1. It provides shape to the cell. It is semi-permeable, regulating the entry and exit of substances, namely solutes and ions.

Answer: Cell Membrane The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. It is the outermost covering of the animal cell. It protects the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances, namely ions and solutes. 2. It provides protection, shape and rigidity to the cell. It is freely permeable, allowing substances in the form of solutions to enter and leave the cell without any hindrance. Answer: Cell Wall The cell wall is the outermost covering of the plant cell made up of cellulose, and surrounds the cell membrane. It protects the cell, provides mechanical support and is responsible for maintaining pressure inside the cell. 3. It initiates and regulates cell division. It also helps in forming spindle fibres, with the help of asters. Answer: Centrosome The centrosome of the animal cell contains one or two centrioles, and is surrounded by microtubules or the centrosphere. It initiates and regulates cell division. 4. It is a plastid, containing a pigment called chlorophyll. This chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight and helps in the manufacture of food by the process of photosynthesis. Answer: Chloroplast The chloroplast of the plant cell is a green-colored plastid. Chlorophyll contained in the chloroplast captures energy from sunlight and helps in the manufacture of food by the process of photosynthesis. 5. It is a plastid, containing pigments such as xanthophyll (yellow in color) and carotene (orangish-red in color). These pigments impart color to flowers and fruits of plants. Answer: Chromoplast The chromoplast of the plant cell is a plastid that is colored differently in different cells. It contains pigments such as xanthophyll (yellow in color) and carotene (orangish-red in color). It imparts color to flowers and fruits of plants. 6. It is the house of all metabolic activities and functions in the cell. In other words, it contains most of the cell organelles, each of which perform a specific function. Answer: Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is composed of a mixture of water and soluble organic & inorganic compounds, and contains most of the cell organelles. It is the house of all metabolic functions and activities of the animal cell. 7. It provides support to the cell. It also helps in the synthesis and transport of proteins and fats. Answer: Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum consists of tubular structures (convoluted tubules) lying near the nucleus. It provides support to the plant cell and the animal cell. It is of two types, namely the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (does not have ribosomes attached to it) and the rough

endoplasmic reticulum (has ribosomes attached to it). 8. It synthesizes and secretes certain substances, namely hormones and enzymes. It also helps in the formation of acrosome of sperm. Answer: Golgi Apparatus The golgi apparatus of the animal cell consists of flat vesicular structures placed one on top of the other. It synthesizes and secretes certain substances, namely hormones and

enzymes. 9. It is a plastid. It helps in the storage of starch. Answer: Leucoplast The leucoplast of the plant cell is a colorless plastid. It helps in the storage of starch. 10. It performs intracellular digestion. It also helps in destroying foreign substances. Answer: Lysosome The lysosome of the animal cell is a membranous sac budded off from the golgi apparatus, and contains several types of enzymes. It performs intracellular digestion and destroys foreign substances. 11. It is the site of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) synthesis. It also synthesizes respiratory enzymes. Answer: Mitochondrion The mitochondrion of the cell has two layers of membrane, of which the inner one is folded to form cristae. It is the site of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) synthesis.

12. It is semi-permeable, allowing substances to enter and leave the nucleus of the cell. It also provides protection to the nucleus of the cell. Answer: Nuclear Membrane The nuclear membrane is the covering of the nucleus of the cell, and has numerous pores. It allows substances to enter and leave. 13. It synthesizes proteins by producing and storing RNA (Ribonucleic acid). At the same time, it orders ribosomes to synthesize proteins. Answer: Nucleolus

The nucleolus is contained in the nucleus of the cell, and is round in shape. It synthesizes proteins by producing and storing RNA (Ribonucleic acid). 14. It contains chromatin fibres, which are made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). After cell division takes place, these chromatin fibres undergo certain structural changes, and are called chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the hereditary information of the genes. Answer: Nucleoplasm The nucleoplasm is a dense fluid containing chromatin fibres, which are made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). After cell division takes place, these chromatin fibres undergo certain structural changes, and are called chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the hereditary information of the genes. 15. It controls and coordinates all the activities and functions of the cell. It plays a vital role in cell division. Answer: Nucleus The nucleus is the most important part of the cell, and contains large amounts of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). It controls and coordinates all the activities and functions of the cell. 16. It is known as the 'site of protein synthesis in the cell', and synthesizes proteins. It is chiefly composed of RNA (Ribonucleic acid). Answer: Ribosome The ribosome is chiefly composed of RNA (Ribonucleic acid). It synthesizes proteins. 17. It helps in the storage of water and several other substances, namely food, waste products and pigments. It also provides turgidity to the cell.

2. Cell membrane The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and physically separates the intracellular components from the extra-cellular environment, thereby serving a function similar to that of skin. 3. Cell wall A cell wall is a fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural support, protection, and acts as a filtering mechanism. The cell wall also prevents over-expansion when water enters the cell. 4. Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels of plants traversing the cell walls of plant cells and enabling transport and communication between them. 5. Vacuole Vacuoles are found in the cytoplasm of most plant cells. Vacuoles are membranebound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions.

6. Tonoplast A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. 7. Plastids Plastids are responsible for photosynthesis, storage of products like starch and for the synthesis of many classes of molecules such as fatty acids and terpenes which are needed as cellular building blocks and/or for the function of the plant. 8. Chloroplast Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb light and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production in all green plants. 9. Leucoplast Leucoplasts are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. 10. Chromoplast Chromoplasts are plastids responsible for pigment synthesis and storage. They, like all other plastids are organelles found in specific photosynthetic eukaryotic species. Chloroplasts in the traditional sense, are found in colored organs of plants such as fruit and floral petals, to which they give their distinctive colors. 11. Golgi Complex Golgi complex is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. 12. Ribosome Ribosomes are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cells. The function of ribosomes is the assembly of proteins, in a process called translation. 13. Endoplasmic reticulum These structures are responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell; sequestration of calcium; and production and storage of glycogen, steroids, and other macromolecules. 14. Mitochondrion it is a membrane-enclosed organelle that is found in cells. Mitochondria are sometimes described as cellular power plants,.

15. Microtubule are one of the components of the cytoskeleton. They have diameter of ~ 24 nm and length varying from several micrometers to possibly millimeters in axons of nerve cells. 16. Microfilament Microfilaments are the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells 17. Lysosome Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. 18.Microbody A microbody is a cytoplasmic organelle of a more or less globular shape that comprises degradative enzymes bound within a single membrane. 19. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid that fills most cells. 20. Nucleus It contains most of the cells genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. 21. Nuclear envelope The nuclear envelope consists of two cellular membranes, an inner and an outer membrane, arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometers (nm). 22. DNA DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. 23. Chromatin Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes. 24. RNA RNA plays several important roles in the processes of translating genetic information from DNA into proteins.

Definition of Electron microscope :

An electron-optical instrument that utilizes a beam of electrons, rather than light, to focus on cell surfaces of a very thin specimen to produce an enlarged image on a fluorescent screen or photographicplate. Because resolution (the ability to distinguish adjacent objects as separate) is better and magnification 1,000 times that of an optical light microscope is possible, electron microscopy can help determine the nature of tumors and of kidney disease.

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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells (from the Greek meaning truly nuclear) comprise all of the life kingdoms except monera. They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus.

Prokaryotic Cells
Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) are prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. Bacterial cells are very small, roughly the size of an animal mitochondrion (about 1-2m in diameter and 10 m long). Prokaryotic cells feature three major shapes: rod shaped, spherical, and spiral. Instead of going through elaborate replication processes like eukaryotes, bacterial cells divide by binary fission.

Diagram of a prokaryotic cell. Notice the internal organelles are not easily distinguishable.

Bacteria perform many important functions on earth. They serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an important role in our own digestive system. Also, bacteria are involved in many nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen cycle, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants. Unlike eukaryotic cells that depend on oxygen for their metabolism, prokaryotic cells enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions. For example, some bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen in their metabolism.

mitochondria and chloroplasts are two very different organelles with different functions. the function of chloroplasts is basically to make food, by trapping light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to form oxygen and glucose. this process is called photosynthesis. the function of the mitochondria is to provide energy for the cell's use, by extracting the energy from the glucose molecules, and storing them in adenosine tri-phosphate(ATP) molecules. The ATP molecules will then diffuse out of the mitochondrion for the cell's use.