volatile oils methods of obtaining volatile oils - distillation of plant parts - water (dried and not subject to burning)

- water and steam (dried or fresh that may be injured by boiling) - direct steam - other methods medicinal/commercial uses - inhalations, oral, gargles, mouthwashes, transdermally (aromatherapy) - spices, condiments, flavoring - carminative, antiseptic, antispasmodic - perfumery (top, middle, base (fixatives, low volatility and high tenacity; mus k - deer, civet - cat, ambergris - whale) notes) - confectionery - cosmetic industry - soap, toiletries, deodorizers, cleaners, polishes, insecticides volatile oils eleoptene/oleoptene - HC portion, liquid (eugenol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate) stearoptenes - oxidized HC portion - usually solid (menthol, thymol, anethole) - characteristic odor and flavor stereochem - determines type of olfactory response evoked by compounds separation of mixtures of compounds in volatile oils - low temp - fractional distillation - fractional crystallization - chromatography - removal by chemical reaction volatile oils consist largely of - terpenes (terpanoids) - natural products made of isoprene units - monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes - phenylpropanoids hydrocarbon volatile oils - occur in practically all volatile oils - limonene, p-cymene, pinene, sabinene, myrcene, cadinene - turpentine oil - oleoresin from pinus palustris (pinaceae) - terpenes alpha and beta pinene - counterirritant - rectified TO - expectorant - terpin hydrate - stimulant to mucous membrane - expectorant - black pepper - unripe fruit of piper nigrum(piperaceae) - chavicine - sharp taste - volatile oil - aroma (beta-caryophyllene**, limonene, sabinene, alpha and beta pinene), piperine (pungency) and piperettine and a resin - aromatic principle (pericarp), pungency (seed) - condiment, stimulant, irritant, febrifuge (antipyretic) - cubeb/tailed pepper - full-grown fruit of piper cubebe piperaceae - sabinene, carene, cadinene, cubuebin

- diuretic, antiseptic, stimulating expectorant, carminative - celery/kintsay - ripe fruit of apium graveolens apiaceae - d-limonene, apiin - asthma, rheumatic disease, high blood pressure, emetic, food seasoning - humulus/hops - stobiles of H lupulus (moraceae/cannabinaceae) - bitter principles - alpha-acids (humulone) and beta-acids (lupulone) - humulene - sedative, bitter tonic, beer manufacture - lupulin/humulin - glandular trichomes from strobiles - beta-myrcene, humulene, bitter tonic alcohol volatile oils - rose - flowers of rosa gallica/damascena/alba/centifolia (rosaceae) - geraniol, citronellol, nerol - perfume - orange flower - neroli oil - flowers of citrus aurantiu, (rutaceae) - linalool*, alpha-terpinenol*, geraniol*, geranyl acetate, linalyl acet ate, beta-pinene, limonene - perfume, flavor - juniper - fruit of juniperus communis (cupressaceae) - alpha-terpineol, borneol, geraniol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene - certain varieties of gin, flavor, diuretic*, antiseptic - pine oil - by extraction and fractionation/steam distillation of wood of pinus pa lustris (pinaceae) - alpha-terpineol, methyl chavicol, borneol, fenchol - disinfectant, deodorant - sandalwood - heartwood of santalum album (santalaceae) - alpha, beta santalols - perfumery aldehyde volatile oils (-al) - acyclic/cyclic - citral (geranial and neral)/citronellal/cinnamaldehyde/vanillin - cinnamon/kanela - bark of cinnamomum loureirii (saigon)/zeylanicum (ceylon)/cassia (cass ia) lauraceae - volatile oil (cassia) - leaves and twigs, mannitol, tannin - carminative, flavor - cinnamic aldehyde/cinnamaldeyde - cassia oil - leaves and twigs - cinnamic aldehyde, limonene - flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic, antiseptic - lemon peel - outer yellow rind of the fresh ripe fruit of citrus limon (rutaceae) - flavoring agent, stimulant, stomachic - lemon oil - pressure, sponge process, ecuelle a piquer, machine, distillation - limonene, beta-pinene, gamma-terpinene, citral (neral and geranial - f lavor) - neryl and geranyl acetates - full-bodied lemon flavor - esters - flavoring agent (food, cosmetics, liquid cleaners), stimulant, carmina tive, stomachic, perfume

- terpeneless lemon oils - distillation under reduced pressure (95% terpenes removed) - higher pr ice - terpenes will make lemon oil decompose - bitter orange peel - citrus aurantium - aurantiamarin (major bitter principle), aurantiamar ic acid, aurantin, vit c - sweet orange peel - orange oil - expression from fresh peel of citrus sinensis - decanal, limonene - flavor - citronella oil - lemon grass/tanglad (cymbopogon/andropogon citratus) - steam distillation of leaves - cymbopogon winteranius/nardus (poaceae) - citronellal*, citral*, geraniol, citronellol; perfume, insect repellan t - hamamelis water - steam distillation of twigs - hexenal, acetaldehyde; astringent ketone volatile oils (-one) - monocyclic terpene ketones - dicyclic ketones - camphor - cinnamomum caphora lauraceae - natural camphor - synthetic camphor (pinene) - pinene to bornyl esters - hydrolyzed to isoborneol - oxidized to camphor - topical antipruritic, rubefacient, anti-infective, manufacture of plas tics* - safe and effective for reducing cough when externally applied to chest and throat of young children - flexible collodion - spearmint - leaf and flowering top pf mentha spicata/viridis/cardiaca lamiaceae - taste not followed by a cooling sensation - resin, tannin, volatile oil - flavor, carminative - spearmint oil - (-) carvone, limonene, cineole - flavor, carminative - chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash - caraway oil - fruit of carum carvi (apiaceae) - (+)carvone, limonene - fruits for culinary purposes - flavor, carminative - dill - fruit of anethum graveolens apiaceae - (+)carvone, limonene - flavor, carminative - buchu - leaf of barosma betulina (short)/crenulata (oval)/serratifolia (long) (rutaceae) - volatile oil (pulegone, menthole), diosmin, diosphenol/buchu camphor ( responsible for flavor) - diuretic, urinary antiseptic - wormwood oil/absinthe oil

- leaves and flowering tops of artemisia absinthium asteraceae - (+)thujone*, camphene, phellandrene, beta-caryophyllene - counterirritant - cedar leaf oil - leaves of thuja occidentalis cupressaceae - (+)thujone, fenchone, alpha-pinene - counterirritant phenol volatile oil (-ol) - present naturally - produced by destructive distillation of plant products - thymol, eugenol, carvacrol, creosol, guaiacol - clove/clavo/clavillo - flower buds of eugenia caryophyllus/caryophyllata (myrtaceae) - flavor, carminative - volatile oil (syzygium aromaticum) - eugenol, eugenol acetate, beta-caryophyllene, methyl-n-amyl ketone (fr esh fruity note/odor) - flavor/spice, toothache remedy, antiseptic, counterirritant, carminati ve, commercial manufacture of vanillin - eugenol - dental analgesic - thyme oil/tremoncillo - flowering plant of thymus vulgaris/zygis var. gracilis lamiaceae - volatile oil - thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, camphene, limonene - antiseptic - thymol - thyme oil, horsemint oil, ajowan oil - synthetic - m-cresol and p-cymene - freezing temp - NaOH solution - more powerful than phenol but use is limited because of it low solubil ity - myrcia oil/bay oil - leaves of pimenta racemosa myrtaceae - eugenol, myrcene, chavicol - perfume - pimento/allspice oil - jamaica or clove pepper - fruit of pimenta dioica myrtaceae - eugenol, cineole, phellandrene, caryophyllene - creosote- beechwood creosote - woor tar from destructive distillation of wood - fagus grandiflora fag aceae - guaiacol, creosol - disinfectant, expectorant when purified or rectified - juniper tar/cade oil - empyreumatic oil from heartwood of juniperus exycerdus cupressaceae - guaiacol, cresol, cadinene - local antieczema - pine tar - destructive distillation of wood from pinus palustris pinaceae - phenol, creosol, naphthalene - local antieczema, anti-psoriasis - expectorant phenolic ether - fennel - aris/haras - fruit of foeniculum vulgare (apiaceae) - anethole*, fenchone*, alpha-beta pinene, limonene, methyl chavicol

- flavor, carminative - sassafras - bark of the root of sassafras albidum lauraceae - aromatic,carminative - volatile oil root - safrole* (camphor oil, sassafras oil, japanese star anise) - showed evidence of being a carcinogen, alpha-pinene, phellandrene oxide - eucalyptus - blue gum leaf/fever tree - scythe-shaped leaf of eucalyptus globulus myrtaceae - requires much water ad used for drying up marsh land - volatile oil (cineole/eucalyptol*) free from large amounts of phelland rene, alpha-pinene (medicinal use) - industrial purposes - contains piperitone and phellandrene - perfumery - geraniol/esters and citronellal - flavor, antiseptic, diaphoretic (induces sweat), expectorant - cineole/eucalyptol/cajuputol - camphoraceous odor, pungent, cooling, spicy taste - fractional distillation of eucalyptus oil and freezing of dist illate or treatment of eucalyptus oils with phosphoric acid and decomposition of cineole-phosphoric acid with water - dehydration product of terpin hydrate on treatment with acids - flavor - nasal inhalers, sprays for antiseptic and mild anesthetic action to no se and throat - steam inhalation as stimulating expectorants in bronchitis, external a nalgesics, mouthwashes - cajuput oil - fresh leaves and twigs of melaleuca leucadendron myrtaceae rectified b y steam distillation - cajuputol* (eucalyptol), terpineol - parasiticide, carminative stimulant, diaphoretic - chenopodium - american wormseed/alpasotes - fruit of chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelmintica (chenopodiaceae) - fruits (mature), oil (tops still green immediately distilled) - ascaridole*, cymene, limonene - anthelmintic (roundworms) ester volatile oil - gaultheria - wintergreen, teaberry, checkerberry, mountain tea - leaves of gaultheria procumbens ericaceae - methyl salicylate (gaultherin and gaultherase) - methyl salicylate - gaultheria oil/wintergreen oil/betula oil, sweet birch oil - produced synthetically (salicylic acid and methyl alcohol) - leaves of g procumbens, bark of betula lenta (betulaceae) - flavor for aromatic cascara sagrada fluidextract, local irritant, anti septic, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory - lavender - fresh flowering tops of lavandula angustifolia lamiaceae - linalyl acetate*, linalool, cineole - perfume - rosemary - romero/dumero - leaves of rosmarinus officinalis lamiaceae - bornyl acetate - cough, diuretic, gas pain, rheumatism, aromatic bath - bergamot oil

- fruit of citrus bergamia rutaceae - linalyl acetate*, linalool, limonene; perfume (hair tonics) - pine needle oil - dwarf pine needle oil - leaf of pinus mugo pinaceae - bornyl acetate*, alpha,beta-pinene; perfume, flavor - mustard oil - seed - brassica nigra/juncea brassicaceae - allyl isothiocyanate; rubefacient sesquiterpenoids - artemisinin/qinghaosu - leaves and flowering tops of artemisia annua asteraceae - treatment of malaria (plasmosium vivax/falciparum) - chamomile - german chamomile/matricaria - ginseng of europe (tea) - flowerheads of matricaria recutita asteracea e - alpha-bisabolol, alpha-bisaboloxides A and B - carminative, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory - mansanilya - matricaria chamomilla - insect repellant - feverfew - leaves of tanacetum parthenium (asteraceae) - chewing fresh leaves/tablets/capsules - parthenolide (serotonin antagonist) - antipyretic, febrifuge, prophylaxis of migraine - valerian - antianxiety, sleep aid - valeriana officinalis valerianacae - garlic - bawang/ajos - bulb of allium sativum alliacaea - alliin - allicin (odor and flavor) (diallylthiosulfate), diallyldisulf ide/diallyltrisulfide - antibacterial, hypertension diterpenoids - forskolin/colforsin - lamiaceae - gingko - leaves - gingkolides A B C M - inhibit platelet aggregating factor - peripheral vascular disease - taxol/paclitaxel, pacific yew - bark of taxus brevifolia taxaceae - taxol - limited supply