Manuscript and Theology Study of YHWH: One Name For Father, Son, and Spirit

Running head: MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH
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Manuscript and Theology Study of YHWH: Name of Father, Son, and Spirit
Jonathan W. Lankford, MEd
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH
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Copyright 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Send permissions requests to: Jonathan W. Lankford http://yhwhmessiah.com jonathanlankford@mail.com +1 (615) 530-8069
Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE, Copyright 1960,1962,1963,1968,1971,1972,1973,1975,1977,1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Abstract
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This survey of the Tetragrammaton (four letters of the Creators name) reveals textual evidence from nearly original manuscripts and various civilizations that the name of the Creator is YHWH in all three persons and manifestations of his presence. The paper will first review the reasons for t he pronunciation Yahwah, which is read phonemically /ja:oa:/. Following the study of pronunciation is a review of the names historical usage and removal from circulated manuscripts beginning in the second century BCE, which has resulted in modern replacement theology of the name with generic titles as Lord and alternate names as Jesus. The grave theological implications upon the present-day church are examined. More specifically, the study proposes a view of Gods oneness as YHWH and how it affects the doctrine of baptism. Multiple links to the evidence exist within the document that will direct the reader to various sources, which include online libraries, imaged manuscripts, and direct communication with multiple post-graduate professionals and professors. Keywords: Tetragrammaton, Yahweh, onomastics, theology, baptism
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Table of Contents
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Significance .............................................................................................................. 5 Pronunciation of YHWH (HUuWhY) ............................................................................... 6 Three letters .................................................................................................... 7 Pronunciation possibilities ............................................................................... 9 The full name Yah-wah (hiWhY)...................................................................... 22 History of the Names Usage ................................................................................. 27 Conspiracy..................................................................................................... 33 YHWH Messiah ............................................................................................. 35 Theological implications ....................................................................................... 45 Trinity vs. Oneness ........................................................................................ 47 One name ...................................................................................................... 48 Baptism in the name of YHWH Messiah ........................................................ 50 References .............................................................................................................. 54 Appendix: Table of Biblical Parallels for Father and Son ................................... 57
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Manuscript and Theology Study of YHWH: Name of Father, Son, and Spirit
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At the turn of the millennium, the sacred name of the Creator began to receive much attention by honest, truth seeking public within the churches and educational institutions. More than fifty years had passed since the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran, and the fact that so little was known to the general public peaked peoples curiosity. Why has the Tetragrammaton, the four letters of the Creators name, consistently been historically significant? Why was it written in a language different from the common Masoretic Hebrew of the Bible? And most of all, how did one pronounce it? Significance What is the name of the Creator? What is His name, and what is His Sons name? (Proverbs 30:4) Are they different or the same? They must be the same, because there is only one name (Yashayaho [Isaiah] 42:8, Hosea 12:5, Matithyaho [Matthew] 28:19, Lukah 24:47, Acts 4:12, et. al.). Which name brings the forgiveness of sins? (Lukah 24:47) Which one name is used to immerse someone in water for repentance? (Matithyaho [Matthew] 28:19, Acts 2:38) A person can only choose one; the Creator only has one name. If Yahweh is His name, then why are people baptized in Jesus name? If Jesus is His name, then why do people call Him Jehovah in the Old Testament? If the Father is Jehovah, the Son is Jesus, then what is the Spirits name? If people are baptized in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Spirit, then why do pastors fail to reveal that name when they baptize others? He does not have two or three names. He only has one name; which name is it? LORD Yeshua Zeus / Dios (Spanish) GOD Iesous c Cha Tri (Vietnamese) Jehovah Joshua Jupiter (Roman) Yahweh Jesus God in other languages Adonai Jave (Latin) None of these!
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Many name theologians and preachers have a problem as there are only two places in Scripture where someone has many names, and it is not the Creator. They are the Beast and Harlot. He carried me away in the Spirit into a wilderness. I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet-colored beast, full of blasphemous names, having seven heads and ten horns (Revelation 17:3). Only the Beast and the Harlot have many names; however, Scripture repeatedly emphasizes that the Creator has only one name. In addition, there cannot be enough emphasis placed on names, especially in the last days, as whoever calls on the name of the Lord will be saved (Acts 2:21). So what is the name of the Lord? The spiritual world does battle using hierarchies, authority, and names; Michael, the chief angel himself, did not even overpower Satan by his own authority but said, YHWH rebuke you ( Jude 1:9). This goal of this paper is not to judge the eternal fate of anyone but only evaluate the name on which humanity should call for salvation. While this paper is not about the afterlife, be assured that the churchs concept of the reward of heaven and punishment of hell is greatly skewed. No one can judge anyone else on his or her future; there is only one Judge (James 4:12). Therefore, this paper will only refer to how the name of YHWH can be confessed. Pronunciation of YHWH (HUuWhY) Scripture records: Thus you are to say to the children of Israel, YHWH, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you. This is My n ame forever, and thus I am to be remembered throughout all generations (Exodus 3:15). That is all well and good, but how might someone pronounce YHWH (HUuWhY)? The pronunciation reads as Yah-wah. The pronunciation as read using the International Phonetic Alphabet is /ja:oa:/. This pronunciation is evident among all Jewish communities.
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Three letters The sacred name consists of 4 letters, but only 3 different letters. Extensive study of the letters can be done using any encyclopedia, but general information can be found with a brief read from Wiki. The first letter is called a Yodh (Y). It is the origin of the Greek and Latin letter i and the English letter j; it is pronounced by itself as a long i sound: ee or /i:/ according to the International Phonetic Alphabet. The next letter is called a He (h). It is the origin of the Greek and Latin letter e in writing, but is pronounced as an ah (Benner, 2013). It is [h] in the IPA. The third letter is called a Waw (W). This letter is the origin of the letters w, v, o, and u. It is /u:/ or /o/ in the IPA. These are short vowel sounds. Based on the alphabet alone, the possible ways to pronounce YHWH are: Yahwah, Yahoah, or Yahuah. The three pronunciations are identical.
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Figure 1: Alphabet chart (Benner, 2013) It is a valid question to ask, If Yah-wah can be spelled Yah-oah or Yah-uah, then why not use YHUH or YHOH to represent the four letters of the name YHWH? Practically speaking, all of these o, u, and w require closing the lips to produce a w in order to create the next syllable -ah. Regardless of the letters, the ending sound of each must finish with the lips in the closed posit ion as a w. Try pronouncing the letter Waw as an o, u, and w right now: Yao, Yau, Yaw. It is impossible to physically pronounce a long o or u unless it is separated into a second word or
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syllable: Ya-u or Ya-o. This is reflected in introductory Hebrew grammar, where a consonant must begin a syllable and a vowel cannot begin a syllable. In order to use the Waw to begin a second syllable, it must be represented by a w. This is why the Waw is represented by an o in Yaho, but is represented by a w in Yah-wah.
English Y AH W AH h w h Modern Hebrew y Middle Hebrew Y H W H Ancient Hebrew Y H W H

It is the premise of this paper to postulate that YHWH is pronounced as a twosyallable name: Yah-wah, as opposed to current popularizations of the three syllable pronunciations Ya-hu-wah or Ya-ho-wah. It is not the intention of this paper to present grammatical evidence but historical evidence, and the author of this paper should not be considered an authority in Hebrew grammar. Pronunciation possibilities The correct pronunciation of the four letters can be historically determined by using both Modern Hebrew grammar and cultural-linguistic evidence. Modern Hebrew grammar did not exist 4,000 years ago, so the possibility of error exists. Therefore, historical evidence must also be used in determining the pronunciation of YHWH. Mr. Jeff Benner from Ancient Hebrew Research has provided several possibilities for the pronunciation of the four Hebrew letters HuuWhY according to Modern Hebrew grammar (open/closed syllables). The rest of this paper will attempt to narrow the prospects using the possible names provided by Mr. Benner, as well as using historical evidence. The resulting name will be Yah-wah, having the same pronunciation /ja:oa:/.
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Three-syllable Possibilities Ya-Ho-WaH Ya-Hu-WaH Ya-Ha-WaH Ya-He-WaH Ye-He-WeH Ye-Ha-WeH Ye-Ho-WaH (Jehovah) Yi-Ha-WeH
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Two-syllable Possibilities YaH-WaH YaH-WeH (Yahweh) YeH-WeH YeH-WaH YiH-WaH
Evidence #1: Yah (hY) in modern language What is one word in the history of this world that has existed well before Scripture and is pronounced the same in every language? Everyone knows it and has said once in his/her life and it is the only word that is the same in every language. That word is hallelujah. Most people will tell you that it means praise the LORD. However, this is not quite right. If it were Praise the LORD, then the word would basically be some form of hallelu and adonai together. Hallelu Adonai! So what does Hallelujah mean? It simply means Hallelu Yah! or Praise Yah! Yah is the short form of the full name YHWH and is spelled using the first two letters of the name, YH. Yah is commonly used poetically in the Prophets and Psalms. Referring to the possibilities of the pronunciation of YHWH presented by Mr. Benner, we can now eliminate several. Three-syllable Possibilities Ya-Ho-Wah Ya-Hu-WaH Ya-Ha-WaH Ya-He-WaH Ye-He-WeH Ye-Ha-WeH Ye-Ho-WaH (Jehovah) Yi-Ha-WeH Two-syllable Possibilities YaH-WaH YaH-WeH (Yahweh) YeH-WeH YeH-WaH YiH-WaH
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Evidence #2: Yaho (WhY) in modern pronunciation of Hebrew names Today, many Jewish people still retain part of YHWHs name in their own names. This presence of YHWHs name in human proper names is called theophoric usage and has been used by several civilizations to inject their deities name into their own, thus invoking that name on a daily basis. No doubt that most people who are reading this paper have heard of Benjamin Netanyahu and Middle Hebrew Modern Hebrew English Meaning transliteration netan given yaho Yaho
NTN UWhY
!tn why
even heard the news speak his name. This Israeli politician and prime minister retains YHWHs name in his own. Netanyahu is a compound noun from two Hebrew words, ntn and yhu: Netan-yahu. ntn means given in Hebrew; yhu is the proper name YHW, the shortened name of YHWH. (Remember the u, w, and o are all the same Hebrew letter Waw.) The pronunciation of Netanyahus name in the news is usually as it appears, Ne-tan-ya-hu. However, in Israeli news, his name is Ne-tan-yaho. In Hebrew, the u here is pronounced as an o. As stated before in the cursory review of Hebrew letters, the letter Waw could be a u or an o and is indeed an o when pronouncing YHWHs shortened name within a mans proper name. Refer to Hebrew news media for the correct pronunciation of Netanyahos name or hear the sound clip here: Netanyahu or Netanyaho? Evidence #3: Yaho (WhY) in the Hebrew Old Testament (500BC) To him all the prophets give witness, that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins (Acts 10:43). The Old Testament prophets often wrote about the Savior that would come in the future. Yashayaho
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(Isaiah) 53, for example, is a whole chapter about His coming. But the meaning of the phrase, to him all the prophets give witness is much deeper because they preached through His name everyone is forgiven. According to the Hebrew Old Testament, the prophets names and many others have yah as a prefix or suffix. In other words, Isaiahs name is Yashayah; therefore the prophet Isaiah is giving witness to the name of Yah by bearing it in his own name. The older Murasu Hebrew copy of the Old Testament, dating approximately 500BC, is slightly different from the Masoretic Hebrew text from 800AD. The Murasu text has no pronunciation markers, while the much later Masoretic text indeed has pronunciation markers in order to preserve the Hebrew language. However, when it comes to names, the Masoretic texts pronunciation markers seem to twist the language in order to remove the presence of YHWH s name and replace with the pronunciation adonai, the Hebrew word for lord . This alteration to the Hebrew Scripture is the reason modern translations of the Bible have also used Lord in place of YHWH. Murasu text (500BC) without Masoretic text (800AD) with pronunciation markers (vowel points) pronunciation markers (vowel points)
hwhy
Removing YHWH may have been done to protect the sacred Name from misuse or from prohibiting its use altogether. What is important to remember is that ancient Hebrew had no pronunciation markers. In the Murasu text, the name of Isaiah is not Yashayah but Yashayaho, because the Hebrew vowel letter Waw (W) is pronounced rather than being diminished by the pronunciation markers. The same is true with the other names of the prophets. They all bear yaho as a prefix or suffix in this older Hebrew text. Read the Great Isaiah Scroll to confirm this about Isaiah, Yashayaho.
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The insertion of the name of YHWH into the prophets own names is call ed a theophoric usage of the name and was common among many peoples and languages in order to constantly invoke the name of their own deities. Not only did invoking the Name of YHWH bring His power and Spirit, but it also adhered to the Third Commandment that often reads, You shall not take the name of the LORD in vain. Remember that LORD is a covering of the four letters HUuWhY. Also, take means to carry or bear up; in vain means with emptiness or with falsehood. So the command may also read, You shall not take/carry the name of YHWH with falsehood/emptiness/vanity. Below is a short list of names bearing Yaho. Strongs Number 29 138 223 274 281 452 558 568 683 1141 1296 1436 1587 1735 1806 1936 2069 2148 2396 2518 2608 2811 2882 2899 2900 2970 2977 3000 Original Name Abiyaho Adoniyaho Uriyaho Achazyaho Achiyaho Eliyaho Amatsyaho Amaryaho Atsalyaho Benayaho Berekyaho Gedalyaho Gemaryaho Dodayaho Delayaho Hodayaho Zebadyaho Zecharyaho Chizeqiyaho Chiliqiyaho Chananyaho Chashabyaho Tebalyaho Tob Adoniyaho Tobiyaho Yaazanyaho Yoshiyaho Yeberekyaho Meaning father-YHWH master-YHWH flame-YHWH possession-YHWH brother-YHWH Elohim-YHWH strength-YHWH promised by YHWH reserved to YHWH built up-YHWH kneel to YHWH YHWH-great perfected by YHWH Love-YHWH deliver-YHWH majesty-YHWH endurance-YHWH remember-YHWH strength-YHWH portion-YHWH favored by YHWH regarded by YHWH immersed by YHWH pleasing to master-YHWH goodness-YHWH will be heard by YHWH foundation-YHWH kneeling to YHWH Common Name Abijah Adonijah Urijah Ahaziah Ahijah Elijah Amaziah Amariah Azaliah Benaiah Berechiah Gedaliah Gemariah Dodavah Delaiah Hodevah Zebadiah Zechariah Hezekiah Hilkiah Hananiah Hashabiah Tebaliah Tob-adonijah Tobiah Jaazaniah Josiah Jebcrechiah
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH 3012 3153 3165 3169 3203 3204 3269 3404 3414 3449 3460 3470 3562 3659 3663 4321 4441 4590 4641 4737 4920 4983 4993 5374 5418 5565 5662 5718 5812 5818 5838 6271 6305 6410 6667 6846 6984 7345 7425 7645 7935 8018 8098 8114 8203 8304 3076 Yigdalyaho Yezenyaho Yechdiyaho Yechizqiyaho Yekolyaho Yekonyaho Yaaziyaho Yeriyaho Yirmeyaho Yishiyaho Yishmayaho Yeshayaho Conanyaho Conyaho Kenanyaho Mikayaho Malkiyaho Maazyaho Maaseyaho Miqncyaho Meshelemyaho Mattanyaho Matithyaho Neriyaho Nethanyaho Semakyaho Obadyaho Adayaho Azazyaho Uzziyaho Azaryaho Athalyaho Pedayaho Pelatyaho Tsidekiyaho Tsephanyaho Qushayaho Rechabyaho Remalyaho Shebanyaho Shekanyaho Shelemyaho Shemayaho Shemaryaho Shepharyaho Serayaho Yahochanon magnified by YHWH adorned-YHWH unity-YHWH strength-YHWH will be enabled by YHWH will be established by YHWH boldness-YHWH taught by YHWH exalted-YHWH lent from YHWH heard by YHWH salvation-YHWH sustained by YHWH stability by YHWH planted by YHWH like YHWH king-YHWH rescue-YHWH work-YHWH purchase-YHWH repaid by YHWH present-YHWH student-YHWH light-YHWH given by YHWH supported by YHWH servant-YHWH continuing in YHWH strength-YHWH power-YHWH helped-YHWH constrained by YHWH ransomed-YHWH delivered by YHWH righteous-YHWH hidden by YHWH entrapped-YHWH enlarged-YHWH YHWH has bedecked prospered-YHWH lodging-YHWH thank offering-YHWH heard-YHWH hedged by YHWH judged by YHWH prevailed by YHWH YHWH-grace
Lankford 14 Igdaliah Jezaniah Jehdeiah Hezekiah Jecoliah Jeconiah Jaaziah Jeriah Jeremiah Ishiah, Isijaho Ishmaiah Isaiah Conaniah Coniah Chenaniah Michaiah Malchiah Maaziah Maaseiah Mikneiah Meshelcmiah Mattaniah Matthew Neriah Nethaniah Semachiah Obadiah Adaiah Azaziah Uzziah Azariah Athaliah Pedaiah Pelatiah Zedekiah Zephaniah Kushaiah Rehabiah Remaliah Shebaniah Shecaniah Shelemiah Shemaiali Shemariah Shephatiah Seriah Jehohanon
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 454 Yahonadab Yahonathan Yahoseph Yahoaddah Yahoaddan Yahotsadaq Yahoram Yahosheba Yahoshabath Yahoshua Yahoshaphat Elyahoenai YHWH-offered YHWH-given YHWH-adding YHWH-adored YHWH-pleased YHWH-righteousness YHWH-raised YHWH-sworn YHWH has sworn YHWH-salvation YHWH-judged toward YHWH are my eyes
Lankford 15 Jehonadab Jehonathan Jehoscph Jehoadah Jehoaddan Jehozadak Jehoram Jehosheba Jehoshabeath Jehoshua Jehoshaphat Elihoenai
Evidence #4: Yaho (WhY) in the Greek Old Testament (200BC)
YHWH in Ancient Hebrew written by a Greek hand
Figure 2: Leviticus 3:12 in Greek; Paleo-Hebrew YHWH, 100AD (Parsons, 1983)
The name of YHWH is not only in the Hebrew Old Testament, but also in the Greek Old Testament, which is called the Septuagint. In some cases, the Greek Old Testament uses Hebrew letters when writing the name YHWH. In other words, The
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Hebrews letters were transferred exactly as they appeared in the Hebrew Old Testament: HuuWhY. Several instances have been found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Other Greek Old Testament manuscripts use Greek letters for the name YHWH that is intended to sound the same as the Hebrew letters. In other words, the writers never translated the name into a Greek name, nor did they write in Hebrew, but attempted to transilterate the sound of the name YHWH using Greek letters. Hebrew Greek And if his offering is a goat, then he shall bring it before YHWH. And if his offering is a goat, then he shall bring it before IAO.
Figure 3: Leviticus 3:12 in Greek with the name IAO, 200BC (photo by B. Bonte) The three Greek letters here are iota (i), alpha (a), and omega (w). The English equivelants are I, A, and O. The Greek iota, and therefore the English letter i, both derive from the Hebrew letter Yodh ( Y). This can be found in any modern dictionary
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or encyclopedia with an article on the Hebrew letter Yodh, wh ich is Y. Consider that the I-A together forms a YA sound. This I-A-O in Greek comes together to form the sound YA-O. This Greek spelling is an accurate attempt to pronounce the Hebrew letters UuWhY, Yaho. Notice that this short name Yaho actually replaces the full Name in some cases. Dr. Robert A. Kraft, professor emeritus of religious studies at the University of Pennsylvania, confirms this usage of Yaho as a short name of the Creator. This can be found on his website devoted to representations of the name (tetragrammaton) in early writings. This short name deminishes the final -ah in the name Yahoah/Yahwah, just as in the theophoric usage of the Name in more than 80 of the prophets names. Perhaps Yahoah/Yahwah was rendered as Yaho in the Greek Old Testament for this very reason, since yaho was used as a prefix and suffix in the prophets Hebrew names. The short name would have been more familiar.
Figure 4: Dr. Robert A. Krafts photo and remarks of the Leviticus 3:12
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After considering the 80 names with the prefix or suffix yaho, and also considering the Greek Old Testament manuscripts reading of I-A-O, it can be determined with absolute certainty that the sacred name is at least Yaho. As seen in both the pronunciation of Benjamin Netanyahos name and the Greek spelling of Yaho as IAO, the h is not pronounced. Therefore, the name YHWH cannot be three syllables where the h is pronounced, as in Ya-hu-wah or as in Ya-ho-wah. Rather, the name must be two syllables: Yah-wah, Yah-oah, or Yahuah. In this case, the Waw in Yaho becomes a w as in Yah -wah. Hebrew syllables usually begin with a consonant and do not normally begin with a vowel. From this, further elimination of pronunciations can be made, narrowing the possibilities to only two: Yah-wah or Yah-weh. Further historical evidence will support this. Three-syllable Possibilities Ya-Ho-Wah Ya-Hu-WaH Ya-Ha-WaH Ya-He-WaH Ye-He-WeH Ye-Ha-WeH Ye-Ho-WaH (Jehovah) Yi-Ha-WeH Two-syllable Possibilities YaH-WaH YaH-WeH (Yahweh) YeH-WeH YeH-WaH YiH-WaH
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Evidence #5: Yaho (WhY) in early church writings (200AD)
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Clement of Alexandria wrote that His Name was Iaou. (YAo). The accent occurs on the first syllable and is diminished on the second syllable. This is no big difference from what has already been demonstrated in the Greek Old Testament with IAO. Clement only changed the O to OU as ou was a common dipthong that produced the same sound. His spelling, however,
sounds even more like YA-ho than the Greek Old Testament IAO transliteration. Again, the h is not present because there is no h in Greek and it is not distinct in the Hebrew. Clements use of the name can be found in his Stromata, part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers (volume 3, book 5, chapter 6, verse 35). It was conveniently compiled by Reinhold Koltz (1832, p. 26) and is available only in Greek. However, in certain English encyclopedias under Jehovah, one may find a footnote indicating that Clement recorded vIaou..
Figure 5: Yaho in Clement's Stromata
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Surprisingly, later editions of Stromata changed Clements transliteration of the name from vIaou. to vIaoue, (Yah-WEH), which is the sole conclusive evidence for the name being Yahweh. In other words, the only piece of conclusive evidence for the name Yahweh is a later change of Clements writings, so there is really no conclusive evidence for Yahweh. The only surviving manuscript of Clements
Stromata is in Codex L which records Iaou. (YAo).
Figure 6: Footnote in Bible dictionary reveals Clements true spelli ng for Yaho
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It is quite amazing to see that the spelling of Yaho according to ancient Hebrews, Greeks, and Clement of Alexandria spelled the shortened name using the same vowel sounds: i, a, o (ou). According to the published Phonological Studies of Russian linguist named Roman Jackobson, these letters are the first three vowels that a child learns to distinguish. Looking at the diagram, from right to left, the letters are i, a, and u. These are equivalent to the Hebrew letters Yod (y), Hay (ah), and Waw (o/u). And, as in Hebrew, if they are read right to left, spell out the name Yaho. Not only does the spelling match Yaho, but also the tonal inflections match the pronunciation of Yaho. The i starts low and rises to the a and ends low again with the o: IAu. In Hebrew, the letters would sound: YAo.
Figure 7: Jakobsons (2002, p.493) vocalic triangle
Evidence #6: Yaho (hiWh) in early church writings (300AD) Clement of Alexandria was not the only Greek writer to spell Yaho as IAOU. One hundred years later, Eusebius of Caesarea, also known as the father of church history, spelled out Yaho in a similar manner in his work Preparation for the Gospel. Eusebius (300AD) referred to Philo of Byblos (100AD), who then referred to
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Hierombalus (1200BC). Hierombalus was probably Gideon, whose name was changed to Jerubbaal in Judges 6:28-32. According to Philo, Hierombalus (or Jerubbaal) was a priest of Ieuo. (Eusebius, 2002, p. 31). View Giffords (1903) translation online here: The Tertullian Project. There is a slight difference between Clement and Eusebius version of Yaho. While Clement placed a grave (descending) accent at the end, producing Yao, Eusebius placed an acute (rising) accent at the end, producing yaO (Mras, 2012).
Figure 8: Preparation for the Gospel, Book 1, Chapter 9, Verse 21.1 (Mras, 2012) The full name Yah-wah (hiWhY) To recap, the Name at this point is Yaho according to the Hebrew Old Testament (prefix/suffix yaho in proper names), Greek Old Testament (IAO), and Clement of Alexandria (IAOU). However, the name is not simply Yaho. The full Name is: hiWhY. Notice that the fourth letter in the name (reading from right to left) is h. It is the same letter as the second letter and sounds like AH. Put it all together, and it becomes Y-AH-W-AH. Many who have studied Hebrew grammar may object to this -ah ending being a certainty. They rightly say that the last letter, the hey (hi) could also be -eh or -ay, such as in the name Yahweh (Yahway). However, this is circumstantial and not conclusive. As stated before, there is no conclusive evidence for asserting that
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Yahway is the sacred covenant name. Also stated previously is the fact that Modern Hebrew grammar cannot be applied to ancient Hebrew in every case. Evidence #7: Yahwah (hiWhY) with -ah suffix due to common transliterations Yahweh has often been mispronounced, especially by the Christian community, as Yah-way. However, Yahweh ends in the -ah sound. When Middle Eastern words are written using English letters, and they end in -eh, the ending is an -ah sound, not an -ay sound. One clear example is the word mikveh (Jewish baptism) that is alternatively spelled mikvah and receives the -ah sounding suffix. Consider the following examples: almeh gallabieh kaffiyeh mikveh tabbouleh zaptieh http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/almeh?s=t http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/galabieh?s=ts http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kaffiyeh?s=t http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mikveh?s=t http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tabbouleh?s=t http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zaptieh?s=t
The Name YHWH is a Middle Eastern word written in English, ending as -eh. The ending sound is not -ay as many church teachers convey. If all of the previous words end in -ah sound, why not Yahweh? Evidence #8: Yahwah (hiWhY) with -ah suffix due to proper Hebrew names According to Hebrew grammar, words with an -ah ending are typically feminine in nature, such as Sarah and Rebecca, while the eh ending is typically masculine. This is the logic behind Yah-weh as opposed to Yah-wah. However, it is important to remember that ancient Hebrew is not bound by modern Hebrew grammar, as old English is not bound by modern English grammar. Also, proper names seem to be an
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exception to this rule. See the tables below for Hebrew names, both masculine and feminine, ending in with an -ah suffix. Old Testament KJV (Hebrew) Oshea/Hosea Joshah Judah Korah Noah Nogah Reference Num. 13:16 / Hosea 1:1 1 Chronicles 4:34 Genesis 29:35 Numbers 16:1 Genesis 6:29 1 Chronicles 3:7 New Testament KJV (Greek) Osee Jose Jude Core Noe Nogge Reference Romans 9:25 Luke 3:29 NT Book Jude 11 Matthew 24:37 Luke 3:25
The name Yah-weh seems to be a Greek version of Yah-wah. It is common for Greeks to change Hebrew names ending in ah to a Greek name ending in eh since names must have Greek name endings in order to be used in the Greek language properly. (See study entitled Four Vowels in Publish the Name of YAHUWAH.) The changing of names from Hebrew to Greek is illustrated in the following table. King James (Hebrew to English translation) Abishua Adna Ahira Ahoah Ajah Arah Arbah Bathsheba (feminine) Betah Careah Chavah (feminine) Elisha Elishua Gaba Gilboa Gomorrah Halah Hammedatha Hashubah Greek to English Translations Abisue Edne Aehire Ahoe Aie Aree Arbee Bethsabee Bete Caree Eve Elisaie Elishue Gabee Gelboe Gomorrhe Alae Amadathes Asube Translation Source Catholic Douay Septuagint Septuagint Catholic Douay Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay common misuse Septuagint Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay 2 Esdras 2:8 Septuagint Septuagint Septuagint
Reference 1 Chronicles 8:4 Ezra 10:30 Numbers 1:15 1 Chronicles 8:4 Genesis 36:24 1 Chronicles 7:39 Genesis 35:27 2 Samuel 11:3 2 Samuel 8:8 2 Kings 25:23 Genesis 3:20 margin 1 Kings 19:16 2 Samuel 5:15 Joshua 18:24 1 Samuel 28:4 Genesis 19:24 2 Kings 17:6 Esther 3:1 1 Chronicles 3:20
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Hophra Janohah Jehodiada Jehosheba (feminine) Jehpthah Jerah Jeremiah Jimnah Joppa Joshua Kareah Malchishua Massa Mizzah Neziah Nobah Nophah Paruah Paseah Pekah Poti-pherah Reba Rephah Salah Shammah Sheba Shua (feminine) Tarah Tebah Tekoa Telah Terah Tobiah Zanoah Zebah Zechariah Zerah Zia Jeremiah 44:30 Joshua 16:6 2 Samuel 8:18 2 Kings 11:2 Judges 11:1 1 Chronicles 1:20 2 Chronicles 36:21 Genesis 46:17 Ezra 3:7 Exodus 17:9 Jeremiah 40:8 1 Chronicles 8:33 Genesis 25:14 Genesis 36:13 Ezra 2:54 Numbers 32:42 Numbers 21:30 1 Kings 4:17 1 Chronicles 4:12 2 Kings 15:25 Genesis 41:45 Numbers 31:8 1 Chronicles 7:25 Genesis 10:24 Genesis 36:13 2 Samuel 20:1 1 Chronicles 2:3 Numbers 33:27 Genesis 22:24 1 Chronicles 2:24 1 Chronicles 7:25 Genesis 11:24 Ezra 2:60 Joshua 15:34 Judges 8:5 OT Book 2 Chronicles 14:9 1 Chronicles 5:13 Ephree Janoe Jodae Josebee Jephte Jare Ieremie Jamne Joppe Joshue Caree Melchisue Masse Moze Nasthie Nobe Nophe Pharue Phesse Phakee Patiphare Rebe Raphe Sale Some Sabee Sue Thare Tabee Thecoe Thale Thare Tobie Zanoe Zebee Zacharie Zare Zie
Lankford 25 Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Septuagint Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay 2 Maccabees 2:5 Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Septuagint Septuagint Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Septuagint Catholic Douay Septuagint Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Catholic Douay Septuagint Catholic Douay Catholic Douay 1 Maccabees 5:13 Catholic Douay Catholic Douay 2 Esdras 1:40 Septuagint Catholic Douay
Evidence #9: Yahwah (hiWhY) with -ah suffix due to 12 other witnesses The Hebrews were not the only ones to know about or attempt to preserve the original sacred covenant name. While some civilizations have slightly different versions of the name, they all end in an -ah sound. The Karen people in Burma, for
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instance, remembered YWAH, which is the same pronunciation as Yahwah. YWAHs stories among the Karen people were similar or identical to those in the Scriptures (Richardson, 1984). The same is true for many Native American Indian nations. The Native American Indians wrote in a form of ancient block Hebrew (Joseph, 1999), and still repeat the name of Yaho and Yahwah in their ceremonies. In some tribes, the Creator is Yah Wah, which correlates with the Karens name YWAH. This is so even though there is no record of the Karen tribe ever having communication with the Native American Indians. One tribe spells out the short name YHWH by calling the Creator Yo He Wa, which are the first three Hebrew letters in the name Yahwah (Adair, 1775; Allen, 2004). The Cherokee Nation even delivered a press release stating their DNA connection to the Hebrews and to the tribe of Levi (Thornton, 2013). The following table compares the usage of YHWHs name among multiple civilizations through history. It can be clearly seen that all of them, with the exception of the Greeks, ended the Creators name with -ah. As previously stated, the Greeks most likely altered the suffix to -eh upon usage of the Name among the Greeks. -ah suffix variants of the Name from multiple civilizations Yaua Ioua Yuah / Ywa Iowa / Yowa Yava Yohouah Iova Iohoua Iehovah Ya Huwa Yah Wah Yo He Wah Assyrians Sabbath keepers on Island of Iona, 7th Century. the Karens of Burma American Indians, Cherokee Arizona Indians Raymundus Martini (1278) Romans Porchetus (1303) Peter Galatin (1518) Arabs Adairs History of the American Indians, p. 218
-eh suffix Greek variants
vIabe, vIae,
Jove Jave
Theodoret & Epiphanius Origen Homer Ante Nicene fathers
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The four letters of the Name (yod, hey, waw, hey) are pronounced Y-AH-W-AH. Both instances of hey are pronounced the same. The -eh ending in Yahweh has been determined to be a Greek suffix. In addition, Middle Eastern words that are spelled with an -eh in English receive the -ah sound according to the audio dictionary online. Since an easy reading of the four letters (without the influence of modern pronunciation markings) results in an -ah ending, and since multiple civilizations have preserved the -ah ending with reference to their own name of the Creator, and since no conclusive evidence to support Yahweh (Yahway) exists, it is clearly determined that Yahwah is the preferred pronunciation. Three-syllable Possibilities Ya-Ho-WaH Ya-Hu-WaH Ya-Ha-WaH Ya-He-WaH Ye-He-WeH Ye-Ha-WeH Ye-Ho-WaH (Jehovah) Yi-Ha-WeH Two-syllable Possibilities YaH-WaH YaH-WeH (Yahweh) YeH-WeH YeH-WaH YiH-WaH
History of the Names Usage According to Genesis in the Old Testament, the name YHWH first appeared in human history at Creation, when He revealed Himself to Adam and Chauah (mistransliterated as Eve). However, the earliest existing original artifact of the Name is the Mesha Stele, dating from 850BC and preserved in the Louvre Museum. This may not seem very old, but remember that it is an original source more than 2850 years old, and it is not a copy or replica. Compare it with the earliest available hand-written manuscripts of the Old Testament, with the name YHWH. The earliest copies of the Bible were found with the Dead Sea Scrolls in the 1950s. These Old Testament copies
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can date back to 500BC, though the original copies of the Old Testament are much older and will probably never be found as they have probably completely eroded or been destroyed. This is the reason that the Mesha Stele is the oldest original source with the name. The language on the Mesha Stele is the Paleo-Hebrew or Phoenician language. A myriad of other artifacts with the Paleo-Hebrew YHWH (hiWhY) exist.
Figure 9: Mesha Stele, 850BC, written in Paleo-Hebrew
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Figure 10: YHWH (hiWhY) inscription on the Mesha Stele (photo by B. Bonte)
Figure 11: Silver amulet fragments with Aaronic Blessing and YHWH (hiWhY)
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The Israel Museum in Jerusalem has displayed silver amulet fragments that were discovered in Ketef Hinnum, just southwest of the Old City Jerusalem. These silver pieces come from 700BC and record the blessing that Aaron and the priests ceremonially spoke over Israel. The blessing in Scripture reads, YHWH bless you, and keep you; YHWH make His face shine on you, and be gracious to you; YHWH lift up His countenance on you, and give you peace (Numbers 6:24-26). The inscription on the first silver fragments reads: [...]YHW...the grea[t...who keeps] the
covenant and [G]raciousness toward those who love [Him] and those who keep [His commandments...]. The Eternal? [...]. [the?] blessing more than any [sna]re and more than Evil. For redemption is in Him. For YHWH is our restorer [and] rock. May YHWH Figure 12: Ketef Hinnum Silver Amulet 1 (Caesar, 2010) bles[s] you and keep you. [May] YHWH make [His face] shine (Barkay, 2000, p. 61).
Figure 13:
YHWH HWHY HWHY
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH The second silver fragment reads:
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[First line almost completely illegible.] May h[e]/sh[e] be blessed by YHWH, the warrior [or helper] and the rebuker of [E]vil: May YHWH bless you, keep you. May YHWH make His face shine upon you and grant you p[ea]ce (Barkay, 2000, 68). In the time of Moshah (Moses), YHWH first ordered the priests to bless Israel in this manner. Approximately 500 years later, in 700BC, this blessing was still used. YHWHs blessing was conditional. YHWH promised to bless them only if they shall invoke My name on the sons of Israel (Numbers 6:27). As described later, the Name that brings blessing was banned by 200BC. By 500BC, Aramaic grew dominant and had begun to replace Hebrew script. Despite the common use of the Aramaic script in Old Testament manuscripts after 500BC, the Name Figure 14: Ketef Hinnum Silver Amulet 2 (Caesar, 2010) was still preserved in the ancient Paleo-
Hebrew. As late as 500AD, in the Greek Bible, the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script was retained while writing YHWH. The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, has the Name preserved in its original Paleo-Hebrew script and not transliterated using Greek letters. The Greek reader in 500AD could not read ancient
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Hebrew or pronounce the Name. The use of ancient Hebrew may have been to respect the Name or prevent the Name from being uttered. Obviously, it was sacred.
Ancient Paleo-Hebrew script 850BC or older
Aramaic-Hebrew script 500BC
HWHY
hwhy
Figure 15: Aramaic-Hebrew Old Testament with Ancient Paleo-Hebrew sacred Name
Figure 16: Greek Old Testament with YHWH (HWHY), 500AD (photo by Kraft)
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Conspiracy
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By 200AD, the sacred Name was lost in the New Testament. This intentional abrogation of the Name this conspiracy fact started with the Greeks in 200BC. We see that the prohibition to use the name of YHWH began as one of the anti-Torah decrees enacted by the Seleucid Greek tyrant Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 168 BCE (Gordon). Non-Jewish copyists began to remove the Name from the Greek translations of the Old Testament and replacing the Name with Lord (). For Biblical evidence of this, refer to any New Testament verse that is quoting from YHWH in the Old Testament. When reading the New Testament, it is clear that Messiah and His disciples spoke primarily Hebrew (Yahochanon [John] 19:20, 20:16; Acts 20:40, 26:14, et. al.). They also often quoted from the Hebrew Old Testament in Hebrew. Take Matithyaho (Matthew) 3:3 as an example: I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare the way of the LORD, as the prophet Isaiah said. Yahochanon (John the Baptist) in this verse quoted from Yashayaho (Isaiah) 40:3 and referred to Messiah as the LORD. In the Hebrew book of Yashayaho (Isaiah), the LORD is the sacred Name YHWH and this sacred name is what Yahochanon (John the Baptist) actually said in Hebrew. However, when the Greek New Testament was copied, rather than using the Hebrew Old Testament for reference and including YHWH, copyists
Matthew 3:3 (Greek) Prepare the way of the Lord Isaiah 40:3 (Greek) Prepare the way of the Lord
referred to the Greek Old Testament that had replaced the Name with Lord (). This tradition of using Lord for YHWH also caused every other instance of YHWH in the Bible to
Isaiah 40:3 (Hebrew) Actual Quote
Prepare the way of hUUWhY
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH eventually be replaced and removed, with no manuscript evidence that YHWH was ever in the New Hebrew Old Testament with YHWH (HWHY)
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Testament. By 600AD, the Jews had taken up this tradition of replacing the name of YHWH, at first perhaps unwillingly, but the tradition grew. Before the Dark Ages, a Hebrew group called the Masoretes added pronunciation helps in order to preserve the Hebrew language. When coming to the name YHWH, pronunciation markers were added to change the Name to the title Lord, which is pronounced a-do-nai in Hebrew. This was in keeping with the Greek ban on the Name. According to Jewish oral tradition, It is forbidden to read the glorious and terrible name as it is written, as the sages said He that pronounces the name as it is written has no portion in the world to come. Therefore it must be read as if it were written Adonai (Mishnah Berurah 5:2). The King James Version of the Bible and most other translations use the Masoretic Hebrew text as the source. For this reason, the Name is replaced and removed almost 7,000 times. Rather, the English Bible has the words LORD, GOD, and Jehovah. This happens throughout the entire Old Testament, and subsequently, even in quotations of the Old Testament that appear in the New Testament. Murasu text (500BC) without Masoretic text (800AD) with pronunciation markers (vowel points) pronunciation markers (vowel points) Greek Old Testament with YHWH (HWHY) the ban begins
Greek Old Testament with LORD ()
the Name banned completely
Greek New Testament with LORD ()
hwhy
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH YHWH Messiah
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The coming of the Messiah at the turn of the Common Era (CE) marked philosophical reformation that turned Hebrew sects back to the Scriptures and back to the Name of YHWH. His coming was not to abolish the Law or the Prophets but to fulfill them. And He affirmed that not one stroke shall pass from the Law (Matith yaho [Matthew] 5:17-18). He was the Prophet (Deuteronomy 18:18, Yahochanon [John] 1:21). He came to teach the spirit of the Law (Yermiyaho [Jeremiah] 31:33, Yechezikel [Ezekial] 36:26, Romans 7:6). He came to restore the hearts of the fathers to their children and the hearts of the children to their fathers (Malaki [Malachi] 4:6). He came teaching the true Law apart from the traditions of men and teaching the Name of YHWH to His disciples. He confessed in prayer: I have revealed Your name (YHWH) to the men whom You gave Me out of the world; they were Yours and You gave them to Me, and they have kept Your word (Law, Scriptures, teachings, instructions, etc.) (Yahochanon [John] 17:6). If the Messiah found it necessary to teach His own disciples about the Name, it is still crucial today to do the same. Even now, in the New Testament, the Name of YHWH has been covered up by Lord, God, and Jesus. This can be seen in reading the English versions, comparing Greek manuscripts, and referring to the language in the Peshitta (Aramaic Bible). What sparked my attention to this is the theological significance. If Jesus was actually called YHWH under certain circumstances, then this would affect the doctrine of Baptism and the Trinity.
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Figure 17: Texts (contributed by Newman Luke, based on Cheyne & Black, 1903)
In order to study this in its entirety, we must accept the fact that Hebrew was spoken and written in Israel even at the time of Messiah and that every Jew used Hebrew. New Testament verses supporting this have previously been given (Yahochanon [John] 19:20, 20:16; Acts 20:40, 26:14, et. al.). In addition, a Hebrew version of Matithyaho (Matthew) did exist, according to more than six early Church Fathers (Tabor, 1999). The name YHWH was even burned if found in u napproved copies of Scripture (Neusner, 2008, p.99). Therefore, it is not difficult to believe that YHWH was present in the parts of New Testament that may have been written first in Hebrew or Aramaic, especially in places of Matithyaho (Matthew) that are explicitly Hebraic in language. Not only must we accept Hebrew as the source language of YHWHs words, but we must also accept the fact that Aramaic, a Semitic language akin to Hebrew, was used to write portions of New Testament. Greek also influenced the region of Israel, and this is why much of the New Testament appears to have been first written in Greek as well. Indeed, today the available manuscripts are primarily in
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Aramaic and Greek. These were international languages. The earliest copies available in Greek and Aramaic come from 200AD and 450AD respectively. The tree diagram above (Figure 14) displays the relationship of the Aramaic (Peshitta) and Greek (LXX) Bibles to the lost originals, of which some where indeed Semitic - Hebrew or Aramaic (Lataster). To begin with, it is important to establish the name of the Messiah according to the extant New Testament manuscripts we have available. In the Peshitta (Aramaic Bible), Messiahs name was Yashua , which is Jwvy in the Aramaic script or
[wvy
in
Modern Hebrew. Yashuas name means salvation, which seems to correlate with what the angel told Miriams (Marys) husband: And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name Yashua, for he shall save his people from their sins (Matithyaho [Matthew] 1:21). The Greeks changed the case ending of His name as required in Greek grammar and called Him Ya-sus or Ye-sus (). When the 1769 version of the King James Version Bible was published, the name had changed from Yesus to Jesus, which was still pronounced as Yesus. It was not until later that the letter J began to be pronounced differently from the Y; this, much like any study of a letter of the alphabet, can be confirmed through reading dictionary entries or encyclopedia articles. As an example of the J originally being a Y sound, refer to Hallelujah which is pronounced as Alleluyah in every language and means Praise Yah! Greek New Testament shows the Messiah is YHWH Now that we know from Old Testament manuscript evidence that the name of the Father is YA-ho-WAH (YAH-WAH) and in the time of Messiah, people called Him Yashua, we can move on to the fact that the Messiah inherited His Fathers name YHWH. This is explicitly stated by the Messiah himself in Yahochanon (John) 17:11-
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12. I am no longer in the world; and yet they themselves are in the world, and I come to You. Holy Father, keep them in Your name, the name which You have given Me, that they may be one even as We are. While I was with them, I was keeping them in Your name which You have given Me; and I guarded them and not one of them perished but the son of perdition, so that the Scripture would be fulfilled (NASB). These verses are from the New American Standard Bible, which uses all the current Greek manuscripts that have been rediscovered. Notice that the King James Version disagrees with the NASB because it is an older translation that uses only those Greek manuscripts available in 1769, at the time it was last updated. The Aramaic agrees with the latest Greek copies that have been found.
KJV
King James Version from the Textus Receptus Greek New Testament
11 And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep through thine own name those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one, as we are.
12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled.
NASB
New American Standard Bible from the NA27 Greek New Testament
11 I am no longer in the world; and yet they themselves are in the world, and I come to You. Holy Father, keep them in Your name, the name which You have given Me, that they may be one even as We are. 12 While I was with them, I was keeping them in Your name which You have given Me; and I guarded them and not one of them perished but the son of perdition, so that the Scripture would be fulfilled.
Ethridge
Ethridge Version from the Aramaic New Testament
11 Henceforth I am not in the world; but these are in the world, and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep them through thy name, that (name) which thou hast given to me, that they may he one as we are. 12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them through thy name: those whom thou gavest me I have kept, and a man of them is not lost, but the son of perdition, that the scripture may be fulfilled.
Figure 18: Translation comparisons of Yahochanon (John) 17:11-12
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A closer look at the reason for the differences between two Greek texts will reveal that the Messiah did in fact receive the Fathers name of YHWH, and that this difference was the result of copyists who changed one word in order to fit their own understanding of the Messiah in a trinity: Father YHWH, Son Yashua, and Holy Spirit. YAHOchanon 17:11-12 King James Version New American Standard Bible And now I am no more in the world, but I am no longer in the world; and yet they these are in the world, and I come to thee. themselves are in the world, and I come to Holy Father, keep through thine own You. Holy Father, keep them in Your name those whom thou hast given me, name, the name which You have given that they may be one, as we are. While I Me, that they may be one even as We are. was with them in the world, I kept them in While I was with them, I was keeping them thy name: those that thou gavest me I in Your name which You have given Me; have kept, and none of them is lost, but and I guarded them and not one of them the son of perdition; that the scripture perished but the son of perdition, so that might be fulfilled. the Scripture would be fulfilled. Textus Receptus Nestle-Aland 27th Edition , , . , , . , , , .
Notice that the first pair of texts (the King James Version and the Textus Receptus) record the masculine plural object (accusative) pronoun those referring to the disciples. However, the second pair of texts (the New American Standard Bible and its source text the Nestle-Aland 27th Edition) use the neuter singular object (dative) pronoun to which, referring to the Name of the Father (YHWH) given to the Son (Mounce, 1993, p. 110). The Greek manuscripts with the pronoun to which, referring to the Name, are considerably older and more reliable: papyri 60 and 66, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Vaticanus, 4 other codices, other
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fragments, and a lectionary. The pronoun to which, which referred to the N ame, was altered in later textual revisions to those, referring to the disciples, and even removed in some cases, because of the difficulty of the original reading, or it may be accidental (Metzger, 2001, p. 213). The later generations of copyists found it difficult to accept the fact that the Son and the Father were indeed one YHWH.
Figure 19: "to which" represented by the Greek "w" in Codex Sinaiticus
If the direct claim of the Messiah as YHWH is not enough, the Greek New Testament has left behind several parallels to the Hebrew Old Testament that infer He is indeed YHWH. While this paper can by no means make a complete record of all the parallels, it will briefly consider: the description of Father YHWH and the Son in Heaven, the phrase Lord God, the word hallelujah, and the Name of the Savior from Egypt. The simplest parallel between YHWH and the Messiah is their visual description. In Daniel 7:9-10, YHWH is described just before His Messiah approaches the throne and receives all authority from Him. In Revelation 1:12-16, this description is given to the Messiah who has sat Himself down on the throne of YHWH. In Revelation, the words of the Messiah on the throne are printed in red, so there is no debate among the translators and publishers about who is on the throne.
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Daniel 7:9-10 I kept looking until thrones were set up, and the Ancient of Days took His seat; His vesture was like white snow and the hair of His head like pure wool. His throne was ablaze with flames, its wheels were a burning fire. A river of fire was flowing and coming out from before Him; Thousands upon thousands were attending Him, and myriads upon myriads were standing before Him; The court sat, and the books were opened.
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Revelation 1:14-16 His head and His hair were white like white wool, like snow; and His eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, when it has been made to glow in a furnace, and His voice was like the sound of many waters. In His right hand He held seven stars, and out of His mouth came a sharp twoedged sword; and His face was like the sun shining in its strength.
Moreover, in the very next verse, Revelation 1:17, the Son says, I am the first and the last, which is a direct quote from YHWH. As it is written in Yasha yaho (Isaiah) 44:6, Thus says YHWH, the King of Israel and his Redeemer, YHWH of hosts: I am the first and I am the last, and there is no God besides Me. Note that in Revelation 1:17, not only does the Messiah quote from YHWH, He also quotes as being YHWH. In addition, Yashayaho (Isaiah) plainly describes two individuals having one name. He declares that the King of Israel (the Father) is YHWH, and that the Kings Redeemer (the Messiah) is YHWH. YHWH and the Messiah are described as the same individual in Daniel 7 and Revelation 1. Immediately following the description in Revelation, Yashua also quotes from YHWH as being YHWH, according to Yashayaho (Isaiah) 44:6, which also calls the Messiah the Name YHWH. Sandwiching this unfathomable truth is Revelation 1:8, in red letters no doubt: I am the Alpha and the Omega, says the Lord God, who is and who was and who is coming, the Almighty. In this one verse, Yashua plainly states in two ways that He is YHWH. First, the one who is and who was and who is coming is the Everlasting God (Genesis 21:33, Yashayaho [Isaiah] 40:28, Yermiyaho [Jeremiah] 10:10). Messiah is the I AM WHO I
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AM, YHWH who exists (Exodus 3:14). Second, He refers to Himself as the Almighty, a title exclusively used for YHWH throughout Scripture. In addition to these two ways Messiah parallels YHWH, Yahochanon (John the Revelator) refers to Messiah as the Lord God which is a phrase always attributed to YHWH Himself. It is true that in the extant Greek copies of Revelation, the compound title Lord God is simply that. It is only Lord God. But these two words also appear together 386 times in the Hebrew Old Testament. In every case, one of the two words is YHWH. There is only 1 time when not one of these words is YHWH, but this is in Daniel, which is not completely Hebrew but also Aramaic. Bringing this truth into the New Testament, Messiah is clearly YHWH. The chances of the original copy of Revelation having YHWH written in reference to the Messiah are 386:387, or 99.75%. When considering that these words Lord God also appear together in Revelation 19:6 and 21:22, there is absolute certainty that Yahochanon called the Son YHWH Himself.
Hebrew Old Testament
myhla hwhy hwhy ynda
Hebrew English transliteration Mis-translation YHWH Elohim LORD God Adonay YHWH Lord GOD
Real Translation YHWH God Lord YHWH
In Revelation 21:22, both the Lord God (the Father) and the Lamb (the Messiah) are described as one temple. I saw no temple in it, for the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. A few verses later, both Father and Messiah receive singular pronouns, his and him. And their one name is written in the minds of the saints. There will no longer be any curse; and the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it, and His bond-servants will serve Him; they will see His face, and His name will be on their foreheads (Revelation 22:3-4).
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42 times in the Hebrew Old Testament, the words Hallelu Yah are mistranslated into English as Praise the LORD but should be Praise Yah or Praise YHWH. In the Greek New Testament, hallelujah occurs four times in Revelation, coming from the Greek word . Obviously, YHWH is here in this Greek New Testament word as (I-A), representing Yah. In Revelation 19, who is the object of worship receiving this pr aise, hallelujah? It is Messiah Himself who sits on the throne. Up to this point, I have revealed how YHWH has been replaced with Lord, God, and jah in Hallelujah. As a final example of how the Greek text has removed YHWH, consider Jude 5. In this verse, not only is YHWH replaced by Lord, but it is also replaced by Jesus! Now I desire to remind you, though you know all things once for all, that the Lord, after saving a people out of the land of Egypt, subsequently destroyed those who did not believe (Jude 5). In this verse, Greek copies record that the Lord saved Israel out of Egypt. This is indeed true, and there seems to be no immediate problem. This Lord could really be Lord (Adonay); it does not have to be YHWH. However, the most authoritative Greek copies record that Jesus and Christ saved Israel from Egypt not the Lord. This is shocking for those who consider the Father and the Son to be two beings, and that the Sons first introduction is in the New
Testament. But for those who consider them One Deity, it reveals that YHWH Himself came down as the Angel of YHWH (Exodus 3:2, Yahoshua [Joshua] 5:14) and the Captain of Heavens Armies and fought for Israel. This Messiah who saved Israel in the Old Testament was YHWH. Blessed are you, O Israel; who is like you, a people saved by YHWH, who is the shield of your help and the sword of your majesty! So
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your enemies will cringe before you, and you will tread upon their high places (Deuteronomy 33:29). Jude 5 is by no means the only time that Jesus seems out of place in a verse. There is the name above every name in Philippians 2:19 and Ephesians 1:21, which is Jesus, to which every person will bow their knees and confess. Yet, the Latin Jesus and the Hebrew Yashua are both common names of thousands of men; the only logical name for these verses is YHWH. Indeed, Paul wrote that he bowed his knees to the Father (Ephesians 3:14). That to Me every knee will bow, every tongue will swear allegiance. They will say of Me, Only in hwhy are righteousness and strength. (Isaiah 45:23 -24) For it is written, As I live, says the Lord ( hwhy), every knee shall bow to Me, and every tongue shall give praise to God. (Romans 14:11, cf. Isaiah 45:23) For this reason I bow my knees before the Father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth derives its name. (Ephesians 3:14-15) the name which is above every name, so at the name of Jesus (?) every knee will bow (Philippians 2:9-10)
Aramaic New Testament implies the Messiah is YHWH Just as the Greeks replaced the name of YHWH with the word for Lord ( ) in the Biblical texts, so did the Aramaic. In the Aramaic Old Testament, YHWH is replaced by words that have little meaning, such as YYYY or YWY. In the Aramaic New Testament, places where the word should clearly be YHWH have an Aramaic word for Lord, arm (marya). This word is an emphatic use of Lord as oppose d to the common word for Lord in other places of the New Testament. Interestingly, this same emphatic Lord used in place of YHWH is also attributed to Messiah, as in the Lord (marya) Jesus Christ. While this is not conclusive evidence by any means th at the copyist had in his mind the name of YHWH as he wrote, it is an interesting connection and a distinct possibility.
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Theological implications
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When reading the words Christ, Messiah, or Lord, which name first comes to mind? Since the ban on the name of YHWH, and especially after the formation of the Roman Catholic Church in the fourth century, most people first think of Yashua, Iesous, Yesus, or Jesus. The fact that most people today also think the same way as the Roman church of the past is evidence that the Christian world approaches Scripture from a Romanized mindset. Considering the language, historical background, geographic location, and authors of Scripture were Hebraic, should Christianity not approach the Scriptures from a Hebrew roots perspective? What name came to mind when Shaul (Paul) wrote the New Testament? What name came to mind when the disciples confessed that this man, whom people called Yashua, was really the Messiah? To answer this, we need to define the Messiah according to Old Testament prophecy. The term messiah, pronounced mashiyac, is a general term that means anointed one. During the kingdom of Israel, when assuming places of leadership or positions of responsibility, priests and kings were anointed by the prophets of God. Aaron was anointed to be priest (Leviticus 8:12). Shaul was anointed the first king of Israel (1 Samual 10:1). Dawid was anointed to be king and the Spirit of YHWH fell upon him (1 Samuel 16:13). These men were anointed ones. However, Scripture also has prophecies concerning a particular Anointed One that will come. This definitive Messiah must meet the criteria of every single one of the prophecies. To name just a few and give some criteria, study the following table:
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Prophecy Thus says hwhy, the King of Israel and his Redeemer, hwhy of hosts: I am the first and I am the last, and there is no God besides Me. (Yashayaho [Isaiah 44:6]) Behold, the days are coming, declares hwhy, When I will raise up for David a righteous Branch; and He will reign as king and act wisely and do justice and righteousness in the land. In His days Judah will be saved, and Israel will dwell securely; and this is His name by which He will be called: hwhy our righteousness. (Yermiyaho [Jeremiah] 23:5-6) Then hwhy will go forth and fight against those nations, as when He fights on a day of battle In that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives (Zekaryaho [Zechariah] 14:3-4, cf. Acts 1:11-12, Revelation 19) And hwhy will be king over all the earth; in that day hwhy will be the only one, and His name the only one. (Zekaryaho [Zechariah] 14:9) I (hwhy) will raise up a prophet from among their countrymen like you (Moshah [Moses]), and I will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I command him. (Deuteronomy 18:18, cf. Yahochanon [John] 1:21) Whatever I command you, you shall be careful to do; you shall not add to nor take away from it. (Deuteronomy 12:32, cf. Matithyaho [Matthew] 5:17-18)
Lankford 46 Criterion He will be named YHWH just as His Father is named YHWH. He will be from the family of Dawid. He will save all Israel. His name will be YHWH. He will make His people into a righteous nation. He will descend from Heaven and conquer the earth. His physical feet will land on the Mount of Olives. His only name will be YHWH. He will be the Prophet.
He will be a Torah teacher. Torah means teaching, instruction, law and refers to the First Covenant, the Old Testament. For a child will be born to us, a son will be given to us; He will be the called the and the government will rest on His shoulders; and His Eternal Father in flesh. name will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Eternal Father, Prince of Peace. (Yashayaho [Isaiah] 9:6, cf. Yahochanon [John] 1:14) they will look on Me (hwhy) whom they have pierced; He will be crucified before and they will mourn for Him, as one mourns for an only he becomes king. son, and they will weep bitterly over Him like the bitter weeping over a firstborn. (Zecharyaho [Zechariah] 12:10)
According to the few prophecies from the table above, the Messiah will be named YHWH, will have only one name, will be born a son, and will be the eternal Father in the flesh. Thus, when the angels came to the shepherds and announced the birth of
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the Messiah, what name did the shepherds conceive in their minds? Today in the city of David there has been born for you a Savior, who is Messiah the Lord (Lukah 2:11). The titles given to the Son were Savior, Messiah, and Lord. According to the Old Testament prophecies, the name of the Savior, Messiah, and Lord was only YHWH. This brings new light onto verses as Matithyaho (Matthew) 1:1, which records Iesous Messiah in Greek and Yashua Messiah in Aramaic. What did the Hebrew copy of Matthew record? Perhaps it did in fact r ecord Yashua Messiah as this may have been the name by which people called Him. However, perhaps it recorded YHWH, as this name correlates with the Old Testament prophecies. If, in fact, the verse did originally read YHWH Messiah, the document would have been banned and in danger of immediate destruction. Matithyaho (Matthew) 1:21 reads, You shall call His name Yashua, for He will save His people from their sins. This makes some sense as yashua means salvation. However, who is the one who brings salvation? Of course, according to Scripture, it is YHWH. In addition, which name is the name in prophecy? Did the angel really command to call His name Yashua? In either case, the agent that brings yashua is YHWH. Trinity vs. Oneness There is one body and one Spirit, just as also you were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all who is over all and through all and in all (Ephesians 4:4-6). There is indeed only one God and one baptism, yet in Christianity today, there are multiple names for God and many baptisms, one for practically each denomination of Christianity. There are two primary baptisms that reflect variant views of theology proper: trinity and oneness. Those who believe in a trinity baptism according to Matthew 28:19, in the name of the Father, Son, and Spirit. Each entity has a name: the Father is Jehovah, the Son is Jesus, and the
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Spirit is the Holy Spirit. Oneness denominations use Acts 2:38 and baptize in the name of Jesus. They consider the name of the Father, Son, and Spirit to be one: Jesus. There are inherent problems with both trinity and oneness theologies, not the least of which is the presence of two conflicting verses of Scripture that result in incompatible church doctrines, necessitating the formation of denominations. On the one hand, trinity doctrine is inconsistent with the fundamentals of monotheism. Hear, O Israel! YHWH is our God, YHWH is one! (Deuteronomy 6:4). On the other hand, oneness doctrine holds to the name of Jesus, Iesous, or Yashua, a name that is clearly not the Fathers name or the Spirits name, but apparently only the Sons name. In eliminating the Father and the Spirit from baptism, oneness teachers abrogate Matthew 28:19. Matithyaho (Matthew) 28:19 Trinity Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Acts 2:38 Oneness Peter said to them, Repent, and each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Messiah for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
One name I would argue that no one in Christianity desires to have two conflicting verses with no apparent solution. The best way to approach an apparent conflict in Scripture is to start from the beginning and work forward. It is certainly improper to suppose that the New Testament can contain conflicting verses within itself. It is also unfitting to accept a supposed fact from the New Testament that conflicts with the First (Old) Testament. Later revelation (New Testament) should not conflict with or supersede the foundation of previously revealed truth (First Testament). Starting from First Testament, it is possible to conclude that the names of the Father, Son, and Spirit are all one in the same, YHWH. The Fathers name is perhaps
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the most obvious. So as not to be redundant, let us only refer to one verse: I am YHWH, that is My name (Yashayaho [Isaiah] 42:8). Regarding the Holy Spirit, she is always referred to as YHWH and God. The Spirit of YHWH appears 28 times in the Old Testament. The Spirit of the Lord appears 4 times in the New Testament, obviously referring to YHWH. Moving over to the New Testament, the Holy Spirit is equated with the Spirit of YHWH. Take for instance Mark 12:36 that refers to the Holy Spirit having spoken to King David. The Spirit of God and the Spirit of Messiah are also one in the same: However, you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. But if anyone does not have the Spirit of Messiah, he does not belong to Him (Romans 8:9). By this verse, it is implied that the name of the Spirit, which is the name of the Father, is also the name of the Messiah. More profound is that fact that the Spirit of Messiah moved the prophets to write Scripture (1 Kephah [Peter] 1:11), and this same Spirit is the Fathers (YHWHs) Spirit that lives in His people (Matithyaho [Matthew] 10:20). This represents a complete unity and not trinity. Most people incorrectly connect the titles Christ,
Messiah, Lord, and Savior with the name of Jesus. However, these titles were first given to YHWH Himself in the First (Old) Testament. The Messiah is a Hebrew concept of a king and savior who will come in the name of YHWH and be YHWH, as stated previously in this study. It is advantageous to remind the reader that the Messiah Himself claimed that He was YHWH by name (Matithyaho [Matthew] 4:7, cf. Deuteronomy 6:16, Yahochanon [John] 17:11-12, et. al.)
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Scripture is replete with references to one saving name. Kephah (Peter) states that all the prophets gave witness to the Messiahs name (Acts 10:43). Looking through those Scriptures, the only name the prophets professed was YHWH. Jesus and any of its associated forms were never the name of prophecy. The baptism verse of Acts 2:38 states that Yashua is the name for baptism. In other words, all people should repent and be baptized in the name of salvation. But here lies a problem in that there is no reference as to who is performing the saving act. If Peter cited to be baptized in the name of YHWH for salvation, then this would easily correlate with the other baptism verse of Matithyaho (Matthew) 28:19 to be baptized in the singular name of the Father, Son, and Spirit YHWH. ONE NAME Hear, O Israel! hwhy is our God, hwhy is one! (Deuteronomy 6:4) And hwhy will be king over all the earth; in that day hwhy will be one, and His name one. (Zechariyah [Zechariah] 14:9) Of Him all the prophets bear witness that through His name everyone who believes in Him receives forgiveness of sins. (Acts 10:43) For there is none other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved. (Acts 4:12) baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit (Matithyaho [Matthew] 28:19) and that repentance for forgiveness of sins would be proclaimed in His name to all the nations, beginning from Jerusalem. (Lukah 24:47) And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him: And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads. (Revelation 22:3-4)
Baptism in the name of YHWH Messiah Perhaps the most direct confession from any disciple in the New Testament was that of Kephah (Peter), who admitted to the Messiah: You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God (Matithyaho [Matthew] 16:16). In other words, Kephah called Him YHWH without actually stating the name. At the time of Kephas confession, the New Testament had yet to be written. Kephah had been studying the First Testament.
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The Messiah commanded in the imperative form, Search the Scriptures for in them you think you have eternal life, and these are they which speak about me, but you are unwilling to come to me that you may have life (Yahochanon [John] 5:39-40). Shaul (Paul) explains that faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the Word of God (Romans 10:17). He also commended Timothy that from a babe you have known th e Holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation and that all Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for setting straight, for instruction in righteousness (1 Timothy 3:15-16). The Old Testament Scriptures had the salvation message. It was this message that Kephah (Peter) understood, not because a man had revealed to him, but the Father who is in heaven ( Matithyaho [Matthew] 17:16). In the book of Acts, Kephah (Peter) preached the first great salvation message of the Gospel of the Savior. When preaching this message, no New Testament had yet been written, so he turned to the First Testament references to the Savior. Kephah (Peter) knew from the First Testament Scriptures that the name of the Messiah would be YHWH. He referred to the Son as the Messiah, so he must have also referred to the Son as YHWH. Before the assembly, he quoted from Joel 2:32, saying, And it shall be that everyone who calls on the name of YHWH shall be saved (Acts 2:21). In the same sermon, just one minute later, Kephah (Peter) said, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Yashua Messiah (Acts 2:38). Here there is conflict. Which name did Kephah commit to? Yashua or YHWH? The only name that brings both baptism verses together in unity is YHWH. Indeed, if Kephah used Yashua (salvation) and the manuscripts record this we must realize that the agent of this salvation is in fact YHWH.
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hwhy
Matithyaho (Matthew) 28:19 Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father (hwhy) and the Son (hwhy) and the Holy Spirit (hwhy). Acts 2:38 Peter said to them, Repent, and each of you be baptized in the name of [hwhy] Messiah for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit (hwhy).
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Hopefully, by this time,

every instance you read the letters YHWH, you are pronouncing the name of the Creator. Take the Name
challenge. Begin in Genesis and

read through the Bible, verbally pronouncing His name every time you see LORD, GOD, and Jehovah. If you are like me, by
the time you reach the end of

Deuteronomy, His Spirit will not let you say anything other than His Name. Hallelu Yah!
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH References
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Adair, James. (1775). History of the American Indians. Public Domain. Available from http://yahuwnathan.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/history-of-theamerican-indians-james-adair.pdf Allen, Earl B. (2004). Publish the name of Yahuwah. Loveland, CO: Word of Truth Ministries. Available from http://yahuwnathan.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/publish-the-name-ofyahowah-b-earl-allen.pdf Barkay, Gabriel & Vaughn, Andrew G. & Lundberg, Marilyn J. & Zuckerman, Bruce. (2000). The amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A new edition and evaluation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (334), 4170. Benner, Jeff. (2013). Ancient Hebrew alphabet chart. Retrieved from http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/28_chart.html Caesar, Stephen. (2010). The blessing of the silver scrolls. Retrieved from http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/06/The-Blessing-of-the-SilverScrolls.aspx#Article Cheyne, Thomas Kelly & Black, John Sutherland. (1903). Text and versions. Encyclopeadia Biblica. Public domain. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TextsOT.PNG Codex Sinaiticus. Online project by the British Library, Leipzig University Library, St Catherine's Monaster at Sinai and the National Library of Russia. Retrieved from http://codexsinaiticus.com/en/ Eusebius. (2002). Preparation for the Gospel. (Edwin Hamilton Gifford, translator). Oregan, USA: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
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Gifford, Edwin Hamilton. (1903). Eusebius of Caesarea: Praeparatio Evangelica. Retrieved from http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_01_book1.htm Gordon, Nehemiah. (n.d.). The ban on the divine name. Available from http://yahownathan.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/ban-on-the-divine-namegordon.pdf Great Isaiah scroll. The Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Retrieved from http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah#1:1 Jakobson, Roman. (2002). Phonological studies. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter Mouton. Joseph, Frank. (1999, January 1). Hebrews in 1st Century Illinois. Ancient American, 4(30). Koltz, Reinhold. (1832). Titi Flaui Clementis Alexandrini opera omnia (Vol. 3). Public domain. Available from http://yahownathan.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/titiflaui-clementis-alexandrini-opera-omnia-volume-3.pdf Kraft, Robert A. (2008). Files and information on early Jewish and early Christian copies of Greek Jewish scriptures. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved from http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rak/jewishpap.html Lataster, Raphael Christopher. (2008). Was the New Testament really written in Greek?. Available from http://yahownathan.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/wasthe-new-testament-really-written-in-greek.pdf Metzger, Bruce M. (2001). A textual commentary on the Greek New Testament (2nd ed.). New York, NY: United Bible Societies. Mounce, William D. (1993). Basics of Biblical Greek. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. Mras, Karl. (2012). Die Praeparatio Evangelica. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
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Neusner, Jacob. (2008). Judaism and Christianity in the age of Constantine . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Parsons, P. J. (1983). Oxyhynchus Papyri (Vol. 50). Richardson, Don. (1984). Eternity in their hearts. Venture, CA: Regal Books. Tabor, James D. (1999). Notes on Shem Tovs Hebrew Matthew. Universi ty of North Carolina Charlotte. Retrieved from http://religiousstudies.uncc.edu/people/jtabor/shemtovweb.html Thornton, Richard. (2013, January 7). DNA scientists claim that Cherokees are from the Middle East. Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com/article/dnascientists-claim-that-cherokees-are-from-the-middle-east
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Appendix: Table of Biblical Parallels for Father and Son (King James Version) The Father The Galatians 3:8 Gospel And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed. The Yashayaho (Isaiah) 52:6-7 Gospel Therefore my people shall know my name: therefore they shall know in that day that I am he that doth speak: behold, it is I. How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth! The Exodus 9:16 Scriptures And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.
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The Son Revelation 13:8 And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. Romans 10:14-15 How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things! Yahochanon (John) 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Creator
Romans 9:17 For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. Genesis 1:3 Yahochanon (John) 1:3, 1:14 And God said, Let there be light, All things were made by him; and and there was light. without him was not any thing made that was made. And the Word Genesis 2:4 was made flesh, and dwelt among These are the generations of the us, (and we beheld his glory, the heavens and of the earth when glory as of the only begotten of the they were created, in the day that Father,) full of grace and truth. YHWH God made the earth and the heavens, 1 Timothy 3:16 And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was
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manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory. Redeemer Yashayaho (Isaiah) 54:5 For thy Maker is thine husband; YHWH of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called. Yashayaho (Isaiah) 45:21 Have not I YHWH? and there is no God else beside me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me. Zechariyah 12:10 And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn. Yashayaho (Isaiah) 8:14 And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Titus 2:14 Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works. Titus 2:13 looking for the blessed hope and appearing of our great God and Savior Jesus (?) Messiah
Savior
Death
Yahochanon (John) 19:36-37 For these things were done, that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken. And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they pierced.
Stumbling Stone
The Light
Yashayaho (Isaiah) 9:2 The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.
1 Kephah (Peter) 2:7-8 Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner, and a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed. Matithyaho (Matthew) 4:16 The people which sat in darkness saw a great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up.
I AM
Yahochanon (John) 8:58 Exodus 3:14 Jesus (?) said unto them, Verily, And God said unto Moses, I AM verily, I say unto you, Before THAT I AM: Abraham was, I am.
MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH First and Last The Name Yashayaho (Isaiah) 44:6 Thus saith YHWH the King of Israel, and his redeemer YHWH of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God.
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The Name
The Name
The Name
Psalm 118:26 Blessed is he that cometh in the name of YHWH. Psalm 8:1 O YHWH our Master, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! who hast set thy glory above the heavens. Joel 2:32 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of YHWH shall be delivered: Yashayaho (Isaiah) 45:23 I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, That unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. Ephesians 3:14 For this cause I bow my knees unto the Father Yermiyaho (Jeremiah) 23:5-6 Behold, the days come, saith YHWH, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely: and this is his name whereby he shall be called, YHWH OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS.
Revelation 1:17-18 And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead. And he laid his right hand upon me, saying unto me, Fear not; I am the first and the last: I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death. Matithyaho (Matthew) 21:9 Blessed is he that cometh in the name of YHWH. Hebrews 1:4 Being made so much better than the angels, as he hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. Acts 2:21, cf. Romans 10:13 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of YHWH shall be saved. Philippians 2:10-11 That at the name of Jesus (?) every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; And that every tongue should confess that Jesus (?) Messiah is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
The Name
The Name
Revelation 22:16 I Jesus (?) have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.

Manuscript and Theology Study of YHWH: One Name For Father, Son, and Spirit

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Running head: MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Jonathan W. Lankford, MEd

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Abstract

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Table of Contents

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

English Y AH W AH h w h Modern Hebrew y Middle Hebrew Y H W H Ancient Hebrew Y H W H

Two-syllable Possibilities YaH-WaH YaH-WeH (Yahweh) YeH-WeH YeH-WaH YiH-WaH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Evidence #4: Yaho (WhY) in the Greek Old Testament (200BC)

YHWH in Ancient Hebrew written by a Greek hand

Figure 2: Leviticus 3:12 in Greek; Paleo-Hebrew YHWH, 100AD (Parsons, 1983)

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Figure 5: Yaho in Clement's Stromata

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Stromata is in Codex L which records Iaou. (YAo).

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Figure 7: Jakobsons (2002, p.493) vocalic triangle

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

-eh suffix Greek variants

Theodoret & Epiphanius Origen Homer Ante Nicene fathers

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Figure 9: Mesha Stele, 850BC, written in Paleo-Hebrew

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Ancient Paleo-Hebrew script 850BC or older

Aramaic-Hebrew script 500BC

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Conspiracy

Isaiah 40:3 (Hebrew) Actual Quote

Prepare the way of hUUWhY

Greek Old Testament with LORD ()

the Name banned completely

Greek New Testament with LORD ()

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH YHWH Messiah

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Ethridge Version from the Aramaic New Testament

Figure 18: Translation comparisons of Yahochanon (John) 17:11-12

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

Hebrew Old Testament

myhla hwhy hwhy ynda

Real Translation YHWH God Lord YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH Theological implications

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH

MANUSCRIPT AND THEOLOGY STUDY OF YHWH