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TransportinPlants

SelectedpartsofChapter36 36.1 36.31

ShootsandRoots
Shoots(aboveground)
SunlightandCO2

Roots(belowground)
Waterandminerals Xylem vasculartissue

Climateand leaves

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Transportofwater,substancesinplants
Cellularlevel Shortdistance
AcrossPM

Longdistance
Ex:Water,mineralsfromrootstoshoots

Figure 36.2-1

H2O

H2O and minerals

5

Firstthingsfirst:reviewofosmosis
Osmosis=diffusionofwater across membrane Why? If solutes cant cross the membrane Why?Ifsolutescan tcrossthemembrane, watermovestoevenoutthe[solutes]

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Osmosis whichwaywouldwater bedrawnby osmosis?

Equal solute concentrations on both sides of membrane Semi-permeable membrane

5 mg sugar/liter

5 mg sugar/liter

33%

33%

33%

1. 2. 3.

towardtheleft towardstheright neither(nomovement)

1 2 3 7

Osmosis whichwaywouldwater bedrawnby osmosis?

Semi-permeable membrane High solute concentration Low solute concentration

25 mg sugar/liter

5 mg sugar/liter

33%

33%

33%

1. 2. 3.

towardtheleft towardstheright neither nomovement

1 2

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WaterPotential
Whichwaywillwaterflow? Higherwaterpotential lower
Candowork

Dependson:
1. Soluteconcentration 2. Physicalpressure
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WaterPotential

=S +P
S =solutepotential Alwaysnegative Directlyproportionaltomolarity l l l Solutesbindwater P=pressurepotential Physicalpressureonasolution Positiveornegative
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Watermovesfromhigher tolower
Whatmakesahigher? =S +P 1. Fewersolutes=higher 2. Greaterpositivepressure=higher

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Soluteshaveanegativeeffecton bybindingwater molecules. Addingsolutestotheright armmakes lowerthere, resultinginnetmovementof watertotherightarm:

Pure water

Purewateratequilibrium

Membrane H2O H2O

Solutes

Water moves from higher to lower

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Positivepressurehasapositiveeffecton bypushingwater. Applyingpositivepressureto therightarmmakes higher there,resultinginnetmovement ofwatertotheleftarm:

Positive pressure

Purewateratequilibrium

H2O

H2O
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Water moves from higher to lower

Solutesandpositivepressurehaveopposingeffectsonwater movement. Inthisexample,theeffectof addingsolutesisoffsetby positivepressure,resultingin nonetmovementofwater: Purewateratequilibrium

Positive pressure

Solutes H2O H2O

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Water moves from higher to lower

Negativepressure(tension)hasanegativeeffecton by pullingwater. Applyingnegativepressure totherightarmmakes lowerthere,resultinginnet movementofwatertothe rightarm: Negative pressure

Purewateratequilibrium

H2O

H2O
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Water moves from higher to lower

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Based on the water potentials provided, which way will the water move?
1 2

33%

33%

33%

1. 2. 3.

towards1 towards2 neither,nomovementof water

1 2 3

Based on the water potentials provided, which way will the water move?
1 2

33%

33%

33%

1. 2. 3.

towards1 towards2 neither,nomovementofwater

1 2 3

Lets look at an example with a plant cell

Initialflaccidcell: P 0 0.7 S 0.7MPa

0.4M sucrosesolution: P 0 0.9 S Plasmolyzed cell atosmotic equilibriumwith itssurroundings P 0 S 0.9 0.9MPa (a)Initialconditions:cellular environmental 0.9 MPa 0.9MPa

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Whathappensinpurewater?
Initialflaccidcell: P 0 S 0.7 0.7MPa Purewater: P 0 S 0 0MPa

Turgidcell atosmotic equilibriumwith equilibrium with itssurroundings P 0.7 S 0.7 0 MPa

(b)Initialconditions:cellular environmental

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Longdistancetransport:BulkFlow
H2O

Diffusionistooslow Liquidmovementin responsetoPgradient response to P gradient HigherPtolowerP DoesNOTdependon [solute]

H2O and minerals

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Whatdrivesbulkflow?
Transpiration Watermovesfromroots shoots Water is pulled up Waterispulled

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Cohesion-tension hypothesis
Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem

Mesophyll Air space Lower epidermis Cuticle Stoma

Microfibrils in cell wall of mesophyll cell

Microfibril Water Air-water (cross section) film interface

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Buthowdoesthismovewaterup?
1. Waterevaporatesatleaves(transpiration) 2. Createsnegativepressure(tension)atsurface 3. Cohesivewatermolecules,tugonadjacentwater 3 C h i t l l t dj t t molecules 4. Adhesiontowallshelpsoffsetgravity

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60secondessay:Whathappenstothisprocess ifthereisanairbubblewithinthexylem?

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This requires an unbroken chain of water molecules!

Water potent gradient tial

Xylem sap Mesophyll cells Stoma Water molecule Transpiration Atmosphere Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall

Xylem cells

Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem

Cohesion by hydrogen bonding

Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water uptake from soil Water

60secondessay:Whatisthedrivingforce here?Whatiscausingthesewatermolecules tomove?

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Solarpoweredwaterdelivery
Plantdoesntexpendenergyforthis! Sunlightevaporateswater Watermovesupthroughnegativepressure andchainofwatermolecules

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