2010 KPTrumble

MSE 230

HW8 Solutions (03/12)

Spring 2010

1. The wide ranges of properties listed for quenched and tempered steels correspond to the wide range of tempering treatments (temperature/time), depending on the required balance between strength and fracture toughness (see HW5.3). Differences in section size and/or quench severity can also give difference in the amount of martensite, but properties tabulated for the quenched and tempered condition are normally for the fully martensitic (tempered) structure. The properties ranges are not due to uncertainty or scatter in the data. 2. The stress on a sharp knife edge is very large because the contact area is very small. The edge becomes blunted or dull by plastic deformation or by wear. Good knife materials are thus strong and hard. Among the stainless steels, the martensitic class provides the highest strength/hardness. The best choice from Table 11.4 would be: Alloy Nominal Comp (wt%) Condition UTS (MPa) Y (MPa) % El (in 50 mm) 440A 0.7 C, 17 Cr, 0.75 Mo, 1.0 Mn Quenched and Tempered 1790 1650 5 % Note the 410 grade quenched and tempered has lower strength and higher ductility (toughness) due to its lower carbon content. 3. (a) Density values from Appendix B. Table/ Alloy/ Specific strength Cost (Alloy) Relative (1) Alloy Class Grade Condition ($/kg) cost of tie y/ (MPa) (5) 11.1b Plain-carbon A656 Hot-rolled 552 MPa/7.85 0.9 (A36) 1.00 and HSLA steels Grade 1 = 70 (5) 11.2b Heat 6150 Oil-Quenched and 1860 MPa/7.85 3.3 (4340) 1.1 treated steels Tempered = 237 11.4 Stainless 440A Quenched & 1650 MPa/7.80 5.5 (440A) 2.0 steels Martensitic Tempered = 212 (2) (4) 11.5 Cast irons A536 Quench & Tempered 621 MPa/7.10 5.0 4.5 (3) Ductile Iron Martensitic = 87 DI (low prod.) 11.6 Copper Beryllium Precipitation- 860 MPa/8.25 47 35 copper hardened = 104 Cu-Be (C17200) 11.7 Aluminum 7075 T6 (Solution + age) 505 MPa/2.80 9.7 (7075) 4.2 = 180 (4) (5) 11.8 Magnesium ZK60A Artificially aged 285 MPa/1.80 11 (AZ31B) 5.4 (i.e., T > RT) = 158 (4) (5) 11.9 Titanium Ti-10V-2Fe- Solution and aged 1150 MPa/4.43 130 (Ti-6Al-4V) 39 3Al = 260 (1) 3 3 Dimensionless density or specific gravity = density/unit density (1.000 g/cm or 1000 kg/m ) eliminates the 3 3 cumbersome units. Numerically equivalent for units of MPag/cm ; divide by 1000 for units of MPakg/m . (2) (3) Ductile iron (spheroidal graphite), martensitic matrix gives 120-90-02, a designation of UTS(ksi)-YS(ksi)-%EL (4) Density values estimated from closest family member in Appendix B. (5) Cost values estimated from closest family member in Appendix C. (b) The alloy with the highest specific strength would enable the lightest tie (supporting a given load without yielding), Ti-10-2Fe-3Al just beats quenched and tempered 6150 steel. As with the specific stiffness, the ratio of masses of ties of equal load capacity is the inverse ratio of their specific strengths, independent of tie length and cross-sectional shape.

2010 KPTrumble
(c) The costs listed in the table above are from Appendix C, assuming the high end of the range when a range of costs is given, and assuming cost of the closest family member if cost for the specific alloy is not available. The cost of a given tie would be Ctie($) = Calloy($/kg)mtie(kg). Using the carbon steel as the reference tie material, the relative cost of a given tie (relative to the cost of a carbon steel tie) is given by the cost ratio times the inverse specific strength ratio. For example, the relative cost of the heat treated 6150 alloy steel tie is, C tie 2 3.3 70 = = 1.1 C tie 1 0.9 237 As shown in the table, the plain-carbon steel tie has the lowest cost per unit of load capacity, but the highest mass. 4. The components went into service having strength above the specification. Testing after service indicates the strength decreased over time in service. Since the application in an engine likely involves some heating, overaging could cause the strength to decrease, depending on service time and temperature (Fig. 11.27). Could look for correlations between degree of strength degradation and service time. 5. Alloy Composition Tensile Strength Yield Strength Ductility (wt%) Condition (MPa) (MPa) (%EL in 50 mm) (1) 316L Stainless 0.03C, 17Cr, 12Ni, Cold-drawn and 620 310 30 2.5 Mo, 2.0 Mn annealed Ti-6Al-4V 6Al, 4V Solution treated 1172 1103 10 and aged (2) (2) Co-28Cr-6Mo 27-30Cr, 5-7Mo, As-Cast 655 (min) 450 (min) 8 (min) 1Si, 1Mn, 0.75Fe, 0.5Ni (1) L indicates a low-carbon version; decreasing from 0.08C (316) to 0.03C (316L) improves the weldability. (2) ASTM F75-07: The ductility must be measured using test specimens at least 1.6 mm in gage section diameter and the gage length must be 4 times the diameter. Many other requirements of testing method, test specimen preparation, sampling, etc., are called out in ASTM F75-07. These testing conditions would have to be followed in order for the components to meet the ASTM F75-07 specification.

2010 KPTrumble
6.

60 60

50 50 HRC 40 40 30 30 20 20