare de jos n sus (pe scara ierarhic a unei organizaii)

20

V
verbal communication n. - comunicare verbal, cu ajutorul cuvintelor videoconference n. - videoconferin visual aid n. - material/suport vizual voice of verb n. - diatez

W
Waybill n. - scrisoare de trsur widely spoken language n. - limb de circulaie internaional

wind up a presentation v. - a ncheia o prezentare word order n. - topic, ordinea cuvintelor ntr-o propoziie work plan n. - plan de lucru write after dictation v. - a scrie dup dictare write final draft v. - a scrie (o prezentare) n forma final writing skill n. - deprinderea de a scrie writing style n. - stil de scris written communication n. - comunicare scris written message n. - mesaj scris

21

UNIT TWO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

I. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Read the following text about office automation: Agents Can Benefit from Advances in Basic Office Equipment by Edgar J. Higgins High-tech innovations are fascinating. Bluetooth technology may someday wirelessly connect all the devices we use, and what once were multiple items will be consolidated into a single, multifunction tool. Such developments capture our interest and our agency technology dollars. But as we focus on the newest technology, we tend to overlook basic items that provide some of the best returns on investment. Below are examples of "low-tech" devices that can improve your agency's workflow. 1._________________ Many agencies still use manual letter openers. Electronic, high-speed "slicer" openers have been available for over a decade. They cost less than $100 and can save an agency 10 minutes a day. Does this seem too low-tech to bother with? Ten minutes a day, times 265 workdays, translates to 44 hours a year. At an employee cost of $10 an hour, this is a savings of $440-meaning the return on investment comes in only three months. 2._________________ The newest machines are faster than ever and have the ability to "account select." This allows automatic cost accounting for different divisions and different activities. For example, you can set up a marketing account on the meter and track marketing expenses in the form of bulk-mailing postage. The latest meters also have inexpensive integrated scales that automatically set the postage amount. With high competition between vendors, you can often switch to the newest system at no net additional cost. If you save five minutes a day, you've saved $220 annually. Just as important is the boost to office morale from having modern equipment that actually works. 3._________________ Moore Business Forms has a postal system-approved laser-printer form that significantly streamlines the process. Free Microsoft Word macro set-up software is included with the purchase of forms. You can use Word address label tools to enter the name and address of a recipient just once, and the address label, postal system receipt, return postcard and file copy are created automatically. If you use a large quantity of certified mail, this is a must-have application. Even default postage is entered on the postal receipt and can be edited if needed.

22

4._________________ If you produce it in-house, a folding machine will save you time and money. Even if it is produced outside the office, you can save by folding it in-house. Low-end folding machines are available for less than $300 and pay for themselves within two years for an agency that sends regular newsletters. A large agency can benefit from a new Pitney Bowes small-business folding and stuffing machine that has become available in the past year. It stuffs up to three collated sheets from different loading trays, with the option of either a reply envelope or any other single brochure or postcard enclosure, and seals the envelope as well. Reports indicate the equipment is reliable, and at $4,500 it can pay for itself in less than two years for large agencies. 5._________________ The newest wireless units weigh less than two ounces and operate up to 200 feet away from the base unit. Current models use a "constancy frequency search" so that no two units operate on the same frequency at once, allowing the use of multiple units at a small distance from each other. Our experience has been that the improved comfort of use and release of both hands for keyboarding are well worth the cost. 6.__________________ Most agencies have at least 30 long-distance numbers that various agency staff members call frequently. Phone systems with multiple speed-dialing features have been available for several years. The Lucent Partner system has capacity for several one-button speed-dial buttons for the most frequently called numbers, and dozens of additional numbers can be programmed with three-digit codes. This feature can save time for every agency employee, and since it is built-in, all of the savings represent net gain.

7.___________________ Professionally recorded messages about your agency's features and benefits are a great way to enhance your image. They get your clients' attention more than the local radio station. CD burners make it possible to record these messages yourself. For less than $100, you can connect a CD player to the audio input of many phone systems with a simple jack. A professional, external recording job can cost as much as $400, which may be worth the money for a higher-quality recording. We wrote our own scripts and sent them to a recording studio, then selected different messages for different times of the year. Even this relatively simple technology separates your agency from the competition. None of the technology mentioned here is difficult or expensive to implement. It's important to periodically revisit the basic devices that help us run our agencies more efficiently.
(http://www.agentandbroker.com/FSG/AgentBroker/Departments/Automation.htm)

23

2.

Fill in the gaps above with the following sub-headings:

a. Speed-dial numbers. b. Outgoing mail. c. Telephone headsets. d. Opening mail. e. On-hold messages. f. Sending certified or return-receipt mail. g. Publishing client newsletters.
II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. Read the following text about the importance of trust in internet.

For each gap 1-12 write

one word against the corresponding number. There is an example at the beginning: 0 why. Web of trust If you like surfing the web, it is probably because you believe people are basically good When economists try to explain ..0. the Internet is more popular in one country than another, they usually ..1. to factors such as the number of PCs, telephone lines .2. average years of schooling. But something ..3. quantifiable may be more important: trust. This, at least, is the result of a recent study by Jonathan Leland and his ..4. at IBM, which compared 17 countries. The Internet's anonymity and vastness encourage misrepresentation and fraud. Thus, people who are normally suspicious tend to shun the medium, 5. more trusting souls embrace it. To test this ..6. , the team correlated OECD data on Internet adoption .7. results from the World Values Survey. One question the latter asks is: Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can't be .. 8. careful in dealing with people? The statistical .. 9. between trust and Internet adoption turns out to be surprisingly strong. The degree of trust in a society, . 10. measured by the percentage of respondents who answered yes to the first part of the question above, explains almost twothirds of national differences in the percentage of households that have Internet access. Even when controlled for other 11., such as the number of computers, trust remains an important factor.

24

What to do with such results is less obvious. If governments want people to adopt the Internet, perhaps they should try to increase trust among their citizenry. Of course, there may be other reasons to think this was a good policy. But trust is cultural and historical. Besides, it is not clear what the World Values Survey question actually reveals. And even if it .12. possible to increase trust, the IBM researchers suggest that high-trust countries such as Norway would benefit much more from such measures than low-trust countries such as Brazil. Trying to narrow the trust divide might only widen the digital divide. (The Economist) 2. Match the following words and expressions with their corresponding definitions: 1. py disk 2. DVD (digital video disc) 3. speakers flop

a. a rigid disk inside a computer that is magnetized to

hold a large quantity of computer data and programs

b. the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you

press in order to make it work

c. the central processing unit that performs the basic

operations in a microcomputer. It consists of an integrated circuit contained on a single chip.

4. headphones 5. (micro)processor 6. monitor/VDU display unit) 7. hard drive/disc 8. modem 9. keyboard (visual

d. a disc used for storing and playing music and films e. the part of a computer that performs operations and
executes software commands

f. the part a piece of electrical equipment for playing

recorded sound, through which the sound is played.

g. a piece of equipment with a screen on which

information from a computer can be shown

h. round piece of bendable plastic, protected by a plastic

cover, used to store computer information.

i. a device with a part to cover each ear through which

you can listen to music, radio broadcasts, etc. without other people hearing

10. CPU (central processing unit)

j. an electronic device which allows one computer to

send information to another through standard telephone wires and therefore over long distances

25

3.

Now fill in the gaps below with the above words and expressions:

1. A standard single-layered, single-sided ___________________ can store 4.7 GB of data; a two-layered standard enhances the single-sided layer to 8.5GB. 2. Single-chip _____________________, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations. 3. In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed _______________ rely on sophisticated methods for "loading" information onto the audio carrierfor example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carriers state to represent multiple bits of data. 4. A __________________ needs some empty space in it to run efficiently. 5. The new model of word processor has a smaller _______________. 6. There's no sound coming out of the right-hand _______________. 7. A modern _________________ can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square. 8. The travel agent checked the name on her _______________. 9. Hearing damage from ______________ is probably more common than from loudspeakers, because many people exploit the acoustic isolation by listening at higher volumes. 10. The _______________ was considered a revolutionary device at the time it was invented for its portability which provided a new and easy physical means of transporting data from computer to computer.

26

GLOSSARY OF IT TERMS

A
abend (ABnormal END) n. nchiderea/terminarea neateptat/brusc a unui program din cauza unei erori access v. - a accesa, a se conecta la o reea activate/trigger a virus v. - a activa un virus analytical processing n. - procesare analitic (folosirea computerului n luarea unor decizii manageriale pe baza analizrii unor tendine/trenduri) anti-virus software n. - program antivirus application database n. - colecie de date care deservesc un anumit program application n. - aplicaie, program (numele tehnic dat unui anumit program: Excel, Word, Access, etc.) archival database n. - baz de date arhivat (n sens diacronic) artificial intelligence n. - inteligen artificial atomic database n. - baz de date alctuit din date atomice, indivizibile atomic n. - atomic, nivel indivizibil authoring software n. - pachete multimedia integrate (ofer posibilitatea de aplicaii care combin informaia text cu obiecte grafice statice, animaii, sunete i video digital)

B-Tree n. - arbore binar buffer n. - zon tampon, de stocare temporar buffer storage n. - memorie tampon (de stocare a unor date pn cnd un alt program este gata s le preia) bug n. - eroare de programare bulk mail n. - messaje e-mail nedorite business operations n. pl. - programe folosite n desfurarea activitilor zilnice a unei firme (facturare, efectuarea de comenzi, etc.) business software n. - programe de computer pentru facilitarea afacerilor i proceselor manageriale byte n. - octet, set de opt bii alturai

C
CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) n. - nvarea limbilor strine cu ajutorul computerului CD (compact disc) n. - disc compact, CD CD recorder n. - dispozitiv de inscripionare a unui disc compact CD ROM (ROM read only memory) n. - CD ROM, disc compact child n. - fiu, obiect aflat n raport de subordonare fa de un obiect printe (cum ar fi butonul de accesare fa de fereastra care o conine) classified computer data n. pl. - informaii secrete stocate ntr-un computer click v. - a apsa un buton de mouse close button n. - X-ul din colul drept al ferestrei care nchide fereastra Computer Assisted/Based Instruction/Training n. - Instruire asistat de computer computer breakdown n. - defectarea sistemului computer crash n. - blocarea/nghearea sistemului computer engineer n. - inginer de sistem computer engineering n. - inginerie informatic computer hacking offence n. - vina de fi accesat ilegal sistemul computerului computer industry n. - industria informatic computer language n. - limbaj informatic computer literacy n. - deprinderea de a lucra cu computerul computer literate n. - persoan nvat s lucreze cu computerul computer maintenance n. - ntreinerea computerului computer memory n. - memorie

B
backup system n. - suport de rezerv n caz de avarie batch file n. - serie de comenzi/instruciuni care urmeaz s fie procesate de un computer batch n. - script (set de instruciuni procesate secvenial) batch processing n. - tip de procesare a unui script care nu permite intervenia utilizatorului bit (Binary digIT) n. - bit, unitatea de baz n sistemul unui computer (poate avea valorile 1 sau 0) block unauthorised access to the system v. - a bloca accesul neautorizat la sistem bookmark v. - semn de carte (selectarea i nregistrarea automat a unor site-uri pe care utilizatorul dorete s le reviziteze) bookmark/hotlist/ favourites list n. - list cu selecii de site-uri browser n. - navigator (web), program de navigare pe Internet

27

computer network n. - reea de computere computer power saving device n. - capacitatea de salvare/stocare n memorie computer programme n. - program de computer computer programmer n. - programator computer saboteur n. - sabotor computer scanner n. - dispozitiv de trecere a imaginilor n format digital, scaner Computer Science n. - Informatic (ca tiin) computer screen n. - ecranul monitorului computer tampering n. - efectuarea unei schimbri neautorizate n sistemul unui computer CPU (Central Processing Unit) n. - unitatea central de procesare a calculatorului crack a supposedly secure system v. - a sparge un sistem (electronic) (presupus a fi) securizat crash n. - blocare a unui program cripple a computer v. - a scoate din uz, a paraliza un computer cursor n. - cursor cyber caf/pub n. - Internet cafe

E
edit v. - a modifica date existente (un text sau imagine) electronic break-in n. - spargere electronic (n banca de date stocat electronic) electronic communications n. pl. - sistem de comunicaii electronic electronic delivery system n. - sistem de expediere electronic electronic dictionary n. - dicionar electronic electronic magazine n. - revist care apare sub form electronic i este distribuit cu ajutorul Internetului electronic mail n. - pota electronic electronic message n. - mesaj electronic electronic office n. - birou dotat cu echipament electronic electronic point of sale n. - dispozitiv de decodare a codului de bare (de pe produse) electronic procurement n. - proces complet de achiziionare de bunuri cu ajutorul Internetului electronic publishing n. - publicarea unor articole/lucrri sub form electronic electronic shopping n. - cumprare de bunuri i servicii prin intermediul Internetului electronic signature n. - cod de identificare a coninutului unui mesaj i a expeditorului acestuia electronic smart health card n. - fia medical electronic electronic trading n. - comer electronic electronic transfer of funds n. - sistem bancar de transfer al banilor prin intermediul computerului electronic virus n. - virus electronic electronic worm n. - vierme electronic (care transport virui sau date) e-money n. - schimb valutar efectuat prin intermediul Internetului encryption of data n. - codificare de date erase information v. - a terge informaiile (de pe un computer) e-ticket n. - bilet/rezervare (mai ales de bilet de avion) cu ajutorul Internetului sau telefonului extract a file v. - a extrage, a dezarhiva un fiier

D
data base n. - baz de date data base administrator n. - administratorul bazei de date (funcie organizatoric de monitorizare/ntreinere zilnic a bazei de date) decryption of data n. - decodificare, decriptare de date delete data v. - a terge date deletion of data n. - tergere de date desktop n. - desktop, partea vizibil a unui sistem de operare pentru iconie dialog box n. - caset de dialog digitalisation n. - convertirea unor imagini, grafice sau alte date, la forma digital pentru a putea fi procesate de computer directory n. - director disc space n. - spaiu al unui disc distance learning n. - nvmnt la distan double-click n. - dubl apsare a unui buton de mouse download v. - a transfera/descrca un fiier de pe un alt calculator sau de pe un site Internet drag-and-drop v. - a selecta un obiect i a-l muta cu cursorul la locul dorit DTP (Desk-Top Publishing) n. - programe speciale care permit importul i lucrul cu texte i grafice provenind de la alte programe DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) n. - DVD, disc video digital

F
file n. - fiier floppy disc n. - dischet/unitate floppy folder n. - director, dosar (n sistemul de operare) care conine mai multe fiiere fonts n. pl. - set de caractere (reprezentarea grafic)

28

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) n. - metod de trimitere a unor fiiere prin intermediul Internetului

G
golden master n. - aplicaie complet finalizat care poate fi copiat i distribuit la utilizatori

H
hacker n. - pirat informatic hacking n. - accesare ilicit n sistemul computerului hard disc n. - unitate hard (suport fizic de stocare a datelor) hardware n. - echipament, partea fizic a computerului high-tech adj. - care folosete tehnologie avansat/de vrf; modern host-server n. - server care gzduiete un site HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) n. limbaj cu marcatori n care se realizeaz paginile Web HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) n. protocol de transfer, metod de transmitere a unui text sau a unei imagini prin Internet hyperlink n. - hiper-legtur, cuvnt/cod de legtur care permite saltul de la o pagin Web la alta sau de la un element la altul n interiorul aceleiai pagini hypermedia n. - hipermedia, sistem hipertext multimedia (varianta modern a hipertextului care faciliteaz legtura elementelor grafice, audio, video, text) hypertext n. - hipertext, sistem de stocare a datelor (sub form de imagine, text, sunet, etc.) care permite directa combinare a acestora cu date corespondente

interface n. - interfa, ecranul unui computer Internet (The) n. - (mediul) Internet, denumire dat sistemului global de computere interconectate n reea Internet access n. - acces la Internet Internet site n. - site Internet, locul unde se gsesc i se pot accesa toate informaiile pe care o instituie dorete s le fac publice prin intermediul Web-ului irreversible damage n. - avarie grav, ireparabil IT career n. - carier n domeniul informatic IT department n. - departamentul informatic al unei organizaii IT industry n. - industria informatic IT practice n. - practic informatic IT professional n. - expert, profesionist n domeniul informaticii IT skills n. pl. - abiliti/deprinderi de informatic IT worker n. - informatician

K
key n. - tast keyboard n. - tastatur

L
learning technology n. - tehnologia nvrii light pen n. - creion optic

M
maximise v. - a mri o fereastr de pe ecranul unui computer menu n. - meniu, grupaj de opiuni, de obicei aflat sub titlul de bare (File, Edit, View, etc.) menu item n. - item, opiune pe afiajul de meniu message queue n. - coad de comenzi (folosirea claviaturii, a mouse-ului, etc.) care urmeaz s fie procesate n ordinea intrrii lor minimise v. - a micora o fereastr de pe ecranul unui computer modem (Modulator-DEModulator) n. modem (dispozitiv de conectare a dou computere cu ajutorul unei linii telefonice) monitor n. - monitor mouse n. - mouse, dispozitiv de intrare ce transmite micri sau apsri de butoane executate de utilizator spre calculator

I
icon n. - iconi, imagine reprezentativ/ simbolic pentru obiectul pe care l reprezint implant a virus v. - a introduce un virus infected computer n. - computer virusat infected floppy disc n. - dischet infectat/virusat infiltrate a computer system v. - a se infiltra/ptrunde n sistemul unui computer information highway n. - autostrad informaional installation kit n. - kit/pachet de instalare installation programme n. - program de instalare

N
network n. - reea normalise v. - a descompune structuri de date complexe n structuri naturale

29

O
obtain a password unlawfully v. - a obine o parol ilegal OCR (Optical Character Recognition) n. - soft de recunoatere a textului din imagini office automation n. - (birou dotat cu un sistem de) periferice multifuncionale: fax, printer, scaner, copiator; birotic off-line adj. - deconectat OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing) n. program care permite oamenilor de afaceri s acceseze i analizeze informaii provenite din surse Internet online adj. - conectat online learning n. - nvare cu ajutorul Internetului online shopping n. - achiziionarea unor bunuri pe cale electronic, prin intermediul computerului operating system n. - sistem de operare overwrite a file v. - nlocuirea unui fiier cu altul avnd acelai nume ownership n. - deinerea unor resurse de ctre un utilizator

nainte de tergerea final din calculator (co de gunoi) replicate v. - a se reproduce (un virus) retrieval n. - recuperare a datelor stocate retrieve v. - a recupera datele stocate

S
scanning n. - scanare, captarea unei imagini i conversia ei n format digital screen resolution n. - rezoluia ecranului search engine n. - motor de cutare server n. - server, computer dintr-o reea care ofer servicii altor computere software n. - programe i aplicaii pentru computere, partea logic a unui computer software package n. - pachet de programe speakers n.pl. - amplificatoare de sunet, boxe speech/voice recognition n. - capacitatea sistemului de a recepta mesajul vorbit de utilizator i transformarea lui n text spreadsheet n. - foaie electronic de calcul tabelar state-of-the-art n. - nivel de vrf al tehnologiei/tiinei store v. - a stoca (date) surf the web v. - a naviga pe reeaua Web system failure n. - incapacitatea unui computer de a mai funciona (din motive de soft)

P
parent n. - obiect care deine unul sau mai mulifii password n. - parol de acces PC (personal computer) n. computer/calculator personal PC training n. - instructaj de folosire a computerului personal peripherals n. pl. - periferice pictogram/pictograph n. - pictogram, imagine stilizat care se raporteaz la un obiect real pirated/unlicensed software n. - program piratat, copiat far autorizaie print v. - a tipri printer queue n. - documente consecutive ce urmeaz s fie listate processing speed n. - vitez de procesare programming language n. - limbaj de programare protocol n. - protocol (set de reguli tehnice despre cum informaia trebuie transmis i receptat)

T
task bar n. - bar de stare (bar n partea de jos a ecranului ce conine butoane, iconie, ceas, etc) tap into a computer v. - a intercepta mesajele trimise n reea de computere TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) n. protocol nivel patru de susinere a transmisiunii Internet i altor reele private, sistem de servicii de transfer garantate template n. - ablon, formatare standard terminal n. - terminal, dispozitiv conectat la un computer titlebar n. - bar de titlu aflat n partea de sus a fiecrei ferestre care conine numele/titlul ferestrei i simbolurile de minimizare, maximizare i X de nchidere toolbox n. - bar ce conine acceleratori spre comenzi din meniuri touch screen n. - ecran tactil

RAM (Random Access Memory) n. - memorie cu acces aleator reboot v. - a reporni sistemul calculatorului recycle bin n. - iconi pe desktop care reprezint locul de depozitare a fiierelor

U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) n. - protocol pentru reea update a programme v. - a actualiza un program

30

updated backup system n. - sistem de rezerv adus la zi URL (Universal Resource Locator) n. - adres de Internet, de identificare a unui fiier pe Internet ("http://www.rrc.mb.ca")

V
virus checking software n. - program de depistare a viruilor virus-free adj. - nevirusat

web-enabled business tools - instrumente de lucru din mediul de afaceri care folosesc sursa Internet Web page n. - pagin web, fiier n care textul este marcat conform regulilor HTML WEB/W3 (World Wide Web) n. sistemul/reeaua web, unul din serviciile mediului Internet window n. - fereastr wireless adj. - fr fir, (e.g.) prin unde radio word-processing n. - tehnoredactare wordprocessor n. - aplicaie pentru tehnoredactare

31

UNIT THREE EMPLOYMENT

I. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Read the following text about finding a job these days: In Land of the Jobless, the Extreme Approach By Patricia R. Olsen You revamped your rsum months ago, networked until you can't stand to look at a telephone and even hired a job coach. You still can't find a job. You're ready to wear a sandwich board to advertise yourself, or send a gimmick along with your rsum. Maybe even work for no pay. You have company. In September, John Sawicki, 30, who has an M.B.A. and five years' experience as a product manager with Deutsche Bank in Manhattan, signed on with Novantech Solutions, a start-up in Palisades, N.Y., to work free. "Normally someone my age, with my qualifications, would have to be crazy to do this," he said. With unemployment claims steady and companies still delaying hiring because of lower profits and the threat of war with Iraq, desperate times do not just call for desperate measures for job seekers like Mr. Sawicki. They shout for last resorts. So when Mr. Sawicki, who lives in Brooklyn, learned that Novantech had openings albeit not the paying kind he did not hesitate. He had been attending graduate school part time while working at Deutsche Bank, but decided to finish his degree full time and try to find a more rewarding position in the technology field. Armed with an M.B.A. in finance and information systems, Mr. Sawicki had been job hunting since his graduation from Fordham University in August 2001. Novantech's offer of a future salary when the company became profitable seemed attractive. Mr. Sawicki will be learning a new field and gaining marketable skills, and he could continue job hunting in case the company did not turn a profit. "I'd have to be crazy not to take their offer," he said. Mr. Sawicki was interviewed on a park bench; the company does not have offices yet. But that is fine with him, as long as he can learn. He does a little bit of everything for the company marketing, recruiting, updating the Web site, for now, and eventually he hopes to manage projects. He works from his home three days a week while continuing to look for a paid position.

32

Sacrificing a salary might seem a little extreme, but at least it makes a good impression on a potential employer. Some job hunters, straining to stand out from the crowd, make the mistake of resorting to gimmicks that are more likely to rub hiring managers the wrong way. Christopher Jones, vice president for content development at HotJobs.com, tells the story of an applicant who sent a company a box of chocolates with his rsum. Another made a stab at humor, asking a food company in his cover letter whether it was "hungry for a good worker." Yet another put a bag of sand and a gold coin in his packet, promoting himself as "buried treasure." "That's taking a metaphor a bit too far in the job hunt," Mr. Jones said. Well, that may not always be true. In creative fields like advertising or television, pushing the envelope is accepted, even admired. Robert Wilson, now a resident of Vermont, recalls his early days of job hunting, when he parlayed a hyped rsum, a messenger-delivered follow-up letter and a halfdozen phone calls to the producer of "NBC Nightly News" into an audition, even though he had no on-camera experience. "I heard that their consumer reporter was leaving, so I wrote and told them what that person had been doing wrong and what I'd do to improve the segment," Mr. Wilson recalled. Alas, he did not get the job. Stuart Simons is hoping his artistic talent will give him a leg up in his job search. He has his own commercial-photography, illustration and digital-imaging company and went back to school for an M.B.A. Now he wants to sit on the other side of the creative desk. In September, he responded to an ad for a marketing manager with Kiehl's, a Manhattan cosmetics company. Mr. Simons, a resident of Pound Ridge, N.Y., designed a label with a message styled after an advertisement on one of the company's shampoos and applied it to one of their shampoo bottles. Then he designed a custom box for the bottle and used his rsum as packing material. On tissue paper covering the box, he wrote yet another message, about thinking inside and outside the box. "The whole thing was pretty impressive," he said, although he is still waiting to hear. The proliferation of such gimmickry comes as no surprise to Gary Chaison, professor of industrial relations in the graduate school of management at Clark University in Worcester, Mass. "In a job market with few layoffs, people have a sense that there's something they can do to find a job," Mr. Chaison said. "But now, almost everyone at least knows someone who's been laid off, so job seekers feel they have to take extreme measures to be noticed. It's especially sad for people who are highly specialized and aren't able to relocate."

33

Sad or not, extreme measures can work if they are done right. Allison Hemming is president of the Hired Guns, a Manhattan temporary employment agency, and also the author of a book "Work It!" about job hunting, due out in February from Simon & Schuster. She said unusual tactics can "build buzz and get your name out there." But she warns that the technique can backfire. An employer like an ad agency might reward confidence and risk taking, she said, but a more conservative company might find it off-putting or just plain weird. Mr. Sawicki recently heard from a recruiter. "But the job is with a company that just announced more layoffs," he said. "So I'm hoping for the best and assuming the worst." (from The New York Times) 2. Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. Mr. Savicki decided to apply for a job with Novatech Solutions as: a. he was a young graduate trying to find his first job. b. he was lured by the attractive pay and fringe benefits. c. he could not find a better position for the time being. d. he was made redundant by his previous employer. 2. Mr. Savicki was pleased with the offer because: a. they offered him a fully-equipped office room. b. of the prospect of gaining experience in a new field. c. of the prospect of a high salary. d. he was not qualified for a different post. 3. At present, Mr. Savicki a. is working at the companys headquarters. b. is working as project manager. c. has given up the search for a paid position. d. has rejected another companys offer for a job. 4. According to Mr. Christopher Jones a. companies delay hiring because of the threat of war with Iraq.

34

b. job hunters may find a job by resorting to gimmicks that make them stand out from the crowd. c. a rather traditional approach is more appreciated by employers. d. creative fields welcome innovative techniques used by job searchers. 5. According to Ms. Allison Hemming a. job seekers resort to extreme measures as they are highly specialised and cant easily relocate. b. unusual tactics can always do it for you. c. one has to probe into the profile of the company they want to find a job with. d. in the current job market conditions, almost everybody has been made redundant once in their lives. II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Read the following letter of application/covering letter: 2. 1. The Manager Americas Merchants Abroad Inc. 2830 Elm Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19205-4613 1800 Montaigne Street Philadelphia, Pennylvania 17300-6040

3.

29th March 2003

4. Dear Sir, 5. I wish to apply for the position of Business Development Manager, as advertised in the Economist on 27th March, 2003. 6. I have over twelve years experience in business development, management, sales and marketing, both domestic and international. I have been very successful in taking two companies into international markets and oversaw Bollinger Incorporateds international growth in the European Union. In addition to developing exports to over 15 different countries, I was instrumental in maintaining and developing
35

major domestic accounts. As one of the three vice-presidents of Bollinger, I was acting general manager in charge of the day-to-day running of the company, as well as long-term strategic planning. I have an undergraduate degree in finance and information systems and I am highly skilled with computers. I have excellent verbal and written communication skills and enjoy public speaking. 7. Currently, I am a partner in a small company which is going well and does not require my full attention. Therefore, I have been exploring the possibility of taking up a position which will utilise and challenge my considerable talents, abilities and drive. The position in your firm is exactly what I have been searching for. 8. I have enclosed a copy of my CV for your perusal. I look forward to the opportunity to speak with you in person. 9. Yours faithfully, 10. Martin Smith 2. Identify the parts of the letter, matching them with their corresponding numbers. Not all the steps mentioned are to be found in this letter. a) complimentary close b) enclosing documents c) offering candidature d) polite ending e) promoting the candidate f) receivers address g) referring to a job advertisement h) salutation i) senders address j) signature k) stating availability l) stating reasons for applying m) stipulating terms and conditions of employment n) date

3. Find as many expressions as possible that have to do with work. (occupations/positions, employment/unemployment, advantages/disadvantages, formal/informal, etc.) e. g.:

36

Occupations/positions blue-collar/white collar worker Managing Director Welder _____________ Employment/unemployment be called for an interview have a permanent job _________________ _________________ _________________ Formal/informal to be fired to be dismissed _______________ _______________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ be made redundant live on unemployment benefit _________________ _________________ _________________ to be given the push/sack to work ones socks off _______________ _______________

37

GLOSSARY OF EMPLOYMENT TERMS

A
absence without leave n. - absen nemotivat absenteeism n. - absenteism, lips nejustificat de la serviciu according to seniority adv. - n funcie de vechime acumen n. - - ptrundere, discernmnt, perspicacitate, simul afacerilor allowance n. - indemnizaie, spor salarial, diurn applicant n. - candidat pentru un post, solicitant application form n. - formular tip pentru angajare application letter n. - scrisoare de intenie application n. - cerere pentru angajare, scrisoare de candidatur apply v. - a face o cerere pentru obinerea unui post appoint v. - a numi, a nvesti ntr-o funcie appointee n. - persoan numit ntr-un post appointment n. - numire, nvestire appointments page n. - pagin de ziar cu oferte de serviciu appraise (an employee) v. - a evalua (performana unui angajat) apprentice n. - ucenic approach n. - abordare, metod de lucru arbitration n. - arbitraj assignment n. - sarcin de serviciu, nsrcinare authority n. - autoritate, putere; expert, autoritate n domeniu; mputernicire; autoriti (guvernamentale sau locale) availability (for a job) n. - disponibilitate (pentru un post)

bureaucracy n. - birocraie

call off a strike v. - a anula o grev candidate n. - candidat candidature n. - candidatur career n. - carier cash compensation n. - retribuie bneasc chairman n. - preedintele consiliului de administraie civil servant n. - funcionar public civil service n. - administraia public, consiliul local claim n. - revendicare code of conduct n. - cod de conduit collaboration n. - colaborare, conlucrare, munc n comun colleague n. - coleg, confrate collective bargaining n. - negocierea contractului colectiv de munc collective labour agreement n. - contract colectiv de munc commitment n. - - angajament, promisiune conditions of employment n. pl. - condiii (care trebuie ndeplinite) la angajare contract of employment n. - contract de munc curriculum vitae (CV) n. - autobiografie, curriculum vitae cut the payroll v. - a reduce efectivele, a concedia

D
deduct from wages v. - a reine din salariu degree n. - - diplom universitar, titlu academic delegate v. - a delega o sarcin demote v. - a retrograda, a demite dismissal n. - - concediere disability n. - incapacitate de munc, ajutor financiar (acordat n caz de incapacitate de munc) disciplinary procedures n. - msuri disciplinare discipline n. - disciplin

B
B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) n. - liceniat n tiine umaniste B.Sc. (Bachelor of Sciences) n. - liceniat n tiine exacte bank holiday (U.K.) n. - srbtoare legal be on the dole v. - a tri din ajutor de omaj benefit n. - alocaie, ajutor; pl. avantaje oferite de un anumit loc de munc blue-collar n. - muncitor, lucrtor manual

38

dismiss v. - a concedia dismissal n. - concediere dispute n. - disput, nenelegere, conflict dividend n. - dividend division of labour n. - diviziunea muncii discrimination n. - discriminare

grievance n - nemulumire, resentiment; revendicri ale salariailor gross salary/ wage n. - - salar/venit brut

E
early retirement n. - pensionare anticipat/ timpurie earnings n. pl. - ctig, beneficiu, profit, venit education n. - educaie, coli absolvite employ n. - - serviciu, slujb employ v. - a angaja, a ncadra n munc employee n. - angajat, salariat employer n. - - patron, firm angajatoare employers association n. - asociaia angajatorilor, patronat employment agency n. - birou de plasare a forei de munc employment n. - - angajare; ocupaie, serviciu employment tribunal n. - tribunal pentru judecarea cazurilor de dreptul muncii engage v. - - a angaja, a acorda un loc de munc equal opportunities policy/ employment n. - anse egale la angajare; politica de promovare a anselor egale la angajare equal opportunity n. - anse egale la angajare escalator clause n. - clauz de indexare executive n. - director executiv, conducerea unei organizaii experience n. - - experien expertise n. - expertiz, know-how

half-time job n. - post cu jumtate de norm have a day off v. - a avea o zi liber headhunt v. - a vna capete, a cuta specialiti pentru angajare healthcare n. - ngrijire medical hierarchical levels n. pl. - niveluri ierarhice (ntr-o firm) high-flyer n. - carierist hire v. - - a angaja, a ncadra n munc holiday with pay n. - concediu pltit honorarium n. - onorariu

I
impartiality n. - imparialitate, neprtinire, obiectivitate incapacitation for work n. - incapacitate de lucru incentive n. - stimulent, prim de ncurajare income n. - venit, beneficiu, profit induction n. - - instructaj (la angajare), introducere in viaa firmei industrial action n. - grev, conflict de munc industrial injury n. - accident de munc industrial relations n. pl. - relaiile dintre patronat si sindicate interview n. - - - interviu interviewee n. - - intervievat interviewer n. - - persoan care conduce un interviu invalidity n. - invaliditate, incapacitate de munc

F
fill a vacancy v. - a ocupa un loc de munc/post fire v. - - a concedia (din motive disciplinare) flexitime n. - orar flexibil foreign language proficiency n. - cunotine de limb strin foreman n. - maistru, ef de echip fringe benefits n. - beneficii suplimentare, avantaje oferite de un anumit loc de munc full employment n. - lipsa omajului ntr-o ar

J
job advertisement n. - ofert de serviciu job analysis n. - evaluarea postului job application n. - cerere de angajare job content n. - descrierea sarcinilor de serviciu job description n. - - fia postului job hunter n. - persoan aflat n ctarea unui loc de munc job n. - loc de munc, meserie, profesie, slujb job satisfaction n. - satisfacia la locul de munc jobless adj. - omer, fr serviciu/loc de munc joblessness n. - omaj judgement n. - judecat, discernmnt junior n. - subaltern, debutant, nceptor, angajat far vechime

G
go on strike v. - - a intra n grev graduate n. - - absolvent al unui curs de specializare, al unei instituii de nvmnt graduate (from) v. - a absolvi un curs, o instituie de nvmnt graduation n. - absolvire, ncheiere a studiilor

39

L
labour claims n. - revendicri ale salariailor/muncitorilor labour costs n. - cheltuieli cu fora de munc labour court n. - tribunal pentru judecarea cazurilor de dreptul muncii labour market - piaa forei de munc labour n. - mna de lucru, for de munc, clasa muncitoare; activitate productiv labour shortage n. - insuficiena/lipsa forei de munc labour turnover n. - rotaia cadrelor/angajailor ntr-o firm labour union n. - sindicat lay off v. - a disponibiliza lay-off n. - disponibilizare, omaj tehnic leadership n. - conducere, capacitatea de a conduce, cadrele de conducere leave n. - concediu legal holiday n. - srbtoare legal legislation n. - legislaie liaison n. - legtur, cooperare liaise v. - a coopera, a conlucra lifetime employment n. - angajare pe via literacy n. - cunotine de specialitate ntr-un domeniu literate n. - - specialist ntr-un domeniu

non-contribution pension scheme n. - sistem de angajare conform cruia contribuiile la fondul de pensii sunt pltite de patron notice of dismissal n. - - preaviz de concediere

O
occupation n. - ocupaie, loc de munc, slujb occupational disease n. - - boal profesional (dobndit n urma funcionrii ntr-un anumit post) occupational hazards n. pl. - - riscuri profesionale odd job n. - munc ocazional office n. - funcie, post de rspundere; funcie oficial (preedinte, primar etc.) official strike n. - grev autorizat old age pension n. - pensie de btrnee opening n. - post liber opportunity n. - - ocazie favorabil, ans, oportunitate organisational structure n. - structur organizatoric overtime n. - ore suplimentare

P
paid leave n. - concediu pltit pay day n. - zi de salariu pay differentials n. pl. - categorii de salarizare difereniate (n funcie de gradul de periculozitate, de calificare, etc.) pay n. - plat pay rise n. - cretere salarial pay scale n. - categorie de salarizare payment n. - plat, drepturi bneti payroll n. - stat de plat payroll tax n. - impozit pe salarii pension fund n. - fond de pensii pension n. - - pensie performance n. - performan, realizare profesional perks (col. for perquisite) n. - prim de ncurajare personal allowance n. - salariu brut Personnel department n. - - Departamentul personal personnel n. - - personal, angajai Ph.D. n. - - titlul de doctor picketing n. - pichetare piece work n. - munc n acord global, cu bucata position n. - slujb, serviciu, funcie, rang post graduate n. - absolvent de liceu/facultate care urmeaz cusrsuri postliceale/ postuniversitare

M
M.Sc. n. - Masterat n tiine exacte M.A. n. - Masterat in tiine umaniste make redundant v. - a disponibiliza manpower n. - - for de munc mass dismissal n. - disponibilizare masiv/ n mas maternity leave n. - concediu de maternitate maximum wage n. - salar maxim (pe economie) MBA (Master of Business Administration) n. Masterat in administrarea afacerilor minimum guaranteed wage n. - salariu minim garantat misconduct n. - act de indisciplin, neprofesionalism, incompeten mobility n. - mobilitate motivating factor n. - factor motivaional motivation n. - - motivaie, motiv

N
negotiations n. pl. - negocieri net salary / wage n. - salar/venit net night shift n. - schimb de noapte night work bonus n. - spor de noapte nomination n. - numire n funcie, nvestire

40

post n. - loc de munc, post, funcie praise n. - laud, consideraie, apreciere pressure group n. - grup de presiune/interes probation n. - perioad de stagiu probationer n. - stagiar, angajat de prob productivity n. - productivitate professional n. - profesionist promoted adj. - promovat, avansat (n funcie) promotion by seniority n. - promovare n funcie de vechimea n munc promotion n. - - avansare, promovare

S
sack (slang) v. - - a da afar salaried worker n. - angajat fix, n regie salary n. - salariu (fix, n regie), remuneraie screen applications v. - a selecta/tria cererile pentru ocuparea unui loc de munc selection n. - selecie, selecionare self-esteem n. - respect de sine seniority n. - vechime n munc seniority pay n. - salarizare n funcie de vechimea n munc severance pay n. - compensaie bneasc oferit n situaia pierderii locului de munc; salariu compensatoriu shift n. - schimb, tur shop-floor n. - atelier de lucru, sector de producie, muncitorii dintr-o fabric shop-steward (union representative) n. delegat sindical shortlist n. - - lista preferenial a celor ce solicit o slujb sick leave n. - concediu de boal sickness benefit n. - ajutor de boal skill n. - aptitudine, ndemnare, competen, dexteritate skilled worker n. - muncitor calificat specialist n. - specialist, expert stability n. - stabilitate, consecven staff n. - - personal, angajai staff turnover n. - rotaia cadrelor status n. - condiie, poziie, rang, statut (social/juridic), stare (civil) streamline v. - a raionaliza stress n. - presiune, tensiune nervoas strike breaker n. - sprgtor de grev strike n. - grev strike notice n. - preaviz de grev striker n. - grevist subscription n. - contribuie lunar, abonament supervision n. - supraveghere, supervizare supervisor n. - supraveghetor, ef de lucrri, maistru surveillance n. - supraveghere, control, inspecie

Q
qualification n. - competen, calificare, atestat, diplom, studii

R
rapport n. - relaie, raport interuman recognition n. - recunoatere, apreciere record n. - experien, reputaie recruit v. - a recruta personal, a angaja recruitment n. - recrutare, angajare red-tape n. - birocraie reduce staff v. - a reduce personalul (ntr-o firm) redundancy n. - excedent de personal, disponibilizare de personal redundant adj. - disponibilizat/ referee n. - persoan care d o referin/recomandare reference n. - referin, recomandare regulations n. pl. - reglementri, prescripii relegate v. - a retrograda relocation allowance n. - prim pentru schimbarea domiciliului remunerate v. - a remunera, a plti remuneration n. - remuneraie requirement n. - cerin, necesitate, solicitare resign v. - a-i da demisia resignation n. - demisie responsibility n. - responsabilitate, sarcin de serviciu restructuring n. - restructurare, reorganizare resum (USA) n. - CV, autobiografie resume work v. - a rencepe lucrul retire on a pension v. - - a se pensiona, a iei la pensie retirement n. - - pensionare, ieire la pensie reward n. - recompens, rsplat right to social insurance benefits n. - dreptul la asigurare social routine n. rutin

T
take on workers v. - - a face angajri talks n. pl. - tratative, negocieri team n. - echip, colectiv team work n. - munc n echip temp (colloquial) n. - - angajat temporar tender ones resignation v. - a-i nainta demisia tenure n. - perioad de ocupare a unui loc de munc, titulatur, definitivare (n nvmnt)

41

term of notice n. - preaviz token strike n. - grev de avertisment trade magazine n. - revist de specialitate (ntrun anumit domeniu: electronic, auto, etc.) trade n. - meserie, munc calificat trade union n. - sindicat trained adj. - calificat, instruit trainee n. - stagiar, ucenic training n. - perfecionare, instruire travelling allowance n. - - indemnizaie de deplasare trial period n. - perioad de prob pentru noii angajai trouble-shooter n. - expert n rezolvarea conflictelor, impasurilor ivite ntr-o afacere sau negociere internaional; depanator

V
vacancy n. - post neocupat, loc de munc vacant vet v. - a examina un candidat n amnunime/ detaliu vocational adj. - profesional, de meserie vocational training n. - formare profesional volunteer n. - voluntar

W
wage claims n. pl. - revendicri salariale wage-earner n. - persoan care aduce banii n cas; angajat cu plata cu ora/ziua/sptmna wages n. pl. - leaf warning strike n. - grev de avertisment welfare benefits n. pl. - ajutor social welfare n. - bunstare welfare state n. - stat de asisten social white-collar n. - funcionar (de birou) wildcat strike n. - grev spontan withhold from wages v. - a reine din salariu work n. - activitate productiv; loc de munc work permit n. - permis de lucru work v. - a munci, a lucra worker n. - muncitor work-force n. - for de munc working conditions n. - - condiii de lucru work experience n. - experien profesional working hours n. pl. - - program de lucru workload n. - norm work-to-rule n. - grev de zel

U
underemployment n. - subnormare unemployment benefit n. - ajutor de omaj unemployment n. - Somaj, rata omajului unfair dismissal n. - - concediere nejustificat/ nemotivat unfit for work adj. - inapt pentru munc union leader n. - lider sindical unofficial strike n. - grev neautorizat unskilled adj. - necalificat unskilled labour n. - munc necalificat

42

UNIT FOUR

COMPANY STRUCTURE
I. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Read the text below about Henry Ford: HENRY FORD TIMELINE 1863 Born near Detroit, Michigan. 1884 Attends business school for three months. 1896 Chief engineer at Edison electric factory in Detroit. Drives first vehicle out of garden shed. 1901 Ford drives to victory in Grosse Point car races. 1903 Founds Ford Motor Co. 1905 Model A Fordsmobile produced. 1908 The first Model T rolls off the production line. 1914 Ford introduces wages for unskilled workers at a minimum of $5. 1918 The River Rouge plant built. 1919 Fords son, Edsel, becomes president of the company. 1924 Ten million Model Ts total reached. 1928 Brings out second Model A. 1945 Hands over power to his grandson Henry II. 1947 Dies aged 84. 1948 Henry Ford was part engineer, part inventor, and part entrepreneur. His Ford Motor Company used mass production and assembly line methods on a scale never seen before, and with so much commercial success that his name became inextricably linked with them. 0.. Ford showed an early interest in mechanics and engineering. 1. Leaving school at 16, Ford went to work as an engineer for James Flower & Co in Detroit, and shortly afterwards moved to the Dry Dock Engine Works. By 1896, he was chief engineer at the Edison electric factory in Detroit. Ford continued to tinker with engineering projects at home. His first prototype automobile was the Quadricycle, built in his garden shed in 1896; he quickly became convinced of the vehicles commercial potential. 2.The victory attracted financiers and, after a couple of false starts, by 1903 the Ford Motor Company was up and running. On the way Ford broke the world
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land speed record for a four-cylinder automobile, driving a mile over the frozen Lake Sinclair in 39 and one-fifth seconds, seven seconds faster than the existing record. Fords first commercial automobile was the Model A, in 1905. It was solidly built and was priced to undercut its rivals - sales reached 600 a month after just a year. 3 At that time, Fords factory at Highland Park, Michigan, was the biggest in the world. Over 14,000 people worked on the 57-acre site. 4 In 1919 Henry Ford resigned as the companys president, letting his son, Edsel, take over. By then the Ford company was making a car a minute. In 1923 annual sales peaked at 2,120,898. 5.By 1924 Ford had sold ten million Model T Fordsthe car famously available in a choice of colours so long as it was black. After handing over to his son, Ford spent more time pursuing his socially idealistic interests. 6. Although a pacifist, Ford was drawn into war manufacturing after Pearl Harbor, when the Willow Plant was built to produce B-24 bombers. This gigantic production works with its mile-flong assembly line produced one plane every hour, with a total of 86,865 aircraft between May 1942 and the end of the war. In 1943 Ford returned as CEO after Edsel died, finally handing power to his grandson Henry II in 1945. Ford died at the age of 84 on 7 April 1947. (from The Economist) 2. Choose the best sentence from below to fill each of the gaps in the text above. E.g. 0 C. A. He was quick to establish international operations as well. Fords first overseas sales branch was opened in France in 1908 and, in 1911, Ford began making cars in the United Kingdom. B. He delighted in dismantling and reassembling his friends watches, and while still a schoolboy built an engine from junk. He was always looking for ways to improve things: Even when I was very young I suspected that much might somehow be done in a better way. C. American industry was revolutionised in the wake of Fords methods, and the nature of manufacturing irrevocably changed. D. At first he had difficulty in finding investors to back him, but the turning point came when Ford built a car for the 1901 Grosse Point automobile races. Although inexperienced, he drove the car himself and won emphatically; and repeated the feat the following year. Do not use any letter more than once. There is one extra sentence.

44

E. He built an experimental rural idyll, a model US village, named Greenfield Village. He also launched the Peace Ship in an attempt to end the first world war and hobnobbed with other magnates and entrepreneurs. F. Model Ts, as everyone knows, were black, straightforward, and affordable. G. In 1907, Ford professed that his aim was to build a motor car for the great multitude and his Model T was born the following year. H. At the time, Fords market share was in excess of 57 percent. II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Read the text below about Henry Ford. In most of the lines 1-15 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct. If a line is correct, write CORRECT against the corresponding number; if there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS against the corresponding number on your answer sheet. E.g. 0 ONE 00 - CORRECT

0 Henry Ford is frequently cited as one of the most important and one influential businessman of 00 the 20th century. Although Ford didnt invent the motor caror mass productionhe was 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 responsible for turning the car into a mass-market commodity. The pre-Ford car was a toy for the wealthyunreliable, poorly engineered, an impractical and above all expensive. Ford changed all that, starting an industrial revolution founded on his Model T. It was a revolution that made Ford $1 billion dollars double richer and made travel a reality for millions. General Motors chief Alfred Sloan commented, Mr Fords assembly line automobile and production, high minimum wage, and low-priced car were revolutionary and stand among the greatest contributions to our industrial culture. To the extent that the adoption of mass production for the Model T was customer-driven, Ford might be said to have some connection with modern management thinking. In general, however, he was the antithesis of a management thinker, an autocrat who did not believe in the

10 delegation and tended to treat management as if it too was rather on an assembly line. 11 This coercive style grated among the workforce. To sweeten them, Ford introduced profit 12 sharing and an extensive welfare programme. However, he stopped short of allowing the 13 workers to form a union. When Roosevelt had introduced the Wagner Act of 1935, allowing 14 the unionisation of the motor companies, Ford almost resisted the legislation bitterly, refusing 15 to let unions operate at Ford plants. It was only after the adverse publicityin May 1937,

45

several United Auto Workers officials were badly beaten, allegedly by Ford employeesthat Ford was forced to back down and permit union organisation at the company. (from The Economist)

2. Types of business The following table shows the forms of ownership in the two sectors: Private sector ________ ________1. Partnerships _______ _______ ______ 2. (Ltd) _______ _______ ______ 3. (PLC) Co-operatives Franchises Examples of _________ __________ 5. are sole traders and partnerships. These forms of ownership are known as unincorporated as they have:

Public sector Public corporations ________ ________ 4.

no separate ________ ________ 6., i.e. that the owner makes contracts on behalf of the business and it is the owner, not the business, that is liable for all debts of the business. ________ ________ 7. for the business debts. on the plus side, few formalities, when it comes to setting up the business.

The fact that there are few formalities required to start a business makes this option very attractive to many ______ _______ 8., which is all right if the _______ _______ 9. has been constantly thought through, but very risky for those who have not taken time to consider all the ______ ______ 10. involved. (Learn.co.uk from the Guardian - Home Business Magazine online) 3. partnerships: A. Sole traders, sometimes known as sole ___________ 1., are the most common form of ownership in the private sector of the UK economy. Sole traders can be found in the economic activity areas of ___________ 2., retail and services. Some sole traders choose to work alone whereas others, may employ people. The overriding reason for going into business is to make a Read the text below about advantages and disadvantages of sole traders and

46

___________ 3. However, many people stay ___________ 4. even though they realise that they will never earn the wealth of the likes of Sir Richard Branson and other well-known modern __________ 5. Besides the above practical and personal reasons, many people find that 'being their own boss' gives them a great deal of personal _____________ 6. which cannot be found working for someone else as an employee. Advantages of being a sole trader:

Need a small __________ 7. of capital to start up Can begin business easily Keep all the profit Can make decisions quickly Is in charge Because the ___________ 8. capital is minimal there are limited opportunities for expansion. Because the sole trader usually operates on a small scale, the business is often not as ___________ 9. as larger firms in the same market. The sole trader cannot provide economies of scale, eg specialist training, research and development _____________ 10.

Disadvantages of being a sole trader:

The biggest ____________ 11. to sole traders is unlimited liability. This means that owners must pay all the debts of the business, ie the owner's personal ___________ 12. is always at risk.

____________ 13. cannot be shared. Also there may be a lack of innovative __________ 14. for expanding the business, as there is only one individual managing the business. There are long hours and minimum ____________ 15., and lack of continuity should the owner be unable to carry on the business. (Learn.co.uk from the Guardian - Home Business Magazine online)

B. Partnerships have virtually the same characteristics as those of sole traders. This form of business ____________ 1. is usually entered into by individuals who wish to take advantage of the combined capital, _____________ 2. skills and experience of two or more people. The aims of the partnership will be similar to that of the sole trader, namely:

making a profit achieving a stable working ____________ 3. ensuring survival in the market place expanding the business

47

Partnerships are allowed to have up to 20 partners, with two exceptions:

Banks that are not allowed more than 10 partners. Professional firms, eg, ____________ 4. and solicitors who are allowed more than 20 partners. In fact Price Waterhouse Coopers have 9 000!

Advantages of having a partnership:

Easy and cheap to set up The __________ 5. base is greater than that of a sole trader Costs are shared Increased business prospects with greater experience (expertise) ___________ 6. responsibility for running the business, therefore partners have more time to devote to their particular area of _____________ 7. Division of __________ 8. allows for specialisation No need for __________ 9. audit. The only finances that have to be disclosed are those related to income tax and VAT (where applicable) Risks and losses are shared On a daily basis there is continuity as the partners can cover for each other when necessary More people in the business provides a broader base from which to generate profitable ideas Not having to publish full financial details means that there is a measure of __________ 10. for the partners A partnership, unlike a limited company, cannot be taken over by another partnership Unlimited liability Each partner is liable for the debts of the partnership even if not responsible for the debt Lack of continuity in that if a partner dies, resigns or is declared ___________ 11. the partnership is automatically dissolved and will have to be reformed Partners can individually make decisions in respect of the partnership which are ________ 12. on all the partners The capital base is relatively small and this limits the ___________ 13. of future expansion _____________ 14. between partners could cause difficulties in decision-making and even cause the break-up of the partnership Profits have to be shared

Disadvantages of having a partnership:

48

There is a reduction in job satisfaction of being your own ___________ 15. (Learn.co.uk from the Guardian - Home Business Magazine online) 4. Fill in the gaps in the texts above with the following words:

Text A. a) competitive b) start-up c) facilities d) self-employed e) amount f) manufacture g) wealth h) satisfaction Text B. a) labour b) extent c) managerial d) financial e) privacy f) expertise g) disagreement h) relationship i) bankrupt j) accountants k) boss l) shared m) binding n) environment o) external i) responsibility j) entrepreneurs k) ideas l) holidays m) profit n) proprietors o) threat

49

GLOSSARY OF COMPANY STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION

A
Accounts Department n. - Serviciul economic / Secia contabilitate accounts manager n. - director serviciu contabilitate active partner n. - comanditat Administration Department n. - Serviciul administrativ administrator n. - administrator Advertising Department n. - Departamentul de publicitate advisory board n. - consiliu consultativ affiliate n. - filial amalgamation n. - fuziune Annual General Meeting (AGM) n. - Adunarea General a Acionarilor (AGA) annual report n. - raport anual al firmei asupra activitilor desfurate i a situaiei financiare Articles of Association n. - Statutul societii assembly line n. - linie de montaj assets n. - active asset-stripping n. - vnzarea fracionat a activelor unei companii neprofitabile auditor n. - auditor, revizor contabil authority - autoritate casting vote n. - vot decisiv centralisation n. - centralizare chain of command n. - niveluri ierarhice, cale ierarhic de transmitere a ordinelor/sarcinilor chairman n. - preedintele consiliului de administraie chief accounting officer n. - ef contabil collateral n. - garantie, gaj company n. - companie, firm, societate company secretary n. - secretar general companys capital n. - capital social conglomerate n. - conglomerat contribution n. - aport, contribuie co-ordinate v. - a coordona corporate adj. - de firm, organizaional corporate body n. - persoan juridic corporation n. - corporatie, companie

D
debenture n. - obligaiune debt n. - datorie decentralisation n. - descentralizare deed of incorporation n. - act de constituire delegate authority v. - a delega o sarcin delegation n. - delegare de sarcini department n. - departament, secie director n. - director dividend n. dividend

B
backer n. - susintor financiar bankrupt n. - falimentar bankruptcy n. - faliment bearer share n. - aciune la purttor board meeting n. - edin de consiliu Board of Directors n. - Consiliul de administraie bond n. - obligaiune borrow v. - a lua cu mprumut borrowed capital n. - capital mprumutat boss n. (infml.) - ef, supraveghetor branch n. - sucursal bureaucracy n. - birocraie business hours n. pl. - ore de serviciu by-law n. - regulament de ordine intern

E
enterprise n. - ntreprindere, firm, companie entrepreneur n. - ntreprinztor, antreprenor executive n. - director executiv, conducerea unei organizaii

F
Finance Department n. - Serviciul financiar financier n. - finanator, persoan care dispune de capital i l poate mprumuta sau oferi firmelor firm n. - firm fiscal year n. - an fiscal foreman n. - maistru franchise n. - franiz free enterprise n. - liber iniiativ / ntreprindere

C
C.E.O. (USA) n. - director executiv capital n. - capital cash capital n. - capital lichid, n numerar

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freehold n. - proprietate deplin functional structure n. - structur funcional (mprirea unei firme n departamente, fiecare ndeplinind o funcie specific) fund n. - fond

Memorandum of Association n. - Contract de societate monopoly n. - monopol

N
nationalised industries n. pl. - industrii naionalizate NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation) n. organizaie non-guvernamental Non-Profit Corporation n. - firm non-profit

G
gearing ratio n. - gradul de ndatorare al firmei general partnership - societate n comandit simpl

H
head office n. - sediu central/principal (al firmei) headquarters n. pl. - sediu central hierarchy n. - ierarhie holding company n. - holding, concern, grup, conglomerat

O
object of the company n. - obiectul de activitate al companiei organisation chart n. - organigram organisational structure n. - structur organizaional owner n. - proprietar ownership n - proprietate, drept de proprietate

I
insurance company n. - Societate de Asigurare issued capital n. - capital subscris

P
partner n - partener, asociat partnership agreement n. - contract de asociere partnership limited by shares n - societate n comandit pe aciuni partnership n. - parteneriat, asociere Personnel Department n. - Serviciul personal Plc. (public limited company) n. - S.A., societate pe aciuni policy n. - politic, linie/plan de aciune, strategie preference share n. - aciune privilegiat premises n.pl. - incint, spaiu comercial president (USA) n. - preedintele consiliului de administraie primary sector n. - sectorul primar (industria extractiv, agricultura, pescuitul, etc.) private sector n. - sectorul privat privatisation n. - privatizare Production Control Department n. Departramentul de control al produciei Production Department n. - Departamentul producie profit n. - profit, beneficiu, ctig project manager n. - director de proiect proprietor n. - proprietar, posesor, deintor Public Relations Department n. Departamentul de relaii cu publicul public sector n. - sectorul de stat Public Utility Company n. - Regie Autonom Purchasing Department n. - Departamentul aprovizionare

J
joint-venture n. - societate mixt

L
leadership style n. - stil de conducere Legal Department n. - Serviciul contencios legal entity n. - personalitate juridic liabilities n. pl. - pasive, datorii liability n. - rspundere, responsabilitate, angajament, obligaie liable adj. - rspunztor, responsabil, pasibil de limited liability n. - rspundere limitat limited partnership n. - societate n comandit pe aciuni location n. - amplasare logistics n. pl. - logistic, tehnica conducerii i executrii operaiilor de producie; desfacere ntreinere i servicii loss n. - pierdere, paguba Ltd. (private limited company) n. - S.R.L., societate cu rspundere limitat

M
management n. - conducere, administraie, gestiune Managing Director/M.D. (UK) n. - director executiv market share n. - cot de pia Marketing Department n. - Departamentul comercial / de marketing mass production n. - producie m mas / serie meeting room n. - sal de edine

Q
Quality Control Department n. - Departament de control al calitii

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R
records department n. - arhiv Recruitment department n. - Departamentul de recrutare de personal redeemable shares n. - aciuni rscumprabile registered capital n. - capital nominal registered office n. - sediul social al firmei Research and Development Department n. Sectorul cercetare-dezvoltare reserve capital n. - capital n rezerve restrictions n. - restricii, limite retail n. - vnzare cu amnuntul, en detail run v. - a conduce, a administra

S
Sales Department n. - Departamentul vnzri sales force n. - angajai responsabili cu vnzrile (reprezentani, inspectori) sales manager n. - director de vnzri Sales Promotion Department n. - Departamentul de promovare a vnzrilor sales turnover n. - cifra de afaceri, ncasrile din vnzri secondary sector n. - sectorul secundar (industria constructoare de maini, metalurgic etc) security n. - garanie, gir self-employed adj. - pe cont propriu, (a fi) propriul su patron share n. - aciuni, pri sociale shareholder n. - acionar shareholding n. - deinere de aciuni/titluri de valoare sleeping partner n. - comanditar small and medium sized firms n. - ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii sole-proprietor/trader n. - (similar) persoan fizic autorizat s desfoare o activitate

economic, cu rspundere nelimitat, proprietar unic span of control n. - sfer de autoritate sponsorship n. - sponsorizare, finanare staff n. - personal, angajai standardisation n. - standardizare state-owned adj. - (firm) de stat stockholder n. - acionar ntr-o firm structure n. - structur, organizare, alctuire subcontractor n. - subcontractant, furnizor intermediar, subfurnizor subordinate n. - subordonat, inferior ierarhic subscription n. - subscriere subsidiary (company) n. - filial, sucursal superior n. - superior ierarhic supervisor n. - supraveghetor, ef de lucrri, maistru supplier n. - furnizor

T
take-over bid n. - ofert public de cumprare take-over n. - preluare a controlului unei companii tertiary sector n. - sectorul teriar (serviciile) Training Department n. - Departamentul de pregtire i perfecionare a personalului unlimited liability n. - rspundere nelimitat

V
venture capital n. - capital de risc venture n. - ntreprindere riscant dar care ar putea genera profit

W
wholesale n. - vnzare cu ridicata, en gros winding-up n. - lichidare

52

UNIT FIVE MANAGEMENT

I. READING COMPREHENSION
1. Read the following text about leadership styles:

Leadership Styles The role of leadership in management is largely determined by the organisational culture of the company. It has been argued that managers' beliefs, values and assumptions are of critical importance to the overall style of leadership that they adopt. There are several different leadership styles that can be identified within each of the following Management techniques. Each technique has its own set of good and not-so-good characteristics, and each uses leadership in a different way. These styles are respectively, the Autocrat, the Laissez-Faire Manager and the Democrat. The Autocrat. The autocratic leader dominates team-members, using unilateralism to achieve a singular objective. This approach to leadership generally results in passive resistance from teammembers and requires continual pressure and direction from the leader in order to get things done. Generally, an authoritarian approach is not a good way to get the best performance from a team. There are, however, some instances where an autocratic style of leadership may not be inappropriate. Some situations may call for urgent action, and in these cases an autocratic style of leadership may be best. In addition, most people are familiar with autocratic leadership and therefore have less trouble adopting that style. Furthermore, in some situations, sub-ordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style. The Laissez-Faire Manager. The Laissez-Faire manager exercises little control over his group, leaving them to sort out their roles and tackle their work, without participating in this process himself. In general, this approach leaves the team floundering with little direction or motivation. Again, there are situations where the Laissez-Faire approach can be effective. The Laissez-Faire technique is usually only appropriate when leading a team of highly motivated and skilled people, who have produced excellent work in the past. Once a leader has established that his team is

53

confident, capable and motivated, it is often best to step back and let them get on with the task, since interfering can generate resentment and detract from their effectiveness. By handing over ownership, a leader can empower his group to achieve their goals. The Democrat. The democratic leader makes decisions by consulting his team, whilst still maintaining control of the group. The democratic leader allows his team to decide how the task will be tackled and who will perform which task. The democratic leader can be seen in two lights: A good democratic leader encourages participation and delegates wisely, but never loses sight of the fact that he bears the crucial responsibility of leadership. He values group discussion and input from his team and can be seen as drawing from a pool of his team members' strong points in order to obtain the best performance from his team. He motivates his team by empowering them to direct themselves, and guides them with a loose reign. However, the democrat can also be seen as being so unsure of himself and his relationship with his sub-ordinates that everything is a matter for group discussion and decision. Clearly, this type of "leader" is not really leading at all. (http://www.see.ed.ac.uk) 2. Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false, according to the

text above: 1.The different styles of leadership are learnt in school. T/F

2.Autocracy always results in a lot of resentment from the employees and thus they will not perform to their best. 3.Most people need direction in carrying out their tasks. want to fulfil their potential. 5.Employee participation is a key factor to the democratic leader. this reason he turns to constant group discussion and decision. T/F T/ F T/F T/F T/F

4.The Laissez-Faire approach to leadership can be challenging for employees who

6.The democratic leader is in fact quite unable to make decisions himself and for

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II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Fill in the gaps in the text below with the missing words: The Bosses Who Drive Staff Away Most people resign from their jobs not to get more money nor to improve their career prospects but because they are sick of their 1.. boss. Personality 2 or general dissatisfaction with managers are the biggest reasons British companies have to spend billions of pounds a year replacing people they would rather keep. Research by management lecturer Stephen Taylor and his students at Manchester Metropolitan University suggests that weak 3 pushes employees to leave - and the good ones leave first because they can find 4 jobs most easily. Mr Taylor points the finger in particular at young, inexperienced 5 who have not been in their management jobs long enough to 6 from watching older and better managers at work. "A lot is written about 7 managers, but more frequently the problem is just poor managers," he said. "It may be someone who is nice but ineffectual. They may fail to 8 issues or sweep things under the carpet, or they may be too focused on their own careers. We 9.. people to management positions without thinking about their management skills. They move up because they're good at their present job, not because they're good at managing other people." When employees go, said Mr Taylor - sometimes for a lower salary - they are very often leaving the manager, rather than the employing company. "10 and pay are almost an irrelevance," he said. "Pay is the easy bit when you're managing people. It's a doddle: you pay the market rate. The difficult bit is the area of 11 relationships." An employee leaving is reckoned to cost the company between 50 and 250pc of the annual salary, including the 12.. costs. But few organisations discover the real reasons for departure. In most cases, the company does not bother to ask and, in the rare cases when it does, most people do not say. What they do say is the acceptable or 13. answer. They produce positive reasons for leaving - career advancement, a better salary - or neutral reasons, such as family 14... "Stagnation - a feeling of not moving forward - plays a big part, but the biggest reasons that people leave are 15 and personality clashes with their managers," said Mr Taylor.
(telegraph.co.uk)

a) tackle

i)

benefit

55

b) alternative c) bullying d) clashes e) circumstances f) rewards g) difficulties h) expected

j) l)

immediate appoint

k) supervisors m) management n) replacement o) interpersonal

2. Read the text below about sick leave notes and use the words on the right, listed 1-12, to form a word that fits in the same numbered space in the text . E.g. 0 appointment. GPS WASTE THEIR TIME WRITING OUT SICK NOTES By Nicole Martin Doctors are wasting thousands of hours and millions of 0.. every year on unnecessary sick notes demanded by employers, says the Government. John Hutton, health minister, will open a campaign to cut paper work today by focusing on the fact that family doctors waste 2.4 million appointments a year on such 1. bureaucracy. A further 37,000 hours a year are lost booking the appointments and completing the necessary 2... Research from the Cabinet Office shows that, although sick pay 3 do not require employees to obtain sick notes from GPs unless they have been off work for more than seven days, many employers demand them even for minor 4 such as colds and headaches. the time spent filling in these 6 forms could be better used to treat sick patients. "GPs are busy people. The added 7. leads to longer waits for appointments and more 8. "By shifting the 9 for managing sickness absenteeism from GPs to employers, we will free up NHS resources and better position employers to manage 10 effectively." More than a third of 1,000 workers questioned in a survey said their bosses 10. ABSENT 7. WORK 8. BUREAU 9. RESPOND 4. AIL 6. NECESSITY Calling on bosses to 5GPs of such wasteful red tape, he said yesterday 5. RELIEF 2. ADMINISTER 3. RULE 1. NEED 0. APPOINT

56

expected them to get a sick note from their doctor when off work for seven days or less, said the Doctor Patient 11 P., the charity heading the new campaign. Katja Klasson, head of employee 12.at the Confederation of British 12. SOURCE Industry, said: "Employers should not expect doctors to write sick notes for employees who have been off for seven days or less." (Telegraph.co.uk) 3. MANAGE Provide the correct form of the word manage in the gaps: 1.___________ has/have offered staff a 3% pay increase. 2. The restaurant went bankrupt after being hopelessly ____________ by a former rock musician with no business experience. 3. It's a co-operative, so the workers ____________ the business themselves. 4. Economic _____________ has plunged the country into recession. 5. If you have a complaint, could you speak to the______________ ? 6. Experience in the field, as well as _____________ skills are essential for this post. 7. There's a board of five directors, but she is the ____________ Director. 8. A ______________ is a woman who controls or organizes esp. a shop or a restaurant. 9. Government targets for increased productivity are described as "tough but____________." 11. PART

57

GLOSSARY OF MANAGEMENT TERMS

A
accountability n. - responsabilitate, responsabilizare achieve recognition v. - a obine recunoatere (pentru munca bine fcut) achievement motivational factor n. - factorul motivaional al reuitei action-oriented adj. - activ, orientat spre aciune activation n. - activare, stimulare, motivare adaptive adj. - flexibil, uor adaptabil administration of business n. - administrarea/ conducerea unei firme, unui sector, etc. affirmative action n. - discriminare pozitiv (practici de anagajare prefereniale pentru minoriti i categorii sociale defavorizate) all-out strike n. - grev general allocate tasks v. - a aloca sarcini allocation of costs n. - alocarea/repartizarea costurilor allocation of functions n. - alocare de funcii allocation of resources n. - alocare de resurse allocation of responsibilities n. - repartizarea de responsabiliti allowed time n. - timp alocat (pentru ndeplinirea unei sarcini de ctre un muncitor) arbitration n. - arbitraj, mediere, conciliere area manager n. - manager zonal/ regional attributes n. pl. - caliti sau caracteristici (fizice/ mentale/ emoionale ale unui leader authoritarian leadership n. - autoritarism, sistem de conducere/ management autoritar autonomy n. - autonomie, autodeterminare avoid undesirable situations v. - a evita situaii nedorite benchmarking measures n. pl. - set de msuri de eficientizare prin raportarea la alte firme rivale benchmarking n. - raportarea propriei firme la performanele altor firme rivale cotate ca fiind

n fruntea clasamentului benefits management n. - management prin beneficii (planificare, conducere, realizare i msurarea beneficiilor unui program/proiect) brainstorming n. - tehnic de lucru n echip de generare de idei pentru un proiect, etc. ; asaltul de idei ; brainstorming building n. - activitate de nnoire i susinere a organizaiei business ethics n. pl. - etica afacerilor business plan n. - plan de afaceri

C
capacity n. - capacitate, putere de munc, productivitate casting vote n. - vot decisiv centralisation n. - centralizare character n. - caracter clash of values n. - conflict de valori climate n. - climat (de munc) code of ethics n. - cod deontologic collegiality n. - colegialitate communication skills n. pl. - deprinderi de comunicare compromise n. - compromis, concesie, nelegere, nvoial compromise v. - a face un compromis, a ajunge la un numitor comun concession n. - concesie, cedare, compromis conduct n. - conduit, comportament, comportare conflict resolution n. - rezolvarea conflictelor conflict n. - conflict, contrazicere, ciocnire, contradicie, nepotrivire, dezacord conflict of interests n. - conflict de interese

B
background n. - mediu de provenien; formaie (educaie, calificri, experien profesional) ballot n. - vot secret bargaining power n. - puterea de negociere (oferit de pozie, etc.) basic pay n. - salariu de baz behaviour pattern n. - model comportamental

58

constraint management n. - management prin constrngere, restricionare constraint n. - constrngere, limitare, ngrdire contingency allowance n. - toleran/marj pentru situaii neprevzute contingency beyond ones control n. - cazuri de for major contingency n. - situaie neprevzut contingency plan n. - plan pentru situaii neprevzute control n. - control, supraveghere controlling interest n. - deinerea de aciuni majoritare (care d dreptul la determinarea politicilor firmei) co-ordination n. - coordonare core values n. pl. - valori fundamentale corporate culture n. - cultur organizaional; valorile, obiceiurile i tradiiile proprii unei companii; atmosfera profesional ce caracterizeaz o firm corporate governance n. - conducerea ntreprinderii corporate image n. - imaginea firmei pe pia corporate management n. - management organizaional corrective action n. - aciune corectoare, de redresare counselling n. - consiliere, sftuire courtesy n. - curtoazie CPM (Critical Path Method) n. - metoda drumului critic (tehnic de previziune n ceea ce privete durata realizrii unui proiect) critical path analysis n. - metod de calcul/analiza drumului crtitic (n derularea unui proiect) critical path n. - drum critic (succesiune optim a etapelor n derularea unui proiect) cross-cultural management n. - management transfrontalier

prin delegarea autoritii department manager n. - ef de raion, secie, departament dependency n. - interdependen logic a succesiunii etapelor unui proces deputy manager n. - director adjunct devotion n. - devotament disciplinary procedure n. - procedur disciplinar discipline n. - disciplin discriminate (against) v. - a discrimina discrimination n. - discriminare division of work n. - diviziunea muncii dogmatic adj. - dogmatic duration compression n. - scurtarea duratei de execuie a unui proiect fr a schimba scopul acestuia duration n. - durat, perioad de timp necesar pentru finalizarea unui proiect

E
effective work n. - munc eficient effectiveness n. - eficacitate effort n. - efort depus pentru ndeplinirea unei sarcini, ndatoriri etc. elapsed time n. - totalul de zile calendaristice lucrtoare necesare pentru finalizarea unei aciuni employment agency n. - centru de plasare a forelor de munc employment contract n. - contract de munc/angajare empowerment n. - mputernicire, autorizare end activity n. - activitate finalizat, fr o alt activitate subsecvent n succesiune logic equal pay n. - remuneraie salarial egal (pentru sarcini de serviciu similare) equitable adj. - echitabil equity n. - echitate ergonomics n. pl. - ergonomie, studiul condiiilor de munc n vederea realizrii unei adaptri optime a omului la aceasta estimate n. - estimare, evaluare, apreciere, calcul ethical climate n. - climat etic ethical dilemma n. - dilem etic/ moral ethical values n. pl. - valori etice/ morale evaluation n. - evaluare event n. - faz, etap (n desfurarea unui proiect) executing n. - ndeplinirea, executarea unor sarcini individuale sau organizaionale execution phase n. - faz de execuie a unui proiect exercise power v. - a-i exercita puterea/ autoritatea

D
deadlock n. - impas, situaie de criz decentralisation n. - descentralizare decision making process n. - proces decizional decision making unit n. - grup decizional decision matrix/table n. - matrice decizional decision-maker n. - factor decizional, de decizie decision-making meeting n. - edin n vederea adoptrii unor hotrri decision-making n. - luare de decizii decision model n. - model decizional decision tree n. - arbore decizional delegation n. - delegare (de sarcini) delegative leadership n. - (stil de) conducere

59

expectancy theory n. - teoria expectanei expenditure n. - cheltuieli ocazionate de realizarea unui proiect external constraints n. pl. - constrngeri externe (n realizarea unui proiect) extroversion n. - exteriorizare

human resources management n. managementul resurselor umane

I
ideology n. - ideologie impact n. - impact (evaluarea efectelor adverse ale unui posibil risc) impartiality n. - imparialitate, neprtinire in progress adj./adv. - (proiect) aflat n desfurare increment n. - indexare salarial independent action n. - aciune, ntreprindere individual induction period n. - perioad de instructaj industrial espionage n. - spionaj industrial industrial psychology n. - psihologia muncii influencing n. - influenare (de ctre un cadru de conducere) prin comunicare, luare de decizii i motivare in-house project n. - proiect intern realizat de o singur organizaie initiation n. - iniierea n realizarea unui proiect initiative n. - iniiativ, inventivitate, ingeniozitate innovation n. - inovaie, invenie integration n. - integrare (motivare i comunicare) integrity n. - integritate interim management n. - management interimar issue n. - problem care necesit rezolvare urgent

F
fallback plan n. - plan de rezerv fast tracking n. - reducerea timpului alocat realizrii unui proiect feasibility study n. - studiu de fezabilitate final report n. - raport final/post implementare a unui proiect financial management n. - managementul resurselor financiare finishing activity n. - activitate finalizatoare, de finalizare finishing date n. - termen, dat final fixed date n. - dat fix fixed finish n. - dat de finalizare impus fixed start n. - dat de ncepere impus flexibility n. - flexibilitate flexible working (flexitime B.E./flexitime A.E.) n. - program de lucru flexibil, la alegerea angajatului, n anumite limite orare float n. - marj suplimentar de timp afectat unei anumite operaiuni (peste timpul afectat iniial) foreman n. - maistru free float n. - marj suplimentar de timp flexibil (fr s influeneze nceperea urmtoarei activiti) full responsibility n. - responsabilitate deplin functional structure n. - structur funcional (mprirea unei firme n departamente, fiecare ndeplinind o funcie specific)

J
job enlargement n. - lrgirea/diversificarea sferei de sarcini de pe fia postului job enrichment n. - diversificarea sarcinilor unui angajat, incluznd planificarea, organizarea i controlul propriilor sale activiti job rotation n. - transferul unui angajat de la un post specializat la altul

G
goal n. - scop, in, obiectiv golden handcuffs n. pl. - ctue de aur (avantaje finaciare oferite angajailor importani pentru a-i pstra n serviciu) government-supported project n. - obiectiv susinut/finanat de guvern

K
key event n. - etap important (n execuia unui proiect) key performance indicators n. pl. - indicatori de msurare a performanei

H
harassment n. - hruire hierarchical coding structure n. - organigram high-risk option n. - opiune care prezint un nalt grad de risc hold sb accountable for v. - a trage la raspundere pe cineva

L
labour turnover n. - rotaia cadrelor ntr-o firm lack of initiative n. - lips de iniiativ late date n. - dat limit leader n. - conductor, lider

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leadership n. - conducere, abilitatea/ capacitatea de a conduce; cadrele de conducere leadership style n. - stil de conducere life cycle n. - etapele unui proiect/obieciv line management n. - conducere ierarhic clasic, n linie direct line manager n. - conductor ierarhic direct logical relationship n. - legtura/dependena logic (ntre dou activiti de proiect) logistics n. pl. - logistic, organizarea detaliat i implementarea unui plan/ operaii complicate long-term/short-term objectives n. pl. obiective pe termen lung/scurt lose control v. - a (-i) pierde controlul low-level/high-level decision-making n. - luare de decizii la nivel ierarhic inferior/superior loyalty n. - loialitate, devotament fa de firm

M
maintain a pleasant working environment v. a crea/menine un mediu de lucru plcut make the best use of personal resources v. - a folosi la maxim resursele proprii malpractice n. - neglijen profesional manage v. - a conduce, a administra management accounting n. - contabilitate de gestiune management activity n. - activitate managerial management agreement n. - acord de gestiune management appraisal n. - evaluarea eficienei manageriale management audit n. - control de gestiune management buyout n. - cumprarea unei companii (aflat n stare de faliment) de ctre managerii si management by consensus n. - management prin consens management by decision models n. managemnt prin modele decizionale management by exception n. - management prin excepie (delegarea sarcinilor i intervenia conducerii doar n cazuri de extrem necesitate) management by information systems n. management prin sisteme informatice management by objectives (MBO) n. management prin obiective management by performance n. - management prin performan management consultant n. - expert care ofer consultan n domeniul managementului management control n. - management de gestiune management discretion n. - libertatea de a dispune a conducerii management engineering n. - organizarea

conducerii ntreprinderilor management expenses n. pl. - cheltuieli de administraie i de regie management expert n. - specialist n tiina conducerii management in multinationals n. managementul n sfera internaional management information system n. - sistem informatic de management management inventory n. - lista cadrelor de conducere management n. - conducere, administraie, management ; cadrele de conducere management of resources n. - managementul resurselor management operating system n. - sistem de funcionare a conducerii management position specifications n. pl. specificaii ale sarcinilor de serviciu ce revin unui cadru de conducere management techniques n. pl. - tehnici de conducere, manageriale management technology n. - tehnologia conducerii management theorist n. - teoretician n domeniul managementului management theory n. - teorie a managementului manager n. - manager, director, administrator managerial adj. - de conducere, managerial managerial competence n. - competen managerial managerial duties n. - sarcini manageriale, administrative, de conducere managerial skill n. - capacitate, aptitudine de conducere managerial style n. - stil, mod de conducere managing board n. - consiliu de administraie managing staff n. - personal de conducere marketing management n. - managementul n sfera marketing-ului Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs n. piramida nevoilor fiinei umane elaborat de Maslow matrix structure n. - structur matricial maximum effectiveness n. - eficacitate maxim MD/CEO (Managing Director-UK/ Chief Executive Officer-US) n. - director administrativ measure individual performance v. - a evalua performana individual (a unui angajat) meet ones objectives v. - a-i ndeplini obiectivele propuse method n. - metod, procedeu middle management n. - cadre medii de conducere

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mission statement n. - declaraie de intenie, definirea obiectivelor mitigation n. - atenuare (a efectelor/rezultatelor negative) mobilisation n. - mobilizare monitor ones efforts v. - a-i direciona eforturile monitoring n. - monitorizare (nregistrarea, analizarea i raportarea rezultatelor proiectului conform cu planul iniial) morale n. - moral, gradul de motivare i implicare al angajailor motivated behaviour in the workplace n. atitudine/ comportament motivat() la locul de munc motivation n. - motivaie multi-project n. - proiect larg coninnd mai multe sub-proiecte

N
negotiation n. - negociere nepotism n. - nepotism network n. - reprezentarea grafic a unui proiect neutrality n. - neutralitate, neprtinire

O
objective n. - obiectiv, efort predeterminat official strike n. - grev oficial (cu sprijin sindical) on ones own responsibility adv. - pe propria rspundere optimisation n. - optimizare order n. - ordine, disciplin n mediul de lucru organisation and methods n. - organizare i metode (analiza organizrii unei companii, a muncii, a sistemelor utilizate, astfel nct s fie mbuntite i compania s devin mai rentabil) organisation of work n. - organizarea tiinific a muncii organisational climate n. - climat, atmosfer organizaional (creat de stilul de conducere al liderului) organisational innovation n. - inovaie, invenie organizaional organisational structure n. - structur organizaional overcontrolling adj. - autoritar overtime ban n. - tip de grev prin refuzul de a realiza ore suplimentare

P
participative leadership n. - conducere

participativ/ colaborativ pay-for-performance policy n. - politica retribuirii dup rezultate people-centred operations n. pl. - activiti cu i pentru oameni performance appraisal n. - apreciere, evaluare a realizrilor/ performanei performance standard n. - standard de performan perseverance n. - perseveren personnel allocation n. - repartizarea personalului Personnel Management n. - managementul/ conducerea personalului, angajailor dintr-o organizaie planning n. - planificare policy framework n. - cadru strategic, cadru de aciune portfolio manager n . - administrator de portofoliu position of responsibility n. - funcie de rspundere power n. - putere, autoritate power-sharing compromise n. compromis/nelegere n ceea ce privete diviziunea puterii/autoritii pressure group n. - grup de presiune principle (the) of authority n. - principiul nelegerii i exercitrii autoritii principle (the) of balance n. - pricipiul echilibrului dintre secii/departamente principle (the) of continuity n. - principiul continuitii (chiar i n caz de reorganizare) principle (the) of co-ordination n. - principiul coordonrii activitilor (de obicei de la centru) principle (the) of correspondence n. principiul corespondenei/ corelrii dintre autoritate i responsabilitate principle (the) of definition n. - principiul definirii clare a sarcinilor/ responsabilitilor principle (the) of responsibility n. - principiul conform cruia un ef de secie este responsabil pentru aciunile subordonailor si principle (the) of span of control n. - principiul limitrii sferei de autoritate principle (the) of specialisation n. - principiul specializrii (seciilor, angajailor) production manager n. - director de producie professional conduct n. - conduit profesional professional n. - profesionist, expert, specialist professional code of conduct n. - cod de deontologie profesional professionalism n. - profesionalism program director n. - director de program

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project ledger n. - registru al proiectului/ obiectivului project milestones n. pl. - puncte de verificare a parcursului unui proiect project n. - proiect, plan , obiectiv, construcie (n curs) project planning chart n. - diagram de planificaree a proiectului proxy n. - mandatar, mputernicit, delegat, reprezentant psychological pressure n. - tensiune, presiune psihologic Public Relations Manager n. - directorul departamentului de relaii cu publicul

Q
quality control n. - control de calitate quality factor n. - factor de calitate quality guarantee n. - garanie a calitii -

Rrespect n. - respect, stim, consideraie responsibility n. - responsabilitate, sarcin de serviciu restore stability v. - a restabili ordinea retaliation n. - represalii risk prevention n. - prevenirea riscurilor role model n. - model de comportament rotation of directors n. - rotaia cadrelor de conducere

realiste/realizabile show impartiality v. - a fi imparial, a fi neprtinitor skills n. pl. - aptitudini, competene, deprinderi stability of tenure n. - sigurana locului de munc staff appraisal n. - evaluarea muncii/activitii angajailor standard of time n. - durat de timp alocat ndeplinirii unei sarcini strategic planning n. - planificare strategic stick to schedule v. - a respecta programul prestabilit strategic management n. - management strategic subordination of individual interests to the general good of the company n. subordonarea intereselor individuale celor generale ale companiei supervising n. - supraveghere, monitorizare supervision of work n. - supravegherea activitii depuse supervisor n. - supraveghetor, ef de echip SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis n. analiza SWOT (puncte forte i slabe din interiorul organizaiei precum i oportunitile i ameninrile din exterior

T
tactics of management n. pl. - tactici folosite n management team leadership n. - conducere colectiv team spirit n. - spirit de echip teamwork n. - munc n echip Theory X - Teoria X (conform naturii sale, omul are o aversiune nnscut fa de munc); autor D. McGregor Theory Y - Teoria Y (munca este la fel de natural firii omului ca i jocul sau odihna); autor D. McGregor time management n. - gestionarea eficient a timpului tolerance n. - toleran top management n. - conducere superioar, de vrf total employee involvement n. - participarea /implicarea total a angajailor la luarea de decizii total quality management (TQM) n. managementul calitii totale trait theory n. - teoria caracterial transparency and clarity in decisions n. transparen i claritate a deciziilor

S
sales manager n. - director comercial schedule of time n. - planificarea timpului scientific management n. - management tiinific seek new ideas v. - a cuta idei noi selection procedure n. - procedeu de selectare/recrutare a personalului self-awareness n. - contiin de sine self-confidence n. - ncredere n sine self-directed work team n. - munc n echip autodirijat selfless service n. - ordonarea prioritilor (n favoarea intereselor firmei) self-management n. - autogestiune senior management n. - managementul de vrf al unei firme, conducerea executiv senior managerial position n. - funcie/poziie n conducerea de vrf sense of authority n. - simul autoritii set an example v. - a da (un) exemplu set realistic goals v. - a stabili obiective

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U
unbiased adj. - imparial unprofessional conduct n. - conduit neprofesional upper management n. - cadre superioare de conducere

W
well worked-out plan n. - plan bine pus la punct what-if analysis n. - evaluarea folosirii unor strategii alternative whistle blowing n. - denunare wildcat strike n. - grev neoficial (fr sprijin

sindical) work measurement n. - msurare a muncii work sampling n. - eantionare a muncii work-to-rule n. - grev de zel work with commendable commitment v. - a munci/lucra cu un devotament deplin/demn de laud worker director n. - reprezentantul muncitorilor n conducere worker efficiency n. - eficiena muncii unui angajat (raportul dintre timpul standard alocat i cel real folosit pentru ndeplinirea unei sarcini) working efficiency n. - eficiena muncii

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UNIT SIX BUSINESS TRAVEL

I. READING COMPREHENSION
1. Read the following text about how to complain effectively at your hotel: Get Me the Manager - How to Complain Effectively at Your Hotel Get the Results You Want When You Have a Problem Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, WB Yeats, The Second Coming Yeats may not have acquired many frequent travel points, but he obviously knew that "stuff happens" on business trips. Problems often occur on hotel stays: no hot water, no heat or airconditioning, filthy rooms, overcharges or other problems. Successful complaining is a skill that can be acquired. Just follow these easy steps the next time something goes terribly wrong. How to Prevent "Bad Luck" 1. _________________ Inexpensive lodging can often mean slow check-in, hard-to-find staff, dirty rooms, faulty plumbing and just about anything else you want to avoid. When an airplane is delayed, first-class passengers are stuck waiting along with the cheap seat guys in coach. With hotels, more money almost always means better service. And if they do make a mistake, it is easier to get it fixed when you are paying the big bucks. 2. _________________ Or at least the business traveler equivalent -- a top-tier frequent travel program member. You may not be Bill Gates or Cindy Crawford, but you'll be you'll be treated like a VIP if you have elite program status. Hotels really care about loyal business travelers -they are a valuable commodity. Be sure that you have every stay tracked and posted. It means free nights and better perks. 3. _________________ You may change jobs and spouses with abandon, but be true to your chosen hotel in cities where you travel frequently. Get to know the staff. When disaster strikes, the familiar face usually gets the best treatment. Familiarity also means that you will know the best rooms to ask for. Write nice notes to the General Manager when you have received good

65

treatment -- mention staff names. These letters are usually posted behind the front desk -- the place where you will be complaining the next time something goes wrong. 4. __________________ Credit card companies can back you up if you didn't get what you paid for. What to Do When You Have a Problem 5. __________________ Business travelers are often stressed out and tired. Little problems can loom large. Is the problem really worth complaining about, or are you trying to avoid finishing the presentation for tomorrow morning's meeting? 6. __________________ If you have one and the problem can wait, let them deal with it. They book all the business, they have the clout and the time. Write down the pertinent data (or send them an email) and forget about it. Do you really want to waste your precious time? If you are part of a convention, let the convention services manager deal with it. 7. __________________ If you've decided it must be handled now, decide what you want. A new room? A discount? Hotel frequent travel points? What will make you feel properly compensated for the problem at hand. 8. __________________ It's not likely that you will get a free room because someone forgot to put mints on your pillow -- believe me, I know people who have asked. It is fair to ask for a new room if you have been inconvenienced by faulty plumbing, a dirty linen, etc. Most business travelers are less concerned with a discount for poor service -- after all the company is footing the bill, unless it is your company. Many ask for extra frequent travel points for their account. You should too. 9. __________________ If you've decided that the situation must be addressed, go to the front desk immediately. Ask for the Front Desk Manager or the Rooms Exec. The assistant behind the counter may try to solve your problem -- give them a chance. Empowerment is a buzz word in the hotel industry today -- many front line staff people can solve your problem quickly. If they can't , then... 10. _________________ The Rooms Exec (usually second in command at the hotel) can solve many issues. They do most of the day-to-day work at the hotel. Even if you end up dealing with

66

the General Manager, the Rooms Exec will most likely execute the solution, so don't alienate him or her. 11. _________________ You may have every reason in the world to be angry, but keep your cool. Hotel employees have a great deal of discretion in handling problem situations. No one will go the extra mile to help out a raving idiot. Be nice, you'll end up with a better room, and maybe even a fruit basket. If you are a jerk, you will get the "standard" response. And your "jerk status" will be documented in your permanent hotel record -- for everyone to see the next time you have a problem. 12. _________________ Just deal with the basic issue and what you want as compensation. If you mention every little problem that has arisen since you entered the hotel, you'll sound like a whiner. The real problem will get obscured. 13. _________________ Remember, everybody is wired now. Don't say that you are a top-tier program member if you're not (they check). Just be specific and accurate. 14. _________________ If the problem has been resolved to your satisfaction, thank everyone involved and drop a note to the General Manager naming the individuals who helped. This will stand you in good stead the next time something happens (and something always happens). (http://businesstravel.about.com/library/weekly/aa012002a.htm) 2. Fill in the gaps in the text above with the following sub-headings:

a. Know what you want b. Say "thank you"! c. Don't be a jerk d. Be quick e. Don't be greedy f. Let your corporate travel department handle it g. Stay at the best hotel you or your company can afford. h. Is it really worth your time? i. Be concise, don't embellish j. Don't lie k. Be loyal l. Pay with a credit card m. Escalate, escalate, escalate
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n. Be rich and famous

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Read the following text about packing luggage for business trips. For each gap 1-10 write one word against the corresponding number. There is an example at the beginning: 0 requires/entails. Packing Luggage for Business Trips Packing for a business trip 0 different considerations from a packing for a vacation. While the basics of trip packing are the same, the extra thought 1 save unnecessary 2. at your destination. If you can, carry-on. Carry-on luggage 3.. that you are travelling light, with no extra bag hassles. Also, this bit of business travel advice means that you'll 4. less time standing around at airports, and have more time for business - or fun. The climate and culture will influence your clothing decisions. 5.. you travel across the state line or the ocean, the local climate and culture will be different from your own. Find out the 6.. you'll need to know by searching on the Internet, or talking with someone at your destination. 7. a big presentation? Check to see if your destination will have the necessary equipment, otherwise you will need to bring your own. If you can, 8. yourself with that equipment, so there are no mistakes or hassles on presentation day. Remember that your laptop, mobile and PDA will all require to be recharged at some point. Bring all the necessary chargers, as well as adapters, to avoid 9.. stuck without essential information stored on devices that have a flat battery. Stressful business travel experiences can definitely be 10., through sensible thought about what to pack for a business trip. 2. TRAVEL

Word-Formation. Fill in the gaps with the corresponding forms of the word travel: 1. Peter Jackson's latest book 'Africa' is part _______________, part memoir. 2. I love the work but I hate the _______________ that's involved. 3. They're a _______________ couple. 4. This hotel is for serious _______________, rather than tourists on two-week package holidays. 5. Supersonic planes can _______________ faster than the speed of sound.

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6. I heard on the _______________ news that there'd been an accident. 3. Collocations. Match the noun travel with the following words to form meaningful collocations: rail, documents, industry, air, corporate, expenses, first-class, insurance. _______________ travel _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ travel _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

Now fill in the gaps below with the collocations you found above : 1. Citizens of all countries require a valid national passport or valid _______________ and a valid visa granted by an Indian Mission abroad. 2. In its alliance with the rapidly growing GetThere - which says it nearly doubled its _______________ bookings last year, to more than six million - Amtrak will be integrated into the desktop booking environment to "become part of the universe" for business-travel decisions. 3. All other domestic _________________ (those that are not planned annual events) for ministers should be authorized in the official board meeting minutes before ministers leave for travel, if at all possible. 4. The golden age of _________________ is gone. People are trying to find more secure ways of travelling. 5. Ecotourism Society Pakistan (ESP) has finalised a 10-points report on the negative impacts on its _________________ due to September 11 tragedy. 6. It is apparent that people would opt for motor over _______________ for all their needs. 7. A ________________ policy usually offers two coverages: trip cancellation/interruption and emergency medical evacuation. 8. Over the next few years the quality of __________________ on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway was dramatically improved.

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GLOSSARY OF BUSINESS TRAVEL TERMS

A
accommodation n. - cazare, gzduire air hostess n. - nsoitoare de bord air journey n. - cltorie aerian air liner n. - zbor regulat airline office n. - agenia unei companii aeriene air travel n. - cltorie pe calea aerului air turbulence n. - zon de turbulen (aerian) airport code n. - cod (format din trei litere) de identificare al unui aeroport airport hotel n. - hotel n apropierea unui aeroport airport terminal n. - terminal de aeroport allocate a room v. - a aloca o camer all-suite hotel n. - hotel cu camere-apartament amend a reservation v. - a modifica o rezervare amenities n. pl. - faciliti/servicii suplimentare/extra oferite de firmele de turism APEX (Advance Purchase Excursion) Fare n. - sistem de reducere a preului unui bilet de avion (dac acesta este cumprat cu mult timp n avans) area code n. - cod potal arrival n. - sosire arrival airport n. - aeroport de destinaie arrival point n. - punct de sosire ask for directions v. - a cere informaii (pentru a ajunge la o destinaie) baggage check n. - recipis/chitan pentru bagaje baggage rack n. - plas/suport de bagaje baggage reclaim n. - recuperarea bagajelor de ctre cltori baggage tag n. - etichet (cu datele personale ale cltorului) ataat de bagaj booking n. - rezervare booking procedures n. pl. - proceduri de rezervare (a unui bilet, camere, etc.) border n. - frontier break a journey v. - a face o escal/ntrerupere budget hotel n. - hotel ieftin bump v. - a anula rezervarea unui cltor din cauza rezervrii n exces a locurilor dintr-o curs aerian bus pass n. - abonament de autobus business class n. - clasa business (n transportul aerian)/clasa I-a business hotel n. - hotel pentru oamenii de afaceri

C
cancel a reservation v. - a anula o rezervare capacity controlled n. - limitarea ofertei numrului de locuri ntr-un avion, camere ntr-un hotel, etc. car class n. - clas (la maini de lux, speciale, mari, etc.) car hire agent n. - agent care lucreaz la o firm de nchiriat maini car- hire company n. - firm de nchiriat maini car park n. - parcare auto car rental agreement n. - contract de nchiriere a unei maini car-hire office n. - birou de nchiriat maini carrier n. - transportator (de pasageri sau mrfuri) carry-on (bag) n. - bagaj de mn permis n avion cash a cheque v. - a ncasa un cec catering services/facilities n. pl. - servicii de catering/servire CDW (collision damage waiver) n. - plata asigurrii (cu ziua) - n caz de accidente, pentru o main nchiriat chambermaid n. - camerist change a booking v. - a schimba o rezervare charter n. - mijloc de transport nchiriat n scopuri comerciale sau turistice checked baggage n. - bagaj de cal check in (at a hotel) n. - cazare, nregistrare (la un hotel) check in (at a hotel) v. - a se caza, nregistra (la un hotel)

B
base fare/rate n. - preul de baz/referin (fr adaos/impozitare) al unui serviciu be away on business v. - a fi plecat n interes de serviciu/cu afaceri bell boy n. - biat de serviciu (la hotel) blackout period n. - perioad de vrf cnd anumite reduceri nu sunt n vigoare boarding pass n. - talon/carte de mbarcare book v. - a rezerva, a face o rezervare

70

check in (at an airport) v. - a se supune procedurilor de control/verificare la intrarea ntr-un aeroport check out (at a hotel) v. - a preda/elibera camera de hotel check out (at an airport) v. - a se supune procedurilor de control/verificare la ieirea dintr-un aeroport check-in (at an airport) n. - control/verificare (la intrarea ntr-un aeroport) check-in-time (at an airport) n. - ora prezentrii pasagerilor la aeroport pentru efectuarea cltoriei check-out (at a hotel) n. - predarea camerei de hotel check-out (at the airport) n. - control/verificare (la ieirea din aeroport) city pair n. - aeroporturile de plecare i destinaie (e.g. Bucureti-Londra) class of vehicle n. - categoria autovehicolului commission n. - comision pltit de agentul de turism firmei care deine serviciile conventions hotel n. - hotel unde se organizeaz evenimente mondene comp room n. - camer acordat pe gratis (n cazul ocuprii mai multor camere de un grup) companion fare n. - pre promoional/ reducerea preului biletului de avion pentru persoana nsoitoare conference facilities n. pl. - faciliti care permit organizarea de conferine conference room n. - sal de conferine confidential tariff n. - preul engros (cunoscut doar de engrositii sau agenii de cltorie) confirm a reservation v. - a confirma o rezervare connecting flight n. - cltorie cu avionul cu schimbare connecting point n. - aeroport unde se schimb avionul connection n. - mijloc de transport de legtur corporate insurance policy n. - politica de ncheiere de contracte de asigurari a companiei corporate rate n. - reducere (cu 10%) a preului biletului de cltorie pentru oamenii de afaceri coupon n. - talon (parte a biletului de avion care se pred la punctul de control/verificare) credit card n. - carte de credit CRS (Computerised Reservation System) n. sistem computerizat de efectuare a rezervrilor

denied boarding compensation n. compensaie (sub form de bani, cltorie pe calea aerului gratuit sau o camer de hotel gratuit) acordat ca despgubire unui client cruia nu i s-a acordat rezervarea fcut departure lounge n. - sal de ateptare - plecri departure n. - plecare departure airport n. - aeroport de plecare departure point n. - punct de plecare Destination Marketing Organisation n. - firm de promovare a turismului ntr-o anumit zon destination n. - destinaie direct flight n. - curs aerian direct direct train route n. - tren direct directory enquiries n. - serviciul de informaii (telefonice) discount fares n. - preuri promoionale, pre redus pentru biletele de cltorie domestic travel n. - sistem de cltorii intern/naional double room n. - camer de hotel pentru dou persoane; cu un pat dublu driving licence n. - carnet de conducere

E
economy class n. - clasa economic (n transportul aerian)/clasa a II-a economy hotel n. - hotel ieftin emergency breakdown number n. - telefon de urgen (n caz de defectare a mainii) emergency funds n. pl. - fonduri de urgen emergency health care n. - servicii medicale de urgen emergency help-line n. - linie telefonic pentru urgene emergency landing n. - aterizare forat end date n. - data sosirii din cltorie escort n. - nsoitor, escort a unui grup de turiti escorted service n. - servicii turistice cu nsoitor excess baggage/luggage n. - bagaje n exces (peste limita de greutate admis n transportul aerian) executive suite n. - apartament de hotel pentru membrii consiliului executiv (al unei firme) extended stay n. - edere de mai mult de apte zile la un hotel

F
facilities n. pl. - faciliti, utiliti familiarisation trip n. - excursie de familiarizare (a jurnalitilor, angajailor ageniilor de turism, etc.) organizat cu scopul promovrii serviciilor turistice fast train n. - tren rapid 71

first class restaurant n. - restaurant clasa I first/second class n. - clasa nti/a doua flat rate n. - preul unei camere de hotel special negociat de un grup de clieni flight attendant n. - nsoitor de bord flight ticket n. - bilet de avion flight time n. - ora decolrii folio n. - evidena scris sau electronic a tranzaciilor financiare efectuate de client pe parcursul ederii ntr-un hotel foreign/local currency n. - valut baggage allowance n. - bagaje admise gratuit la transport free-based pricing n. - comisioane acordate de firme companiilor de turism full/half board n. - pensiune complet/incomplet

itinerary n. - itinerariu

J
joint fare n. - pre special pentru o cltorie care presupune schimbarea mai multor avioane pn la destinaie journey n. - cltorie, voiaj (mai ales pe uscat), drum, traseu junction n. - intersecie

L
label a baggage v. - a ataa eticheta cu datele cltorului pe bagaj land v. - a ateriza landing n. - aterizare last-room availability n. - sistem de rezervare electronic cu situaia curent a rezervrilor ntr-un hotel left-luggage office/ baggage check n. - oficiu de depozitare a bagajelor local call n. - apel local local currency n. - moned naional local financial services n. pl. - servicii financiare locale long distance call n. - apel internaional lose ones way v. - a se rtci lowest fare guarantee n. - promisiunea ageniei de a aplica cele mai mici preuri la confirmarea rezervrii loyalty scheme n. - reducere de pre (datorit loialitii fa de firm) luggage rack n. - suport pentru bagaje luxury hotel n. - hotel de lux

G
garment bag n. - port haine, hus pentru haine gate n. - loc de mbarcare/debarcare ntr-un aeroport gratuity n. - baci, recompens, atenie ground transportation n. - transport terestru guaranteed reservation n. - rezervare garantat (clientul garanteaz achitarea costului camerei chiar dac nu o va ocupa) guide n. - ghid

H
hand luggage n. - bagaj de mn have a reservation n. - a avea o rezervare headwaiter n. - chelner ef health certificate n. - certificat de sntate health insurance n. - asigurare medical highway n. - autostrad hospitality room n. - camer de hotel unde se organizeaz recepii hotel dining-room n. - sala de mese a unui hotel hotel laundry n. - spltoria hotelului hotel package n. - servicii complexe (transport, cazare, mas, faciliti sportive, etc.) oferite de un hotel/pachet de servicii hotel receptionist n. - recepioner/ hub n. - aeroport central

M
management report n. - raport ntocmit de ageniile acreditate cu indicaii privind cltoria cu avionul, cazarea la hotel sau nchirierea unei maini maximum weight n. - greutatea maxim admis meet and greet n. - servicii de ntmpinare i asistare a clienilor la sosirea ntr-un ora meeting fare n. - reducere de pre la biletul de avion pentru cltorii care urmeaz s participe la acelai eveniment/aceeai ntlnire meeting rate n. - pre negociat oferit de un hotel participanilor la o ntlnire de afaceri, conferin, etc. midscale hotel n. - hotel de nivel mediu mileage allowance n. - numrul de kilometri parcuri de o main nchiriat, peste kilometrajul admis mileage charge n. - tax perceput pe fiecare kilometru cu care s-a depit limita admis la nchirierea mainii mileage n. - distan n mile, kilometraj

I
inadequate transportation documents n. pl. acte/documente de cltorie necorespunztoare incentive tour n. - excursie de recompensare a agenilor de turism international call n. - apel internaional international flight n. - curs extern international hotel chain n. - lan internaional de hoteluri international hotel n. - hotel internaional

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minibar n. - minibar (n camera de hotel a clientului) motor hotel n. - motel

N
name-labelled baggage n. - bagaj etichetat cu numele cltorului net fare/rate n. - pre net (al unui bilet sau serviciu, fr comisionul agentului i fr impozite) no show n. - cltor sau client care nu reuete s anuleze o rezervare nefolosit

O
open ticket n. - bilet fr loc, nerezervat overbooking n. - confirmarea mai multor locuri sau camere rezervate peste capacitatea real (de teama clienilor ce pot s nu se prezinte no show) overcharge v. - a ncasa un suprapre overhead compartment n. - compartiment pentru bagajele de mn (aflat deasupra locurilor ntr-un avion) override n. - comision suplimentar acordat drept bonus agenilor de cltorii

rental car n. - main de nchiriat rental charge n. - tax de nchiriere (a unei maini) resort hotel n. - hotel ntr-o staiune retailer n. - agenie de turism care ofer servicii en-detail reverse charge call n. - apel telefonic cu tax invers right/left hand lane n. - banda nti/a doua (a unei autostrzi) room tax n. - impozit guvernamental sau local impus pe preul unei camere de hotel round/return trip n. - cltorie dus-ntors roundabout n. - sens giratoriu

S
scheduled flight n. - curs regulat security check n. - serviciul de securizare a unui aeroport, controlul de securitate segment n. - bucat de drum/traseu parcurs shuttle service (to the airport) n. - curs regulat de autobuz sau tren (la aeroport) sight-seeing trip n. - excursie de agrement, de vizitare a mprejurimilor sign n. - indicator single trip n. - cltorie (numai) dus slip road n. - osea de intrare pe autostrad slow train n. - tren personal smoker/non-smoker n. - (clasa) fumtori/nefumtori soft-dollar savings n. pl. - economii realizate n timpul unei cltorii (datorit reducerilor) split ticketing n. - eliberarea a dou bilete dus n loc de un bilet dus-ntors, n dorina de a economisi standby n. - categorie da cltori care dein bilete de avion dar fr loc rezervat star hotel n. - hotel cotat cu un anumit nr. de stele (de trei, patru, cinci stele) start date n. - data plecrii n cltorie stopover n. - ntrerupere a cltoriei stowage n. - camera de bagaje (ntr-un avion) surcharge n. - adaos (hotrt de vnztor sau guvern) la preul oficial/publicat

P
package n. - bilet cu servicii incluse (vndute la un singur pre) package tour n. - excursie care ofer o multitudine de servicii prestabilite i prepltite packager n. - organizatorul unei excursii cu servicii complexe, deobicei la mai multe destinaii passenger cabin n. - cabina de pasageri passport n. - paaport passport number n. - numr de paaport per diem/daily allowance n. - diurn personal property insurance n. - asigurare pentru bunurile personale porter n. - hamal prepaid ticket n. - bilet achiziionat pentru un client aflat n alt localitate/ar private hotel n. - hotel privat profile n. - baza de date ntocmit de un agent despre un client

T
take off v. - a decola take-off n. - decolare taxi/train fare n. - costul unei cltorii cu taxiul, trenul, etc. ticket provider/supplier n. - furnizor de bilete de cltorie transfer n. - escal/schimbare travel abroad n. - cltorie n strintate

R
rack rate n. - preuri de bilete sau cazare oficiale/publicate rail terminal n. - terminal feroviar rate desk n. - departament care calculeaz preul de bilet al unor itinerarii complicate reception n. - recepie receptionist n. - recepioner reconfirmation n. - reconfirmarea rezervrii

73

Travel Advisory n. - list cu precauiile i avertismentele privind o anumit ar de destinaie travel agency n. - agenie de voiaj travel agent n. - agent/angajat al unei agenii de turism travel arrangements n. pl. - demersuri fcute pentru pregtirea unei deplasri travel authorisation n. - ordin de deplasare, delegaie travel costs n. - cheltuieli de cltorie travel insurance n. - asigurare de cltorie travel light v. - a cltori fr bagaje, cu bagaje puine travel n. - cltorie, voiaj travel on business v. - a cltori n interes de serviciu, cu afaceri travel quote n. - oferta/lista de preuri (a unei agenii de voiaj) travel restrictions n. pl. - restricii de cltorie travel route n. - traseu, itinerariu travellers cheque n. - cec de cltorie trip n. - cltorie, excursie, voiaj trolley n. - crucior pentru bagaje

U
unclaimed luggage n. - bagaj nerevendicat de cltor unlimited mileage n. - dreptul de a conduce o main nchiriat un numr nelimitat de kilometri fr a plti taxe suplimentare upscale hotel n. - hotel scump/de lux

V
validity of ticket n. - perioada de valabilitate a unui billet valise n. - valiz mic venue n. - sediu, loc de desfurare a unui eveniment visa n. - viz

W
waitlist n. - list de ateptare (pentru eliberarea unui loc la un zbor) weight limit n. - limit de greutate wholesaler n. - firm de turism care ofer ageniilor servicii spre vnzare window of convenience n. - dou ore marja de timp ideal naintea oricrei plecri sau so

74

UNIT SEVEN BUSINESS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

I. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Read the following text about types of environment pollution: Types of Environment Pollution 1. _________________ occurs when industries and vehicles release such large amounts of gas and particulates into the air that natural processes can no longer keep the atmosphere in balance. There are two chief types of air pollution: (1) outdoor and (2) indoor. 2. _________________. Each year, hundreds of millions of tons of gases and particulates pour into the atmosphere. Most of this pollution results from the burning of fuel to power motor vehicles and heat buildings. Some air pollution also comes from business and industrial processes. For example, many dry cleaning plants remove dirt from clothing with a chemical called perchloroethylene, a hazardous air pollutant. The burning of garbage may discharge smoke and heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, into the atmosphere. Most heavy metals are highly poisonous. One of the most common types of outdoor air pollution is smog. Smog is a brown, hazy mixture of gases and particulates. It develops when certain gases released by the combustion of gasoline and other petroleum products react with sunlight in the atmosphere. This reaction creates hundreds of harmful chemicals that make up smog. One of the chemicals in smog is a toxic form of oxygen called ozone. Exposure to high concentrations of ozone causes headaches, burning eyes, and irritation of the respiratory tract in many individuals. In some cases, ozone in the lower atmosphere can cause death. Ozone can also damage plant life and even kill trees. Acid rain is a term for rain and other precipitation that is polluted mainly by sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These acids form when gases called sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water vapor in the air. These gases come chiefly from the burning of coal, gas, and oil by cars, factories, and power plants. The acids in acid rain move through the air and water and harm the environment over large areas. Acid rain has killed entire fish populations in a number of lakes. It also damages buildings, bridges, and statues. Scientists believe high concentrations of acid rain can harm forests and soil. Regions affected by acid rain include large parts of eastern North America, Scandinavia, and central Europe.

75

Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) are pollutants that destroy the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. CFC's are used in refrigerators and air conditioners and to make plastic foam insulation. Ozone, the same gas that is a harmful pollutant in smog, forms a protective layer in the upper atmosphere. It shields the earth's surface from more than 95 percent of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. As CFC's thin the ozone layer, more ultraviolet radiation reaches the surface of the earth. Overexposure to such radiation damages plants and greatly increases people's risk of skin cancer. The greenhouse effect is the warming that results when the earth's atmosphere traps the sun's heat. It is created by carbon dioxide, methane, and other atmospheric gases, which allow sunlight to reach the earth but prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere. These heat-trapping gases are often called greenhouse gases. Fuel burning and other human activities are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many scientists believe such an increase is intensifying the greenhouse effect and raising temperatures worldwide. This increase in temperature, called global warming, may cause many problems. A strong greenhouse effect could melt glaciers and polar icecaps, flooding coastal areas. It could also shift rainfall patterns, creating more droughts and severe tropical storms. 3. ___________________ occurs when buildings with poorly designed ventilation systems trap pollutants inside. The main types of indoor pollutants are tobacco smoke, gases from stoves and furnaces, household chemicals, small fiber particles, and hazardous fumes given off by building materials, including insulation, glue, and paint. In some office buildings, high amounts of these substances cause headaches, eye irritation, and other health problems in workers. Such health problems are sometimes called sick building syndrome. Radon, a radioactive gas given off through the decay of uranium in rocks within the earth, is another harmful indoor pollutant. It can cause lung cancer if inhaled in large quantities. People can be exposed to radon when the gas leaks into basements of homes built over radioactive soil or rock. Energy-efficient buildings, which keep in heated or cooled air, can trap radon indoors and lead to high concentrations of the gas. 4. ___________________ happens when we put so much waste into a water system that the processes nature usually uses to clean itself are overwhelmed. Our pollutants affect these systems in may ways. Waste's such as industrial acids, oil and farm pesticides, poisons aquatic plants and animals. Other waste, such as phosphate detergents, chemical fertilizers, and animal manure, do the opposite by supplying to many nutrients for aquatic life. The process begins when large amounts of nutrients flow into a water system. These

76

nutrients stimulate excessive growth of algae. As more algae grow, more also die. Bacteria in the water use up large amounts of oxygen consuming the excess dead algae. The oxygen level of the water then drops, causing many aquatic plants and animals to die. Water pollution comes from businesses, farms, homes, industries, and other sources. It includes sewage, industrial chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and livestock wastes. Another form of water pollution is the clean but heated water discharged by power plants into waterways. This heated water, called thermal pollution, harms fish and aquatic plants by reducing the amount of oxygen in the water. Chemical and oil spills can also cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish, and other wildlife. Some water pollution occurs when there is improper separation of sewer wastewater from clean drinking water. In parts of the world that lack modern sewage treatment plants, water carrying human waste can flow into drinking water supplies. Disease-carrying bacteria in the waste can then contaminate the drinking water and cause such illnesses as cholera and dysentery. In areas with good sanitation, most human waste flows through underground pipes to special treatment plants that kill the harmful bacteria and remove the solid waste. 5. ___________________ happens when we destroy the thin layer of healthy and productive soil, which covers the earth's surface. Most of the world's food is produced using this resource and if we don't protect it the worlds farmers will be unable to grow enough food to support the worlds people. Healthy soil depends on bacteria, fungi, and small animals (such as worms) to break down wastes in the soil and release its nutrients which help plants grow. The over use of fertilizers and pesticides can limit the ability of soil organisms to process wastes, which in turn makes the soil less productive or in the worst case scenario useless or even poisonous. There are many other human activities which can damage soil. The irrigation of soil in dry areas with poor drainage can leave fields flooded. When this standing water evaporates, it leaves salt deposits behind, making the soil too salty for growing crops. Mining operations can leave soil polluted with toxic heavy metals. Many scientists believe acid rain can also reduce soil fertility. 6. __________________ or rubbish to you and me, is the most visible form of pollution. Every year, people dispose of billions of tons of solid waste. Waste from business and industry account for the majority this. The solid waste that we produce in our homes, schools, offices, and shops is called municipal solid waste. It includes paper, plastic, bottles and cans and our left over food. Other waste consists of scrap metal, leftover materials from agricultural processes, and mining wastes known as spoil.

77

In Ireland we are currently wondering what to with all this waste that we produce this is a big problem because most disposal methods damage the environment. 7. ____________________ ruin the natural beauty of the land and provide a home for rats and other disease-carrying animals. Both open dumps and landfills (areas of buried wastes) may contain toxins that seep into ground water or flow into streams and lakes. The uncontrolled burning of solid waste creates smoke and other air pollution. Burning waste in incinerators releases toxic chemicals, ash, and harmful metals into the air. Also, who wants to live beside any of these? Not you, well me neither. So where do we put them? 8. ___________________ is composed of discarded substances that can threaten human health and the environment. A waste is hazardous if it corrodes (wears away) other materials; explodes; ignites easily; reacts strongly with water; or is poisonous. Sources of hazardous waste include industries, hospitals, and laboratories. Such waste can cause immediate injury when people breathe, swallow, or touch it. When buried in the ground or left in open dumps, some hazardous waste can pollute ground water and contaminate food crops. Some hazardous waste can seriously harm the health of people, wildlife, and plants. These pollutants include radiation, pesticides, and heavy metals. 9. ___________________ is an invisible pollutant, which can travel far away from its source, contaminating any part of the environment. Most radiation comes from natural sources, such as minerals and the sun's rays. Scientists can also produce radioactive elements in their laboratories. Exposure to large amounts of radiation can harm cells and result in cancer. Radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactors and weapons factories poses a serious environmental risk. Some of this waste will remain radioactive for thousands of years. For this reason the storage of radioactive waste is unsafe, difficult and very expensive. 10. __________________ can also travel great distances through the environment. When used on crops or even in your own garden, they can be blown by the wind to other areas. They can also make there way into rain water and then into streams and rivers. They can also reach our rivers streams and lakes by seeping through the soil into ground water. Some pesticides can remain in the environment for many years and pass from one organism to another. For example, when pesticides are present in a stream, small fish and other organisms can absorb them. Larger fish that eat these contaminated organisms build up even larger amounts of pesticides in their flesh and will eventually pass them on to us through the food chain. 11. __________________ such as mercury and lead come from Mining operations, solid waste incinerators, industrial processes, and motor vehicles. In the same way as radiation and pesticides, they stay around long after we produce them and can spread through our environment. They also

78

leave a residue in the bones and other tissues of animals. In human beings, heavy metals can damage various internal organs, bones, and the nervous system. Many can also cause cancer. 12. __________________comes from such sources as cars, aeroplanes, construction sites, industrial equipment and your noisy neighbours. Noise does not dirty the air, water, or land, but it can cause stress (sleepless nights and general irritation) and hearing loss in human beings and other animals. (http://www.iol.ie/~foeeire/typesofpollotion.html) 2. Now fill in the gaps with the following sub-headings:

a) Solid waste b) Radiation c) Air pollution d) Open dumps e) Outdoor air pollution f) Noise pollution
II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Choose the best word from below to fill each gap: Environmental Subsidies for Business and Industry

g) Water pollution h) Heavy metals i) Pesticides j) Indoor air pollution k) Hazardous waste l) Soil pollution

Offering subsidies to business and industry can be a ______________ 1. policy measure, prompting objections on the _______________ 2. of unfair competition, distortions to international trade and inefficiency. In addition, in the environmental arena, pressures on government and industry have increased with the introduction of the polluter pays principle (PPP)the assertion that polluting companies ________________ 3. bear the cost of measures to reduce pollution has meant that the legitimacy of environmental subsidies has been questioned. Nevertheless, environment ministers from OECD countries have accepted that various forms of economic ________________ 4. must be used in working towards environmental policy goals. In _______________ 5., most European countries have made exceptions to the PPP, and a range of incentive schemes now supports the transition to environmental sustainability. Independent research into environmental finance _______________ 6. that using these incentives as policy instruments is perfectly compatible with market competitiveness. On the _______________ 7. of econometric analysis, it has been argued that supporting environmental R&D, technological innovation and diffusion _______________ 8. firms with very appropriate

79

means to avoid damaging the environment, and that it ultimately has a positive effect on economic growth. OECD research has also supported the view that financially assisting the transfer to cleaner technologies is _______________ 9. justifiable if the costs are offset by cumulative environmental and social gains (OECD, 1994). Of the environmental finance offered directly to industry in Europe, the themes range from general environmental protection and investment to specific research and development________________ 10. These incentives typically support cleaner technology, environmental auditing, implementing environmental management systems, skills training, ________________ 11. transport and sector specific development. For technology alone, a comparative survey published in 1997 identified 34 incentives operational in the EU member states (Clement, 1997). Broader aims of environmental _________________ 12. include raising awareness of global issues surrounding sustainable development and encouraging companies to develop strategic responses through sustainable business planning. This could ________________ 13. improvements in operating costs, resource efficiency and the management or recycling of waste, and perhaps even identify business opportunities emerging from forthcoming environmental legislation. Three main forms of environmental incentive are utilized by European governments. These comprise grants, soft loans (offered at belowmarket rates of interest or with repayment holidays) and tax concessions through accelerated depreciation allowances. Grants tend to dominate, particularly amongst environmental technology schemes, ________________ 14. for 60% of the assistance available; soft loans comprise 30% of the total and special depreciation allowances account for the remaining 10%. Reflecting the specialist needs of SMEs, environmental incentives sometimes contain an SME clause, i.e. a statement that small and medium-sized firms are to be given _________________ 15., higher rates of award or exclusive access. This can be linked to location, for example with all firms being eligible in enterprise zones, but only SMEs outside these zones. (http://www.environmental-center.com/magazine/wiley/0961-0405/3.pdf) 1. a) suspect 2. a) motivations 3. a) must 4. a) instruments 5. a) case 6. a) rejoinders b) litigious b) grounds b) may b) apparata b) fact b) maintains c) controversial c) reasons c) should c) devices c) advance c) retorts d) contentious d) excuses d) could d) machinery d) practice d) reacts

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7. a) base 8. a) awards 9. a) cost-effectively 10. a) applications 11. a) manageable 12. a) incentives 13. a) assimilate 14. a) explaining 15. a) mention

b) basis b) grants b) economically b) appliances b) admissible b) motivations b) comprehend b) accounting b) preference

c) basics c) allocates c) efficiently c) articles c) allowable c) perquisites c) encompass c) making c) note

d) based d) provides d) savingly d) trappings d) sustainable d) stimulants d) incorporate d) sending d) prominence

2. Match the following words and expressions with their corresponding definitions: 1. Acid rain a) warming of the Earths surface as a result of atmospheric pollution by gases. It is now feared that the warming effects are being undesirably increased, causing climate changes and melting polar icecaps. 2. Species extinction 3. Greenhouse effect b) rain that contains dilute acid derived from burning fossil fuels and that is potentially harmful to the environment. c) damaging of the layer of the upper atmosphere, where most atmospheric ozone collects, absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. 4. Global warming 5. Pollution 6. Depletion of the ozone layer d) the death or ceasing to exist of all members of a species or family of organisms. e) an increase in the worlds temperatures, believed to be caused in part by the greenhouse effect and depletion of the ozone layer. f) the act of polluting something, especially the natural environment; the state or condition of being polluted, or the presence of pollutants 3. Word Formation. Fill in the gaps below with the appropriate forms of the words environment and pollution: 1. The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental _________________.

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2. Sulphur dioxide is one of several _________________.that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations. 3. The fertilizers and pesticides used on many farms are _________________.the water supply. 4. Certain chemicals have been banned because of their damaging effect on the _________________.. 5. His message was widely publicized in the popular media and championed by political commentators traditionally opposed to _________________.policies. 6. Claims made by environmentalists about global warming, overpopulation, energy, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, and a variety of other issues are exaggerations unsupported by a proper analysis of _________________.data. 7. MIT joins a number of local institutions that have decided to design their new developments in an _________________.-friendly way. 4. Waste. Collocations A. Match the following words with the noun waste to form suitable collocations: organic, household, minimisation, generation, collection, oil, packaging, dumping, stream, hazardous, toxic, disposal: _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste B. waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________ waste _________________

Now match the collocations you found above with their corresponding definitions:

1. ____________________ Solid waste composed of garbage and rubbish, which normally originates from houses. 2. ____________________ A term applied to those wastes that because of their chemical reactivity, toxic, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or other characteristics, cause danger, or are likely to cause danger, to health or the environment. 3. ____________________ The collection, sorting, transport and treatment of waste as well as its storage and tipping above or under ground.

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4. ____________________ Refuse posing a significant hazard to the environment or to human health when improperly handled; includes carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or phytotoxic wastes, or wastes harmful to aquatic species, or poisonous wastes. 5. ____________________ Measures and/or techniques that reduce the amount of wastes generated during any domestic, commercial and industrial process. 6. ____________________ The periodic or on-demand removal of solid waste from primary source locations using a collection vehicle and followed by the depositing of this waste at some central facility or disposal site. 7. ____________________ Oil arising as a waste product of the use of oils in a wide range of industrial and commercial activities, such as engineering, power generation and vehicle maintenance and should be properly disposed of, or treated in order to be reused. 8. ____________________ The disposal of solid wastes without environmental controls. 9. ____________________ The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions and manufacturing plants that is recycled, burned, or disposed of in landfills, or segments thereof such as the 'residential waste stream' or the 'recyclable waste stream.' 10. ___________________ Waste comprised of materials, or items, used to protect, contain or transport a commodity or product and usually considered a type of consumer waste. 11. ___________________ The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the waste stream before recycling, composting, landfilling or combustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources. 12. ___________________ Waste containing carbon compounds.

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GLOSSARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS

A
absorption n. - absorbie acid rain n. - ploaie acid acidification n. - acidifiere active ingredient n. - principiu/ingredient activ adsorption n. - adsorbie, acumulare de substan la suprafaa solului advanced wastewater treatment n. - epurare avansat a apei reziduale aeolian energy n. - energie eolian aerosol n. - aerosol agricultural structure n. - structur agricol agri-environmental indicator n. - indicator agro-ecologic alien /exotic species n. pl. - specii exotice alternative energy n. - energie alternativ / neconvenional ambient air n. - aer ambiant aquaculture n. - acvacultur aquifer n. - acvifer arable land n. - teren arabil atmospheric emission inventory guidebook n. - ndrumtorul inventarului emisiunilor atmosferice avoid a disaster v. - a evita o catastrof biomass n. - biomas black smoke n. - fum negru booms n. pl. - plas plutitoare de protecie bottle bank n. - container de colectare a sticlei (care urmeaz s fie reciclat) breeding bird n. - psri clocitoare buffer zone n. - zon tampon bulky waste n. - deeuri grosiere burden sharing n. - repartizarea sarcinilor financiare

C
CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) n. politic agricol comun CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) n. mecanism de dezvoltare curat CFC (ChloroFluoroCarbon) n. clorofluorcarbon chemicals n. pl. - produse chimice clean up v. - a cura, a depolua climatic / climate change n. - schimbri climatice coastal waters n. pl. - ape litorale cogeneration / combined heat and power generation n. - producie combinat cldurenergie common agricultural policy n. - politic agricol comun company environmental policy n. - politica ecologic a firmei composting n. - compostare confine an oil spill v. - a opri extinderea unei pete de ulei conservation n. - conservarea resurselor naturale conservationist n. - ecologist, adept al protejrii naturii conserve energy v. - a conserva energia contaminated land / site n. - loc/teren contaminat continental shelf n. - platform continental conurbation n. - aglomeraie urban crop rotation n. - asolament, rotaia culturilor

B
background level n. - ncrcare natural de baz background noise n. - zgomot de fond bagged waste n. - deeuri depozitate n saci balance n. - echilibru ban n. - interdicie ban v. - a interzice BAT (best available techniques) n. - tehnici optime disponibile bathing water n. - ap de baie bedrock n. - roc de subsol biochemical oxygen demand n. - cerere de oxigen biochimic biodegradable adj. - biodegradabil biodiesel n. - biodiesel bioenergy n. - bioenergie biofuel n. - biocombustibil, combustibil biologic, biocarburant biogas n. - biogaz biological diversity / biodiversity n. diversitate biologic, biodiversitate biological wastewater treatment n. - epurare biologic a apelor reziduale

D
deforestation n. - despdurire depressed area n. - zon defavorizat desertification n. - deertificare, degradarea solului

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diesel fuel n. - combustibil Diesel, motorin diffuse pollution n. - poluare difuz discharge v. - a descrca, a deversa disposal of waste n. - eliminarea/evacuarea deeurilor disposal plant n. - loc de depozitare unde are loc o procesare a deeurilor disposal site / landfill n. - groap de gunoi (cu resturi menajere); (n sens ecologic) groap ecologic district heating n. - termoficare (a cartierelor, n orae) domestic / household waste n. - deeuri menajere domestic tourism n. - turism intern drainage area / basin n. - bazin hidrografic drinking water n. - ap potabil drop chemical dispersants v. - a folosi dispersani dump n. - deversare, descrcare (de deeuri) dump v. - a deversa, a descrca (deeuri)

environmental taxes n. pl. - impozit ecologic environmentalist n. - adept al proteciei mediului nconjurtor environmentally friendly adj. - ecologic, care respect mediul nconjurtor EPE (Environmental Programme for Europe) n. - Programul Ecologic pentru Europa ex-situ conservation n. - conservare ex-situ exhaust n. - gaze de eapament extensive farming n. - agricultur extensiv extinct species n. pl. - specii pe cale de dispariie

F
fertiliser n. - ngrmnt fine n. - amend fish farm n. - cresctorie de pete, piscicultur fish stock n. - populaie de pete, inventar de pete viu fossil fuel n. - combustibil fosil freshwater n. - ap dulce fuel n. - combustibil fumes n. pl. - emanaii toxice, fum, vapori

E
eco-development n. - dezvoltare ecologic eco-friendly adj. - ecologic ( despre produs) ecological advertising n. - publicitate ecologic ecologist n. - ecologist eco-product n. - produs ecologic eco-system n. - eco-sistem eco-tax n. - impozit ecologic ecotourism n. - ecoturism, turism ecologic effluent n. - gaz sau lichid poluant EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) n. evaluarea compatibilitii ecologice electrical and electronic waste n. - deeuri electrice i electronice EPE (environmental programme for Europe) n. - Programul Ecologic pentru Europa electricity / power generation n. - producie de energie emission n. - emisiune (de gaze) endangered species n. pl. - specii pe cale de dispariie / periclitate endemic species n. pl. - specii endemice, caracteristice unei anumite zone geografice environmental adj. - referitor la mediu, ecologic environmental impact assessment n. - studiu referitor la impactul asupra mediului nconjurtor environmental protection agency n. - agenia de protecie a mediului nconjurtor environmental protection n. - protecia mediului nconjurtor environmental risk n. - risc ecologic

G
gas n. - gaz genetic flow n. - flux genetic global warming n. - nclzirea planetei GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) n. organism modificat genetic green lobbying n. - grup de presiune ecologist, lobby ecologist /verde green product n. - produs ecologic greenhouse effect n. - efect de ser greenhouse gas n. - gaz de ser greens n. pl. - ecologiti groundwater n. - ap freatic

H
halocarbon / halogenated hydrocarbon n. hidrocarbon halogenat harmful adj. - nociv, duntor, toxic hazard n. - pericol, ameninare, dezastru hazardous adj. - periculos hazardous waste n. - deeuri periculoase health hazard n. - pericol pentru sntate heavily modified water body n. - mas de ap puternic modificat herbicide n. - ierbicid HFC (HydroFluoro-Carbon) n. hidrofluorocarbon

I
85

incinerator / incineration plant n. - incinerator industrial waste n. - deeuri industriale infestation n. - infestare inland water n. - ape interioare/ continentale inshore adv. - la rm, aproape de rm, spre mal / coast in-situ conservation n. - conservare in-situ Integrated Coastal Zone Management n. Management integrat al litoralului Integrated Crop Management / farming n. Management integrat al produciei vegetale integrated environmental assessment n. evaluare / apreciere integrat a mediului nconjurtor integrated pest control n. - control antiparazitar integrat intensive agriculture / farming n. - agricultur intensiv interest group n. - grup de interese invasive species n. - specii invadatoare

M
manure n. - ngrmnt natural; gunoi, blegar marine environment n. - mediu marin material recovery / reclamation n. - recuperare de materiale mining waste n. - deeuri de min / miniere municipal waste n. - deeuri urbane municipal wastewater / sewage / discharge n. ap rezidual urban

N
native / indigenous species n. pl. - specii indigene noise barrier n. - barier fonic noise map n. - topografie sonor noise pollution n. - poluare fonic / sonor non-conventional energy n. - energie neconvenional non-renewable resource n. - resurse naturale epuizabile / neregenerabile noxious adj. - nociv nuclear dump n. - loc de depozitare a deeurilor nucleare nuclear plant n. - uzin nuclear nuclear power n. - energie nuclear nuclear waste n. - deeuri nucleare nutrient balance n. - balana /echilibrul substanelor nutritive nutrient removal n. - eliminarea substanelor nutritive

J
junk n. - deeuri, rebuturi, gunoaie

L
lag time n. - timp de retardare land clearing n. - defriare land cover n. - acoperirea terenului (cu arii de vegetaie, roci, ape); descrierea (bio)fizic a suprafeei pmntului land development n. - dezvoltare funciar (planificarea infrastructurilor, serviciilor, aezmintelor industriale) land take n. - ocuparea terenului, utilizarea solului pentru infrastructur land use n. - utilizarea / afectarea terenului / solului landfill n. - groap de gunoi (cu resturi menajere); (n sens ecologic) groap ecologic landscape n. - peisaj land-use planning n. - planificarea utilizrii terenului leaded fuel n. - combustibil pe baz de plumb leak n. - scurgere less favoured areas n. pl. - zone defavorizate life cycle n. - ciclu vital / de via life cycle analysis n. - analiza ciclului de via life cycle cost n. - costurile ciclului vital / de via litter receptacles n. pl. - containere de colectat gunoiul

O
offshore adv. - n larg, pe mare, departe de rm oil spill n. - pat de petrol, maree neagr old-growth forest n. - pdure cu lemn btrn organic agriculture / farming n. - agricultur organic/ biologic organic matter n. - materie organic organic waste n. - deeuri organice overexploitation n. - exploatare excesiv overfishing n. - pescuit excesiv overgrazing n. - punat excesiv ozone n. - ozon ozone depletion /-depleting potential n. potenial de subiere a stratului de ozon ozone layer depletion n. - subierea stratului de ozon ozone layer n. - strat de ozon ozone-depleting substance n. - substane distrugtoare de ozon

P
packaging waste n. - deeuri de ambalaj 86

particulate matter n. - substan n particule (praf, fum, funingine, polen, etc) performance indicator n. - indicator de performan pesticide n. - pesticid PFC (PerFluoroCarbon) n. - perfluorcarbon policy-maker n. - factor de decizie, decident polluter pays principle n. - principiul cel care polueaz trebuie s plteasc pollutant n. - produs poluant pollute v. - a polua polluter n. - surs de poluare pollution load n. - ncrcare cu noxe pollution n. - poluare pollution prevention n. - prevenirea polurii pollution rights and permits n. pl. - permis de poluare preservation n. - protecie, ocrotire primary energy n. - surs de energie primar primary particles n. pl. - particule primare produse din emisii directe de aer product tax n. - tax /impozit pe produs projection n. - prognozare public water supply n. - aprovizionare central cu ap

S
salvage v. - a salva scoop up v. - a colecta, a strnge scoping n. - definirea mrimii studiului de impact sensitive area n. - zon / areal sensibil()/ vulnerabil() separate collection n. - colectare separat a deeurilor solide sewage / wastewater treatment plant n. - staie de tratare a apelor reziduale sewage sludge n. - nmol din ape uzate site of community importance n. - loc / teren / spaiu de importan comunitar skim v. - a cura suprafaa apei slick n. - pelicul / pat de ulei sludge n. - nmol smokestack n. - furnal, co de fum al unei uzine soil compaction n. - compactarea solului solar energy/power n. - energie solar sorption n. - sorbie SPA (Special Protection Area) n. - zon special de protecie special area of conservation n. - zon special de conservare species n. - specie spill n. - deversare, scurgere de lichide toxice spillage n. - cantitate pierdut prin scurgere stakeholder n. - parte interesat state of the environment n. - starea mediului nconjurtor stationary source n. - surs staionar strategic environmental assessment n. evaluare strategic a mediului nconjurtor substitute n. - substitut, nlocuitor surface water n. - ap de suprafa surface water status n. - starea apei de suprafa sustainability indicator n. - indicator de dezvoltare durabil sustainable development indicator n. indicator de dezvoltare susinut sustainable development/growth n. dezvoltare/cretere durabil

R
rain forest n. - pdure tropical/ecuatorial rare species n. pl. - specii rare raw material n. - materie prim recycle v. - a recicla, a refolosi recycling n. - reciclare refuse n. - deeuri, resturi regulatory instrument n. - instrument juridic / normativ remediation n. - remediere, reabilitare a unui teren afectat renewable adj. - capabil de a fi refcut, rennoit repository n. - loc de depozitare reprocessing n. - reprelucrare, retratare residue n. - reziduu resource depletion n. - pauperizarea resurselor restoration n. - restaurare reusable adj. - refolosibil reusable waste n. - deeuri refolosibile reuse n. - reutilizare river / hydrographic basin n. - bazin hidrografic river basin district n. - district hidrografic rubbish depots n. pl. - locuri de depozitare a deeurilor, gunoiului rubbish n. - gunoi, resturi run aground v. - a eua (despre vapor) rural tourism n. - turism rural

T
tap water n. - ap potabil (de la robinet) thermal pollution n. - poluare termic thermal power plant n. - central termic thinning of the ozone layer n. - subierea stratului de ozon threatened species n. - specii periclitate tidal power / energy n. - energie mareic top soil n. - sol superficial

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toxic waste n. - deeuri toxice transboundary pollution n. - poluare transfrontalier

U
UAA (Utilised Agriculture Area) n. - zon agricol exploatat unbalance n. - dezechilibru underground water table n. - pnz freatic uninfested food n. - hran neinfestat unleaded adj. - fr plumb untreated wastewater n. - ap rezidual netratat upwelling n. - ap ascendent urban / wastewater sewage n. - ap rezidual urban urban sprawl n. - extinderea urbanizrii user charge n. - tax de utilizare user-pays principle n. - principiul utilizatorul pltete

W
wastage n. - risip waste collection n. - colectarea deeurilor waste disposal n. - dearjarea deeurilor waste dumping n. - dearjarea necontrolat a deeurilor waste generation n. - producere/generare de deeuri waste minimisation n. - minimalizarea deeurilor waste n. - deeuri waste oil n. - ulei uzat waste stream n. - flux de deeuri waste water n. - ape reziduale / poluate wastewater treatment plant n. - staie de tratare a apelor reziduale water consumption n. - consum de ap water demand n. - necesar de ap water erosion n. - eroziunea (rocilor) prin ap water supply n. - alimentare cu ap; rezerv de ap water treatment plant n. - uzin/instalaie de tratare a apelor water use n. - utilizare a apei waterproofing n. - protecie natural mpotriva apei watershed n. - cumpna apelor weed n. - buruieni wild relative n. - specii slbatice nrudite wildlife n. - animalele slbatice, animalele i plantele, natura wind energy n. - energie eolian wind erosion n. - eroziune eolian

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zooplankton n. zooplancton (animal

microscopic care plutete liber n aer)

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UNIT EIGHT ECONOMICS

I. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Read the following text about monetary policies in India: Monetary Policy Expectations by ASHIMA GOYAL The Monetary and Credit Policy (MCP) changes the relative attractiveness of options available to the investing public. Twice a year the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announces the future course of money and credit supply and financial reforms. Earlier we had a rigid system in which the RBI would set all interest rates. Reforms have gradually freed almost all interest rates. Since daily responsiveness to liquidity needs is being enhanced, the discrete measures that are announced in the bi-annual MCP are becoming less important--the MCP is making itself redundant. But since variation in and impact of interest rates have risen, monetary policy itself has become more important. Now the RBI has to use more indirect methods to influence market-determined interest rates. The October 1997 Monetary policy reactivated the Bank Rate, the rate at which banks can get refinance, and this has been gradually lowered from 12 per cent to 7 per cent on 1st April. Other measures included in the package announced on that date were a reduction in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to 8 per cent, in the Repo Rate to 5 per cent, and in Bank Savings Deposit Rates to 4 per cent. Since inflation rates have been low (at 3 per cent) for a year now, foreign exchange reserves have increased recently to $38 billion, and the RBI has shown that it can manage the government borrowing requirements, interest rates can safely fall, without putting pressures to lower the rupee. The RBI is following trends in Asia, where interest rates are being lowered to boost the recovery, and inflation rates are falling. Around the world countries growing at higher than five per cent have low and falling inflation. The reason is that high growth facilitates re-structuring towards lower cost new technology. With low expected inflation and a strong currency, high nominal interest rates imply high real interest rates, which can lower growth. The RBI is moving from its earlier practice of targeting money supply growth rates to responding to monetary indicators such as interest and exchange rates. This will allow a more flexible

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expansion of credit in response to need. Since measures have already been taken to encourage lower interest rates, the new MCP will focus on continuing reforms to deepen financial markets, and make them more flexible and efficient in managing risk. The Government debt market, derivatives and other hedging instruments will receive attention. At present there are still structural rigidities in the system. Banks have yet to learn to live with flexible rates. In cutting the savings deposit rate--the only regulated interest rate in the system, the RBI has shown its concern for bank profits, and for giving them time to adapt. The Bank and short-term Repo Rate strongly influence short-term interest rates. Longer-term interest rates are more rigid, but they do respond to the supply of money. The cut in CRR will raise money available with banks and lower longer-run interest rates. RBI credit is the monetary base, which determines the money supply and overall liquidity; this is becoming more demand determined in the short-term, but the RBI has instruments of control such as open market operations. Ideally the MCP should push the system to a point where real variables are stable around equilibrium values while small variations in nominal variables allow markets to adapt. With a stable rupee and low inflation the real Indian interest rate, for example, should be lowered to international rates. This is high enough to give a positive return to savings. Moreover, banklending rates can fall more than borrowing rates if costs fall and spreads are lowered. As reforms promote re-structuring and efficiency, helped by new technology; smooth treasury management lowers transaction costs; and the CRR is lowered, costs will fall. Use of asset-liability management is essential for banks in a regime of variable interest rates, and fee based services can help maintain their profits even with competitive pressure on spreads. As lower interest rates stimulate industry, returns from equity and mutual funds will rise, thus providing other avenues for savings. Individual investors will have to opportunity to participate in the fruits of growth at lower transaction costs; bank deposits and a deepening government debt market will continue to offer positive real rates of return to the more conservative. Banks earnings will also expand, as demand for new kinds of services will rise with growth. (http://www.igidr.ac.in/~ashima) 2. Choose the correct answer to the following questions: 1. The Monetary and Credit Policy has lost its previous importance

1. because of many successful social reforms that have been carried out recently in
India.

2. as banks can themselves establish interest rates according to demand. 3. as it reduced the Cash Reserve Ratio.

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4. as foreign exchange reserves have increased to $38 billion.

2. The growth in money supply may lead to low inflation and a strong currency as long as

1. the growth is higher than 5%. 2. government can manage borrowing requirements. 3. nominal interest rates are kept low. 4. technology is competitive.
3. The Monetary and Credit Policy will now turn its attention to a) increasing financial markets ability towards risk management. b) elaborating a system of bi-annual interest rate setting. c) long-term debt financing. d) restructuring the monetary system. 4. The reduction in the Cash Reserve Ratio leads to a) stronger controls over open market operations. b) a more flexible expansion of credit. c) structural rigidities in the system. d) an increase in the banks money supply and therefore liquidity. 5. A decrease in interest rates will benefit everybody in the long run, as a) banks will expand their services range. b) both individual and institutional investment will be stimulated. c) conservative people will be catered to. d) technology will develop. II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Fill in the gaps in the text below with the missing words: Economic Growth Economic growth refers to the increase in the value of goods and services produced by an economy. It is conventionally measured as the rate of increase in Gross National Product. Growth is usually calculated in real terms (i.e. netting out the effect of inflation on the price of the goods and services produced).

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The Gross National Product of an economy is often used as an 1. of the wealth of an economy, and economic growth is therefore often seen as indicating an increase in wealth. This is often the case, but there are many 2 and services that are not synonymous with increasing wealth, and economic growth can be present in an economy even though a large amount of destruction is taking place and wealth is decreasing - a prime example of this is some 3.. Explaining economic growth is one of the central questions in economics. Growth can be divided into two major categories: growth through increases in input (eg. capital, labor) and improvements in 4 (eg. new technologies). Small differences in the rate of growth between two countries can lead to large cumulative differences in income over time. These differences in income can have a major impact on people's 5.. of living and on migration. Analysis of economic success shows a close correlation with climate. Cold states like Sweden are much more successful than warm countries like Nigeria. In early human history, economic as well as cultural 6. was concentrated in warmer parts of the word, like Egypt. Today, however, cold, Northern states have much higher per capita GDP's compared to the hot, tropical states. This aspect of economics (economic geography) - and its influence on human migration and political 7.. - was extensively studied by Ellsworth Huntington, a professor of Economics at Yale University in the early 20th century. The rate or style of economic growth may have important consequences for both "the 8 " (i.e. the climate and natural capital of ecologies). Concerns about possible negative 9 of growth on the environment and on human society lead some to advocate lower levels of growth, e.g. in human development theory from which comes the idea of 10. growth, and Green parties which argue that economies are part of a global society and a global ecology, and cannot 11.. their natural growth without damaging them. Canadian scientist David Suzuki stated in the 1990s that ecologies can only typically grow about 1.5-3% new growth per year, and thus any requirement for agriculture or 12.. to return greater than these rates, will necessarily cannibalize the natural capital of soil or forest. Some think that this argument can be applied to even developed world 13.. Mainstream economists would argue that economies are driven by new technology. For instance, we have faster computer today than a year ago, but not necessarily physically more computers. That is, we may have been able to break free from physical 14 by relying on more knowledge rather than more physical production.

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A concern for promoting economic growth over and above all less measurable considerations is a symptom of 15.. - usually a pejorative term. (http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth)

a) impacts b) environment c) standard d) economies e) structures f) productivism g) indicator h) development

i) j) l)

limitations outstrip forestry

k) goods m) wars n) uneconomic o) productivity

2. Collocations. Combine the following words to form suitable collocations with capital: assets, social, allowance, working, gains, working, investment, fixed, consumption, loan, inflow, share: _____________ capital _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ 3. capital _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Now match the collocations you found above with their correct definitions:

1. ___________________ depreciation of capital caused by the obsolescence of capital goods. 2. ___________________ the money that a business has available for use, the amount of current assets that remains after current liabilities are deducted. 3. ____________________ the money which a companys shareholders have put in the concern to buy the real assets it needs to start up and carry on the business. 4. ____________________ money that is invested or is available for investment in a new company, especially a risky one. 5. ____________________ a movement of capital into a country in the form of securities trading, the acquisition of companies, and loans by foreign companies.

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6. ____________________ money spent by a company on fixed assets and deducted from its profits before taxes are calculated. 7. ____________________ money which is spent on buildings and equipment to increase the effectiveness of a business. 8. ____________________ the part of the capital of a business which is represented by the value of producer goods, i.e. goods held and used to produce he products which the business sells. 9. ____________________ a debt owed by a company to one or more creditors who have lent money to it. 10. ____________________ profits made by selling property or an investment. 11. ____________________ the buildings and machines owned by a business or other organization. 12. ____________________ large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and air transport systems, telephone, telex and radio communications, needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce. 4. Synonyms. Read the following text about supply and demand and find words which

mean the following:

1. capital 2. functioning 3. productivity 4. stimulus 5. accomplished 6. allocate

Supply and Demand

7. market 8. conspicuous 9. weigh up 10. compensate 11. basically 12. paradigm

An old story says that if you want an "educated economist," all you have to do is get a parrot and train the bird to squawk "supply and demand" in response to every question about the economy! Not smart enough, but... It's true that the theory of supply and demand is a central part of economics. It is widely applicable, and also is a model of the way economists try to think most problems through. The theory of supply and demand is a theory of price and output in competitive markets. Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) had argued that each good or service has a "natural price." If the price (of bread, for example), is above the natural price, then more resources will be attracted into the trade (bakeries, in the example), and the price will return to its "natural" level.

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We may think of demand as a force tending to increase the price of a good, and of supply as a force tending to reduce the price. When the two forces balance one another, the price would neither rise nor fall, but would be stable. This stability leads us to think of an "equilibrium" price. This "equilibrium" exists when the price is just high enough so that the quantity supplied just equals the quantity demanded. At equilibrium, there is no competition either to buy or to sell, because everyone can buy or sell however much they may wish, at the going price. But whenever the market is away from equilibrium, competition will arise and tend to force it back. Alfred Marshall (1842 - 1924) compared the supply and demand sides to the two blades of scissors One won't cut by itself. You have to have both! One of the key words in economics is "allocation." To allocate resources is to determine who gets the use of what resources. An obvious case of allocation of resources is when market processes of bidding, buying and selling determines who gets the use of what resources. That is, in effect, markets can allocate resources. Accordingly, economics is centrally concerned with the workings of markets, and with the question, how do markets allocate resources? One answer to that question is expressed in the familiar phrase, "Supply and Demand." The allocation of resources through markets is a complex process. There are several models of resource allocation through markets, but the model of "Supply and Demand" is the best known and most widely used model. (http://www.greekshares.com/supdem.asp) 5. Antonyms. Read the following text about business cycles and find words which mean the opposite of the following:

1. detractors 2. upturn 3. unites 4. similarity 5. prosperous 6. introduction

Business Cycle

7. partially 8. disbelief 9. undermined 10. adequate 11. logical 12. negligible

Business cycles are widely considered to be an inevitable consequence of free markets (or of "capitalism"), in which periods of relatively rapid economic growth alternate with periods of relative stagnation or decline. The periods of rapid growth are driven by increases in productivity,

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efficiency, and consumer confidence. These growth periods usually end with the failure of speculative investments built on a bubble of confidence that bursts or deflates. The periods of stagnation reflect a purging of unsuccessful enterprises as resources are transferred by market forces from less productive uses to more productive uses. Because the periods of stagnation are painful for many who lose their jobs, there has been pressure for politicians to try to smooth out the oscillations. The first President of the United States to try this was Herbert Hoover. Hoover's efforts are widely, though not universally, believed to have turned what probably would have been a normal downturn of several months to a year into the Great Depression. This highlights the difficulty of managing the money supply in any free-market society. By some theorists, notably nineteenth-century advocates of communism, this difficulty was deemed insurmountable. Karl Marx in particular claimed that the constant business cycle crises of capitalism were so inefficient as to cause the workers to eventually revolt, instituting some variant of what is now called socialism. It's interesting to note that Marx and Engels' 1848 specific demands in the Communist Manifesto are now almost wholly implemented throughout the once-capitalist world, with the sole exception of the abolishment of rents in land. This suggests that the analysis had merits, and that each business cycle, including the Great Depression which brought the reforms of Franklin D. Roosevelt (the "New Deal"), strengthened social democrats in the political arena, empowering them to reduce the severity of the next cycle or at least, to try to do so, whether they can do so or not. A result of this has been strong centralization of economic power in all Western democracies, and control of money by their central banks. Modern business cycle theory often measures growth by using the flawed measure of Gross Domestic Product, which is not useful for measuring well-being, a flaw often noted by its own originators. Accordingly, there is a mismatch between the state of economic health as perceived by the individual and that perceived by the bankers and economists, which most likely drives them further apart politically. Business cycle theory has been more effective in microeconomics where it aids in the preparation of risk management scenarios and timing investment, especially in infrastructural capital that must pay for itself over a long period, and which must fund itself by cashflow in late years. When planning such large investments, it is often useful to use the anticipated business cycle as a baseline, so that unreasonable assumptions, e.g. constant exponential growth, are more easily eliminated.

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(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/business_cycle)

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GLOSSARY OF ECONOMICS
A
abnormal loss n. - pierdere anormal (situaie n care veniturile totale nu acoper costurile totale) abnormal profits n. pl. - profituri anormale/ excedentare (situaie n care o firm obine un profit peste necesarul desfurrii activitilor sale economice) absolute total loss n. - pierdere total real absolute advantage n. - avantaj absolut al rii care realizeaz produse la costuri mai sczute/mai eficient dect alte ri absolute poverty n. - stare de srcie absolut (sub limita nivelului de trai) access to capital market n. - accesul la piaa de capital activity rate n. - gradul / rata de ocupare a populaiei active ad valorem adv. - n funcie de valoare, (adugat) la valoare ad valorem tax n. - impozite/ taxe stabilite ca procent din preul de vnzare/valoarea produsului advanced country n. - ar avansat din punct de vedere economic aerospace industry n. - industria aeronautic i spaial affluent society n. - societate bogat age pyramid n. - piramida vrstelor ageing n. - mbtrnirea populaiei aggregate demand n. - cerere global aggregate supply n. - ofert global agricultural production n. - producie agricol agricultural sector n. - sectorul agricol agro-business n. - industria agro-alimentar agro-tourism n. - agro-turism alternative sources of energy n. pl. - surse de energie alternativ / neconvenionale amalgamation n. - fuziune amortisation n. - amortizare ancillary unit n. - unitate subsidiar appropriate technology n. - tehnologie adecvat arbitrage n. - arbitraj (operaiune combinat de cumprare i vnzare de valori sau bunuri , care se bazeaz pe aprecierea diferenelor de curs, sau de rata dobnzii) arms industry n. - industria de armament artificially stimulated demand n. - stimulare artificial a cererii assembly line n. - linie de montaj assets n. pl. - active asset-stripping n. - vnzarea fracionat a activelor unei firme nerentabile attrition n. - reducerea natural a personalului (prin pensionare, demisie sau deces) audio-visual industry n. - audiovizualul austerity n. - austeritate autarky n. - autarhie, independen economic automatic stabilisers n. pl. - factori de stabilizare automat average adj. - mediu average cost n. - cost mediu average cost pricing n. - determinarea preurilor pe baza costurilor medii average revenue n. - venit mediu provenit din vnzri i ncasri average total cost n. - cost total mediu

B
backward integration n. - integrare pe vertical prin fuzionarea unei firme cu una din firmele furnizoare de materii prime) balance of payments n. - balan de pli balance of trade n. - balan comercial balanced budget n. - buget echilibrat balancing items n. pl. - conturi rectificative; sold contabil banking industry n. - sectorul bancar barriers to entry n. pl. - bariere la intrare (economice sau tehnice, la intrarea unor noi produse pe pia) barter n. - troc, schimb n natur basic commodity n. - produs de baz best-case scenario n. - varianta optimist bilateral agreement n. - acord bilateral bilateral aid n. - ajutor bilateral birth rate n. - rata natalitii black labour n. - munc la negru black market n. - piaa / bursa neoficial /neagr black / underground economy n. - economia disimulat/ subteran boom n. - prosperitate, avnt economic

99

break even chart n. - grafic al pragului de rentabilitate break even point n. - prag de rentabilitate break monopoly v. - a dizolva / distruge un monopol budget deficit n. - deficit bugetar budget estimates n. pl. - previziuni bugetare budget policy n. - politic bugetar budget surplus n. - excedent bugetar budgeting n. - elaborare i executare a bugetului building industry n. - industria de construcii civile built-in structural deficit n. - deficit structural business cycle n. - ciclul activitii economice business data processing n. - informatic de gestiune business ethics n. pl. - etica afacerilor business slowdown n. - ncetinire, reducere a activitii economice business start-ups n. pl. - nfiinri de ntreprinderi buying power n. - putere de cumprare

C
capital assets n. pl. - mijloace fixe capital consumption n. - depreciere a mijloacelor fixe capital cost n. - cost direct de investiie capital employed n. - capital utilizat capital gain n. - plus valoare (creterea valorii diferenei dintre preul de vnzare i de achiziie a activelor) capital gains tax n. - impozit asupra plusvalorii (n urma reevalurii patrimoniale) capital goods n. pl. - mijloace de producie (instalaii. utilaje, construcii industriale, materii prime) capital investment n. - investiii n mijloace de producie capital output ratio n. - raportul capitalproducie capital reserves n. pl. - rezerve de capital capital turnover n. - cifra de afaceri n utilizarea capitalului capital-intensive industries n. pl. - industrii ale capitalurilor car industry n. - industria automobilelor cartel n. - cartel casual labour n. - mn de lucru ocazional cattle-raising n. - zootehnia ceiling n. - plafon Central Bank n. - Banca Naional cheap labour n. - mn de lucru ieftin chemical industry n. - industria chimic closed economy n. - economie nchis

clothing industry n. - industria productoare de confecii commodity exchange / market n. - bursa de mrfuri comparative advantage n. - avantaj comparativ competition n. - concuren competitive economy n. - economie caracterizat de concuren competitiveness n. - competitivitate competitor n. - concurent computer industry n. - industria informatic consumer price index n. - indicele preurilor bunurilor de consum consumer society n. - societate de consum consumerism n. - protecia consumatorului consumption n. - consum corporate income tax n. - impozit asupra venitului societilor Cost of Living Index n. - indicele costului de trai cost of production n. - cheltuieli de producie cost push inflation n. - inflaie determinat de creterea preurilor counter-trade n. - comer interstatal n contrapartid credit policy n. - politica creditelor cripple economy v. - a paraliza economia (unei ri) crisis n. - criz crumbling economy n. - economie fragil, n decdere curb v. - a reduce, a limita currency appreciation n. - cretere valutar currency depreciation n. - scdere valutar current assets n. pl. - active circulante current trend n. - conjunctur actual customs clearance n. - formaliti vamale

D
debtor nation n. - stat cu o balan de pli deficitar decline n. - decdere, declin deflation n. - deflaie demand curve n. - curb a cererii demand led inflation n. - inflaie cauzat de cerere demand theory n. - teoria cererii demand variance n. - variaia cererii demography n. - demografie depression n. - descretere economic ce are ca rezultat o rat mare a omajului deregulation n. - abolire a reglementrilor ce impun controale ale operaiunilor de pia; liberalizare (politica neintervenionist a statului)

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devaluation n. - devalorizare (a valorii monedei interne n raport cu alte monede) developed country n. - ar dezvoltat developing country n. - ar n curs de dezvoltare development aid n. - ajutor internaional pentru dezvoltare direct costs n. pl. - costuri directe direct taxation n. - impozitare direct dismantling of the national economy n. distrugerea economiei naionale disposable income n. - venit disponibil (pentru cheltuial sau economisire) distribution network n. - lan / circuit de distribuie distribution of income n. - distribuia venitului division of labour n. - diviziunea muncii division of markets n. - mprirea pieelor de desfacere domestic industry n. - industria naional domestic /national output n. - producie fizic intern double-digit inflation n. - inflaie cu dou cifre downsize v. - a reduce (talia unei ntreprinderi) prin diminuarea numrului de angajai downturn n. - tendin de regres downward trend n. - tendin descendent dumping n. - dumping, practicarea (la export) a unor preuri sub cele ale pieei respective duopoly n. - duopol durable goods n. pl. - bunuri de folosin ndelungat

E
economic adaptiveness n. - adaptabilitate / flexibilitate economic economic agent n. - agent economic economic aggregates n. pl. - agregate economice economic battle n. - lupt economic economic data n. pl. - date economice economic development n. - dezvoltare economic economic downturn n. - recesiune economic economic effects of taxation n. pl. - efectele economice ale impozitrii economic efficiency principle n. - principiul eficienei economice economic environment n. - mediu economic economic evolution n. - evoluie economic economic flow n. - flux economic economic forecasts n. pl. - previziuni economice economic freedom n. - libertate economic economic geography n. - geografie economic

economic growth n. - cretere economic economic indicator n. - indicator economic economic infrastructure n. - infrastructur economic economic literature n. - literatura de specialitate din domeniul economic economic policy n. - politic economic economic rent n. - rent (economic) (supravenitul unui factor de producie) economic sovereignty n. - suveranitate economic economic trend n. - tendin economic economic welfare n. - bunstare economic economical adj. - rentabil, economicos economics n. pl. - tiine economice economies of scale n. pl. - economii la scar (reducerea costurilor unitare prin creterea produciei) economist n. - economist economy n. - economie (naional); economisire efficiency n. - eficien elasticity of demand n. - elasticitatea cererii elasticity of supply n. - elasticitatea ofertei embargo n. - embargo emerging country n. - ar nou aprut (pe pia) employability n. - disponibilitatea forei de munc la angajare entente n. - nelegere, acord EQE (equal opportunity employer) n. angajator (care angajeaz) fr prejudeci (rasiale, religioase, etc.); firm care ofer anse egale la angajare equal opportunity policy n. - politica de promovare a anselor egale la angajare equilibrium n. - stare de echilibru equity principle n. - principiul echitii excess demand n. - cerere excesiv excess supply n. - ofert excesiv exchange rate n. - rat de schimb expansion n. - expansiune, dezvoltare externality n. - externalitate, efect extern (efect de propagare a produciei sau a consumului, pentru care nu se efectueaz pli)

F
factors of production n. pl. - factori de producie fair competition n. - concuren loial fall in consumption n. - scdere a consumului fast-growing country n. - ar cu cretere rapid financial market n. - pia financiar finished product n. - produs finit fiscal policy n. - politic fiscal fixed costs n. pl. - costuri fixe

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fluctuation n. - fluctuaie food industry n. - industria alimentar forecast n. - previziune forest industry n. - industria forestier foreign direct investments n. pl. - investiii strine directe forward integration n. - integrare pe vertical, prin fuziunea unei firme cu una din firmele distribuitoare free competition n. - concuren liber free market n. - libera concuren, piaa liber free trade n. - liber-schimb free-trade area n. - zon de liber schimb freehold land n. - proprietate funciar deplin

G
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) n. - PIB (Produs Intern Brut) give a boost to exports v. - a impulsiona exporturile globalisation of economic problems n. globalizarea problemelor economice GNP (Gross National Product) n. - PNB (Produs Naional Brut) GNP (Gross National Product) per capita n. PNB (Produs Naional Brut) pe cap de locuitor go global v. - a se mondializa, a se globaliza government expenditure n. - cheltuieli guvernamentale government intervention n. - intervenie guvernamental grab a market share v. - a acapara un segment de pia gross adj. - brut growth rate n. - rat de cretere

incidental and unforeseen expenses n. pl. cheltuieli neprevzute income tax n. - impozit pe venit indebtedness n. - ndatorare indexing n. - indexare indirect taxation n. - impozitare indirect industrial economy n. - economie industrial industrialisation n. - industrializare industrialised country n. - ar industrializat inflationary consequences n. pl. - tendine inflaioniste infrastructure n. - infrastructur insurance industry n. - sectorul asigurrilor interdependence of national markets n. interdependena pieelor naionale international trade n. - comer internaional interest rate n. - rata dobnzii invisible balance n. - balan invizibil invisible trade n. - comer invizibil involuntary unemployment n. - omaj involuntar Iron and Steel Industry n. - industria metalurgic

J
job security n. - sigurana locului de munc jobless rate n. - rata omajului joint-stock company n. - societate pe aciuni

L
labour costs n. pl. - costurile cu fora de lucru labour-intensive industries n. pl. - industrie ce necesit mult for de munc lagging economy n. - economie n descretere laisser-faire economy n. - economie liber land reform n. - reform agrar land tax n. - impozit funciar large-scale adj. - pe scar larg law of supply and demand n. - legea cererii i ofertei leading indicator n. - indicator cheie leading industries n. pl. - industriile de vrf leading/cutting edge technology n. - tehnologie de vrf leasing n. - leasing, locaie de gestiune, arend less developed countries n. pl. - rile slab dezvoltate life cycle n. - ciclul de via (al unui produs) life expectancy n. - speran de via light industry n. - industria uoar limited liability company n. - societate cu rspundere limitat liquidity ratio n. - coeficient de lichiditate

H
hard currency n. - valut forte heavy industry n. - industria grea heavy metallurgical industry n. - metalurgia grea high-tech industry n. - industria de nalt tehnologie hot money n. - capital speculativ household consumption n. - consum casnic human capital n. - capital uman n.

I
imperfect competition n. - concuren imperfect import duty n. - tax vamal

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living standard n. - standard de via long-term adj. - pe termen lung luxury goods industry n. - industria produselor de lux

M
macroeconomics n. pl. - macroeconomie managed trade n. - comer dirijat marginal costs n. pl. - costuri marginale market economy n. - economie de pia market opportunity n. - posibilitate de desfacere a produselor pe pia market value n. - valoare de pia mark-up n. - adaos comercial mass retail n. - distribuie n mas media n. - mass-media median wage n. - salariu mediu medium-term adj. - pe termen mediu MFN (Most-Favoured-Nation Clause) n. Clauza naiunii celei mai favorizate microeconomics n. pl. - microeconomie minimum guaranteed wage n. - salariu minim pe economie (garantat) minimum wage n. - salariu minim mixed economy n. - economie mixt mobility of labour n. - mobilitatea forei de munc monetary policy n. - politic monetar money issuing n. - emisiune monetar money supply n. - mas monetar monopolistic competition n. - concuren de monopol monopsony n. - monopson mortality rate n. - rata mortalitii movement of capital n. - micare de fonduri movement of goods n. - micare de mrfuri multinational company n. - companie multinaional

OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) n. Organizaia pentru cooperare economic i dezvoltare oligopoly n. - oligopol one-man business n. - societate individual open economy n. - economie deschis opportunity cost n. - cost de oportunitate outsourcing n. - aprovizionare prin subcontractare overall price level n. - nivelul general al preurilor overmanning n. - personal excedentar overproduction n. - supraproducie overseas investment n. - investiie n strintate

P
parallel economy n. - economie paralel per capita income n. - venit pe cap de locuitor percentage n. - procentaj perfect competition n. - concuren perfect period of boom n. - perioad de avnt economic perishable goods n. pl. - produse perisabile personal income tax n. - impozit pe venitul persoanelor fizice petrochemical industry n. - industria petrochimic pharmaceutical industry n. - industria farmaceutic planned economy n. - economie planificat planning n. - planificare population density n. - densitatea populaiei population growth n. - cretere demografic population pyramid n. - piramida vrstelor populaiei population shift n. - migrare a populaiei post industrial era n. - era post-industrial poverty line n. - pragul srciei poverty n. - srcie power industry n. - industria energetic power plant n. - central energetic pressure group n. - grup de presiune price control n. - controlul preurilor price freeze n. - nghearea preurilor price index n. - indice de preuri pricing policy n. - politic de preuri primary sector n. - sectorul primar private initiative n. - iniiativ privat private sector n. - sectorul privat privatisation n. - privatizare processing industry n. - industria prelucrtoare produce n. - produse alimentare production costs n. pl. - costuri de producie production unit n. - unitate de producie productivity gain n. - cretere a productivitii

N
national debt n. - datorie naional national wealth n. - bogie/bunstare naional nationalisation n. - naionalizare natural person n. - persoan fizic natural resources n. pl. - resurse naturale natural unemployment n. - omaj natural net adj. - net niche n. - oportunitate pe o pia; ni de pia non-wage costs n. pl - costuri nesalariale not for profit adj. - (organizaie) non-profit

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profitability n. - rentabilitate progressive taxation n. - impozitare progresiv protectionism n. - protecionism public authorities n. - autoritile publice public expenditure n. - cheltuielile publice, guvernamentale public interest n. - interes public public sector n. - sectorul public public utilities n. pl. - ntreprinderi de servicii publice pump-priming measure n. - msur de relansare purchasing power n. - putere de cumprare purchasing power parity n. - paritatea puterii de cumprare

Q
quota n. - contingent, cot la export

R
random sampling n. - eantionare aleatorie raw material n. - materie prim ready-to-wear industry n. - industria de confecii real estate n. - proprietate/avere imobiliar real income n. - venit real rebound of the economy n. - redresare, revigorare a economiei recession n. - recesiune reconversion strategy n. - strategie de reconversie recovery n. - relansare recovery plan n. - plan de relansare redeployment n. - reconversia forei de munc red-tape n. - birocraie reflation n. - refacere, relansare regulatory agency n. - organism de reglementare relocation n. - reamplasare, mutare restrictive practice n. - practic anticoncurenial restructuring n. - restructurare retraining n. - recalificarea forei de munc return on investment n. - rentabilitatea investiiei runaway inflation n. - inflaie galopant rural urban migration n. - migraia populaiei din sectorul rural spre orae

S
saturation n. - saturaie saving n. - economisire scale n. - grad, msur, scal

screwdriver plant n. - secie (uzin) care asambleaz piese din import seasonal unemployment n. - omaj sezonier secondary sector n. - sectorul secundar (industria) self-sufficiency n. - independen economic shed jobs v. - a suprima locuri de munc shipbuilding industry n. - industria naval shortage n. - penurie short-term adj. - pe termen scurt Single European Market n. - Piaa Comun European slack economy n. - economie lipsit de vigoare slow-down n. - ncetinire small and medium sized businesses n. pl. ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii small investor n. - mic investitor small-scale adj. - la scar redus smokestack industries n. pl. - industria grea social costs n. pl. - costuri sociale social product n. - produs social social protection n. - protecie social social welfare n. - bunstare social soft currency n. - devize slabe spending power n. - putere de cumprare / cheltuial spending spree n. - febra cumprturilor stagflation n. - stagflaie standard error n. - eroare standard standard of living n. - nivel de trai standard / rate of consumption n. - norm de consum staple goods n. pl. - mrfuri de prim necesitate state employee n. - angajat al statului state monopoly n. - monopol de stat state-owned company n. - ntreprindere de stat state-planned economy n. - economie planificat state-run sector n. - sectorul public stem inflation v. - a limita inflaia stock exchange n. - bursa de valori structural unemployment n. - omaj structural subsidise v. - a subveniona subsidy n. - subvenie subsistence income n. - venit de subzisten sunset/smokestack industries n. pl. - industria grea supply and demand n. - cerere i ofert supply-side economics n. pl. - teoria ofertei surge n. - cretere puternic surge of buying n. - stimularea cumprturilor surplus n. - excedent, surplus swing n. - fluctuaie

T
tariff barriers n. pl. - bariere vamale/tarifare

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tariff policy n. - politic vamal tax-haven n. - paradis fiscal technological transfer n. - transfer de tehnologie telecommunications n. pl. - industria de telecomunicaii tertiary sector n. - sectorul teriar (seviciile) textile industry n. - industria textil Third-World n. - lumea a treia tight credit policy n. - politic monetar restrictiv tourism industry n. - industria turismului trade barrier n. - barier comercial trade exchanges n. pl. - schimburi comerciale trade liberalisation n. - liberalizarea comerului trade-off n. - compromis, schimb, troc (echivalent cu costul de oportunitate); renunare/sacrificare n schimb la altceva trade partners n. pl. - partener comercial trade unionism n. - sindicalism trading block n. - bloc comercial trading year n. - exerciiu (financiar) transportation n. - transporturi trend indicator n. - indicator de tendin

VAT (Value-Added Tax) n. - TVA (Taxa pe Valoarea Adugat) vertical integration n. - integrare pe vertical (fuzionarea unei firme cu alte firme aflate n stadii diferite ale procesului productiv fie cu furnizori, fie cu distribuitori) visible balance n. - balan vizibil (diferena dintre veniturile i cheltuielile unei ri pentru produse vizibile, e.g. automobile) visible trade n. - comer vizibil (diferena dintre exporturile tangibile i importurile tangibile); balan comercial voluntary unemployment n. - omaj voluntar

W
wage scale n. - gril de salarizare wage-freeze n. - nghearea salariilor wage-price spiral n. - spirala inflaionist (spirala preuri-salarii) watchdog n. - organism de control wealth n. - bogie weighted average n. - medie ponderat welfare benefits n. - avantaje sociale widespread lay-offs n. pl. - diponibilizri generalizate working population n. - populaia activ work-sharing n. - divizarea/mprirea normei de munc world trade n. - comer internaional /mondial worst-case scenario n. - varianta pesimist

U
underdevelopment n. - subdezvoltare underground economy n. - economie subteran underproduction n. - subproducie unemployment figures/rate n. - rata omajului unfair practice n. - concuren neloial unit cost n. - cost unitar upward trend n. - tendin ascendent urbanisation n. - urbanizare utility n. utilitate ; serviciu de utilitate public

Y
yardsticks n. pl. - instrumente de msur yield n. - randament, rentabilitate

V
value judgement n. - judecat de valoare variable costs n. pl. - costuri variabile

Z
zero-coupon bond n. - obligaiune cu cupon zero

zero growth n. - cretere zero

105

ANSWER KEYS Answer key to Unit One

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2. Mind Your Manners: It's Good Business J. H. K. E. L. C. II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Collocations 1. d) or b)/e)/i)/k)

M. F. N. A. O. B.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

g) b)/e)/i)/k) j) l) f)

7. a) 8. b)/e)/i)/k) 9. c) 10. g) or b)/e)/i)/k) 11. b)/e)/i)/k) 12. d) or b)/e)/i)/k)

2. Business Telephone Etiquette for Success 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. make deals reached number take a message handle the call making the call returning a call 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. state the purpose ask for an appointment End the call express an interest be doing business burning bridges

3. Call (noun) V: accept, end, expect, give sb, handle, make, place, return sbs, take, wait for ~ A: business, collect, emergency, long-distance, personal, private, urgent ~

4. Dictionary definitions

1. 2. 3. 4.

d) g) e) f)

5. 6. 7. 8.

b) a) h) c)

5. Factors That influence Communication 1. b) 2. c)

9. d) 10. a)

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

a) d) a) d) b) b)

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

b) d) b) b) d)

Answer key to Unit two

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2. Agents Can Benefit from Advances in Basic Office Equipment 1. Opening mail. 2. Outgoing mail. 3. Sending certified or return-receipt mail. 4. Publishing client newsletters. 5. Telephone headsets. 6. Speed-dial numbers. 7. On-hold messages.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Web of Trust 1. point 2. or 3. less 4. colleagues/peers 5. while/whereas 6. proposition/statement/affirmation 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. with too link/connection as variables were

2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Dictionary definitions h d f I c

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

g a j b e

3. Fill in the gaps 1. A standard single-layered, single-sided digital video disc can store 4.7 GB of data; a two-layered standard enhances the single-sided layer to 8.5GB. 2. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations.

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3. In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed modems rely on sophisticated methods for "loading" information onto the audio carrierfor example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carriers state to represent multiple bits of data. 4. A hard drive needs some empty space in it to run efficiently. 5. The new model of word processor has a smaller keyboard. 6. There's no sound coming out of the right-hand speaker. 7. A modern microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square. 8. The travel agent checked the name on her monitor. 9. Hearing damage from headphones is probably more common than from loudspeakers, because many people exploit the acoustic isolation by listening at higher volumes.

Answer key to Unit three

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2.

In the Land of the Jobless, the Extreme Approach 1.c 4.c 2.b 5.c 3.d

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Letter of Application 1. f) 2. i) 3. n) 4. h) 5. c), g) 2. Letter of Application Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr./Professor X / Sir/Madam/Sir or Madam; the position of as advertised in ; I am writing to you with regard to/about ; I would like my application for (name of the job) to be considered; 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. e) l) b), d) a) j)

Salutation Referring to a job advertisement Offering candidature

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Stating reasons for applying

I have been searching for a professional position which will utilise and challenge my many talents; I am interested in relocating/building on my knowledge Stating availability I expect to be available by (date) ; Promoting the candidate I have a varied/strong backgound in I graduated from in (year)with a degree in ; I know/feel that I would be an/(a strong) asset to; Stipulating terms and In recent years my cash compensation has been in the range of conditions of (amount of money) ; employment Enclosing documents Enclosed/Attached please find a copy of my CV/resume for your attention/appraisal/perusal; I would offer the following as referees (names of referees); Polite ending Please feel free to contact me if you have any further questions. I can be reached at (phone number);

Answer key to Unit four

I. 2. READING COMPREHENSION Henry Ford 1. B 2. D 3. G

4. A 5. H 6. E

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2. a) b) c) d) e) sole traders private limited copmanies public limited companies nationalised industries unincorporated businesses f) g) h) i) j) legal identity unlimited liability would-be entrepreneurs business venture financial risks correct an correct double correct and correct correct 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. the rather correct correct had almost the

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4. Text A. 1. n) 2. f) 3. m) 4. d) 5. j) 6. h) 7. e) 8. b) Text B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. h) c) n) j) d) l) f) a)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

a) c) o) g) i) k) l)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

o) e) i) m) b) g) k)

Answer key to Unit five

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2.

Leadership Styles F. F. T.

4. 5. 6.

T. T. F.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The Bosses Who Drive Staff Away j) d) m) b) k) i) c) a)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

l) f) o) n) h) e) g)

2. GPs Waste Their Time Writing Out Sick Notes 1. needless

7. workload

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

administration regulations ailments relieve unnecessary

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

bureaucracy responsibility absenteeism partnership resourcing

Manage 3. Word-formation 1. Management 2. mismanaged 3. manage 4. mismanagement 5. manager

6. 7. 8. 9.

managerial Managing manageress manageable

Answer key to Unit six I. READING COMPREHENSION

2.

o. Stay at the best hotel you or your p. q. r. s. t.

Get Me the Manager - How to Complain Effectively at Your Hotel u. Know what you want company can afford. v. Don't be greedy Be rich and famous w. Be quick Be loyal x. Escalate, escalate, escalate Pay with a credit card y. Don't be a jerk Is it really worth your time? z. Be concise, don't embellish Let your corporate travel department aa. Don't lie handle it bb. Say "thank you"!

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. Packing Luggage for Business Trips will hassles/troubles/inconveniences means/implies spend Whether Travel Word-formation

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

information Making/Giving familiarise being avoided/prevented

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1. Peter Jackson's latest book 'Africa' is part travelogue, part memoir. 2. I love the work but I hate the travelling that's involved. 3. They're a well-travelled couple. 4. This hotel is for serious travellers, rather than tourists on two-week package holidays. 5. Supersonic planes can travel faster than the speed of sound. 6. I heard on the travel news that there'd been an accident. 3. Collocations 9. Citizens of all countries require a valid national passport or valid travel documents and avalid visa granted by an Indian Mission abroad. 10. In its alliance with the rapidly growing GetThere - which says it nearly doubled its corporate travel bookings last year, to more than six million Amtrak will be integrated into the desktop booking environment to "become part of the universe" for business-travel decisions. 11. All other domestic travel expenses (those that are not planned annual events) for ministers should be authorized in the official board meeting minutes before ministers leave for travel, if at all possible. 12. The golden age of air travel is gone. People are tryiing to find more secure ways of travelling. 13. Ecotourism Society Pakistan (ESP) has finalised a 10-points report on the negative impacts on its travel industry due to September 11 tragedy. 14. It is apparent that people would opt for motor over rail travel for all their needs. 15. A travel insurance policy usually offers two coverages: trip cancellation/interruption and emergency medical evacuation. 16. Over the next few years the quality of first-class travel on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway was dramatically improved.

Answer key to Unit seven

I. 2. READING COMPREHENSION Types of Environment Pollution 1. c)

7. d)

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

e) j) g) l) a)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

k) b) i) h) f)

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Environmental Subsidies for Business and Industry 1. c) 2. b) 3. c) 4. d) 5. b) 6. b) 7. b) 8. d) Definitions. 1. b) 2. d) 3. a)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

b) a) d) a) c) b) b)

2.

4. e) 5. f) 6. c)

3. Word Formation. 1. The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution. 2. Sulphur dioxide is one of several pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations. 3. The fertilizers and pesticides used on many farms are polluting the water supply. 4. Certain chemicals have been banned because of their damaging effect on the environment. 5. His message was widely publicized in the popular media and championed by political commentators traditionally opposed to environmentalist policies. 6. Claims made by environmentalists about global warming, overpopulation, energy, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, and a variety of other issues are exaggerations unsupported by a proper analysis of environmental data.

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7. MIT joins a number of local institutions that have decided to design their new developments in an environmentally-friendly way. 4. Waste. Collocations 1. Household waste 2. Hazardous waste 3. Waste disposal 4. Toxic waste 5. Waste minimisation 6. Waste collection 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Waste oil Waste dumping Waste stream Packaging waste Waste generation Organic waste

Answer key to Unit eight

I. 2.
1. 2. 3.

READING COMPREHENSION Monetary Policy Expectations b) c) a)

4. 5.

d) b)

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Economic Growth 1. g) 2. k) 3. m) 4. o) 5. c) 6. h) 7. e) 8. b) Collocations 1. capital consumption 2. working capital 3. share capital 4. venture capital 5. capital inflow 6. capital allowance 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 7. 8. 9.
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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

a) n) j) l) d) i) f)

2/3.

capital investment fixed capital loan capital capital gains capital assets social capital going obvious think through

4. Synonyms. Supply and Demand resources workings output

force educated appropriate 5. Antonyms. Business Cycle 1. advocates 2. decline 3. drives apart 4. mismatch 5. unsuccessful 6. abolishment

10. balance 11. in effect 12. model

7. wholly 8. confidence 9. strengthened 10. flawed 11. unreasonable 12. large

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Bibliography
*** English for Business and Administration, 1996, Cavallioti Publishing House Bovee, Courtland L. & John V. Thill, Business Communication Today, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992 Brieger, N., Sweeney, S. The Language of Business English: Grammar and Functions, Prentice Hall Chilver, J. English for Business: A functional approach, 1996, DP Publications Chiriacescu, A., Muresan, L., Barghiel, V., Hollinger, A. Corespondenta de Afaceri in Limbile Romana si Engleza, 1997, Teora Cotton, D. International Business Topics, 1980, Nelson English Language Teaching Cotton, D. Keys to Management, 1980, Nelson English Language Teaching Cotton, D., Robbins, S. Business Class, 1993, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Dotherty, M., Knapp, L., Swift, S. Write for Business: Skills for Effective Report Writing in English, 1987, Longman Flower, J. Build Your Business Vocabulary, 1990, Language Teaching Publications Goddard, C. Business Idioms International, 1994, Prentice Hall Howard-Williams, D., Herd, C. Business Words, 1992, Heinemann Jacob, M., Strutt, P. English for International Tourism, 1997, Longman Jones, L., Alexander, R. New International Business English, 1997, Cambridge University Press King, F.W., Anncree, D. English Business Letters, 1979, Longman Lannon, M., Tullis, G., Trappe, T. Insights into Business, 1993, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Littlejohn, A. A New Approach to Business Correspondence in English, Cambridge University Press, 1993 Mackenzie, I. English for Business Studies: A course for Business Studies and Economics Students, 1997, Cambridge University Press Popescu, T., Toma M., Reading and Vocabulary for Business Studets, Part I, 2003, Casa Crii de tiin Popescu, T., Toma M., Business Dictionary English-Romanian Dictionary of Business Collocations, 2003, Casa Crii de tiin Radice, F. English for International Trade, 1982, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Sneyd, M. International Banking and Finance, 1992, Prentice Hall Vince, M., Advanced Language Practice, 1998, Macmillan Heinemann Vince, M, Intermediate Language Practice, 1999, Macmillan Heinemann Vince, M, First Certificate Language Practice, 1999, Macmillan Heinemann Wilson, M. Writing for Business, 1987, Longman

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