Appendix A FORENSIC PAINT EXAMINATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY SORTED BY TOPIC

A. BACKGROUND 1. Crown, D.A., The Forensic Examination of Paints and Pigments, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1968. 2. ASTM E1610-02 (2008), Standard Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005. 3. Forensic Paint Examination and Comparison Guidelines, Scientific Working Group for Materials (SWGMAT), Forensic Science Communications, Vol.1, No. 2, July 1999. (available online at: http://www.swgmat.org/Forensic%20Paint%20Analysis%20and%20Comparison%20Guid elines.pdf 4. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., Taylor and Francis, NY, NY, 2001. 5. Thornton, J., Forensic Paint Examinations, Chapter 8, in Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Saferstein, R., ed., pp. 430-478, 2002. 6. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Identification of Polymers, U.S. Dept.of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC, July 31- August 2, 1984, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-932115-02-0, 1984. 7. Morgans, W.M., Outlines of Paint Technology, Vols. I and II, Charles Griffin & Company Ltd., London, 1982. 8. Martens, C.R.., Waterborne Coatings: Emulsion and Water-Soluble Paints, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. 9. Lambourne, R. and Strivens, T.A. Paint and Surface Coatings: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY, 1999. 10. Federation Series on Coatings Technology, Series I and Series II, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Philadelphia, PA. 11. Ash, M. and Ash, I., Formulary of Paints and Other Coatings, Vol. I, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1978. 12. Streitberger, HJ and Dossel, KF, Automotive Paints and Coatings, 2nd ed., Wiley -VCH Verlag GMBH & Co., KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2008. B. EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION 1. Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines available online at: http://www.swgmat.org/Trace%20Evidence%20Recovery%20Guidelines.pdf 2. Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), Expert Reporting Guideline available online at: http://www.swgmat.org/Expert%20Reporting%20Guideline.pdf

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3. Kirk, P.L., Crime Investigation, Thornton, J.I., ed., 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1974; reprint edition, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Inc., Malabar, FL, 1985. 4. DeForest, P.R., Gaenslen, R.E. and Lee, H.C., Forensic Science - An Introduction to Criminalistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1983, pp. 163-164. 5. Fisher, B.A.J., Svensson, A. and Wendel, O., Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 4th Ed., Elsevier, New York, pp. 146-149, 1987. 6. Fisher, B.A.J., Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 7th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2004. 7. Houck, M.M. and Siegel, J.A., Fundamentals of Forensic Science, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2006. 8. Saferstein, R., Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2009 C. PAINT EXAMINATION (GENERAL) 1. Kirk, P.L., Paint, Chapter 21, in Crime Investigation, Second Edition, Robert Krieger Publishing Company, Inc., Malabar, Florida, 1974. (First ed., 1953, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 2. Thornton, J.I., Forensic Paint Examination, Chapter 10, in Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. I, Saferstein, R. (ed.), Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 529-571, 1982. 3. Thornton, J.I., Forensic Paint Examination, Chapter 8, in Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. I, second edition, Saferstein, R. (ed.), Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 429478, 2002. 4. Nielsen, H.K.R., Forensic Analysis of Coatings, Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol. 56, No. 718, pp. 21-32, Nov. 1984. 5. May, R.W. and Porter, J., An Evaluation of Common Methods of Paint Analysis, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 15 (2), 1975, pp.137-146. 6. Tippett, C.F., et al, The Evidential Value of the Comparison of Paint Flakes from Sources other than Vehicles, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 8 (2, 3), pp. 61-65, 1968. 7. Lau, L., Beveridge, A.D., Callowhill, B.C., Conners, N., Foster, K., Groves, R.J., Ohashi, K.N., Sumner, A.M., and Wong, H., The Frequency of Occurrence of Paint and Glass on the Clothing of High School Students, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1997, pp. 233-240. 8. Gothard, J.A., Evaluation of Automobile Paint Flakes as Evidence, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 21 (3), 1976, pp. 636-641. 9. Gothard, J. and Maynard, P., Evidential Value of Automotive Paint, Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium of the ANZFSS (Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society); September 8-13, 1996, Sydney, Australia. 10. Ryland, S.G. and Kopec, R.J., The Evidential Value of Automobile Paint Chips, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24 (1), 1979, pp. 140-147, 11. Ryland, S.G., et. al., The Evidential Value of Automobile Paint. Part II: Frequency of Occurrence of Topcoat Colors, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 26 (1), pp.64-74, 1981.

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12. Cartwright, N.S. and Rodgers, P.G., A Proposed Data Base for the Identification of Automotive Paint, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9, No. 4, 1976, pp. 145-154. 13. Hudson, G.D., Andahl, R.O., and Butcher, S.J., The Paint Index - The Colour Classification and Use of a Collection of Paint Samples Taken from Scenes of Crime, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 17, 1977, pp. 27-32. 14. Audette, R.J. and Percy, R.F.E., A Rapid, Systematic, and Comprehensive Classification System for the Identification and Comparison of Motor Vehicle Paint Samples I: The Nature and Scope of the Classification System, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24, No. 4, 1979, pp. 790-807. 15. Audette, R.J. and Percy, R.F.E., Automotive Repaints: Just a New Look? Journal of Forensic Science, 25, No. 1, 1980, pp. 189-239. 16. Cartwright, N.S., et. al, A Computerized System for the Identification of Suspect Vehicles Involved in Hit and Run Accidents, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 15, No. 3/4, 1982, pp. 105-115. 17. Norman, E.W.W., et. al., The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using Infrared Spectroscopy - A Collaborative Study, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 16, No. 4, 1983, pp. 163-173. 18. Cartwright, L.J., et. al., The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using the Munsell Color Coordinate System - A Collaborative Study, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 17, No. 1, 1984, pp. 14-18. 19. Buckle, J., Fung, T., Ohashi, K., Automotive Topcoat Colour Occurrence Frequencies in Canada, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 20, No. 2, 1987, pp. 45-56. 20. Volpe, G.G., et. al., Vehicle Topcoat Colour and Manufacturer: Frequency Distribution and Evidential Significance, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 21, 1988, pp.1118. 21. Stone, H.S., et. al., Vehicle Topcoat Colour and Manufacturer: Frequency, Distribution and Evidential Significance. Part II, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 24, 1991, pp. 175-185. 22. Buckle, J.L., MacDougall, D.A., and Grant, R.R., PDQ Paint Data Queries: The History and Technology behind the Development of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Laboratory Services Automotive Paint Database, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1997, pp. 199-212. 23. Bishea, G., Buckle, J., and Ryland, S., International Forensic Automotive Paint Database, Proceedings of SPIE Conference, Investigation and Forensic Science Technologies, International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 3576, February, 1999, pp. 73-76. 24. McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M., A Survey of the Evidential Value of Paint Transfer Evidence, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 6, November, 1997, pp. 1012-1018. 25. McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M, McCullough, J.P., The Evidential Value of Paint. Part II: A Bayesian Approach, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, No. 2, 1999, pp. 263-269. 26. Willis S., McCullough, J., McDermott S., The Interpretation of Paint Evidence, Chapter 12, in Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., Taylor and Francis, NY, NY, pp. 243-273, 2001.

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27. Stoecklein, W. and Palenik, C. Forensic Analysis of Automotive Paints: Evidential Value and the Batch Problem, 4th meeting of the European Paint Group, Paris, France, Oct. 5-6, 1998. 28. Learner, T.J.S., Analysis of Modern Paints, Research in Conservation Series, The Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Publications, Los Angeles, California, 2004. 29. Edmondstone, G., Hellman, J., Legate, K., Vardy, G.L., and Lindsay, E., An Assessment of the Evidential Value of Automotive Paint Comparisons, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 37, No.3, 2004, pp. 147-153. 30. Govaert, F. and Bernard, M., Discriminating Red Spray Paints by Optical Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Fluorescence, Forensic Science International, Vol. 140, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 61-70. 31. Buzzini, P. and Massonnet, G., A Market Study of Green Spray Paints by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy, Science and Justice, 44, No. 3, 2004, pp. 123131. 32. Ryland, S., Jergovich, T. and Kirkbride, P.,Current Trends in Forensic Paint Examination, Forensic Science Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, July 2006, pp. 97-117. 33. Eyring, M., Lovelace, M., and Sy, D., A Study of the Discrimination of Some Automotive Paint Films having Identical Color Codes, proceedings of the Trace Evidence Symposium, August 13-16, 2007, Clearwater Beach, FL. 34. Roux, C., Inkster, J., Maynard, P, Ferguson, B. Intra-sample vs. Inter-sample Variability in Architectural Paint, proceedings of the Trace Evidence Symposium, August 13-16, 2007, Clearwater Beach, FL. 35. Buzzini, P., Massonnet, G., Birrer, S., Egli, N.M., Mazzella, W., Fortini, A., Survey of Crowbar and Household Paints in Burglary Cases Population Studies, Transfer and Interpretation, Forensic Science International, 152 (2005) pp. 221-234. 36. Wright, D.M., Bradley, M.J., and Mehltretter, A.H., Discrimination of Architectural Paints, proceedings of the Trace Evidence Symposium, August 3-7, 2009, Clearwater Beach, FL. 37. Wright, D.M., Bradley, M.J., and Mehltretter, A.H., Analysis and discrimination of architectural paint samples via a population study, Forensic Science International, 209 (2011) pp. 86-95. 38. Parent, S. and Howard, J. The Significance of Class Associations in Automotive Paint Evidence, proceedings of the Trace Evidence Symposium, August 3-7, 2009, Clearwater Beach, FL. 39. Ryland, S., Discrimination of Retail Black Spray Paints, Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, (2010), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 109-126. 40. Wright, D.M., A Make-Model-Year Case Involving Unusual Primer Chemistry and Good Resources, Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners (2010), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 137-148. D. MICROSCOPY 1. Hammer, P.S., Pigment Analysis in the Forensic Examination of Paints. III. A Guide to Motor Vehicle Paint Examination by Transmitted Light Microscopy, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22, pp. 187-192, 1982.

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2. McCrone, W.C., Particle Analysis in the Crime Laboratory, The Particle Atlas, Vol. V, 2nd Ed., McCrone, W.C., Delly, J.G. and Palenik, S.J. (Eds.), Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 1379-1401, 1979. 3. Wilkinson, J.M., et al, The Examination of Paint Films and Fibers as Thin Sections, The Microscope, 35 (3), pp. 233-248 (1987). 4. McCrone, W.C., Application of Particle Study in Art and Archaeology Conservation and Authentication, The Particle Atlas, Vol. V, 2nd Ed., McCrone, W.C., Delly, J.G. and Palenik, S.J., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, 1402-1413, 1979. 5. W.C. McCrone, The Microscopical Identification of Artists' Pigments, Journal of the International Institute of Conservation-Canadian Group, 7 (1), pp. 11-34, 1985. 6. Boudreau, A.J. and Cortner, G.V., Application of Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy to the Examination of Paints, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24 (1), pp. 148-153, 1979. 7. Beattie, B., Dudley, R.J. and Smalldon, K.W., The Use of Morin Staining for the Microscopic Characterization of Multilayered White Paint Flakes, Forensic Science International, 13 (1), pp. 41-49, 1979. 8. DeForest, P.R., Foundations of Forensic Microscopy, Chapter 9, in Forensic Science Handbook, Saferstein,R., ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982, pp. 416-528. 9. Stoiber, R.E., and Morse, S. A., The Microscopic Identification of Crystals, Kreegir Publishing Co., Malabar, FL, 1981. 10. Glazier,E.J., The Use of the Fluorescence Microscope in the Forensic Examination of White Paints, Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Chemical Analysis at Thames Polytechnic School of Chemistry, THESIS; Y76; January; p100. 11. Allen, T.J., Modifications of Sample Mounting Procedures and Microtome Equipment for Paint Sectioning, Forensic Science International, 52, 1991, pp. 93-100. 12. Stoney, D.A. Zona, C., and Cai, X., Identification of Paint Pigment Sublimates by Optical Crystallography, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Trace Evidence, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-932115-12-8, June, 1991 p. 215. 13. Kilbourn, J.H., and Marx, R. B., Polarized Light Microscopy of Extenders in Structural Paints - Forensic Applications, The Microscope, 42:4, 1994, pp. 167-175. 14. Laing, D.K., et. al., The Examination of Paint Films and Fibers as Thin Sections, The Microscope, 35, No. 3, 1987, pp. 233-248. 15. Stoecklein, W., Using the Light Microscope for Analytical Procedures - Aids for Solving Cases Involving Hit-and-Run Offenses, Zeiss Information with Jena Review, 3, No. 4, 1994, pp. 19-22. E. SOLUBILITY AND MICROCHEMICAL TESTS 1. Klug, F., Schubert, O. and Vagnina, L., A Microchemical Procedure for Paint Chip Comparison, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 4 (1), pp. 91-96, 1959. 2. Linde, H.G. and Stone, R.P., Application of the LeRosen Test to Paint Analysis, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24 (3), pp. 650-655, 1979.

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3. Home, J.M., Laing, D.K and Richardson, S., The Discrimination of Small Fragments of Household Gloss Paint Using Chemical Tests, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 23 (1), pp. 43-47, 1983. 4. Thornton, J.I., et al, Solubility Characterization of Automotive Paints, Journal of Forensic Science, 28 (4), pp.1004-1007, 1983. 5. Castle, D.A., Pigment Analysis in the Forensic Examination of Paints. II. Analysis of Motor Vehicle Paint Pigments by Chemical Tests, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22, pp. 179-186, 1981. 6. Home, J.M., et. al., The Discrimination of Modern House Hold Paints Using Thin Layer Chromatography, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 22, pp. 147-154, 1982.

F. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS - INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 1. Tweed, F.T., Cameron, R., Deak, J.S., and Rodgers, P.G., The Forensic Microanalysis of Paints, Plastics and Other Materials by an Infrared Diamond Cell Technique, Forensic Science, 4, 1974, pp. 211-218. 2. Harkins, T.R., Harris, J.T. and Shreve, O.D., Identification of Pigments in Paint Products by Infrared Spectroscopy, Analytical Chemistry, 31 (4), pp. 541-545, 1959. 3. Miller, C.D., and Shreve, O.D., Infrared Analysis of Paint Vehicles Based on Alkyd- Nitrogen Resin Blends, Analytical Chemistry, 28, No. 2, 1956 4. Smalldon, K.W., The Identification of Paint Resins and Other Polymeric Materials from the Infrared Spectra of their Pyrolysis Products, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 9, 1969, pp. 135-140. 5. Percy, R.F.E. and Audette, R.J., Automotive Repaints Just a New Look?, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25 (1), pp. 189-239, 1980. 6. Rodgers, P.G., et al, The Classification of Automobile Paint by Diamond Cell Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part I: Binders and Pigments, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9 (1), pp. 1-14, 1976. 7. Rodgers, P.G., et al, The Classification of Automotive Paint by Diamond Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part II: Automotive Topcoats and Undercoats, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9 (2), pp. 49-68, 1976. 8. Rodgers, P.G., et al, The Classification of Automotive Paint by Diamond Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part III: Case Histories, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9 (2), pp. 103-111, 1976. 9. Wilkinson, J.M., Locke, J. and Laing, D.A., The Examination of Paint as Thin Sections Using Visible Micro-Spectrophotometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy, Forensic Science International, 38, pp. 43-52, 1988. 10. Cartwright, L.J., Cartwright, N.S. and Rodgers, P.G., A Microtome Technique for Sectioning Multilayer Paint Samples for Microanalysis, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 10, No. 1, 1977, pp. 7-12. 11. Suzuki, E.M., Forensic Science Applications of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): IV. Direct Analysis of Metallic Paints-Sampling

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Considerations, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34 (1), pp. 164-179, 1989. 12. Suzuki, E.M., Forensic Science Applications of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): V. Direct Analysis of Metallic Paints-Screening of Panels, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34 (1), pp. 180-196, 1989. 13. Ryland, S.G., Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic Paint Evidence, Chapter 6, in Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy, Humecki, H.J., ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995, pp. 163-243. 14. Derrick, M.R., Infrared Microspectroscopy in the Analysis of Cultural Artifacts, Chapter 8, in Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy, Humecki, H.J., ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995, pp. 287-322. 15. Humecki, H.J., Microsample Preparation Techniques, Chapter 12, in Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy, Humecki, H.J., ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995, pp. 445-467. 16. Bixby, J., Schimerbach, D., and Howard, M., Micro-FTIR Analysis of Paint, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Trace Evidence, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-932115-12-8, June, 1991, p. 217. 17. Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas Working Committee, An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry, Fourth Edition, Vols. I and II, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Philadelphia, PA, 1991. 18. McEwen, D.J. and Cheever, G.D., Infrared Microscopic Analysis of Multiple Layers of Automotive Paints, Journal of Coatings Technology, 65 (819), pp. 35-41. 19. Mathias, L.J., Analyzing Coatings With FT Spectroscopy, Modern Paint and Coatings, Nov. 1985, pp. 38-50. 20. Suzuki, E., Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy, in Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. III, Saferstein, R., ed., Reagents/Prentice Hall Publishers, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993, pp. 71-195. 21. Bartick, E.G. and Tungol, M.W., Infrared Microscopy and Its Forensic Applications, in Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. III, Saferstein, R., ed., Reagents/Prentice Hall Publishers, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1993, pp. 196-252. 22. Allen, T. J., Paint Sample Presentation for Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 3, 1992, pp. 217-237. 23. Suzuki, E., Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989): I. Differentiation and Identification Based on Acrylonitrile and Ferrocyanide C=N Stretching Absorptions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 376-392, May 1996 24. Suzuki, E., Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989) II. Identification of Some Topcoat Inorganic Pigments Using an Extended Range (4000-220 cm-1) Fourier Transform Spectrometer, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 3, May 1996, pp.393-406. 25. Suzuki, E., and Marshall, W.P., Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989): III. In Situ Identification of Some Organic Pigments Used in Yellow, Orange, Red, and Brown Nonmetallic and Brown Metallic Finishes Benzimidazolones, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1997, pp. 619-648. 26. Suzuki, E., and Marshall, W.P., Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989): IV. Identification of Some Organic Pigments Used in Red and Brown Nonmetallic and Metallic Monocoats Quinacridones, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 43, 1998, pp. 514-542.

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27. Suzuki, E., Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989): V. Identification of Organic Pigments Used in Red Nonmetallic and Brown Nonmetallic and metallic Monocoats DPP Red BO and Thioindigo Bordeaux, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 44, 1999, pp. 297-313. 28. Suzuki, E., Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989): VI. Identification and Analysis of Yellow Organic Automotive Paint Pigments Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, Isoindoline Yellow, Anthrapyrimidine Yellow, and Miscellaneous Yellows, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 6, 1999, pp. 1151-1175. 29. Massonnet, G. and Stoecklein, W., Identification of Organic Pigments In Coatings: Application to red Automotive Topcoats. Part III: Raman Spectroscopy (NIR FT-Raman), Science & Justice, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1999, pp. 181-187. 30. Kuptsov, A.H., Applications of Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 2, March 1994, pp. 305-318. 31. Suzuki, E. M., and Carrabba, M., In Situ Identification and Analysis of Automotive Paint Pigments using Line Segment Excitation Raman Spectroscopy: I. Inorganic Topcoat Pigments, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 46, No.5, 2001, pp.1053-1069. 32. Ryland, S.G., et. al., Discrimination of 1990s Original Automotive Paint Systems: A Collaborative Study Of Black Nonmetallic Base Coat/Clear Coat Finishes Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2001, pp. 31-45. 33. Gerlock, J.L., et. Al., On the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet Spectroscopy to Assess the Weathering Performance of Isolated Clearcoats from Different Chemical Families, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1998, pp. 225-234. 34. Beveridge A., Fung T., MacDougall D., Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Paint Fragments, Chapter 10, in Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., Taylor and Francis, NY, NY, pp. 183-242, 2001. 35. Buzzini, P. and Massonnet, G., A Market Study of Green Spray Paints by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy, Science and Justice, 44, No. 3, 2004, pp. 123131. 36. Govaert, F. and Bernard, M., Discriminating Red Spray Paints by Optical Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Fluorescence, Forensic Science International, Vol. 140, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 61-70. 37. Bell, S., Fido, L.A., Speers, S.J., and Armstrong, W.J., Rapid Forensic Analysis and Identification of Lilac Architectural Finishes using Raman Spectroscopy, Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2005, pp. 100-108. 38. Bell, S., Fido, L.A., Speers, S.J., and Armstrong, W.J, Spratt, S., Forensic Analysis of Architectural Finishes Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Part I: The resin bases, Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 59, No. 11, 2005, pp. 1333-1346. 39. Bell, S., Fido, L.A., Speers, S.J., and Armstrong, W.J, Spratt, S., Forensic Analysis of Architectural Finishes Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Part II: White Paint, Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 59, No. 11, 2005, pp. 1340-1346. 40. Suzuki, E.M. and McDermot, M.X., Infra-red Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Finishes VII. Extended Range FT-IR and XRF Analyses of Inorganic Pigments In Situ Nickel Titanate and Chrome Titanate, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 51, 2006, pp. 532-538.

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41. Buzzini, P, Massonnet, G., and Sermier, FM, The Micro-Raman Analysis of Paint Evidence in Criminalistics: Case Studies, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, Vol. 37, 2006, pp. 922931. 42. Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations, Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), available online at: http://www.swgmat.org/SWGMAT%20infrared%20spectroscopy.pdf G. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS - PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1. Esposito, G.G. and Swann, M.H., Application of Pyrolysis and Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography to the Analysis of Thermosetting Acrylic Coating Resins, Journal of Gas Chromatography, 3, 1965, pp. 282-284. 2. Jain, N.C., Fontan, C.R., Kirk, P.L., The Identification of Paints by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 5, 1965, pp. 102-109. 3. Levy, E. J., The Analysis of Automotive Paints by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography, in Analytical Pyrolysis, Jones, C.E.R., and Cramers, C.A., eds., Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1976, pp. 319-335. 4. Wheals, B.B. and Noble, W., The Pyrolysis Gas Chromatographic Examination of Car Paint Flakes as an Aid to Vehicle Characterization, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 14 (1), pp. 23-32, 1974. 5. Wheals, B.B., Forensic Applications of Analytical Pyrolysis Techniques, in Analytical Pyrolysis, Jones, C.E.R., and Cramers, C.A., eds., Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1976, pp. 89-97. 6. Evans, D.L., et. al., Compositional Determination of Styrene-Methacrylate Copolymers by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography, Proton-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry, and Carbon Analysis, Anal. Chem., 50, No. 7, 1978, pp. 857-860. 7. Cardosi, P.J., Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatographic Examination of Paints, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 27 (3), pp. 695-703, 1982. 8. Challinor, J.M., Forensic Applications of Pyrolysis Capillary Gas Chromatography, Forensic Science International, 21, 1983, pp. 269-285. 9. Fukuda, K., The Pyrolysis Gas Chromatographic Examination of Japanese Car Paint Flakes, Forensic Science International, 29 (3,4), pp. 227-236, 1985. 10. Stewart, W.D., Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Automobile Paints, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19 (1), pp. 121-129, 1974. 11. DeForest, P.R., The Potential of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography for the Pattern Individualization of Macro-molecular Materials, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19 (1), pp. 113-120, 1974. 12. Audette, R.J. and Percy, R.F.E., A Novel Pyrolysis Technique for Micro Paint Analysis, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 23 (4), 672-678, 1978. 13. Bates, J.W., Allinson,T., Bal,T.S., Capillary Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography. A System Employing a Curie Point Pyrolyser and a Stationary Phase of Intermediate Polarity for the Analysis of Paint Resins and Polymers. Forensic Science International, Vol. 40(1), January, 1989, pp. 35- 43. 14. Saferstein, R., and Manura, J.J., Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry - A New Forensic Science Technique, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 22 (4), pp. 748-756, 1977.

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15. McMinn, D.G., et al, Pyrolysis Capillary Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Automotive Paints, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30 (4), pp. 1064-1073, 1985. 16. Saferstein, R., and Manura, J.J., Dual Column Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography, Crime Laboratory Digest, 15, No. 2, April, 1988, pp. 39-43. 17. Saferstein, R., Forensic Aspects of Analytical Pyrolysis, Chapter 7, in Pyrolysis and GC in Polymer Analysis, Liebman, S.A. and Levy, E.J., eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1985, pp. 339-371. 18. Challinor, J.M., Examination of Forensic Evidence, Chapter 8, in Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, Wampler, T.P., ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995. 19. Challinor, J.M., Pyrolysis Derivitization Using Tetraalkylammonium Hydroxide , Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 16, 1989, pp. 323-333. 20. Challinor, J.M., The Scope of Pyrolysis Methylation Reactions, Journal of Analytical Pyrolysis, 20, 1991, pp. 15-24. 21. Challinor, J.M. Structure Determination of Alkyd Resins by Simultaneous Pyrolysis Methylation, Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 18, 1991, pp. 233-244. 22. Wampler, T.P., Bishea, G.A., and Simonsick, W.J., Recent Changes in Automotive Paint Formulation Analyzed by Pyrolysis-GC/MS for Identification, Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 40-40, 1997, pp. 79-89. 23. Challinor, JM, Pyrolysis Techniques for the Characterization and Discrimination of Paint, Chapter 9, in Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., Taylor and Francis, NY, NY, pp. 165-182, 2001. 24. Burns, DT and Doolan, KP., The Discrimination of Automotive Clear Coat Paints Indistinguishable by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy via Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Analytica Chimica Acta 539, 2005, pp.157-164. 25. Burns, DT and Doolan, KP., A Comparison of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of a Series of Modified Alkyd Paint Resins, Analytica Chimica Acta 422, 2000, pp. 217-230. 26. Kochanowski, BK and Morgan SL., Forensic Discrimination of Automotive Paint Samples Using Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Multivariate Statistics, Journal of Chromatographic Science, 38, 2000, pp. 100-108. 27. Zieba-Palus, J., Zadora, G., Milczarek, J.M., Koscielniak, P., Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry Analysis as a Useful Tool in Forensic Examination of Automotive Paint Traces, Journal of Chromatography A, 1179:1, 2008, pp. 41-46. 28. Zieba-Palus, J., Zadora, G., Milczarek, J.M., Differentiation and Evaluation of Evidence Value of Styrene Acrylic Urethane Topcoat Car Paints Analysed by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, 1179:1, 2008, pp. 47-58. 29. Plage, B., Berg, A.-D., Luhn, S. The Discrimination of Automotive Clear Coats by PyrolysisGas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Comparison of Samples by a Chromatogram Library Software, Forensic Science International 2008, 177, pp.146-152. H. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS - SEM-EDX and XRF

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1. Goebel, R. and Stoecklein, W., The Use of Electron Microscopic Methods for the Characterization of Paints in Forensic Science, Scanning Microscopy, 1 (3), pp. 1007-1015, 1987. 2. Wilson, R., Judd, G. and Ferris, S., Characterization of Paint Fragments by Combined Topographical and Chemical Electron Optics Techniques, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19 (2), pp. 363-371, 1974. 3. Meinhold, R.H. and Sharp, R.M., The Application of a Multistylus Recorder to the Energy Dispersive Analysis of Paint Flakes in the Scanning Electron Microscope, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 23 (2), pp. 274-282, 1978. 4. Reeve, V.C. and Keener, T., Programmed Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Top Coats of Automotive Paint, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 21 (4), pp. 883-907, 1976. 5. Howden, C.R., Dudley, R.J. and Smalldon, K.W., The Non-Destructive Analysis of Single Layered Household Paints Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 17, pp. 161-167, 1977. 6. Gardiner, L.R., The Homogeneity of Modern Household Paints Using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyses (SEM-EDXA), HOCRE Report No. 408, Sept. 1981, pp. 1-17. 7. Brown, R., Light and Electron Microscopy of Inorganic Paint Constituents, Proceedings of Scanning 93, Scanning, 15, Suppl. III, p. III-35. 8. Nolan, P.J. and Keeley, R.H., Analysis and Classification of Paint by Electron Microprobe Analysis with the SEM, Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory SEM Report No. 3, June 1981, pp. 1-21. 9. Nolan, P.J. and Keeley, R.H., Comparison and Classification of Small Paint Fragments by X-Ray Microanalysis in the SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy/1979/I, SEM, Inc., AMF OHare, IL, pp. 449-454. 10. Beam, T.L., and Willis, W.V., Analysis Protocol for Discrimination of Automotive Paints by SEM-EDXA Using Beam Alignment by Current Centering, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 3;5, No. 5, Sept, 1990, pp. 1055-1063. 11. Standard Guide for Using Scanning Electron Microscopy/X-ray Spectrometry in Forensic Paint Examination, Scientific Working Group for Materials (SWGMAT), Forensic Science Communications, Vol.4, No. 4, October 2002. (available online at: http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2002/bottrell.htm 12. Henson, M.L. and Jergovich, T.A., Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Xray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) for the Forensic Examination of Paints and Coatings, Chapter 11, in Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., Taylor and Francis, NY, NY, pp. 243-272, 2001. I. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS UV-Vis MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY 1. Cousins, D.R., The Use of Microspectrophotometry in the Examination of Paints, Forensic Science Review, 1 (2), pp. 141-162, 1989. 2. Cousins, D.R., Platoni, C.R. and Russell, L.W., The Use of Microspectrophotometry for the Identification of Pigments in Small Paint Samples, Forensic Science International, 24 (3), pp. 183-196, 1984.

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3. Laing, D.K., Dudley, R.J. and Issacs, M.D.J., Colorimetric Measurements on Small Paint Fragments using Microspectrophotometry, Forensic Science International, 16, pp. 159171, 1980. 4. Laing, D.K., et al, The Discrimination of Small Fragments of Household Gloss Paint by Microspectrophometry, Forensic Science International, 20, pp. 191- 200, 1982. 5. Cousins, D.R., Platoni, C.R. and Russell, L.W., The Variation in the Colour of Paint on Individual Vehicles, Forensic Science International, 24, pp. 197-208, 1984. 6. Nowicki, J. and Patten, R., Examination of U.S. Automotive Paints: I. Make and Model Determination of Hit-and-Run Vehicles by Reflectance Microspectrophotometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31 (2), pp. 464-470, 1986. 7. Locke J., Cousins D.R, Russell L.W., Jenkins C.M., Wilkinson J.M., Data Collection of Vehicle Topcoat Colours. 1. Instrumentation for Colour Measurements, Forensic Science International, 34(1&2), May, 1987, pp. 131-142. 8. Locke J., Wilkinson J. M., Hanford T.J., Data Collection of Vehicle Topcoat Colours. 2. The Measurement of Colour Samples Used in the Vehicle Refinishing Industry, Forensic Science International, 37(3), May, 1988, pp. 177-187. 9. Taylor M.C., Cousins D.R., Holding R.H., Locke J., Wilkinson J.M., Data Collection of Vehicle Topcoat Colours. 3. Practical Considerations for Using a National Database. Forensic Science International, 40(2), February; 1989, pp.131-141. 10. Voskertchian, G.P., Quantitative Analysis of Organic Pigments in Forensic Paint Examination, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40, No. 5, 1995, pp. 823-825. 11. Stoecklein, W. and Fujiwara, H., The Examination of UV-absorbers in 2-coat Metallic and Non-metallic Automotive Paints, Science & Justice, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1999, pp. 188-195. 12. Stoecklein, W., The Role of Colour and Microscopic Techniques for the Characterisation of Paint Fragments, Chapter 8, Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., Taylor and Francis, NY, NY, pp. 143-164, 2001. 13. Eyring, M.B., Visible Microscopical Spectrophotometry in the Forensic Sciences, Chapter 6, in Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Saferstein, R. ed., pp. 322-387, 2002. 14. Kopchick, K.A. and Bommarito, C.R., Color Analysis of Apparently Achromatic Automotive Paints by Visible Microspectrophotometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 340-343, 2006. 15. Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic Paint Analysis, Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), Forensic Science Communications, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 2007. (available online at: http://www.swgmat.org/Standard%20Guide%20for%20Microspectrophotometry%20and% 20Color%20Measurement%20in%20Forensic%20Paint%20Analysis.pdf 16. Zieba-Palus, J. Trzcinska, B., and Koscielniak, P. Comparative Analysis of Car Paint Traces in Terms of Color by Vis Microspectrometry for Forensic Needs, Analytical Letters, 2010, 43:3, pp. 436-445. J. MISCELLANEOUS 1. Burke, P.,et al, A Comparison of Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Paint Resins, Forensic Science International, 28 (3,4), pp. 201-219, 1985.

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2. Walsh, B.A.J., Axon, B.W. and Buckleton, J.S., New Zealand Bodyfillers: Discrimination Using IR Spectroscopy, Visible Microspectrophotometry, Density and SEM-EDAX, Forensic Science International, 32 (3), pp. 193-204, 1986. 3. Home, J.M., Twibell, J.D. and Smalldon, K.W., The Characterization of Motor Vehicle Body Fillers, Medicine, Science and the Law, 20 (3), pp. 163-174, 1980. 4. Dabdoub, G. and Severin, P., The Identification of Domestic and Foreign Automobile Manufacturers Through Body Primer Characterization, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34 (6), pp. 1395-1404, 1989. 5. Deaken, D., Automotive Body Primers: Their Application in Vehicle Identification, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 20 (2), 283-287, 1975. 6. VanHoven, H., and Fraysier, H. The Matching of Automotive Paint Chips by Surface Striation Alignment, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28 (2), pp. 463-467, 1983. 7. Nelson, J.F., An Example of the Use of Polishing Marks for Matching Paint Flakes, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 57 (2), pp. 216-217,1966. 8. Odlyha ,M., Hedley ,G., Flint, C.D., Simpson, C.F., The Analysis of Paint Films by Thermomechanical Methods, ANAL-PROC, Vol.26(11); November; pp. 399-401. 9. Tillman, W.L., Automotive Paint Identification Systems, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Trace Evidence, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-932115-12-8, June, 1991, pp. 123-152. 10. Brun-Conti, L., The Chemistry and Industrial Application of Acrylic Basecoat/Clearcoat Automotive Topcoats, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Trace Evidence, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-932115-12-8, June, 1991, p. 213. 11. Spence, J.W. and Lemmons, T.J., Effects of Acidic Deposition on Paint: A Chamber Study, Journal of Coatings Technology, 65, No. 823, August, 1993, pp. 47-55. 12. Zeichner, A., Levin, N., and Landau, E., A Study of Paint Coat Characteristics Produced by Spray Paints from Shaken and Nonshaken Spray Cans, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37, No. 2, March 1992, pp. 542-555. 13. Cassista, A.R. and Sandercock, P.M.L., Comparison and Identification of Automotive Topcoats: Microchemical Spot Tests, Microspectrophotometry, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography, and Diamond Anvil Cell FTIR, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 27, No. 3, 1994, pp. 209-223. 14. Reference Collection of Automotive Paints - Technical Data / Index, Collaborative Testing Services, Inc, Herndon, VA, 1974-1989. 15. Krausher, C.D.J., Characteristics of Aerosol Paint Transfer and Dispersal, Canadian Society Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1994, pp. 125-142. 16. Stoecklein, W., The Analysis of New Plate-Like Pigments in Automotive Coatings, Paint and Coatings Industry, May, 2001, pp. 48-65. 17. Stoecklein, W., Plate-Like Pigments in Automotive Paints: A Review, Paint and Coatings Industry, May, 2002, pp. 80-83 18. Hobbs, A.L. and Almirall, J.R., Trace Elemental Analysis of Automotive Paints by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry, 376, 2003, pp. 1265-1271.

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19. Stachura, S., Desiderio, V.J. and Allison, J., Identification of Organic Pigments in Automotive Coatings Using Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Forensic Science, May 2007, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 595-603. 20. Mukai, T., Nakazumi, N., Kawabata, S., Kusatani, M., Nakai, S, and Honda, S., Direct Identification of Various Copper Phthalocyanine Pigments in Automotive Paints and Paint Smears by Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 107-115. 21. McNorton, S.C., Nutter, G. W., and Siegel, J. A., The Characterization of Automobile Body Fillers, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 116-124. 22. Deconinck, I., Latkoczy, C., Gunther, D, Govaert, F, Vanhaecke, F., Capabilities of Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for (Trace) Element Analysis of Car Paints for Forensic Purposes, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 21, 2006, pp. 279-287. 23. Nishiwaki, Y., Watanabe, S., Shimoda, O, Saito, Y., Nakanishi, T., Terada, Y., Ninomiya, T., Nakai, I., Trace Elemental Analysis of Titanium Dioxide Pigments and Automotive White Paint Fragments for Forensic Examinations Using High-Energy Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 54, No. 3, May 2009, pp. 564-570. 24. McIntee, E., Viglino, E., Rinke, C., Kumor, S., Ni, L., Sigman, M.E., Comparative Analysis of Automotive Paints by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Nonparametric Permutation Tests, Spectrochimica Acta Part B 65, 2010, pp. 542-548.