Académique Documents
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""'
,
Cost of Material
per Pupil
~..30c.
is*
(enough
for 10 puplU)
_Jc.
32c.
No. 4.
1
Set Assorted
Wood
Sandpaper
Half-Inch Brads, (Enough for Ten Pupils) ..\^. ......... Sloyd Knife, 2i inch Blade, (Used in Elementary Kniife Work)..!!. 6-Inch Try-Square, (U.sed in Elementary Knife Work) Brass-Tipped Ruler, (Used in all of the four courses) Pair of Dividers, (Used in all of the four courses)
Total
45c
i
ic
50c 15c 5c
I2c
.$1.29
'.
'-.
ADVANCED
WM.
Director of
KNIFE
BY
WORK
C. A.
HAMMEL
Manual Training and Physics in the North Carolina State Norma! and Industrial College Formerly Director of Manual Training and Physics in the Maryland State Normal School Director of Manual Training in the Bryn Mawr School Inspector of Manual Training Schools in the State of Maryland
RICHMOND
B. F.
'
IMO. 4.
COPYKIGHT 1903
By WM.
C. A.
HAMMEL
-.
C8-2H.
P.
v\
\^'^
INTRODUCTION
This set of models for Adyanced Knife Worli is to follow the course in Elementary Knife Work, and is a preparation for the course in Wood Sloyd. The course i? adapted to the ability of the children in the sixth grade. In Elementary Knife Work the pupil had practice in constructing models from but one kind of wood, and had to deal with but two
dimensions, length and breadth.
and thickness are considered. The tool equipment is the same as that used in Elementary Knife Work. out the work, a tr}--square, a rule, a pencil, and dividers are used.
The only
is
In this course there are seventeen models, carefully graded in difficulty so as not to overtax the children's ability, and are so planned thaieach new exercise brings in some new principle of laying out, cutting, or putting together. Each model, while simple, is designid
to
l)e
of use in
some way
in the schoolroom, at
first
home, or
Suggestions.
In the
methodvto be pursued
in constructing the
Never try to help a pupil by doing his work for him. work shonld be early detected and corrected. This is easily possible if the teacher requires that each step in the exercise be executed and submitted for inspection before other work is undertaken. Every pupil should be allowed to proceed with the work as fast as he is able to do good work.
object under consideration.
Hasty and
careless
The student should always stand when cutting the wood. At the close of the 5-ear the models should be given to those who have made them. Slight wounds are liable to occur, and should Ixj managed in accordance with the methods
immediate benefit of the one injured, but for the educational value derived from ways keep on hand in a glass jar or bottle some sterilized gauze and adhesive plaster.
for the
of
modem
Al-
W.
C. A.
H.
Used
in
Basswcxxl
( Tilia.
The wood
lasily; It
it is is
is
sold {lenerally
but not strong; of fine texture, and white to light brown in color; clear of knots, but does not split is sometinu'S confounded with tulip wood, or white wood.
toys.
used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furniture and wooden ware, both turned and carved, in cooi>erage, and for
Density, or specific gravity, of Basswood,
0.4525
28.20
lbs.
The wood
i;i
when
cai^,
and boats;
and turnery.
It
is
becoming
many
it is
0.5822
38.28
lbs.
Red Cedar
The Red Cedar
posure to air;
It
is
ijuniperus Virginiana)
is
The wood
is
its
sapwood
and
closets, in
<.f
Weight of
cubic foot of
Yellow Poplar or
Tiilip
is
Tree {Liriodendron
creamy white,
Tulipifera)
The wood
is
light yellow to
brown
in color
its
sapwood
light, soft,
and straight-grained.
timber and wooden ware. It is used for interior finish of houses, for panels of carriages, for pattern is taking its place to some extent, particularly when very wide boards are reOn account of the scarcity of white pine, tulip wood
ared.
0.4230
lbs.
26.36
Sweet
Gum
{Liqaidambar Siyraciflua)
is
The wood
It
is
is
bright reddish
brown in
color; its
sapwood
stifE
polish.
used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furniture, for cut veneer, for wooden plates, placques,
Density, or specific gravity, of Sweet
Weight of
1 cubic foot of
0.5910
36.83
lbs.
is
Its
wood
is
light
brown in
color ;
its
sapwood
nearly white, light, soft, compact, straight-grained, easily worked, and takes a fine polish. It is used for lumber, shingles, cabinet work, interior of houses, masts and spars of vessels.
0.3854 Density, or specific gravity, of White Pine, 24.02 lbs. Weight of cubic foot of White Pine,
WORK
SIDES,
EDGES
AND ENDS
sides,
KNIFE
Though
work a suitable knife of the best quality. the work can bo done with a good stout penknife with
it
is
hand and the wood in the left hand Be careful always to cut away from the body and to ki.'cp the left hand back of the blade of the k-nife. When cutting, keep the flat surface of the blade as close to the wood as
in the right
(see photograph).
two bladis,
other,
one
blade.
recommended
for
younger pupils
WHien the surface of the wood to be cut is quite long, the piece of wood can be rested upon tlje board protecting the desk; tliis will steady the hand which holds the wood.
]
HOW TO CUT
If you cut along the edge of a piece of
iL-ith
either
Whenever
because the knife does not then sink into the body of the wood
and
split
it.
is
it is
more difficult than cutting with the grain, as the fibres of the wood have to be cut through instead of being torn apart (see Iihotograph). It is best to rest the wood on the board protecting the desk when cross-cutting.
Oblique-cutting
rutting
is
THE TRY-SQUARE
The importance
estimated.
tools in
of having your work "square" can hardly Ije overFor this reason the try-square is one of the most useful Knife Work. The names of the parts of the square are
8 ]
smooth and
the blade
In moving the trj-square along the wood, see that the ln'am and fit exactly on the side and edge tliroughout their length.
wood that
is is
flat
moved along
edge
careful in
from end
to end.
Hold the wood and the square as in above photograph, being verjmoving the blade of the square along the edge of the wood to keep the beam firm against the side of the wood.
THE
The stone knowTi
sharpening
tlie
OIL
STONE
is
SANDt'APER
for use in
as
Eed Washita
Use sperm
oil
recommended
Sandpaper
is
made
knife.
or kerosene as a liil)ricator.
glass, or quartz
glued to
The grains on
is
Always
When an
oilstone becomes
of the
same
size.
The
finest quality of
sandpaper
numbered "0,"
down by rubbing- it on
In doing
this,
a sheet of sandpaper
It
flat surface.
piece of
wood
%"
thick.
much
th(i
wood.
get dull, for then they will require but little rubbing.
The cork
it
a circular motion,
The
flat
never use
10
Working Diagrams
advanood knifo work course the pupil is required to make workiufj; diagrams oi- drawings, since two or more Good work\ iews of the object made are often necessary. ing drawings are self-explanatoiy they are usually drawTi to a scale. A working diagnuu to a scale is nothing more than a make-believe full-size drawing. "We notice in the above diagram tiiat, although eacli rectangle is drawni to a different scale, the shape of the outline of each is tlie same. "\\nien a drawing is not full size, the scale must be written under it.
In
tlio
;
[
taught to read working drawings and should lie re([uired to express in a corret-t working drawing his idea of a given model. He will then realize the im])ortance of accuracy in measuring dimensions, and will be led to exercise carefulness in making tlie
The
pupil should
intelligently,
model.
is
make woi-king diagrams natural size. The pupil must submit the uorkiiit/ diagram of to he made before he beffiiis to male the model.
11
]
MODEL
No.
MODEL
No.
Diagram
4?"
M"
r
.._.-
>!
FRONT
SIDE
SIDE
4'
Siale
!"=>"
13
MODEL
No. 2
WEDGE Working
Diagram
Fig. I
I'iK.
11
1-J
MODEL
No. 3
PEN RACK
J'' thick
^^"
thick
x 2i" wide x 6J" long Basswood, 'SMiite Pine or Sweet Gum. x 2j'' wide x i\" long Basswood, A\niite Pine or Sweet Gum.
A.
1.
making
i-ectangle 2"
wide x
2.
On
2. 3.
3.
one side of piece of wood* place drawing of supportsone at each end. Cut out cui-v^es at each end.
4.
5.
4.
P>.
1.
making a rectangle
2"
and
glue.
Be
care-
*A longer
more
readilv.
piece of
wood
i.s
iisl (o
enable
tlie ]iii|)il
IG
MODEL
No. 3
Diagram
Side
0"
'
IiS
ticali:
l"=-.i
17
MODEL
No.
GLOVE MENDER
Stock
I"
thick x
2.
3.
4.
5.
one of the 1" sides, wliich should be marked No. 1, draw a line ^" from the upper edge of the wood. Cut this side down to line drawn, making it square to No. 1 mark this side No. 2. On side No. 2 draw line yV' from side No. 1. Cut to this line, mailing the side square to No. 2; mark this side No. 3. On side No. 3 draw line y\" from side No. 2. Cut to this line, making the side square to No. 3; mark tliis side No. 4. Draw line ai'ound stick I" from the end. (Use iv\;
On
9.
Draw Draw
lines
^"
10.
\"
plan (omitting curves) upon the opposite sides of the wood. 11. Cut the other two opposite sides down to the lines of the drawing. 12. Draw jilan (omitting curves) upon these two sides cut down to these lines, maldng frustum of a square
;
square.
6.
Cut
off
end of
to
all faces.
7.
pyramid. Quadrisect all edges of both ends join opixtsite points, except the middle points. 14. Cut all comers to lines, maliing frustum of octagonal pyramid. 15. Round all comers, making fmstum of a cone.
13.
;
Draw
6tV" from
Cut
off
16. 17.
^"
8.
Square
Round
tV^6
//
18.
the ends according to the drawing. Clean with coarse and then with fine sandpaper.
18
MODEL
No. 4
Diagram
.if.1
I
I
'c-
? y
i
-iC
VJ
MODEL
No. 5
FLOWER
STICK
Stock
J"
thick x
|"
tviae
Cut stock
to
an oblong
|"
14".
tlie
6.
Draw From
line
around
stick |"
from one of
ends.
(Use
7.
tiy-square.
.3.
finished
8.
13",
square across
9.
with knife
4.
.5.
Cut all comers to lines, making octagonal prism. Bound all comers, maldng cylinder. Draw lines around stick ^V" fi'om one end; 1" from
the other end.
to edges.
10.
to drawing,
At
and edges.
11.
MODEL
No. 5
Diagram
-->!
^1
MODEL
No. 6
PAPER KNIFE
Stock.
jY'
thick
x IJ" wide x
11.]"
long- Cherry
Cut
witli grain.
5.
6. 7.
Measure width
Cut out
1",
and cut
to line.
2.
to tried edge.
3.
From
Cut
finished end
measure length
11",
and square
8.
to
this
end square
to tried edge.
9.
22
MODEL
No. 6
Diagram
I
11'
r
'K
,<--->:
-^
xy Y^ T-XM'^
-;.
iVJC TS
iiZE
Scale 1"=2'''
-i-
MODEL
No. 7
SEED STICK
Stock
J"
thick x
Cut
stick to
an oblong
|"
9".
6.
Draw
Cut
stick.
2.
Draw
line
around
stick |"
(Use
7.
Cut notches.
to oblique lines.
tiy-square.)
3.
8.
From
finished
8|",
and square
9.
10.
sides.
11.
Draw
lines
around
stick |"
from one
end, 3"
from the
12.
other.
sides.
24
MODEL
No. 7
Diagram'
IT'
^'"
X-----f^
J"
1^
\ i
in
iii
1
;'/'
H-
--
>c
ll"
I
8
14.
5"
--ii
MODEL
No. 8
LETTER OPENER
stock
tV thick
x If" wide x
5.
6.
7.
Measure width
1^",
and cut
to line.
2.
(Use try-square.)
Copy working
diagi-am.
3.
8. 9.
4.
to tried edge.
20
LETTER
;
t"
,-
1}"!
MODEL
No. 9
FILE
HANDLE
Stock
i^'
7.
Cut
to lines,
8.
2.
Draw
lines
around
Draw
Hold
the diagonals
on one end.
3.
stick in vertical position; bore hole i^'), using auger bit (see drawing)
jilan
Quadrisect the lines that are f " from larger end. 10. Quadrisect all edges of smaller end.
9.
4.
Draw
Cut
sides of stick,
(Omit
11.
cun^es.)
5.
ti.
to lines.
12.
Draw
(Omit
13.
cui-ves.)
28
MODEL
No. 9
FILE
HANDLE \Vorking
Diagram
29
MODEL
No. 10
CROCHET NEEDLE
2.
Cut one edge straight and smooth. Cut one end square to tried edge.
square.)
7.
Connect by straight
8. 9.
Cut
all
.3.
From
tliis
finished end
measure length
and square
10.
^"
|"
G.
Cut this end square to tried edge. Measure width ^", and cut to line. At ends quadrisect by points all sides and edges.
11. 12.
drawing.
30
MODEL
No. 10
Diagram
<e
I
--.---->
~n:^
h^."
7^
I
rL3.
,'5*
-a
MODEL
No.
II
MODEL
No.
11
WHISTLE Working
Diagram
J"*
".y_
;j:;
1.
3.
4.
0.
f).
7. 8.
!).
MODEL
No. 12
Diagram
MODEL
No. 13
MODEL
No. 13
Diagram
2J"
o:iiE
37
MODEL
No. 14
MAT
Stock
',"
thick
]\Iake
one edge straight and smooth. Cut one end square to tried edge.
square.)
INIeasure length 4}"
5.
6.
7.
.S.
i.
across with knife line, Cut the end square to tried edge.
[
Measure -nidth 4|", and whittle to Copy working diagram. Cut out design. Bevel ]" (see working diagram).
Clean with sandpaper.
line.
38
MAT Working
Diagram
MODEL
No. 14
41"
>^-,
'J'
39
MODEL
No.15
FLOWERPOT STAND
Stock I" thick x 11" wide x 6" long White Pine, 2 pieces.
15
'2.
Cut one edge straight and sniootli. Cut one end square to tried edge.
square.)
6.
7.
Copy working diagram No. 1 on each side. Prepare other piece of wood in same way and copy
working diagram No. 2 on eacli side. Cut out designs. (In making notches first
as in previous models.)
cut out
3.
From
Cut
finished
and square
8.
end square to ti"ied edge. Measui'e width 1", and cut to line.
this
9.
40
Diagram
No.
^ 1".
MODEL
No. 16
KEY RACK
Stock
jV thick
Cherry or Basswood
sti-aiglit
and smooth.
5.
6.
Measure width
2f",
and cut
to line.
:!.
to tried edge.
7.
:i
8",
8. 9.
ins}iection.
4.
Cut
this
end square
to tried edge.
10.
42
MODEL
No. 16
Diagram
Scale
l"=-y'
4a
MODEL
No. 17
CORNER BRACKET
Stock for
Stock for Braces
:
Top
-^^"
x CJ" long Basswood or S\veet Gum. thick x 6i" wide x 8" long Ba.sswood or Sweet
Gum
Directions
foi
17
A.
1.
make
3.
4.
1.
rect-
2.
Cut out design on each piece. Clean with sandpaper. Locate and start brads in the brace 6" wide, and fasten with glue to the other brace. Locate and start brads in top and fasten with glue to
the braces.
wde X
S" long.
(Test
all
corners.)
[
44
MODEL
No. 17
Diagram
Scale 1"=2''
45
0J41VEKSrrY
of
CALIFORNIA