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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK : MAKMAL Review KEJURUTERAAN Release Date ELEKTRIK Last Amendment 3742 Subject Code : SEE 3732/3742 Procedure Number
SEE 3732/3742 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA KAMPUS SKUDAI JOHOR
OBJECTIVES 1. To understand amplitude modulation characteristics. 2. To understand the modulation index and effects.
THEORY Amplitude modulation is a process of translating information signal from low band frequency to high band frequency. Information signal is usually of low frequency, so it cannot travel far. It needs carrier signal of higher frequency for long distance destination. Figure 1 shows a basic block diagram of a modulator. The inputs are carrier and information (modulating) signals while the output is called modulated signal.
Modulator
Modulated signal
where f c >> f m
In amplitude modulated (AM) signal, amplitude of the carrier signal varies with the information signal. Hence, v AM (t ) = (Ec + v m (t )) cos c t This can be seen in Figure 2 where the information signal forms the envelope for the modulated carrier. This modulated waveform in time domain can be observed using an oscilloscope. 2
vAM(t)
Envelope = [E c + v m (t )]
Emax
t (s)
Emin
Figure 2: AM signal in time domain Frequency domain display from spectrum analyzer will show that the AM signal consists of three frequency components; the carrier, upper sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB). Refer to figure 3. The sidebands carry the baseband information. The bandwidth (BW) for an AM signal = 2 fm EC
mE c E m = 2 2
BW
mE c E m = 2 2
fc-fm
fc
fc+fm
frequency, f Hz
(2)
Em 2 2
(3)
= (m2PC )
1 ( mEC )2 R
(4)
(5) (6)
4. Transmitter efficiency, = average power from sideband / total power absorbed. = m2 / ( 2 + m2 ) (7) Modulation index, m can be calculated using the equation: m = (Emax Emin) / (Emax + Emin) = Em / Ec = ( A B ) / ( A + B) where A and B are sides of a trapezoid. Refer to figure 4. (8) (9) (10)
In theory, for 100% modulation, amplitude of sideband is half of the carrier amplitude. In AM Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC), the carrier component in the AM spectrum will be suppressed Refer to Figure 5. This is because it does not carry any information while consuming lots of power. Therefore, AM DSBSC signal has the advantage of consuming less power than full AM while the bandwidth remains the same. v DSBSC (t)
Em 2
(fc-fm)
fc
(fc+fm)
INSTRUMENT REQUIRED 1) Trainer B4200A-P AM/DSB Transmitter 2) Pico Scope (Oscilloscope & Spectrum Analyzer) 3) Power Supply.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Read all procedures before you do this experiment. If you have any problems, get the technician to help you.
LABORATORY EXERCISE ANALYSIS OF AM WAVEFORM AND SIDEBANDS. 1. Prepare the trainer as Fig. 1 for operation. Set the carriers frequency knob halfway and the modulation level knob at . 2. Using the picoscope, record: (a) carrier frequency, fc (b) test tone (modulating) frequency, fm. 3. Adjust the balancement for amplitude-modulated (AM) waveform at the transmitter output to display a nice Double Side Band With Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) signal. Plot the waveform and the frequency spectrum of this signal. 4. Decrease the amplitude of the modulating signal, lets say, 3Vpp. 5. Now, without touching the modulating signal amplitude, adjust the carrier (adjust the Balancement) to obtain a 100% modulated AM signal. Measure Em, Ec, Emax and Emin. Calculate the modulation index, m, using equations (8) and (9) given in the theory section. 6. Record also the frequency of the envelope modulated signal. Does it correspond to fm? 7. Observe the spectrum of the AM signal. Record all the relevant parameters. 8. Prepare the trainer as Fig. 2 for operation. 9. Connect the picoscope with CH1 on the transmitter output and CH2 on the modulating signal. Switch the scope to XY mode. A trapezoid shall appear on the screen. Sketch the waveform obtained. Calculate the modulation index by using equation (10). It should give the same value as obtained in step 5. 10. Repeat step 6-9 for AM waveform with: (a) m < 100% (b) m > 100% (c) m=0
POWER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Adjust the panel for a full amplitude AM wave, approx. 50% modulation index. Temporarily disconnect the tone source. Measure and record the carrier p p-p amplitude. Restore the tone source. Measure E m as indicated. Calculate the power of the carrier on the dummy load as P c = ( E c 0.707 ) 2 /R ( R 150 ohm ) Calculate the power of each sidebands component as
2
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONS. 1. 2. 3. sideband lower-sideband signal? What is upper-sideband and lower Compare and discuss the display of an oscilloscope to that of a spectrum analyzer of an AM signal? Write down the percentage of modulation of each pattern.
Fig.1
Fig.2