76.

Napoleon Bonaparte born in Corsica, attended French military school, stood only 52 tall, became army officer in 1785, married Josephine de Beauharnais, attacked Egypt to cut off British supplies in 1799, First Consul, becomes emperor in 1804 77. Napoleonic Code a uniform set of laws for civil and criminal procedure 78. Continental System a French imposed blockade of Europe against British goods 79. Invasion of Russia and Scorched Earth Policy Czar Alexander I withdrew from the continental system, Napoleon attacked with his Grand Army and Russia used the scorch earth policy, which means to burn everything valuable to the invaders; Napoleon retreats 80. Battle of Waterloo Napoleons final defeat, faced the Duke of Wellington; Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena 81. Congress of Vienna a conference held in Vienna to settle the political and territorial questions in Europe after Napoleon, led by Austrian Prince Klemens von Metternich 82. Where Industrial Revolution began Great Britain in the 1700s, 18th century 83. Domestic System men and women worked in their homes 84. Enclosure Movement laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off land formerly shared by peasants 85. Factors of Production the basic resources necessary for industrialization; land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship 86. Factory System an organized method of production that brought workers and machines together under the control of managers 87. Division of Labor each worker performs a specialized task on a product as it moves down an assembly line 88. Partnerships and Corporations businesses owned by two or more people; business organizations owned by stockholders, who buy shares in the company 89. Labor union and tactics an association of workers, organized to improve wages and working conditions for its members; tactics are lockout, blacklist, and hiring scabs; lockout is the management prevents workers from returning until they have a new contract, blacklist is a list of names given to business owners to prevent workers from getting jobs, and scabs are people who work despite an ongoing strike and cross picket lines 90. Capitalism an economic system in which individuals and businesses compete with minimal government interference; private ownership of property and resources, competition among businesses, freedom of choice, and possibility for profits 91. Laissez-faire a French term meaning let them alone or hands off

92. Adam Smith a Scottish economist who is founder of contemporary capitalism, wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, believed in laissezfare 93. Utilitarianism the government should work for the greatest happiness for the greatest number 94. Socialism the government owns the means of production, determines the use of resources, and provides public services; equal distribution of wealth, government controls all production decisions, and the government controls most or many factors of production 95. Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifest in 1848, capitalism would fail and predicted the evolution of socialism into communism; From each according to his ability, to each according to his need 96. Communism one class would evolve, property would be held in common, and no need for government; economic equality, collective/corporation, government planning, public property 97. Nationalism feeling of devotion and pride to ones country 98. Count Cavour prime minister to Victor Emmanuel, made secret deal with Napoleon III of France 99. Giuseppe Garibaldi leader of the Italian nationalists in Sicily, came up with guerilla warfare, Garibaldis forces is the Red Shirt Army, took over Sicily 100. Victor Emmanuel II meets with Garibaldi to unify Italy in 1861 101. Prussia and Unification becomes dominant German state because Austria refused to join the Zollverin 102. Otto von Bismarck Prime minister (chancellor) of Prussia, junker, three goals was to reduce Austrian influence, unify all German states except Austria and Switzerland, and raise money to expand the army 103. Franco-Prussian War Ems Dispatch, France declared war on Prussia, Prussia easily defeats France 104. Kaiser (Wilhelm I) German officially unified on Jan 18, 1871; birth of the Second Reich 105. Imperialism the domination by one country of the political, social, and economic life of another country or region 106. Four causes of WWI militarism, imperialism, alliance systems, and nationalism 107. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy 108. Triple Entente France, Russia, and Great Britain 109. Assassination in Sarajevo Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife visited Sarajevo; Gavrilo Princip was a part of the Black Hand and he asssassinated Ferdinand and his wife 110. Ulitmatum a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences 111. Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire 112. Allied Powers Russia, France, Great Britain, and Serbia

113. Schlieffen Plan plan was to avoid a two front war by Alfred von Schlieffen; 1. first attack western front through Belgium 2. Defeat French forces in 6 weeks and 3. attack Russian forces 114. Propaganda ideas or rumors used to harm an opposing cause (to portray the enemy as beastly and inhumane) 115. Lusitania was a British passenger liner, traveled from N.Y. to England, torpedoed and sunk on May 7, 1915 by a German U-Boat; killed 1,200 people including 128 Americans 116. Zimmerman Telegram Jan 1917, a message passed to ambassador of Mexico 117. 11th Hour, 11th Day, 11th Month armistice, agreement to end the fighting, was reached 118. Woodrow Wilson and 14 Points president during World War I, Make the World Safe for Democracy, attempted to make peace in Europe after WWI; 14 points was his peace plan to prevent another war 119. Treaty of Versailles spelled out the details of the Allied settlement with Germany 120. League of Nations to keep the peace by fairly resolving disputes between nations 121. Alexander II and Emancipation known as the Czar Liberator; freeing of the serfs 122. Mensheviks believed a socialist revolution would be the work of the masses (develop a strong industrial state first) 123. Bolsheviks believed that a socialist revolution could be achieved by force 124. Revolution of 1905 (Bloody Sunday) Father Gapon; demanded end of war, industrial reform, and civil liberties; Czars troops opened fire on a group of unarmed protestors 125. October Manifesto granted civil rights to citizens and allowed the Duma to make laws 126. Duma a legislative assembly 127. Nicholas II lacked the strong will to rule, last Roman czar, wife was Alexandra, rapid industrialization 128. Rasputin self proclaimed holy man hired to help Alexis with his hemophilia 129. Vladimir Ilych Lenin led the Bolsheviks, wanted to overthrow the provisional government, influenced by the writings of Karl Marx, exiled to Siberia; motto was Land, Bread, and Peace 130. Reds vs. Whites Reds are communits, leader is Leon Trotsky; Whites are royalists, liberal democrats, and moderate socialists. Very unorganized but received aid from U.S. and Allies 131. U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; the communists moved to capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow and in 1922 this was formed.

132. Joseph Stalin studied to become an Orthodox priest, joined the Bolshevik party, played little role in the Bolshevik Revolution, became secretary of communist party 133. Great Purge Stalin removed all of his political enemies and Old Bolsheviks 134. Five Year Plans Goals are to turn Russia into an industrial power, collectivization, command economy 135. David Ben-Gurion prime minister of Israel, born in Poland, left because of pograms, joined the British army, Zionist, refused terrorism as a political tool, declares Israels independence 136. Six-Day War Israel vs. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq; launched a preemptive strike, won in 6 days; captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights 137. Camp David Accords Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat, and Menachem Begin meet at Camp David; Egypt becomes the first nation to recognize Israel, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula 138. Yasir Arafat leader of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) 139. Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah in 1979 and set up an Islamic state 140. Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq, oil embargo, purged Baath party loyalists 141. Persian Gulf War Iraq invades Kuwait because of debt, oil, and access to Persian Gulf; Operation Desert Storm, Iraqis defeated within 100 days; 10,000 Iraqis killed and nuclear weapons facilities destroyed