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BOYLES LAW
The volume of a gas depends on the pressure exerted on it. When you pump up a bicycle tire, you push down on a handle that squeezes the gas inside the pump. You can squeeze a balloon and reduce its size (the volume it occupies).
In general, the greater the pressure exerted on a gas, the less its volume and vice versa. This relationship is true only if the temperature of the gas remains constant while the pressure is changed.
We can see that the data fit into a pattern called a hyperbola.
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If, however we plot pressure against 1/volume we get a linear (straight line) graph.
PV = constant Thus;
P1V1 = P2V2
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Charless law
Charless law definition:
.. the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (Kelvin) when the pressure is kept constant..
V/T = constant
Thus;
V1/T1 = V2/T2
By extrapolating, the volume becomes zero at 273.15C; this temperature is called absolute zero (refer figure). Therefore, absolute temperature: T(K) = T(C) + 273.15
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Gay-Lussacs law
Definition: ..The absolute pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (K) when the volume is kept constant..
P/T = constant
Thus;
P1/T1 = P2/T2
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Note: If any gas could be cooled to -273C, the volume would be zero.
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P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
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Now we are looking to a simple experiment where the balloon is blown up at a constant pressure and temperature (figure below). It is found that, the volume, V of a gas increases in direct proportion to the mass, m of a gas present: Vm Hence we can write:
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A mole (mol) is defined as the number of grams of a substance that is numerically equal to the molecular mass of the substance. Example: i. ii. 1 mol H2 has a mass of 2 g. 1 mol Ne has a mass of 20 g.
iii. 1 mol CO2 has a mass of 44 g; where the molecular mass for CO2 = [12 + (2 x 16)] = 44 g/mol
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Where n is the number of moles and R is the universal gas constant and its value is given as:
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The ideal gas law often refers to standard conditions or standard temperature and pressure (STP). Where at STP: T = 273 K
P = 1.00 atm
= 1.013 x 105 N/m2 = 101.3 kPa
Note: 1 mol STP gas has: i. Volume = 22.4L ii. No. of molecule/moles = 6.023 x 1023 molecules
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Note: When using and dealing with all this three gas laws and also ideal gas law; the temperature must in Kelvin (K) and the pressure must always be absolute pressure, not gauge pressure.
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Exercises:
1. Determine the volume of 1.00 mol of any gas, assuming it behaves like an ideal gas, at STP.
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The number of molecules in a gas is the number of moles times Avogadros number:
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Then the force due to all molecules colliding with that wall is:
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(a) Arrows indicate the momentum of one molecules as it rebounds from the end wall.
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The averages of the squares of the speeds in all three directions are equal:
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Rewriting;
So;
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The average translational kinetic energy of the molecules in an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.
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We can invert this to find the average speed of molecules in a gas as a function of temperature:
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Note: vrms is not at the peak of the curve because the curve is skewed to the right (not symmetrical). vp is called the most probable speed. 31
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Real Gases
The ideal gas law equation is given as;
The term of ideal refers to characteristics/behavior of gas where at ideal, the pressure of gas is too high and the temperature of gas close/near the liquefaction point (boiling point).
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However, at pressures less than an atmosphere or so (not too high), and when temperature is not close to the boiling point of the gas, it is refers to behavior of real gases.
Figure below is the curve of P vs V at temperature constant for ideal gas (Boyle`s law).
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And figure below is the curves represent the behavior of the gas at different temperatures (not constant) for real gases. Where TA TB TC TD
It is found that, the cooler (temperature decrease @ farther from boiling point) it gets, the further the gas is from ideal.
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Below the critical temperature (the gas can liquefy if the pressure is sufficient; above it, no amount of pressure will suffice):
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The dashed curve A` and B` represents the behavior of a gas as predicted by the ideal gas law (Boyle`s law) for several different values of the temperature.
We see that, the behavior of gas deviates even more from the curves predicted by ideal gas law (curves A and B), and the deviation is greater when the gas is closer to liquid-vapor region (curve C and D).
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In curve D, the gas becomes liquid; it begins condensing at (b) and is entirely liquid at (a). Curve C represent the behavior of the substance at its critical temperature, and the point (c) is called the critical point. At temperature less than the critical temperature, a gas will change to the liquid phase if sufficient pressure is applied.
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The behavior of a substance can be diagrammed not only on a PV diagram but also on a PT diagram. A PT diagram is called a phase diagram; it shows all three phases of matter: i. The solid-liquid transition (in equilibrium) is melting or freezing ii. The liquid-vapor transition is boiling or condensing iii. The solid-vapor transition is sublimation. Where sublimation refers to the process whereby at low pressures a solid changes directly into the vapor phase without passing through the liquid phase.
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The intersection of the three curves is called the triple point. Where it is only at triple point that the three phases can exist together in equilibrium.
Reference
Giancoli, DC., (2005). Physics 6th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
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