AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML.
What You Should Already Know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:
HTML / XHTML JavaScript
If you want to study these subjects first, find the tutorials on our Home page.
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

AJAX is not a new programming language, but a technique for creating better, faster, and more interactive web applications. With AJAX, your JavaScript can communicate directly with the server, using the JavaScript XMLHttpRequest object. With this object, your JavaScript can trade data with a web server, without reloading the page. AJAX uses asynchronous data transfer (HTTP requests) between the browser and the web server, allowing web pages to request small bits of information from the server instead of whole pages. The AJAX technique makes Internet applications smaller, faster and more user-friendly. AJAX is a browser technology independent of web server software.
AJAX is Based on Web Standards

AJAX is based on the following web standards:
JavaScript XML HTML CSS
The web standards used in AJAX are well defined, and supported by all major browsers. AJAX applications are browser and platform independent.
AJAX is About Better Internet Applications

Web applications have many benefits over desktop applications; they can reach a larger audience, they are easier to install and support, and easier to develop. However, Internet applications are not always as "rich" and user-friendly as traditional desktop applications.
With AJAX, Internet applications can be made richer and more user-friendly.
AJAX Uses HTTP Requests

In traditional JavaScript coding, if you want to get any information from a database or a file on the server, or send user information to a server, you will have to make an HTML form and GET or POST data to the server. The user will have to click the "Submit" button to send/get the information, wait for the server to respond, then a new page will load with the results. Because the server returns a new page each time the user submits input, traditional web applications can run slowly and tend to be less user-friendly. With AJAX, your JavaScript communicates directly with the server, through the JavaScript XMLHttpRequest object With an HTTP request, a web page can make a request to, and get a response from a web server without reloading the page. The user will stay on the same page, and he or she will not notice that scripts request pages, or send data to a server in the background.
The XMLHttpRequest Object

By using the XMLHttpRequest object, a web developer can update a page with data from the server after the page has loaded! AJAX was made popular in 2005 by Google (with Google Suggest). Google Suggest is using the XMLHttpRequest object to create a very dynamic web interface: When you start typing in Google's search box, a JavaScript sends the letters off to a server and the server returns a list of suggestions. The XMLHttpRequest object is supported in Internet Explorer 5.0+, Safari 1.2, Mozilla 1.0 / Firefox, Opera 8+, and Netscape 7.
Your First AJAX Application

To understand how AJAX works, we will create a small AJAX application. First, we are going to create a standard HTML form with two text fields: username and time. The username field will be filled in by the user and the time field will be filled in using AJAX. The HTML file will be named "testAjax.htm", and it looks like this (notice that the HTML form below has no submit button!):
<html> <body> <form name="myForm">
Name: <input type="text" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html>
The next chapters will explain the keystones of AJAX.
AJAX - Browser Support

The keystone of AJAX is the XMLHttpRequest object. Different browsers use different methods to create the XMLHttpRequest object. Internet Explorer uses an ActiveXObject, while other browsers uses the built-in JavaScript object called XMLHttpRequest. To create this object, and deal with different browsers, we are going to use a "try and catch" statement. You can read more about the try and catch statement in our JavaScript tutorial. Let's update our "testAjax.htm" file with the JavaScript that creates the XMLHttpRequest object:
<html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function ajaxFunction() { var xmlHttp; try { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { alert("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; } } } }
</script> <form name="myForm"> Name: <input type="text" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html>
Example explained: First create a variable xmlHttp to hold the XMLHttpRequest object. Then try to create the object with XMLHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(). This is for the Firefox, Opera, and Safari browsers. If that fails, try xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP") which is for Internet Explorer 6.0+, if that also fails, try xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") which is for Internet Explorer 5.5+ If none of the three methods work, the user has a very outdated browser, and he or she will get an alert stating that the browser doesn't support AJAX. Note: The browser-specific code above is long and quite complex. However, this is the code you can use every time you need to create an XMLHttpRequest object, so you can just copy and paste it whenever you need it. The code above is compatible with all the popular browsers: Internet Explorer, Opera, Firefox, and Safari. The next chapter shows how to use the XMLHttpRequest object to communicate with the server.
AJAX - More About the XMLHttpRequest Object

Before sending data to the server, we have to explain three important properties of the XMLHttpRequest object.
The onreadystatechange Property

After a request to the server, we need a function that can receive the data that is returned by the server. The onreadystatechange property stores the function that will process the response from a server. The following code defines an empty function and sets the onreadystatechange property at the same time:
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=function() { // We are going to write some code here } The readyState Property
The readyState property holds the status of the server's response. Each time the readyState changes, the onreadystatechange function will be executed. Here are the possible values for the readyState property: State 0 1 Description The request is not initialized The request has been set up
2 3 4
The request has been sent The request is in process The request is complete
We are going to add an If statement to the onreadystatechange function to test if our response is complete (this means that we can get our data):
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlHttp.readyState==4) { // Get the data from the server's response } } The responseText Property
The data sent back from the server can be retrieved with the responseText property. In our code, we will set the value of our "time" input field equal to responseText:
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.myForm.time.value=xmlHttp.responseText; } }
AJAX - Sending a Request to the Server

To send off a request to the server, we use the open() method and the send() method. The open() method takes three arguments. The first argument defines which method to use when sending the request (GET or POST). The second argument specifies the URL of the server-side script. The third argument specifies that the request should be handled asynchronously. The send() method sends the request off to the server. If we assume that the HTML and ASP file are in the same directory, the code would be:
xmlHttp.open("GET","time.asp",true); xmlHttp.send(null);
Now we must decide when the AJAX function should be executed. We will let the function run "behind the scenes" when the user types something in the username text field:
<form name="myForm"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxFunction();" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form>
Our updated AJAX-ready "testAjax.htm" file now looks like this:
<html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function ajaxFunction() { var xmlHttp; try { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { alert("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; } } } xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.myForm.time.value=xmlHttp.responseText; } } xmlHttp.open("GET","time.asp",true); xmlHttp.send(null); } </script> <form name="myForm"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxFunction();" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html>
The next chapter makes our AJAX application complete with the "time.asp" script.
AJAX - The Server-Side ASP Script
Now we are going to create the script that displays the current server time. The responseText property (explained in the previous chapter) will store the data returned from the server. Here we want to send back the current time. The code in "time.asp" looks like this:
<% response.expires=-1 response.write(time) %>

Note: The Expires property sets how long (in minutes) a page will be cached on a browser before it expires. If a user returns to the same page before it expires, the cached version is displayed. Response.Expires=-1 indicates that the page will never be cached.
Run Your AJAX Application

Try the AJAX application by typing some text into the Name text box below, then click inside the Time text box:
Name:
Time:
The Time text box gets the server's time from "time.asp" file without reloading the page
AJAX Suggest Example

In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate how a web page can communicate with a web server online as a user enters data into a standard HTML form.
Type a Name in the Box Below

First Name: Suggestions:
Example Explained - The HTML Form

The form above has the following HTML code:
<form> First Name: <input type="text" id="txt1" onkeyup="showHint(this.value)"> </form> <p>Suggestions: <span id="txtHint"></span></p>
As you can see it is just a simple HTML form with an input field called "txt1".
An event attribute for the input field defines a function to be triggered by the onkeyup event. The paragraph below the form contains a span called "txtHint". The span is used as a placeholder for data retrieved from the web server. When the user inputs data, a function called "showHint()" is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the "onkeyup" event. In other words: Each time the user moves his finger away from a keyboard key inside the input field, the function showHint is called.
Example Explained - The showHint() Function

The showHint() function is a very simple JavaScript function placed in the <head> section of the HTML page. The function contains the following code:
function showHint(str) { if (str.length==0) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=""; return; } xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject() if (xmlHttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="gethint.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlHttp.send(null); }
The function executes every time a character is entered in the input field. If there is some input in the text field (str.length > 0) the function executes the following:
Defines the url (filename) to send to the server Adds a parameter (q) to the url with the content of the input field Adds a random number to prevent the server from using a cached file Creates an XMLHTTP object, and tells the object to execute a function called stateChanged when a change is triggered Opens the XMLHTTP object with the given url. Sends an HTTP request to the server
If the input field is empty, the function simply clears the content of the txtHint placeholder.
Example Explained - The GetXmlHttpObject() Function

The example above calls a function called GetXmlHttpObject().
The purpose of the function is to solve the problem of creating different XMLHTTP objects for different browsers. The function is listed below:
function GetXmlHttpObject() { var xmlHttp=null; try { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } } return xmlHttp; }
Example Explained - The stateChanged() Function

The stateChanged() function contains the following code:
function stateChanged() { if (xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText; } }

The stateChanged() function executes every time the state of the XMLHTTP object changes. When the state changes to 4 ("complete"), the content of the txtHint placeholder is filled with the response text.
AJAX Source Code to Suggest Example

The source code below belongs to the AJAX example on the previous page. You can copy and paste it, and try it yourself.
The AJAX HTML Page
This is the HTML page. It contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript.
<html> <head> <script src="clienthint.js"></script> </head> <body> <form> First Name: <input type="text" id="txt1" onkeyup="showHint(this.value)"> </form> <p>Suggestions: <span id="txtHint"></span></p> </body> </html>
The JavaScript code is listed below.
The AJAX JavaScript

This is the JavaScript code, stored in the file "clienthint.js":
var xmlHttp function showHint(str) { if (str.length==0) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=""; return; } xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject() if (xmlHttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="gethint.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlHttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { if (xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { var xmlHttp=null; try
{ // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } } return xmlHttp; }
The AJAX Server Page - ASP and PHP

There is no such thing as an AJAX server. AJAX pages can be served by any internet server. The server page called by the JavaScript in the example from the previous chapter is a simple ASP file called "gethint.asp". Below we have listed two examples of the server page code, one written in ASP and one in PHP.
AJAX ASP Example

The code in the "gethint.asp" page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It just checks an array of names and returns the corresponding names to the client:
<% response.expires=-1 dim a(30) 'Fill up array with names a(1)="Anna" a(2)="Brittany" a(3)="Cinderella" a(4)="Diana" a(5)="Eva" a(6)="Fiona" a(7)="Gunda" a(8)="Hege" a(9)="Inga" a(10)="Johanna" a(11)="Kitty" a(12)="Linda" a(13)="Nina" a(14)="Ophelia" a(15)="Petunia" a(16)="Amanda" a(17)="Raquel"
a(18)="Cindy" a(19)="Doris" a(20)="Eve" a(21)="Evita" a(22)="Sunniva" a(23)="Tove" a(24)="Unni" a(25)="Violet" a(26)="Liza" a(27)="Elizabeth" a(28)="Ellen" a(29)="Wenche" a(30)="Vicky" 'get the q parameter from URL q=ucase(request.querystring("q")) 'lookup all hints from array if length of q>0 if len(q)>0 then hint="" for i=1 to 30 if q=ucase(mid(a(i),1,len(q))) then if hint="" then hint=a(i) else hint=hint & " , " & a(i) end if end if next end if 'Output "no suggestion" if no hint were found 'or output the correct values if hint="" then response.write("no suggestion") else response.write(hint) end if %>
AJAX PHP Example

The code above rewritten in PHP. Note: To run the entire example in PHP, remember to change the value of the url variable in "clienthint.js" from "gethint.asp" to "gethint.php".
PHP Example <?php
header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate"); // Date in the past header("Expires: Mon, 26 Jul 1997 05:00:00 GMT");
// Fill up array with names $a[]="Anna"; $a[]="Brittany"; $a[]="Cinderella"; $a[]="Diana"; $a[]="Eva"; $a[]="Fiona";
$a[]="Gunda"; $a[]="Hege"; $a[]="Inga"; $a[]="Johanna"; $a[]="Kitty"; $a[]="Linda"; $a[]="Nina"; $a[]="Ophelia"; $a[]="Petunia"; $a[]="Amanda"; $a[]="Raquel"; $a[]="Cindy"; $a[]="Doris"; $a[]="Eve"; $a[]="Evita"; $a[]="Sunniva"; $a[]="Tove"; $a[]="Unni"; $a[]="Violet"; $a[]="Liza"; $a[]="Elizabeth"; $a[]="Ellen"; $a[]="Wenche"; $a[]="Vicky"; //get the q parameter from URL $q=$_GET["q"]; //lookup all hints from array if length of q>0 if (strlen($q) > 0) { $hint=""; for($i=0; $i<count($a); $i++) { if (strtolower($q)==strtolower(substr($a[$i],0,strlen($q)))) { if ($hint=="") { $hint=$a[$i]; } else { $hint=$hint." , ".$a[$i]; } } } } // Set output to "no suggestion" if no hint were found // or to the correct values if ($hint == "") { $response="no suggestion"; } else { $response=$hint; } //output the response echo $response;
?>
AJAX can be used for interactive communication with a database.
AJAX Database Example

In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate how a web page can fetch information from a database using AJAX technology.
Select a Name in the Box Below

Select a Customer: Customer info will be listed here.
AJAX Example Explained

The example above contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript:
<html> <head> <script src="selectcustomer.js"></script> </head> <body> <form> Select a Customer: <select name="customers" onchange="showCustomer(this.value)"> <option value="ALFKI">Alfreds Futterkiste <option value="NORTS ">North/South <option value="WOLZA">Wolski Zajazd </select> </form> <p> <div id="txtHint"><b>Customer info will be listed here.</b></div> </p> </body> </html>
As you can see it is just a simple HTML form with a drop down box called "customers". The paragraph below the form contains a div called "txtHint". The div is used as a placeholder for info retrieved from the web server. When the user selects data, a function called "showCustomer()" is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the "onchange" event. In other words: Each time the user change the value in the drop down box, the function showCustomer is called. The JavaScript code is listed below.
The AJAX JavaScript
This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "selectcustomer.js":
var xmlHttp function showCustomer(str) { xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlHttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="getcustomer.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlHttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { if (xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { var xmlHttp=null; try { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } } return xmlHttp; }
The AJAX Server Page

The server page called by the JavaScript, is a simple ASP file called "getcustomer.asp". The page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It could easily be rewritten in PHP, or some other server language. Look at a corresponding example in PHP.
The code runs an SQL against a database and returns the result as an HTML table:
<% response.expires=-1 sql="SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE CUSTOMERID=" sql=sql & "'" & request.querystring("q") & "'" set conn=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection") conn.Provider="Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" conn.Open(Server.Mappath("/db/northwind.mdb")) set rs = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.recordset") rs.Open sql, conn response.write("<table>") do until rs.EOF for each x in rs.Fields response.write("<tr><td><b>" & x.name & "</b></td>") response.write("<td>" & x.value & "</td></tr>") next rs.MoveNext loop response.write("</table>") %>
AJAX XML Example

In the AJAX example below we will demonstrate how a web page can fetch information from an XML file using AJAX technology.
Select a CD in the Box Below

Select a CD: CD info will be listed here.

The example above contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript:
<html> <head> <script src="selectcd.js"></script> </head> <body> <form> Select a CD: <select name="cds" onchange="showCD(this.value)"> <option value="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</option> <option value="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</option> <option value="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</option> </select> </form> <p> <div id="txtHint"><b>CD info will be listed here.</b></div>
</p> </body> </html>

As you can see it is just a simple HTML form with a simple drop down box called "cds". The paragraph below the form contains a div called "txtHint". The div is used as a placeholder for info retrieved from the web server. When the user selects data, a function called "showCD" is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the "onchange" event. In other words: Each time the user change the value in the drop down box, the function showCD is called. The JavaScript code is listed below.
The AJAX JavaScript

This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "selectcd.js":
var xmlHttp function showCD(str) { xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlHttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="getcd.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlHttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { if (xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { var xmlHttp=null; try { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");
} catch (e) { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } } return xmlHttp; }

The server page called by the JavaScript, is a simple ASP file called "getcd.asp". The page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It could easily be rewritten in PHP, or some other server language. Look at a corresponding example in PHP. The code runs a query against an XML file and returns the result as HTML:
<% response.expires=-1 q=request.querystring("q") set xmlDoc=Server.CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM") xmlDoc.async="false" xmlDoc.load(Server.MapPath("cd_catalog.xml")) set nodes=xmlDoc.selectNodes("CATALOG/CD[ARTIST='" & q & "']") for each x in nodes for each y in x.childnodes response.write("<b>" & y.nodename & ":</b> ") response.write(y.text) response.write("<br />") next next %>
While responseText returns the HTTP response as a string, responseXML returns the response as XML. The ResponseXML property returns an XML document object, which can be examined and parsed using W3C DOM node tree methods and properties.
AJAX ResponseXML Example

In the following AJAX example we will demonstrate how a web page can fetch information from a database using AJAX technology. The selected data from the database will this time be converted to an XML document, and then we will use the DOM to extract the values to be displayed.
Select a Name in the Box Below
Select a Customer:

The example above contains an HTML form, several <span> elements to hold the returned data, and a link to a JavaScript:
<html> <head> <script src="selectcustomer_xml.js"></script> </head> <body> <form action=""> Select a Customer: <select name="customers" onchange="showCustomer(this.value)"> <option value="ALFKI">Alfreds Futterkiste</option> <option value="NORTS ">North/South</option> <option value="WOLZA">Wolski Zajazd</option> </select> </form> <b><span id="companyname"></span></b><br /> <span id="contactname"></span><br /> <span id="address"></span> <span id="city"></span><br/> <span id="country"></span> </body> </html>
The example above contains an HTML form with a drop down box called "customers". When the user selects a customer in the dropdown box, a function called "showCustomer()" is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the "onchange" event. In other words: Each time the user change the value in the drop down box, the function showCustomer() is called. The JavaScript code is listed below.
The AJAX JavaScript

This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "selectcustomer_xml.js":
var xmlHttp function showCustomer(str) { xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlHttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="getcustomer_xml.asp";
url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlHttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { if (xmlHttp.readyState==4) { var xmlDoc=xmlHttp.responseXML.documentElement; document.getElementById("companyname").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("compname")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue; document.getElementById("contactname").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("contname")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue; document.getElementById("address").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("address")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue; document.getElementById("city").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("city")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue; document.getElementById("country").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("country")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { var xmlHttp=null; try { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { // Internet Explorer try { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } } return xmlHttp; }
The showCustomer() and GetXmlHttpObject() functions above are the same as in previous chapters. The stateChanged() function is also used earlier in this tutorial, however; this time we return the result as an XML document (with responseXML) and uses the DOM to extract the values we want to be displayed.

The server page called by the JavaScript, is a simple ASP file called "getcustomer_xml.asp".
The page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It could easily be rewritten in PHP, or some other server language. Look at a corresponding example in PHP. The code runs an SQL query against a database and returns the result as an XML document:
<% response.expires=-1 response.contenttype="text/xml" sql="SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS " sql=sql & " WHERE CUSTOMERID='" & request.querystring("q") & "'" on error resume next set conn=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection") conn.Provider="Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" conn.Open(Server.Mappath("/db/northwind.mdb")) set rs=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.recordset") rs.Open sql, conn if err <> 0 then response.write(err.description) set rs=nothing set conn=nothing else response.write("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ISO-8859-1'?>") response.write("<company>") response.write("<compname>" &rs.fields("companyname")& "</compname>") response.write("<contname>" &rs.fields("contactname")& "</contname>") response.write("<address>" &rs.fields("address")& "</address>") response.write("<city>" &rs.fields("city")& "</city>") response.write("<country>" &rs.fields("country")& "</country>") response.write("</company>") end if on error goto 0 %>
Notice the second line in the ASP code above: response.contenttype="text/xml". The ContentType property sets the HTTP content type for the response object. The default value for this property is "text/html". This time we want the content type to be XML. Then we select data from the database, and builds an XML document with the data. AppML is an open source initiative from W3Schools. AppML uses AJAX technology.
What is AppML?
AppML AppML AppML AppML AppML AppML AppML stands for Application Markup Language uses XML to describe Internet applications applications are self-describing is a declarative language is platform independent uses AJAX technology is an open source initiative from W3Schools
AppML is a Declarative Language

AppML is not a programming language. It is a declarative language, used to describe applications. With AppML you can create Internet applications without programming. Traditional applications are written in a programming language and compiled, with predefined data structures and functions. AppML allows the programmer to redefine both data and functions while the application is running. Since AppML applications are written in XML, AppML applications are self-describing.
AppML is Browser Independent

Since AppML only uses internet standards like HTML (XHTML), CSS, XML, and JavaScript, AppML will run in all browsers.
AppML Uses AJAX Technology

AppML uses AJAX technology. Internet communication between the web client and the web server is done with HTTP requests.
Ajax in Struts: implementing dependent select boxes

In this posting, I want to explain how I have made use of AJAX in a Struts application On my current project, Im building a Struts-based web application with many input forms. Many of these forms contain two or more dependable html select boxes. This means, when you have two dependable boxes, that the available options in the second selectbox depends on the value selected in the first selectbox. To do this there are three possible solutions:
Use javascript arrays, where each set of options links to an option in the first select-box Use an onchange on the first select box to automatically submit the form to go back to the
server, collect the new options for the second box and regenerate the whole page Use Ajax to asynchronously retrieve the new options for the second box
The first option is not what we wanted: it means that we have to implement a lot of logic in the html-page, which is visible to the outside world and in common javascript isnt the easiest language to debug . The second option is better, but has the big disadvantage that you have to do a complete round trip to the server to collect the new options and after that the
whole page is regenerated again where actually only the second box is updated..a lot of overhead.. So we decided to use AJAX to solve our problem of dependend select-boxes. Because Struts does not have AJAX support yet (wait for Shale..) we have to add it ourselves. Because AJAX is not a framework but just a technique to make webpages more dynamic using Javascript and DHTML, it is quite easy to use it in combination with struts. First we make a small html form:
... <tr> <td><label for="first"><bean:message key="nl.company.first"/></label></td> <td>  <html:select property="first" onchange="retrieveSecondOptions()" styleId="firstBox" styleClass="mandatory"> <html:options collection="firstOptions" property="value" labelProperty="label"/> </html:select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><label for="second"><bean:message key="nl.company.second"/></label></td> <td> <html:select property="second" styleId="secondBox" styleClass="mandatory"> <html:option value="nothing">-First choose above-</html:option> </html:select> </td> </tr>
Now we have to implement our javascript part:

<script lang="javascript"> var req; /* * Get the second options by calling a Struts action */ function retrieveSecondOptions(){ firstBox = document.getElementById('firstBox'); //Nothing selected if(firstBox.selectedIndex==0){ return; } selectedOption = firstBox.options[firstBox.selectedIndex].value; //get the (form based) params to push up as part of the get request url="retrieveSecondOptionsAjaxAction.do?selectedOption="+selectedOption; //Do the Ajax call if (window.XMLHttpRequest){ // Non-IE browsers req = new XMLHttpRequest(); //A call-back function is define so the browser knows which function to call after the server gives a reponse back req.onreadystatechange = populateSecondBox; try { req.open("GET", url, true); //was get } catch (e) { alert("Cannot connect to server); } req.send(null);
} else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE req = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); if (req) { req.onreadystatechange = populateSecondBox; req.open("GET", url, true); req.send(); } }
//Callback function function populateSecondBox(){ document.getElementById('secondBox').options.length = 0; if (req.readyState == 4) { // Complete if (req.status == 200) { // OK response textToSplit = req.responseText if(textToSplit == '803'){ alert("No select option available on the server") } //Split the document returnElements=textToSplit.split("||") //Process each of the elements for ( var i=0; i<returnelements .length; i++ ){ valueLabelPair = returnElements[i].split("|") document.getElementById('secondBox').options[i] = new Option(valueLabelPair[0], valueLabelPair[1]); } } } else { alert("Bad response by the server"); } } } </script>
Finally, we have to implement the Struts Action:

package nl.company.action;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger; import import import import import import org.apache.struts.action.Action; org.apache.struts.action.ActionError; org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors; org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm; org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward; org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
import nl.company.* import java.io.* import java.util.List; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class RetrieveSecondOptionsAjaxAction extends Action { /** * This is the main action called from the Struts framework. * @param mapping The ActionMapping used to select this instance. * @param form The optional ActionForm bean for this request. * @param request The HTTP Request we are processing. * @param response The HTTP Response we are processing. * @throws javax.servlet.ServletException * @throws java.io.IOException * @return */ public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, ServletException { Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass()); logger.info( "==========================================================") ; logger.info("Starting in RetrieveSecondOptionsAjaxAction"); String optionSelected = request.getParameter("optionSelected"); //Check of het soortId wel correct is if (ValidationSupport.isEmptyString(selectedOption)) { logger.debug("No selected option supplied"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.print("803");
} return null;
} else { List options = getSecondOptions(selectedOption); //Make a String representation where each option is seperated by '||' and a valua and a label by ';' String outLine = makeOutputString(options); out.print(outLine); }
As you can see it is quite simple to use AJAX in a Struts application. The great benefit above a normal round trip to the server to dynamically update a webpage is that by using AJAX you only updated those parts of a page that have to be updated. Because AJAX performs an asynchronous call to the server the user is able to work further.

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML

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AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML

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AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML.

What You Should Already Know

HTML / XHTML JavaScript

AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

AJAX is Based on Web Standards

JavaScript XML HTML CSS

AJAX is About Better Internet Applications

AJAX Uses HTTP Requests

The XMLHttpRequest Object

Your First AJAX Application

<html> <body> <form name="myForm">

AJAX - Browser Support

AJAX - More About the XMLHttpRequest Object

The onreadystatechange Property

xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.myForm.time.value=xmlHttp.responseText; } }

AJAX - Sending a Request to the Server

Our updated AJAX-ready "testAjax.htm" file now looks like this:

AJAX - The Server-Side ASP Script

<% response.expires=-1 response.write(time) %>

Run Your AJAX Application

AJAX Suggest Example

Type a Name in the Box Below

Example Explained - The HTML Form

Example Explained - The showHint() Function

Example Explained - The GetXmlHttpObject() Function

Example Explained - The stateChanged() Function

function stateChanged() { if (xmlHttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText; } }

AJAX Source Code to Suggest Example

The AJAX HTML Page

The AJAX JavaScript

The AJAX Server Page - ASP and PHP

AJAX ASP Example

AJAX PHP Example

PHP Example <?php

AJAX can be used for interactive communication with a database.

AJAX Database Example

Select a Name in the Box Below

AJAX Example Explained

The AJAX JavaScript

This is the JavaScript code stored in the file "selectcustomer.js":

The AJAX Server Page

AJAX XML Example

Select a CD in the Box Below

AJAX Example Explained

</p> </body> </html>

The AJAX JavaScript

} catch (e) { xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } } return xmlHttp; }

The AJAX Server Page

AJAX ResponseXML Example

Select a Name in the Box Below

AJAX Example Explained

The AJAX JavaScript

The AJAX Server Page

AppML is a Declarative Language

AppML is Browser Independent

AppML Uses AJAX Technology

Ajax in Struts: implementing dependent select boxes

Now we have to implement our javascript part:

Finally, we have to implement the Struts Action:

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