Ch. 8 Solutions New Calc Book

350 Section 8.
51. y = sec 2 x , so the area is
2 ( tan x ) 1 + sec 2 x
dx ,
which using NINT evaluates to 3.84.
2 = 2 2 + 3 3. 2 + (3 1)(1.5) = 1
2. f (2) = 4. 7 + (5 1)(3) = 5 5. 1.5 (241 ) = 12 6. 2 (1.531 ) = 4.5 7. lim 8. lim
1 2 1 1 1 52. x = and x = 2 , so thearea is 2 1 + 2 dy, 1 y y y y

which using NINT evaluates to 5.02. 53. (a) The two curves intersect at x = 1.2237831. Store this value as A. Area =
5x 3 + 2 x 2 + 16 x 2
x 3x 4
= lim
5x 3
x 3x 4
=0
0 (2 + sin x sec x ) dx = 1.366. 0 ((2 + sin x )

A A 2
(b) Volume = (c) Volume =
(sec x )2 dx = 16.404.
2
x0
sin (3x ) 3x = lim =3 x0 x x
0 (2 + sin x sec x )
1 1 9. lim x sin = lim x = 1 x x x x

10. lim
dx = 1.629.
54. (a) Average temp 14 1 t 80 10 cos dt 87 F. = 12 14 6 6
2x3 + x 2 2x3 = = Does not exist, or . x x +1 x
Section 8.1 Exercises

1 2 3 4 5 6 50 , , , , , ; 2 3 4 5 6 7 51 5 8 11 14 17 149 2. 2, , , , , ; 2 3 4 5 6 50 9 64 625 7776 3. 2, , , , 2.48832, 4 27 256 3125
1.
t (b) F (t ) = 80 10 cos 78 for 12

5.2308694 t 18.766913. Store these two values as A and B.
B t (c) Cost = 0.05 80 10 cos 78 dt 5.10 A 12
The cost was about $5.10. 55. (a)
17 2
15600 (t 24t + 160)

17 2
117649 51 2. 521626, 50 46656

4. 2, 2, 0, 4, 10, 18, 2350 5. 3, 1, 1, 3; 11 6. 2, 1, 0, 1; 5 7. 2, 4, 8, 16; 256
50
2.691588
dt 6004 people.
dt
(b)
15
15600
(t 24t + 160) 23 15600 dt 104, 048 + 11 17 (t 2 24t + 16 0) dollars

9
8. 10, 11, 12.1, 13.31; 19.487171 10 (1.1)7 9. 1, 1, 2, 3; 21 10. 3, 2, 1, 1; 2 11. (a) 3 (b) a + 7d = 2 + 7 (3) = 19 (c) an = an1 + 3 (d) an = 2 + (n 1)(3) = 3n 5
(c) H (17) = E (17) L (17) 380 people. H(17) is the number of people in the park at 5:00, and H (17) is the rate at which the number of people in the park is changing at 5:00. (d) When H (t ) = E (t ) L (t ) = 0; that is, at t = 15.795
Chapter 8 Sequences, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

Section 8.1 Sequences (pp. 435443)
Quick Review 8.1
1. f (5) =
12. (a) 2 (b) a + 7d = 15 + 7 (2) = 1 (c) an = an1 2 (d) an = 15 + (n 1)(2) = 2n + 17 13. (a)
1 2
5 5 = 5+3 8
1 9 (b) a + 7d = 1 + 7 = 2 2
Section 8.1
351
13. Continued (c) an = an 1 +
1 2
3010000 21. r = 3010
1/ 3
= 10
1 (n + 1) (d) an = 1 + (n 1) = 2 2
14. (a) 0.1 (b) a + 7d = 3 + 7(0.1) = 3.7 (c) an = an 1 + 0.1 (d) an = 3 + (n 1)(0.1) = 0.1n + 2.9 15. (a)
a1 =
3010 10 3
= 3.01
an = 3.01(10)n 1 , n 1
16 22. r = 1 / 2
1/ 5
= 2
a1 =
1 / 2 = 1/ 4 2
an = (1)n 1 (2)n 3 , n 1
23.
1 2
8
1 (b) 8 = 0.03125 2
1 (c) an = an 1 2
1 (d) an = 8 2
16. (a) 1.5
n 1
[0, 20] by [0, 1]
24.
= 24 n
[0, 20] by [1, 1]
(b) (1)(1.5)8 25.6289 (c) an = (1.5) an1 (d) an = (1)(1.5)n1 = (1.5)n1 17. (a) 3 (b) (3)9 = 19, 683 (c) an = 3an1 (d) an = (3)(3)n1 = (3)n 18. (a) 1 (b) (5)(1)8 = 5 (c) an = an1 (d) an = 5 (1)n1
25.
[0, 20] by [5, 5]
26.
[0, 20] by [0, 10]
27.
[0, 10] by [25, 200]
7 (2) 19. =3 3 a1 = 2 3 = 5
28.
an = an1 + 3 for all n 2

20.
3 5 = 2 4 a1 = 5 (2)(4) = 13
[0, 10] by [5, 30]
an = 13 + (n 1)(2) = 2n + 15
352 Section 8.1
29.
sin n 41. lim n n
[0, 20] by [1, 5]
30.
1 sin n 1 n n n 1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n n
1 42. lim n n 2
[0, 10] by [15, 10]
n
1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n
31. lim
3n + 1 1 = lim (3) + lim = 3 0 = 3 n n n n n
1 1 Note: n < n for n 1 . 2 1 43. lim n n!

n
converges, 3 32. lim
2n
n n + 3
= lim
2n =2 n
2n 2
converges, 2 33. lim
1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n
2n 2 n 1
n 5n 2 + n + 2
= lim
n 5n 2
2 5
1 1 Note: n ! n for n 1
sin 2 n 44. lim n n 2
n
converges, 2 /5 34. lim
n n 2 + 1
= lim
n n 2
= lim
n n
=0
converges, 0 35. n = 2k , lim ( 1)n

n
1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n
n 1 =1 n+3 n 1 = 1 n+3
= lim ( 1)n
n
1 1 Note: n < n for n 1 2 45. Graph (b)

46. Graph (c) 47. Table (d)
n = 2k 1, lim ( 1)n
n
diverges 36. n = 2k , lim ( 1)n

n
n +1
2
n
2
n +1 n n n n +1 n = 2k 1, lim ( 1) 2 = lim ( 1)n 2 = 0 n n + 1 n n converges, 0

n
=0
48. Table (a) 49. False. Consider the sequence with nth term an = 5 + 2(n 1). Here
a = 5, a2 = 3, a3 = 1, and a4 = 1 .
a 50. True. a1 > 0, r = 2 > 0, and a1
37. lim (1 . 1)n = diverges 38. lim (0 . 9)n = 0

n
an = a1 r
51. C.
n 1
> 0 for all n 2.
converges, 0 1 1 39. lim n sin = lim n = 1 n n n n converges, 1
5 (1) =3 2 1 + 3(5) = 14
n 40. lim cos n 2 n 1 cos 1, diverges 2
1.25 1 = 2.5 2 2.5 =5 1/ 2 3 53. D. lim n sin n n

52. E.
3 = lim n = 3 n n
Section 8.2
353
3n 1 =1 54. E. n = 2k , lim ( 1)n n n+2 3n 1 n = 2k 1, lim ( 1)n = 1 n n+2 55. (b) lim 2n sin n n = lim 2n = 2 n n 56. (a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
(b)
Quick Review 8.2

1. x 1 10 100 1000 10,000 1,000,000
0.1 1+ x
1.1000 1.1046 1.1051 1.1052 1.1052 1.1052
x
0.1 As x , 1+ x
2.
[0, 10] by [10, 60]
approach 1.1052.
x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001
x1/(ln x )
2.7183 2.7183 2.7183 2.7183 2.7183
57. an = ar n1 implies that log an = log a + (n 1) log r. Thus
{log an } is an arithmetic sequence with first term log a and

common ratio log r. 58. an = a + (n 1)d implies that
an
As x 0 + , x1/(ln x ) approaches 2.7183.
10
= 10 a + ( n 1) d = 10 a (10 d )n 1. Thus 10
{ } is a geometric
an
3. x 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001
sequence with first term 10 a and common ratio 10 d .
1 1 x
1 1 59. Given > 0 choose M = . Then 0 < if n > M . n
Section 8.2 LHpitals Rule (pp. 444452)

Exploration 1 Exploring LHpitals Rule Graphically
1. lim
0.5 0.78679 0.95490 0.99312 0.99908 0.99988 0.99999

x
sin x cos x = lim =1 x0 x x0 1
1 As x 0 , 1 approaches 1. x
2. The two graphs suggest that lim
y1 y = lim 1 . x0 y x0 y 2
2
4. x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
1 1+ x
3. y5 =
x cos x sin x x2
. The graphs of y3 and y5 clearly show

x0
that lHpitals Rule does not say that lim
y1 is equal to y2
13.981 105.77 1007.9 10010

x
y lim 1 . x0 y 2
1 As x 1 , 1+ goes to . x
5.
As t 1,
t 1 t 1
approaches 2.
354 Section 8.2
6.
By LHpitals Rule:
sin (5 x ) 5 cos(5(0)) lim = lim =5 x0 x x0 1
2+ x 2 1 3. lim appears to be about ; x2 x2 4

As x ,
7.
4 x 2 +1 approaches 2. x +1
[2, 4] by [1, 1]
By LHpitals Rule:
As x 0,
8.
sin 3x approaches 3 . x
1 1 2 2+ x 2 2 (2 + 2) 1 lim = lim =4 x2 x 2 x2 1
3 x 1 1 4. lim appears to be about ; x 1 x 1 3
As
9. y =
tan , approaches1. 2 2 + tan

[2, 2] by [1, 2]
1 sin h h
1/ h
10. y = (1+ h)
By LHpitals Rule:

x2 1 1. lim 2 appears to be about 4 ; x2 x 4
1 2 3 3 x 1 3 (1) 1 = lim = lim x 1 x 2 x 1 1 3
sin x 1 cos x cos(0) 1 = lim 5. lim = lim = x0 x 2 x0 2 x x0 2 2

1 sin cos = lim lim 6. / 2 1+ cos(2 ) / 2 2 sin(2 ) sin 1 2 = = lim / 2 4 4 cos 2 2
cos t 1 sin t cos 0 7. lim t = lim t = lim = 1 t 0 e t 1 t0 e 1 t0 e0 x2 4x + 4 2x 4 2 1 8. lim 3 = lim 2 = lim 6 (2) = 6 x 2 x 12 x + 16 x 2 3x 1 2 x2
[2, 4] by [1, 4]
By LHpitals Rule: x2 1 1 lim = 2 = lim 2(2) = 4 x2 x 4 x2
sin (5 x ) 2. lim = appears to be about 5; x0 x
[2, 2] by [2, 6]
sin 4 x 4 cos(4(0)) = lim =2 9. (a) lim sin 2 x 2 co s(2(0)) x0 x0 sin 4 x 4 cos(4(0)) (b) lim = xlim+ 2 co s(2(0)) = 2 x 0+ sin 2 x 0
Section 8.2
limit = 1
355
9. Continued (b)
[2, 2] by [3, 3]
[3/4, 5/4] by [5, 5]
sec 2 x tan x = lim =1 10. (a) lim 1 x0 x x0 sec 2 x tan x (b) lim = lim+ 1 = 1 x 0+ x x0
14. Left:
x / 2
1+ sec x = lim tan x
sec x tan x lim =1 x / 2 sec 2 x Right: 1+ sec x lim = x / 2+ tan x sec x tan x lim =1 2 + x / 2 sec x
limit = 1
[1.5, 1.5] by [2, 10]
cos(0) sin x = 11. (a) lim 3 = lim x x 0 3 (0) 2 x0 cos(0) sin x = (b) lim 3 = lim + x 0 + 3 (0) 2 x0 x
[/4, 3/4] by [5, 5]
15. lim
ln ( x + 1) = log2 x
[2, 2] by [2, 10]
sec 2 (0) tan x = 12. (a) lim 2 = lim x 0 2 ( 0) x0 x sec 2 (0) tan x = (b) lim 2 = lim x 0 + 2 (+ 0) x0 + x
1 x +1 lim = ln 2 1 x x ln 2
[0, 100] by [1, 2]
[1, 1] by [10, 10]
5 x 2 3x 16. lim = x 7 x 2 + 1
x
13. Left:
x 1+ cot x
csc x lim =
10 x 3 5 lim = 14 x 7
csc x cot x lim = 1 x csc 2 x Right: csc x = lim + 1 + cot x x

x +
[0, 100] by [1, 2]
17. lim ( x ln x ) = 0 i
x0 +
csc x cot x lim = 1 csc 2 x
ln x 1/ x lim = lim = lim ( x ) = 0 + 1/ x x0 + 1 / x 2 x0 + x0
356 Section 8.2
1 18. lim x tan = i 0 x x 1 1 lim tan (h) = lim h = 1 x h h h

19. lim (csc x cot x + cos x ) =
x0 +
= lim
x0 +
x0 +
x =0 x +1
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
26. lim (ln x )1/ x =

x
x
sin x sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1 cos x + cos x sin x lim =1 = xlim+ sin x cos x x0 + 0
20. lim (ln(2 x ) ln( x + 1)) =
x
lim
ln x 1/ x = lim =0 x 1 x
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
27. (a)
x
f(x)
10
1.1513
10 2
0.2303
10 3
0.0345
10 4
0.00461
10 5
0.00058
lim
ln(2 x ) = ln(2) ln( x + 1)

x 1/ x
Estimate the limit to be 0.
21. lim (e + x )
x0
= (1+ 0) = 1
(b) lim 28. (a)
1 ln(e x + x ) 1+ x x + ln x lim lim = lim x0 x = x0 1 = 2 x0 x
ln x 5 5 ln x 5/ x 0 = lim = lim = =0 x x x x x 1 1
x
f(x)
10 0
0.1585
10 1
0.1666
10 2
0.1667
10 3
0.1667
10 4
0.1667
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 2
x0
1 Estimate the limit to be . 6

(b) lim
x0
22. lim ( x1 ( x 1) ) = 1
x 1
x sin x x
3
= lim
x0
1 cos x
1/ x ln x = lim =1 lim x 1 x 1 x 1 1
lim e ln f ( x ) = e1 = e
x 1
23. lim ( x 2 2 x + 1) x 1 = (12 2(1) + 1)1 1 = 0 0

x 1
3x 2 sin x = lim x0 + 6 x cos x = lim + 6 x0 1 = 6

+
2 2( x 1)2 ln ( x 2 2 x + 1) x 1 lim =0 = lim = lim 2 x 1 x 1 1/( x 1) x 1 1/ x 1 x 1
29. Let f ( ) =
sin 3 . sin 4
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
x 1
f ( )
10 0
0.1865
10 1
0.7589
10 2
0.7501
10 3
0.7500
10 4
0.7500
24. lim (sin x ) x = 0 0

x0 +
1 x2 ln (sin x ) = lim tan x = lim x0+ tan x 1/ x x0 + x0 + 1 / x 2 2x 0 = lim = =0 2 1 x 0 + sec x lim

x0 +
3 Estimate the limit to be = . 4 sin 3 3 cos 3 3 lim = lim = 0 sin 4 0 4 cos 4 4

30. Let f (t ) =
1 1 t sin t = . t sin t sin t t
lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
x
t
f(t)
10 0 0.1884
10 1 0.0167
10 2 0.0017
10 3 0.00017
1 25. lim 1+ = (1+ )0 = 0 x x0 +
1 1 x ln (1+ ) 1 x = lim x ( x + 1) lim 1+ = lim x 1/ x x0 + x0 + x0 + 1 / x 2 x2 = lim x 0 + x ( x + 1)
Estimate the limit to be 0. 1 1 t sin t lim = lim t 0 sin t t 0 t sin t t 1 cos t = lim t 0 t cos t + sin t sin t =0 = lim t 0 t sin t + cos t + co st
Section 8.2
357
31. Let f ( x ) = (1+ x )1/ x . x

f ( x)
= lim
y (2 y + 2) y2 + 2 y ( 2 y 2 + 2 y) y2 + 2 y
10
1.2710
10 2
1.0472
10 3
1.0069
10 4
1.0009
10 5
1.0001
y0 +
= lim
y0 +
Estimate the limit to be 1. ln (1+ x ) ln f ( x ) = x 1 ln (1+ x ) 1+ x 0 lim = lim = =0 x x 1 x 1 lim (1+ x )1/ x = lim f ( x ) = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1
x x
2
= lim =
y0 +
4y+ 2 2y + 2
4(0) + 2 2 = =1 2 (0) + 2 2
2 y sin y 37. lim y tan y = lim y / 2 2 y / 2 cos y 2 y cos y + ( 1)sin y = lim y / 2 sin y
32. Let f ( x ) =
x
x 2x
3x 2 + 5 x
10 0.5429
.
10 2
0.6525
103
0.6652
10 4
0.6665
105
0.6667
f ( x)
2 Estimate the limit to be . 3

x 3x 2 + 5 x
lim
x 2x 2
= lim
1 4 x
x 6 x + 5
= lim
x
2 4 = . 3 6
cos 2 + ( 1)sin 2 2 2 = sin 2 (1)(1) = =1 (1)

38. lim (1n x 1n sin x ) = lim 1n
x0 + x0 +
33. lim 34. lim

t 1
sin 2 2 cos 2 = lim = (2)(0) cos(0)2 = 0 0 0 1

t 1 1 = lim ln t sin t t1 1 cos t t 1 = 1 (1)
1 = +1
x sin x
Let f ( x ) =
lim
x . sin x
x 1 = lim = 1Therefore, + cos x x 0 sin x x0 lim (ln x 1n sin x ) = lim ln f ( x ) = ln 1 = 0

+
x0 +
x0 +
log2 x = lim 35. lim x log ( x + 3) x 3
1 x ln 2 1 ( x + 3) ln 3
1 1 1 x 39. lim = = lim x0 + x x x0 + x

40. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0 .
= lim = lim = lim =
( x + 3) ln 3 x ln 2 x ln 3 + 3 ln 3 x ln 2 ln 3
1 Let f ( x ) = 2 . x
1 1 ln 2 = x ln 2 = x x
x
1 ln 2 x 1 x
x ln 2
ln 3 ln 2
1 2 / x 3 ln 2 2 x lim = lim 1 / x 2 = lim 2 x = 0 1 x0 x0 1 / x x0 x
2y + 2 2 ln ( y + 2 y) y2 + 2 y 36. lim = lim + + 1 ln y y0 y0 y
1 lim 2 = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1 x0 x x0
41. lim
3x 5
x 2 x 2 x + 2
= lim
x 4 x 1
=0
358 Section 8.2
42. lim
x0
sin 7 x 7 cos 7 x 7 = lim = tan 11x x0 11 sec 2 11x 11
1 ln x lim = lim x = 1 x 1+ 1 x x 1+ 1
x 1+
Let f ( x ) = (1+ 2 x )1/( 2 ln x ) .
lim x1/(1 x ) = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 1 =

x 1+
1 e
ln (1+ 2 x )1/( 2 ln x ) =
ln (1+ 2 x ) 2 ln x
48.
2x
2x 2x dt = ln t = ln 2 x ln x = ln x t x
2 x ln (1+ 2 x ) 1 1 1+ 2 x lim = lim = = lim = lim 2 x x x 1+ 2x x x 2 2 2 ln x x

x
x x
lim
2x
dt 2x = lim ln = lim ln 2 = ln 2 x t x x
3x2 = 3 / 11 4 =0
lim (1 + 2 x )
1/( 2 ln x )
= lim e
x
ln f ( x )
=e
1/ 2
= e
49. lim
x3 1 4x x3
3
x 1
= lim
x 1
12 x 2 1
44. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0 0.
50. lim
2 x 2 + 3x x3 + x + 1
x
Let f ( x ) = (cos x )
cos x
= lim
4x+3
x 3 x 2 + 1
= lim
x 6 x
ln (cos x )cos x = (cos x ) ln (cos x ) =
ln (cos x ) sec x
51. lim
1 cos t dt
x2 1
x 1
= lim
sin x sin 1 x2 1
x 1
= lim
x 1
cos x cos1 = 2x 2
sin x ln (cos x ) cos x lim = lim sec x x / 2 x / 2 sec x tan x
= lim
x / 2
tan x sec x tan x
dt ln x ln 1 1/ x = lim 2 = 1 / 3 52. lim 3 t = lim 3 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 3 x
= lim cos x = 0
x / 2
lim = (cos x )cos x = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1

2
x=
53. (a) LHpitals Rule does not help because applying LHpitals Rule to this quotient essentially inverts the problem by interchanging the numerator and denominator (see below). It is still essentially the same problem and one is no closer to a solution. Applying LHpitals Rule a second time returns to the original problem.
x
45. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1. Let f ( x ) = (1+ x ) .

1/ x
lim
9x +1 x +1
= lim
(9 / 2)(9 x + 1)1/ 2 (1 / 2)( x + 1)

1/ 2
= lim
9 x +1 9x +1
ln (1+ x )1/ x =
ln (1+ x ) x
(b)
x0 +
1 1+ x ln (1+ x ) lim = lim =1 x x0 + x0 + 1 ln f ( x ) 1/ x lim (1+ x ) = lim e = e1 = e

x0 +
The limit appears to be 3.
46. The limit leads to the indeterminate form Let f ( x ) = (sin x ) tan x
ln (sin x ) ln (sin x ) tan x = tan x ln (sin x ) = cot x cos x sin x ln (sin x ) = lim = lim ( sin x cos x ) = 0 lim 2 + + cot x 0 x 0 csc x x0 + x 0
x0 +
(c) lim
9x +1
1 x = 9 =3 = lim x x +1 1 1 1+ x 9+
lim (sin x ) tan x = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1

x0 +
47. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1.
Let f ( x ) = x1/(1 x ) .
ln x1/(1 x ) =
ln x 1 x
54. (a) LHpitals Rule does not help because applying LHpitals Rule to this quotient essentially inverts the problem by interchanging the numerator and denominator (see below). It is still essentially the same problem and one is no closer to a solution. Applying LHpitals Rule a second time returns to the original problem. tan x sec x sec x tan x lim = lim = lim x / 2 tan x x / 2 sec 2 x x / 2 sec x
Section 8.2
359
54. Continued (b)
= lim
rt r 1+ k
rt = rt 1
kt
r lim A0 1+ k k
The limit appears to be 1.
r = A0 lim 1+ k k
k
kt
= A0 lim e ln f ( k )
1 1 sec x cos x = lim = lim =1 (c) lim x / 2 tan x x / 2 sin x x / 2 sin x cos x
55. Find c such that lim f ( x ) = c.
x0
= A0ert
(b) Part (a) shows that as the number of compoundings per year increases toward infinity, the limit of interest compounded k times per year is interest compounded continuously. 58. (a) For x 0,
lim f ( x ) = lim
x0
9 x 3 sin 3x 5x 3 9 9 cos 3x
x0
f ( x ) 1 = = 1. g( x ) 1
15 x 2 27 sin 3x = lim x0 30 x 81cos 3x 81 27 = lim = = x0 30 30 10 27 Thus, c = . This works since lim f ( x ) = c = f (0), so f is x0 10 continuous.
x0
= lim
lim
lim
x0
f ( x ) =1 g( x )
f (x) 2 = =2 g (x) 1
x0
(b) This does not contradict LHpitals Rule since lim f ( x ) = 2 and lim g(x) = 1.
x0 x0
59. (a) A (t ) =
0 e
t x
dx = e x = e t + 1
0
56. f ( x ) is defined at x 0 . lim f ( x ) leads to the indeterminate

x0
1 lim A (t ) = lim( e 1 + 1) = lim t + 1 = 1 t t e

t 0
form 0 0.
ln x ln x = x ln x = 1 x
x
(b) V (t ) = (e x )2 dx
= e 2 x dx
0
1 = lim x = lim x = 0 lim x0 1 x0 x0 1 2 x x x x ln x lim x = lim e = e0 = 1 ln x

x0 x0
1 = e 2 x 2 0
1 1 = e 2t + 2 2
Thus, f has a removable discontinuity at x = 0. Extend the definition of by letting (0) = 1. 57. (a) The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1.
kt
r Let (k) = 1+ . k
r t ln 1 + k r ln f (k ) = kt ln 1 = 1 k k
e 2t + 1 2 ( e 2t + 1) (1) V (t ) 2 lim = lim = 2 = t t A (t ) t 1 2 e + 1

=
(c) lim
( e 2t + 1) V (t ) = lim 2 t 0 + A(t ) t0 + et + 1
(2e 2t ) = lim 2 t t0 + e (2) = 2 = 1
r r r t ln 1+ t 2 1+ k k k lim = lim 1 1 k k 2 k k
360 Section 8.2
60. (a)
x 0.1 0.01 0.00 0.0001
(x) 0.04542 0.00495 0.00050 0.00005
1 67. E. lim 1+ x x
= lim
x
3x
1 1 x ( x + 1) ln 1+ = lim x = lim x x 1 / 3x 2 1 / 3x
3x 2 3 = lim = 3 x x ( x + 1) x 1
The limit appears to be 0. (b) lim
lim e ln f ( x ) = e3
sin x
x0 1+ 2 x
0 =0 1
LHpitals Rule is not applied here because the limit is 0 not of the form or , since the denominator has 0 limit 1. 61. (a) f ( x ) = e
x ln (1+1/x )
68. Possible answers: (a) f ( x ) = 7( x 3); g ( x ) = x 3
lim
f (x)
x 3 g ( x )
= lim
x 3
7( x 3) 7 lim = 7 x 3 x 3 1
(b) f ( x ) = ( x 3)2 ; g ( x ) = x 3
1 1+ > 0 when x < 1 or x > 0 x Domain: ( , 1) (0, )

(b) The form is 0 1 , so lim f ( x ) =
x 1
lim
f (x) 2 (2 x 3) ( x 3)2 = lim =0 lim x 3 g ( x ) x 3 x 3 x 3 1
(c) f ( x ) = x 3; g ( x ) = ( x 3)3
lim
f (x)
x 3 g ( x )
= lim
x 3
x 3 ( x 3)3
= lim
x 3 3 ( x 3) 2 )
1 1+ x 1 (c) lim x ln 1 + = lim 1 x x x x
69. Answers may vary. (a) f ( x ) = 3x + 1; g ( x ) = x

1
1 1 2 1+ x x = lim 1 x x2 1 = lim =1 1 x 1+ x
x
lim
f (x) 3x + 1 3 = lim = lim = 3 x 1 g ( x ) x x
(b) f ( x ) = x + 1; g ( x ) = x 2
x
lim
f (x) x +1 1 = lim = lim =0 x 2 x g ( x ) x x 2
(c) f ( x ) = x 2 ; g ( x ) = x + 1
lim f ( x ) = lim e x ln (1+1/ x ) = e

x
2x f (x) x2 = lim = lim = x g ( x ) x x + 1 x 1 lim

70. (a) Because the difference in the numerator is so small compared to the values being subtracted, any calculator or computer with limited precision will give the incorrect result that 1 cos x 6 is 0 for even moderately small values of x. For example, at x = 0 . 1, cos x 6 0 . 9999999999995 (13 places), so on a 10-place calculator, cos x 6 = 1 and 1 cos x 6 = 0 . (b) Same reason as in part (a) applies. (c) lim
62. False. Need g (a) 0. Consider f ( x ) = sin 2 x and g(x) = x 2 with a = 0. Here lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = 0 .
x0 x0
63. False. The limit is 1. 64. C. lim

x0
x 1 1 = = =1 tan x sec 2 x 1
1 1 1 3 x = lim x 2 = lim x = 1 / 2 65. D. lim 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 2 1 2 3 x x
1 cos x 6 x
12
x0
= lim
6 x 5 sin x 6 12 x11
x0
1 x ln 2 = ln 3 66. B. lim = lim 1 x log x x ln 2 3 x ln 3 log2 x
= lim
sin x 6 2x6 6 x 5 cos x 6 12 x 5
x0
= lim
x0
= lim
cos x 6 1 = x0 2 2
Section 8.3 361
70. Continued (d) The graph and/or table on a grapher show the value of the function to be 0 for x-values moderately close to 0, but the limit is 1/2. The calculator is giving unreliable information because there is significant round-off error in computing values of this function on a limited precision device. 71. (a) f ( x ) = 3x , g ( x ) = 2 x 1
2
2. D. lim (3x 2 x )
x0 +
= lim
x0 +
= lim
x0
ln x 1 / 2x 1/ x 1 / 2x 2
x0 +
=0
lim 3e ln f ( x ) = 3e 0 = 3
f (1) f ( 1) = 2, g (1) g ( 1) = 2 3c 2 2 = 2c 1 2 3c 2 = 2c + 1 2 3c + 2c 1 = 0 (3c 1)(c + 1) = 0

c= 1 or c = 1 3
3. B. lim
2 sin t dt
x2 4
x2
= lim
cos x cos 2 x2 4
sin x sin 2 = 2x 4
1/ 3
x2
= lim
x2
1 The value of c that satisfies the property is c = . 3

(b) f ( x ) = sin x , g ( x ) = cos x
1/ 2 4. (a) 4
1 2
f f (0) = 1, g g (0) = 1 2 2
4 =8 1 / 2
(b)
sin c 1 = cos c 1
tan c = 1
1 2
n
1 (c) an = 8 = (1)n 1 (24 n ) 2
c = tan 1 1 =
on 0, 2 4
1 (d) an = an 1 2
72. (a) ln f ( x ) g ( x ) = g ( x ) ln f ( x )
x c
lim ( g ( x ) ln f ( x )) = lim g ( x ) lim ln f ( x )

x c x c
= ( ) =
)(
Section 8.3 Relative Rates of Growth (pp. 453458)

Exploration 1 Comparing Rates of Growth as x
1. lim
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim e ln f ( x )
x c x c
g( x )
= e = 0
(b) lim ( g ( x ) ln f ( x ) ) = lim g ( x ) lim ln f ( x )

x c x c x c
= ( )( ) =
x c
)(
ax x
2
= lim
(ln a)(a x ) (ln a)2 a x = lim = , so a x grows x x 2x 2
faster than x 2 as x . 2. lim
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim e ln f ( x )
x c
g( x )
= e =
3x
x 2 x
= lim 1 . 5 x =
x
x
Quick Quiz Sections 8.1 and 8.2

1. C. lim
3. lim
a a = lim = because > 1. x b x x b b ax
( x + 1)4 / 3 (4 / 3) x 1 x2
x0
Quick Review 8.3

1. lim
= lim
4 / 3 ( x + 1)1/ 3 (4 / 3) x0 2x
ln x ex ex x3
4 / 9 ( x + 1)2/ 3 = lim x0 2 2 = 9
= lim
1 x x e x
=0 = lim ex ex = lim = x 6 x x 6
2. lim
= lim
ex
x 3x 2
362
Section 8.3
3. lim
x2 x2
x e 2 x
= = lim 2x = lim 2 =0
3. lim
ex
x e cos x
= lim
ex sin x e cos x =
, 1 cos x 1,
4. lim
x e 2 x
x 2e 2 x
x 4e 2 x
x sin x e cos y
lim
ex
5. 3x 4
4. lim
ex 2)
x
x (5 /
ex = x !(5 / 2)
2x3 6. = 2x 2 x
7. lim
5. lim
1+ 1 f (x) x + ln x x = lim = lim =1 x g( x ) x x 1 x

4 x 2 + 5x f (x) 5 = lim = lim 1+ =1 x g( x ) x x 2x 4x
1/ x 1 ln x = lim = lim =0 x ln x x x 1 / x x x 2 1 ln x x ln x x = lim 1/ x 2 ( x )1/ 2 1/ x

x 1/
6. lim
1 1 2 ( x )1/ 2 x 1
=0 =0
8. lim
7. lim
x 3
= lim
= lim
x 1 / 3 ( x ) 2 / 3
= lim
1
x 1 / 3 ( x ) 2 / 3
9. (a) f ( x ) =
ex + x2 e
x
= 1+
x2 ex = 2x x 2 ex
9. lim
x
8. lim
ln x x3
1/ x 3x 2
= lim
x 3x 3
=0
f ( x ) = 2x x 2
2 xe x x 2e x e =0
2x
x2 + 4x x
2
= lim
2x + 4 2 = lim = 1 x 2x x 2
x 4 + 5x x
4
ex x (2 x ) = 0 x = 0 or x = 2 f ( x ) < 0 for x < 0 or x > 2

The graph decreases, increases, and then decreases. 4 f (0) = 1; f (2) = 1+ 2 1.541 e f has a local maximum at (2, 1.541) and has a local minimum at (0, 1). (b) f is increasing on [0, 2] (c) f is decreasing on ( , 0] and [2, ). 10. f ( x ) =
10. lim
x 4 + 5x x
2
= lim
= lim
12 x 2
x 12 x 2
=1
11. lim
( x 6 + x 2 )1/ 3 x x2
2
= lim
x6 + x2 x
6
= lim
120 x 3
x 120 x 3
=1
12. lim
x 2 + sin x
= lim
2 x + cos x 2x , 1 cos x 1, lim =1 x 2 x 2x
1 1 1 log x 2 x ln 10 13. lim = = x ln x 1/ x 2 ln 10

14. lim
x + sin x sin x = 1+ ,x0 x x sin x < 1since sin x < x for x 0 . Observe that x lim f ( x ) = 1 + lim
e x +1 ex
=e
15. First observe that 1+ x 4 grows at the same rate as x 2 .

x
sin x = 1+ 1 = 2 x0 x0 x Thus the values of f get close to 2 as x gets close to 0, so f doesnt have an absolute maximum value. f is not defined at 0.
lim
1+ x 4 x2
= lim =
x
1+ x 4 x4
= lim
1 x4
+1 = 1
Next compare x 2 with e x .

x
lim
x2 ex
= lim
2x ex
= lim
x e x
=0

ex = lim 2 = lim x = lim = 1. lim 3 x x 3x + 1 x 3x 3 x 6 x 6
2. lim
x 2 grows slower than e x as x , so 1+ x 4
ex
ex
ex
grows slower than e x as x .

16. lim
ex x
20
= lim
ex = x 20!
4 4 = lim = since > 1. x e x e x e 4x
4 x grows faster than e x as x .
Section 8.3 363
17. lim
x ln x x ex
= lim
1 x + ln x 1 x ex
ln x ex 1/ x ex =0
27. lim
e x 1 = lim x =0 x ln x x e ln x
e x grows slower than ln x as x .

28. lim
x
= lim = lim
5 ln x =5 ln x
5ln x grows at the same rate as ln x as x ,

29. Compare e x to x x .
x ln x x grows slower than e x as x . 18. lim
xe
ex
= lim x =
x
xe x grows faster than e x as x .

lim 19. x = 0 Repeated application of L'Hpital's a e 1000! Rulegets lim = 0 . x e x x
1000 x
e = lim = 0 x x x x x lim ex
e x grows slower than x x .

Compare e x to (ln x ) x .
e = lim =0 x (ln x ) x x ln x lim ex

e x grows slower than (ln x ) x .
Compare x e x to e x/ 2 .
x1000 grows slower than e x as x .

20. lim
x
(e + e ) / 2
x
e
x
1 1 1 = lim + 2 x = x 2 2e 2
x
e +e 2
21. lim
grows at the same rate as e as x .
x e x / 2
lim
ex
= lim e x / 2 =
x
x3 + 3 x2
3 = lim x + 2 = x x
e x grows faster than e x / 2 .

Compare x x to (ln x ) x .
x 3 + 3 grows faster than x 2 as x .

22. lim
15 x + 3 x2
15 3 = lim + 2 = 0 x x x
x x x = lim lim lim = since x ln x = x 1 / x = . x (ln x ) x x ln x lim xx
15x + 3 grows slower than x 2 as x . 23. lim
x x grows faster than (ln x ) x . Thus, in order from slowest-growing to fastest-growing, we

get e x/2 , e x , (ln x ) x , x x . 30. Compare 2 x to x 2
x
ln x x2
1 /x 1 = lim = lim 2 = 0 x 2 x x 2 x
ln x grows slower than x 2 as x .
lim
2x x
2
= lim
(ln 2)2 x (ln 2)2 2 x 24. lim 2 = lim = lim = . x x x x 2x 2 2x

2 x grows faster than x 2 as x .
log2 x 2 2 log2 x 2(ln x ) / (ln 2) 2 = lim = lim 25. lim = x ln x x ln x x ln x ln 2
(ln 2)2 x (ln 2)2 2 x = lim = x x 2x 2
2 x grows faster than x 2 . Compare 2 x to (ln 2) x .
2 2 = lim > 1. = since x (ln 2) x x ln 2 ln 2 lim 2x

2 x grows faster than (ln 2) x
Compare 2 x to e x .
log2 x 2 grows at the same rate as ln x as x .

26. lim
1/ x 1 = lim =0 x ln x x x ln x
1 x
grows slower than ln x as x .
2 2 = lim = 0 since < 1 . e x e x e lim 2x

x
2 x grows slower than e x .
364
Section 8.3
30. Continued Compare x to (ln 2) .

x (ln 2) x
4 = lim 1 x 9
x
=1
lim
2
x2
= since lim x 2 = and lim (ln 2) x = 0 .

x
Thus f1 and f3 grow at the same rate. By transitivity, f2 and f3 grow at the same rate, so all three functions grow at the same rate as x . 34. Compare f1 to f2 .
x grows faster than (ln 2) . Thus, in order from slowest-growing to fastest-growing,

we get (ln 2) x , x 2 , 2 x , e x . 31. Compare f1 to f2 .
x
lim
10 x + 1 f2 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 10 + = 10 0 x f1 ( x ) x x x
Thus f1 and f2 grow at the same rate.

Compare f1 to f3.
x
lim
x +1 f3 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 1+ = 1 x f1 ( x ) x x x
x 4 + 2x 2 1 f (x) x +1 lim 2 = lim x f ( x ) x x3 1 4 x + 2x 2 1 = lim x x4 + x3 2 1 1+ 2 4 x x =1 = lim 1 x 1+ x Thus f1 and f2 grow at the same rate.
Compare f1 and f3.
x
lim
f3 ( x ) = lim f1 ( x ) x = lim
x
2x5 1 x 2 +1 x3 2x5 1
lim
x4 + x f2 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 1+ 3 = 1 x f1 ( x ) x x 2 x
Thus f1 to f3 grow at the same rate. Compare f1 to f2 .

x
lim
x4 x3 f3 ( x ) 1 = lim = lim 1 = 1 x x f1 ( x ) x x2
x5 + x3 1 2 5 x =2 = lim 1 x 1+ 2 x Thus f1 and f3 grow at the same rate.

By transitivity, f2 and f3 grow at the same rate, so all three functions grow at the same rate. 35. f grows faster than g. 36. g grows faster than f. 37. f and g grow at the same rate. 38. f and g grow at the same rate. 39. (a) The nth derivation of x n is n!, a constant. We can apply LHpitals Rule n times to find lim
x
lim
9 +2 f2 ( x ) = lim f1 ( x ) x 3x
x
= lim
9x + 2x 9x
x
ex xn
2 = lim 1+ = 1 x 9
Thus f1 to f2 grow at the same rate. Compare f1 to f3.
lim
ex xn
= lim
ex = x n!
Thus e x grows faster than x n as x for any positive integer n. (b) The nth derivative of a x . a > 1, is (ln a)n a x . We can apply L Hpitals Rule n times to find lim
9x 4 x f (x) lim 3 = lim x f ( x ) x 3x 1
ax xn
= lim
9 4
x
x
x
lim
ax x
n
= lim
(ln a)n a x = x n!
Section 8.3 365
39. Continued (b) Thus a x grows faster than x n as x for any positive integer n. 40. (a) Apply LHpitals Rule n times to find
x a x n
43. Compare n log2 n to n 3 2 as n .

n
lim
n log2 n n
32
= lim
log2 n
lim
ex
n
+ an 1x + an 1x
n 1
+ +
+ a1x + a0 + a1x + a0
. = lim ex = x a n! n
x a x n
lim
ex
n n 1
Thus e x grows faster than
an x n + an 1 x n 1 +
+ a1x + a0 as x .
n1/ 2 (ln n) (ln 2) = lim 1/ 2 n n 1 n ln 2 = lim 1 n 2n1/ 2 2 = lim 1/ 2 =0 n n (ln 2)

n
(b) Apply LHpitals Rule n times to find

x a x n n
Thus n log2 n grows slower than n 3 2 as n . Compare n log2 n to n( log2 n)2 n log2 n 1 lim = lim =0 n n(log n) 2 n log n 2 2 Thus n log2 n grows slower than n(log2 n)2 as n . The algorithm of order of n log2 n is likely the most efficient because of the three functions, it grows the most slowly as n . 44. (a) It might take 1,000,000 searches if it is the last item in the search. (b) log2 1, 000, 000 19 . 9; it might take 20 binary searches. 45. (a) The limit will be the ratio of the leading coefficients of the polynomials since the polynomials must have the same degree. (b) By the same reason as in (a), the limit will be the ratio of the leading coefficients of the polynomial. 46. True. because lim
lim
ax + an 1x n 1 + ax
n
+ a1x + a0 + a1x + a0
. =
x a x n
lim
+ an 1x
n x
n 1
= lim
(ln a) a = x an n!
+ a1x + a0 as x .
Thus ax grows faster than
an x n + an 1x n 1 +
41. (a) lim
ln x x1/ n
= lim
1 x 1 (1/ n ) 1 x n
= lim
n x1/ n
=0
Thus ln x grows slower than x1/ n as x for any positive integer n.
1 1 ln x (b) lim a = lim x 1 = lim a = 0 x x x ax a x ax

Thus ln x grows slower than x as x for any number a > 0.
a
n log2 n n 3/ 2
=0
47. False. They grow at the same rate. 48. E. lim
x6 +1 x + x +1
5 2
= lim
6! x = 5!
=0
42. lim
ln x + an 1x n 1 + + a1x + a0
49. A. lim
x
x a x n n
log3 x e
x
1 x ln 13 e x
1 x = lim n2 x na x n 1 + (n 1)a + + a1 n n 1x 1 =0 = lim n 1 x n a x n + (n 1)a + + a1x n n 1x

Thus ln x grows than any nonconstant polynomial as to x .
50. C. lim
ex + 2 ex
= e2
51. D. lim
x8 + x 4 x
x5 x2
4
= lim
x8 + x 4 x
8
= lim
6720 x 3
x 6720 x 3 0
=1
52. (a) lim

5
= lim x 3 =
x
x grows faster than x 2 .

(b) lim
5x 3
x 2 x 3
= lim
x 2
5 2
5 x 3 and 2 x 3 have the same rate of growth.
366
Section 8.4
52. Continued (c) m > n since lim
xn xm xn
= lim x m n = .
x
x p+1 = l im c0 + p + 1
(d) m = n since lim
= lim x m n is nonzero and finite.

x
1 c p+1 1 = lim = + p + 1 1 p c0
(e) Degree of g > degree of f (m > n) since lim
g( x ) = . f (x)
Quick Review 8.4

1.
g( x ) (f ) Degree of g = degree of f (m = n) since lim is x f ( x ) nonzero and finite.

53. (a) lim
3 dx = ln x + 3 = ln 6 ln 3 = ln 2 0 x+3
2.
f (x) g( x )
= lim
f (x) f (x) = = lim g( x ) x g( x )
1 x 2 + 1 = 2 ln x
x dx
1 1 + 1 = ln 2 ln 2 = 0 2 2 1
Thus f grows faster than g as x by definition.
3.
x2 + 4 = 4 x 2
=
=
dx
dx
f (x) f (x) =L = lim = lim (b) lim x g( x ) x g( x ) x g( x ) f (x)

Thus f grows at the same rate as g as x by definition. 54. (a) lim
2 +1
x 1 2 tan 1 + C 2 4
1 1 x tan +C 2 2
4
f ( x ) f (x) = lim = x g( x ) g( x ) Thus f ( x ) grows faster than g( x ) by definition.

x
4.
x4 = x
dx
1 dx = x 3 + C 3
f ( x ) f (x) = lim =L (b) lim x g( x ) x g( x ) Thus f ( x ) grows at the same rate as g( x ) by definition.
5. 9 x 2 > 0 for 3 < x < 3 The domain is (3, 3). 6. x 1 > 0 for x > 1 The domain is (1, ). 7. 1 cos x 1, socos x 1. cos x cos x 1 = 2 2 2 x x x 8. x 2 1 x 2 so x 2 1 x 2 = x for x >1
Section 8.4 Improper Integrals (pp. 459470)

Exploration 1 Investigating
1. Because 2.
1 0
dx xp
1 xp
1 x 1
2
has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0.
1 x
1 dx dx 1 = lim = lim ln x c = lim ( ln c) = + c x x c0 c0 + c0 +
9. lim
f (x) 4 4 4e x 5 4e x = lim x = lim x = lim = x 3e x 3 x g( x ) x 3e + 7 3
3. If p >1, then
Thus f and g grow at the same rate as x .

1
0 x p = clim+ c 0
dx
dx x
p
1
2x 1 10. lim f ( x ) = lim x g( x ) x x+3

= lim
x
x p+1 = lim c0 + p + 1
2x 1 x +3
2 1 x 1+ 3 x = 2
1 c p+1 = lim = because (p + 1) < 0. c0 + p + 1

4. If 0 < p < 1, then
= lim
dx xp
= lim
c0 +
dx xp
Section 8.4 367

1. (a)
0 x 2 +1
b 0 b
2x
dx = lim 2x
2x x 2 +1
10.
b 0
dx
( x 2)3 = blim b ( x 2)3

x 2 1 = blim b
2
dx
dx
= lim b
1 2( x 2)
= 1 / 8 2
b
2
(b) lim
x +1
2
dx = lim ln( x 2 + 1)
b
b 0
11.
2dx
2dx x 2 1
x + 1 = lim ln b x 1
b
= ln 3
b
diverges 2. (a)
dx x
13
= lim
dx x
13
12.
3dx x2 x
dx
= lim
b 2
b 1
x 1 = lim 3 ln 3 b x x x 3dx
b
= 3 ln 2
2
b
(b) lim
dx
x1 3 diverges
b 1
3 = lim x 2 3 b 2
0
=
1
x + 3 = lim 2 = lim ln 13. 1 2 b 1 x + 5 x + 6 b x + 2 x + 5x + 6
dx
= ln 2
3. (a)
( x 2 + 1)2 dx = blim b ( x 2 + 1)2 dx +

b
2x
2x
14.
lim
b 0
2x ( x + 1)2
2
x 2 4 x + 3 = blim b x 2 4 x + 3
x 1 = lim ln b x 3
0
2dx
2dx
dx
= ln 3
b
(b) lim
b b
2x ( x 2 + 1)2
dx + lim
0
2x ( x 2 + 1)2
b
b 0
dx
15.
1 = lim 2 b x + 1
converges 4. (a)
1 + lim 2 = 0 b x + 1 0 b
5x +6 x2 + 2 x
dx = lim
5x +6 x2 + 2 x
b 1
dx
= lim ln (( x + 2)2 ( x )3 )
b
b 1
dx x
b
= lim
dx x
dx x
b
diverges 16.
b 1
2 dx x 2x
2
= lim
b 2 x 2 2 x
b
2 dx
(b) lim
b 1
= lim (2 x ) =
b 1
diverges 5.
x 2 = lim ln b x
= ln 2
2
1 1
dx
x4
= lim
dx
b 1
1 = lim x 4 b 3x 3 2dx x3
=
1 b
1 3 =1
17.
b x 1 2 x 3 2 x e 2 x dx = lim x e 2 x dx = lim e = e b 1 b 2 4 4
6.
2dx
x3
= lim
b 1
2 = lim 2 b 2 x
18.
2 x
e dx = lim
b b
x 2 e x dx
0
7.
= lim x b 1 diverges
3
1
1
dx
3 = lim ( x )2 3 3 b 2 x dx
x 2 x 1 2 x = lim e =2 b 2 2 4
b
=
1
19.
x2 b x2 x ln x dx = lim x ln x dx = lim ln 2 = b 1 b 2 4 1
b
8.
dx
4
= lim
dx
b 1 4
4 = lim ( x )3 4 x b 3
1
diverges
=
1
20.
( x + 1) e x dx = lim ( x + 1) e x dx
b 0
diverges 9.
= lim ( x 2)e x
b
x 2 = blim b
dx
1 dx
1 = lim 2 b x x
b 0
=2
b
=1
b
21.
1 x 1
dx = lim
e b b
1 x 1
dx + lim e 1 x 1 dx = 2
b 0
368
Section 8.4
22.
2 x e
b
x2
dx = lim 2 x e x dx + lim 2 x e x dx =
2 2
b b
b 0
(b)
dx 1x1
= lim
lim e x
0 b
+ lim e x
b
0
b0 1
dx 1x1
+ lim
b0 + b b
dx 1x1 +
b 0
=0
b
= lim 2 x sign ( x )
b0
23.
e x + e x = blim b e x + e x + blim 0
b
dx
dx
dx e x + e x
31. 0
b0 +
( lim ( 2
) sign ( x ) )
1 4 b
=6
lim tan 1 (e x )
2x
0 b
+ lim tan 1 (e x )
b
)
b
b 0
1
x
24.
dx = lim
0
b b
e 2 x dx + lim e 2 x dx
b 0
b
e 1+ e converges.
1
x
on 1, ) , converges because
1 ex
dx
e2 x = lim b 2 div erges v
e2 x + lim b 2 b
32. 0
=
0
1 1 1 on 1, ) , converges because 3 dx 1 x x3 + 1 x3 converges.

1 1 2 + cos x on , ) , diverges because dx x x x diverges.
33. 0
25. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the interior point x = 1. (b)
0 1 x 2
dx
= lim
0 b1
dx 1 x 2
b
+ lim
b1 +
b 1 x 2
2
dx
34.
dx x +1
4
1 x + 1 = lim ln 2 x 1 b1
diverges
1 x + 1 + lim ln + 2 x 1 b1 0
and 0
=
x +1 1 1 2 on 1, ) x 4 +1 x
4
= 2
dx
= 2
1 0
dx x +1
4
+ 2
dx x 4 +1
converges because 35.
1 x2
dx converges.
26. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the endpoint x = 1. (b)
ln 2 2 1 y
y e
dy = lim
b
ln 2 2 1 y y e dy b0 b
= lim e1 x
b0
ln 2 n b
dx 1 x 2
= lim
dx 1 x 2
b1 0
= lim sin 1 ( x )
b1
b 0
diverges 36.
0
0
dr 4r
ds
= lim
dr 4r
b4 0
= lim 2 4 r
b4
b 0
=4
37.
x +1 x 2 + 2x
dx = lim = lim
b0
x +1 x2 + 2 x x 2 + 2x
(1+ s) s
= lim
ds (1+ s) s
b0 b
= lim 2 tan 1 s
b0
b0 b
dx
38.
(
x
= 3
b
1 u
0
du u 1
2
2
= lim
du u u 1
2
b1 b
= lim tan 1 x 2 1
b1
=
b
4 e x 0
39.
16 tan 1 v
1+ v = 2 2
dv = lim
b 16 tan 1 v
b 0
1+ v
dv = lim 8(tan 1 v)2

b
b 0
dx = lim
4 e x
b0 b
dx = lim 2e
b0
4 b
= 2 2e 2
40.
e
2
d = lim
b
e b b
dt
2
d = lim ( x 1) e x
b
b 0
= 1
b
41.
lim 0 x ln ( x ) dx = b0 b x ln ( x ) dx x x = lim ln x b0 2 4
2 2 1
m 0 1 t = blim 0 1 t + blim b 1 t = blim ( ln ( x 1)) 0 1 1 1

2
+
dt
dt
+ lim ( ln( x 1) ) =
b1+ b
= 1 / 4
b
div erges v
42.
30. (a) The integral has an infinite discontinuity at the interior point x = 0.
1 ln (| w |) dw = blim 1 ln (| w |) dw + blim b ln (| w |) dw 0 0
+
= lim ( w ln (| w |) w )
b0
b 1
+ lim ( w ln (| w |) w ) = 2
b0 + b
Section 8.4 369

43. For x 0, y 0 on [1,). Area =
ln x x2 ln x x2
dx = lim
ln x x2
(b) Both
2 x dx 0
b 1
dx
for
x 2 +1 2 x dx
and
2 x dx x 2 +1
must converge in order
Integrate
dx by parts.
x 2 + 1 to converge.
b b
u = ln x
x2 1 1 du = dx v= x x ln x ln x dx ln x 1 x2 = x + x2 = x x + C
b
dv =
dx
(c) lim
b
2 x dx x 2 +1
= lim ln ( x 2 + 1) b b
= lim ln (b 2 + 1) ln (b 2 + 1) b = lim 0 = 0 .
b
Note that
2x x +1
2
ln x 1 ln b 1 Area = lim = lim +1 = 1 b x x 1 b b b
is an odd function so
b b
2 x dx x 2 +1
= 0.
ln b 1/ b lim lim Note that b b = b 1 = 0 .

44. For x 0 , y 0 on [1, ).
Area =
ln x dx x x ln x dx Integrate dx by letting u = so du = . x x ln x 1 2 1 2 x dx = u du = 2 u + C = 2 (ln x ) + C
ln x
dx = lim
(d) Because the determination of convergence is not made using the method in part (c). In order for the integral to converge, there must be finite areas both directions (toward and toward ). In this case, there are infinite areas in both directions, but when one computes the intergral over an interval [b, b], there is cancellation which gives 0 as the result. 47. By symmetry, find the perimeter of one side, say for
b 1
0 x 1, y 0.
y 2 3 = 1 x 2 3 y = (1 x 2 3 )3 2
dy 3 2 = (1 x 2 3 )1 2 x 1 3 = x 1 3 (1 x 2 3 )1 2 3 dx 2
dy 2 3 (1 x 2 3 ) = ( x 2 3 1) dx = x
2
Area = lim 1 (ln x 2 ) = lim 1 (ln b)2 = b 2 1 b 2 45. (a) Since f is even, f ( x ) = f ( x ). Let u = x, du = dx.
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + 0
= =
0
f ( x ) dx
f (u)(1) du + 0 0
0
f ( x ) dx dy 1+ = x 2 3 = x 1 3 dx
2
f ( x ) du + f ( x ) dx
= 2 f ( x ) dx
0
0 x
1 1 3
dx = lim
b0 + b
1 1 3
dx
1
(b) Since f is odd, f ( x ). = f ( x ). Let u = x, du = dx
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + 0
=
0
f ( x ) dx
f (u)(1) du + 0
0 0
b
f ( x ) dx
3 = lim x 2 3 b0 + 2 b 3 3 3 = lim b 2 3 = 2 b0 + 2 2
3 Thus, the perimeter is 4 = 6. 2
48. False. See Theorem 6. 49. True. See Theorem 6.
= f (u) du + f ( x ) dx = 0
46. (a)
2 x dx
x 2 +1
= lim
2 x dx x 2 +1
b
b 0
= lim ln ( x 2 + 1) 0 b = lim ln (b 2 + 1) =
b
50. C.
dx x1.01
= lim
dx x1.01
b 1
100 = lim 0.01 b x
= 100
1
Thus the integral diverges.
370
Section 8.4
51. B.
lim lim 0 x 0.5 = b0 b x 0.5 = b0 ( 2

1
dx
dx
1 b
=2
e2 x = lim b 8
ln 2
b b dx dx = lim = lim ( ln (| x 1 |) ) = 52. E. 0 x 1 b1 0 x 1 b1 0 1
4 = 0 = 8 2
56. (a) f ( x ) =
53. C.
dx x +1
2
= lim
dx x +1
2
b 0
= lim tan 1 x
b
b 0
1 2
e x
/2
54. (a)
dx x
0.5
= lim
dx x
0.5
b 1
= lim 2 x
b
( )
b
b 1
= , or it diverges.
(b)
1
1
dx
x
dx x
1.5
= lim
b dx
b 1
b
= lim ln x
( b
) 1 = , or it diverges.
b
(c)
= lim
= lim
dx x
1.5
b 1
2 = lim =2 b x 1
f is increasing on (, 0], f is decreasing on [0, ).
f has a local maximum at (0, f (0) = 0, 1 x 2/ 2 e , x , 1, 1 0.683 (b) NINT 2 1 x 2/ 2 e , x , 2, 2 0.954 NINT 2 1 x 2/ 2 e , x , 3, 3 0.997 NINT 2
(d)
dx x
p
dx xp
b
1 2
b 1
1 1 = lim b p 1 x p 1 1 1 1 1 1 = lim b p 1 b p 1 p 1 1p 1 1 1 = lim 1 b 1 p b p 1

(e)
(c) Part (b) suggests that as b increases, the integral approaches 1. We can make make
b b b
dx x
, p >1 p
f ( x ) dx as close to 1 as
we want by choosing b > 1 large enough. Also we can
1 1 1 = lim b 1 p b p 1 1 p
f ( x ) dx and
f ( x ) dx as small as we want by
choosing b large enough. This is because
1 1 1 1 p 1 p
0 < f ( x ) < e x / 2 for x > 1 .(Likewise, 0 < f ( x ) < e x / 2 for x < 1) Thus,

1 = p 1
, p <1 xp 1 1 1 = 1 p b p 1 1 p =
=
f ( x ) dx < e x / 2 dx
b
dx
b e
x /2
dx = lim e x / 2 dx
c b
= lim 2e x / 2 b c
p 1
= lim [ 2e c / 2 + 2e b / 2 ]
c
= 2e b/ 2
As b , 2e b /2 0, so for large enough b,
55. (a) A( x ) = e 2 x 4
(b) V = (c) V =
b
ln 2
f ( x ) dx is as small as we want. Likewise, for large

b
ln 2
A( x ) dx =
2x
e 2 x dx
ln 2
enough b,
f ( x ) dx is as small as we want.
4 e
ln 2
dx = lim
b b
e 2 x dx
Section 8.4 371

59. (a) For n = 0:
57. (a) For x 6, x 2 6 x ,so e x e 6 x

2
x2 e dx 6
6x e 6
dx
dx
b
0 e
dx = lim e x dx
b 0
b lim e 6 x b 6
= lim e x 0 b
b
1 = lim e 6 x b 6 6
= lim [ e b + 1] = 1
For n = 1:
1 1 = lim e 6 b + e 36 b 6 6
1 = e 36 < 4 10 17 6
(b)
u=x du = dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
b b 0
0
dx
xe x dx = lim xe x dx
b b = lim xe x + e x dx 0 0 b
b b = lim b + lim e x dx b e b 0
x2 e 1
dx =
6 x2 e 1
2
dx +
x2 e 6
e x dx + 4 10 17
Thus, from part (a) we have shown that the error is bounded by 4 10 (c)
17
.
2
1 = lim b + 1 = 1 b e
For n = 2;
x2 e 1
dx NINT(e x , x , 1.6) 0.1394027926
(This agrees with Figure 8.16.) (d)
u = x2 du = 2 x dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
b b 0
x2 e 0
dx =
3 x2 e 0
dx + e x dx
3
2 x
x e
dx = lim x 2 e x dx
b b = lim x 2e x + 2 x e x dx 0 0 b
3 x2 e 0
dx +
3 x e 3
dx
since x 2 3x for x > 3.
3 e
3 x
dx = lim e 3 x dx
b 3
b2 b = lim b + 2 lim xe x dx b b 0 e
b
1 = lim e 3 x b 3 3
2b = lim b + 2 (1) b e 2b = lim b + 2 = 2 b e

(b) Evaluate x n e x dx using integration by parts
1 1 = lim e 3b + e 9 b 3 3
1 = e 9 0.000041< 0.000042 3
58. Suppose 0 f (x) g(x) for all x a. From the properties of integrals, for any b > a,
u = xn du = nx n1
dv = e x dx v = e x
f ( x ) g( x ) dx.
a
n x
dx = x n e x + nx n1 e x dx
If the infinite integral of g converges, then taking the limit in the above inequality as b shows that the infinite integral of f is bounded above by the infinite integral integral of g. Therefore, the infinite integral of f must be finite and it converges. If the infinite integral of f diverges, it must grow to infinity. So taking the limit in the above inequality as b shows that the infinite integral of g must also diverage to infinity.
f (n + 1) =
n x
x e
dx
b
= lim x ne x + nx n1 e x dx 0 0 b
bn = lim b + n x n1 e x dx 0 b e = nf (n)
Note: apply L'Hpital's Rule n times to sho w that
bn lim b = 0 . b e
372
Chapter 8 Review
59. Continued (c) Since f (n + 1) = nf (n),
3. B. 4. (a)
1 0
dx x p+ 1
b
= C when p < 0. dx
f (n + 1) = n(n 1)
f (1) = n!; thus
n x x e 0
dx converges for all integers n 0.
2 ln ( x ) x2
sin x , x , 0, x or create a table 60. (a) On a grapher, plot NINT x

of values. For large values of x , f ( x ) appears to approach approximately 1.57. (b) Yes, the integral appears to converge. 61. (a)
(b) lim
2 ln x
b 1
x2
dx
(c) Note that Then 2 ln x
2 ln x x2
dx can be found by parts.
Let u = 2 ln x and dv = x 2 dx.
1+ x 2 = blim b 1+ x 2
= lim tan 1 x b b
1 1
dx
dx
x2
dx = 2 ln x ( x 1 ) ( x 1 ) 2 x 1 dx
= lim (tan 1 tan b)
3 + = 4 2 4 dx b dx 1 1+ x 2 = xlim 1 1+ x 2
=
= lim tan 1 x 1 b = lim[tan 1 b tan 1 1]
= 2 4 4 dx 3 1+ x 2 = 4 + 4 =
=
(b)
2 ln x 2 + 2 dx x x 2 ln x 2 = +C x x b 2 ln x Area = lim dx b 1 x 2 b 2 ln x 2 = lim b x x 1 2 ln b 2 + 0 + 2 = 2 = lim b b b =
Chapter 8 Review Exercises (pp. 470471)

1. 1 2 , 3 5 , 2 3 , 5 7
c
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + 0 f ( x ) dx c
a40 = (1)40
40 + 1 = 41 / 43 40 + 3
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
0
2. 3, 6, 12, 24
Thus,
a40 = 3 (239 )
3. (a) 1 2 (1) = 3 / 2
f ( x ) dx + c
=
0
f ( x ) dx
c 0
f ( x ) dx + 0 f ( x ) dx + c + f ( x ) dx 0
f ( x ) dx
(b) 1+ 9(3 2) = 25 / 2 (c) an = 1+ (n 1) 3 / 2 = 4. (a)
f ( x ) dx + 0
c 0
3n 5 2
f ( x ) dx , because
c f ( x ) dx + c
f ( x ) dx =
0 f ( x ) dx 0 f ( x ) dx = 0.
2 = 4 12
1 (4)6 = 2048 2
(b)
Quick Quiz Sections 8.3 and 8.4

1. E. lim
0 . 1x 3 x2
1
0 . 3x 2 0.6 x = lim = lim = . x 2 x x 2

p
1 (c) an = (1)n1 (4)n 2
= (1)n1 (22 n 3 )
2. C. Since
dx x
1 for p > 1, p > 0. p 1
Chapte 8 Review 373
5.
f ( x ) = x1 x
ln f ( x ) =
[0, 20] by [2, 4]
x
ln x x
lim
6.
ln x 1x = lim =0 x 1 x
x
lim x1 x = lim e ln f ( x ) = e 0 = 1

[0, 20] by [2, 2]
3 f ( x ) = 1+ x 6n
n 4 n
7. an = lim
3n 2 1 2n + 1
2
= lim
= lim
n 2
3 = , it converges. 2
8. an = ( 1)n
n
3n 1 3n 1 , n = 2k , lim ( 1) n > 0. n n+2 n+2
3 ln f ( x ) = x ln 1+ = x
3 ln 1+ x 1 x
3n 1 3n 1 an = ( 1) , n = 2k 1 , lim ( 1) n < 0. n n+2 n+2

diverges.
3 3 x 2 ln 1+ x 3x 1+ 3 x lim =3 = lim = lim 1 1 x x x x + 3 2 x x

3 lim 1+ = lim e ln f ( x ) = e3 x x x
15. lim
x
9. lim
t0
t ln (1+ 2t ) t2
+
1 = lim
t0
2 1+ 2t = for t 0 and 2t
for t 0 The limit does not exit.

3 sec 2 3t 3 tan 3t = lim = 10. lim t 0 tan 5t t 0 5 sec 2 5t 5
11. lim
cos r = 0 since cosr 1 and ln r as r . ln r
1 2 = lim 16. lim sec = lim = 1 2 2 cos 2 sin 2

1 ln x x + 1 1 = lim 17. lim x 1 x 1 ln x x1 ( x 1) ln x
1 1 x = lim x 1 x 1 + ln x x 1 x = lim x 1 x 1+ x ln x 1 1 = = lim x 1 1+ x / x + ln x 2
18. The limit leads to the indeterminate from 0 .
x0
x sin x x cos x + sin x = lim 1 cos x x0 sin x = lim

x0
x sin x + cos x + cos x =2 cos x
f ( x ) = x1/(1 x )
ln f ( x ) = lim
lim x
x 1
ln x 1 x
x 1
1x ln x = lim = 1 1 x x1 1
= lim e
x 1 ln f ( x )
1 (1 x )
=e
1 = e
1 f (x) = 1 = x / 1 ln (1+ 1/ x ) ln f ( x ) = x ln 1+ = x 1x 1 x 2 x ln (1+ 1 x ) 1+ 1 / x lim = lim = lim =0 + + 1 / x 2 + x +1 1x x0 x0 x0 x 0 1 lim 1+ = lim e ln f ( x )=e =1 + + x x0 x0
374
Chapter 8 Review
19. The limit leads to the indeterminate from 0 0. . f ( ) = (tan ) ln (tan ) ln f ( ) = ln (tan ) = 1/
28. lim
csc 1 x f (x) = lim x g( x ) x 1 / x

= lim = lim = lim = lim
x
1 x x 2 1 1 2 x x x 2 1 x2 x 2 1 1 1 1 / x 2 =1
sec ln (tan ) tan lim = lim 1 1/ x0 + x0 + 2 2 = lim x 0 + sin cos 20 = lim =0 2 2 x 0 + sin + cos
2
x0 +
2
lim (tan ) = lim e

x0 +
ln f ( )
= e =1
0
f grows at the same rate as g. 29. lim
sin t co s t 1 = 20. lim sin = lim 2 = lim + 2t t0 + t t0

21. lim
f (x) x ln x = lim log x g( x ) x x 2

= lim x
x x x ln x log2x
x 3x + 1
3 2
2x + x 3
2
= lim
3x 6 x 6x 6 = lim = x 4 x +1 4
2
= lim x ln x (ln x )/ln 2 = lim x (ln x )(1 1/ln 2)

= 0.
(ln x )(1/ln 2 1)
22. lim
3x 2 x + 1 x x +2
4 3
= lim
6x 1
3
x 4 x
3x
= lim
6
2
x 12 x
6x
1 = lim x x
Note that 1
=0
23. lim
f (x) x 1 = lim = x g( x ) x 5 x 5 f grows at the same rate as g.
1 < 0 since ln 2 < 1. ln 2

x
f grows slower than g. 30. lim
log2 x f (x) (ln x ) / (ln 2) ln 3 = = lim = lim 24. lim x g( x ) x log x x (ln x ) / (ln 3) ln 2 3
f (x) 3 x 2x 2 = lim x = lim x = lim x 3 x 3 x g( x ) x 2
f (x) x 1 = lim = lim =1 g( x ) x x + 1 x x 1 1 x 2
2 = 0 since < 1 . 3 f grows slower than g.

31. lim
x
1x 1 f (x) ln 2 x ln x + ln 2 = lim = lim = lim = x 2 x g ( x ) x ln x 2 x 2 ln x 2
f (x) x / 100 ex = lim = lim = x x g( x ) x xe x 100 f grows faster than g. f (x) x = lim = since x g( x ) x tan 1 x
x
f (x) 10 x 3 + 2 x 2 = lim x g ( x ) x ex
= lim = lim 30 x 2 + 4 x ex 60 x + 4
x x
27. lim
and lim x = x 2 f grows faster than g.

lim tan 1 x =
ex 60 = lim x = 0 x e f grows slower than g.
Chapte 8 Review 375
33. lim
f (x) tan 1 (1 x ) = lim x g( x ) x 1x 1 ( x 2 ) 1+ (1 x )2 = lim x x2
39.
3dx
1
3x x 2
= lim
b b
3dx 3x x 2
1
= lim
1 x )2
x 1+ (1
=1
x 3 = lim ln b x b = 2 ln (2)
40.
f (x) sin (1 x ) = lim g( x ) x (1 x 2 )
dx 9 x2
= lim
b3 0
x = lim sin 1 = 2 b3 3 0 2 9 x dx
1
1 = lim 1 (1 x )2
x
x
( x 2 )
41.
0 ln ( x ) dx = blim0 b ln ( x ) dx = blim0 ( x ln x x ) b = 1
2x 3
2 1 (1 x )2 =
42.
= lim
1 y2/3 = blim 1 y2/3 + blim b y2/3 0 0

+
dy
dy
dy
f grows faster than g. 35. (a) lim f ( x ) = lim

x0
2 = lim 1 b 0 y
43.
2sin x 1 ex 1
2 + lim =6 + b 0 y 1 b
x0
= lim
(ln 2)(cos x )2sin x ex
2 ( + 1)3/5
= lim
3/ 5 b 1 2 ( + 1)
x0
= ln 2
+ lim
b
b 1+ b
d ( + 1)3/ 5
0
(b) Define f (0) = ln 2. 36. (a) lim f ( x ) = lim x ln x

x0 + x0 +
2 5 = lim ( x + 1) 5 b 11 2
2 5 + lim ( x + 1) 5 = 0 b 1+ 2 b 2
= lim
x0 +
ln x 1x
1x 1 x 2
44.
2dx x 2 2x
= lim
b 3
2dx x 2 2x
b
= lim
x0 +
= lim ( x ) = 0
x0 +
x 2 lim = b In = In 3 x
3
(b) Define f (0) = 0. 37.
45.
2 x
x e dx = lim
b 0
b 2 x
x e dx
b
dx x 3/ 2
= lim dx
b 1
dx x 3/ 2
2 = lim b x
b 1
=2
46.
= lim (( x 2 2 x 2 ) e x ) = 2
b 0
38.
xe
3x
dx
x + 7 x + 12
b 1
= lim
dx x 2 + 7 x + 12
b
= lim
47.
e x
b b
x 1 1 xe3 x dx = lim e3 x = b 3 9 9 b
x + 4 5 = lim ln = ln 4 b x + 3 1
dx + e x
= lim
b b
dx e x + e x
b 0
+ lim
b 0
dx e x + e x
= lim (tan 1 e x )
b
376
Chapter 8 Review
47. Continued
53. (a)
+ lim (tan 1 (e x ))
b
b 0
2 x
dx = lim
e b b
b b 0
0
0 2x
dx + lim e 2 x dx
b 0
(b) lim
=
48.
2
0
e b b
0 2x
dx + lim e 2 x dx
b
x 2 + 16 = blim b x 2 + 16 + blim 0 x 2 + 16
x = lim tan 1 b 4
0 b b
4 dx
4 dx
4 dx
e 2 x e 2 x 1 1 = lim + lim = 0+ 2 +0+ 2 = 1 b 2 b 2 b 0

54. For x 0, y 0 on (0,1]. Volume =
1
0 ( ln x )
1 0
dx
x + lim tan 1 b 4
= (ln x )2 dx
= lim
b b0 +
(ln x )2 dx
=
49. 0
ln z 1
dz ln z dz
1
Evaluate (ln x )2 dx by integration by parts.
u = (ln x )2
b
dv = dx
1
1
ln z dz = lim ln z dz = lim ( z ln z z ) =
b 1 b 1
du =
2(ln x ) dx v = x x
2
ln z
dz diverges
(ln x )
dx = x (ln x )2 2 ln x dx
Evaluate 2 ln x dx using integration by parts.
50. 0
et
dt e t dt
1
dv = dx
u = 2 ln x
b
e dt = lim
e b 1
b t
dt = lim ( e t ) = 0 + e = e 1
b 1
du =
2 dx v = x x
et
dt converges
1/ 3
2 ln x dx = 2 x ln x 2 dx = 2 x ln x 2 x + C 2 2 (ln x ) dx = x (ln x ) 2 x ln x + 2 x + C
Area = lim x (ln x )2 2 x ln x + 2 x b b0 +
1
3 / 8 51. (a) 3
= 1/ 2
1 = 6 3 1/ 2
(b)
= lim 2 b (ln b)2 + 2b ln b 2b b0 +

= 2 lim
b0 +
1 2
n
(ln b)2 ln b + 2 lim 1b b0 + 1 b

2 (ln b)(1 b) 1 b2 + 2 lim
= 2 lim
b
1 b2
1 (c) an = 6 2
b0 +
b0 +
= 2 lim
= 2 lim
an = 3 (22 n )
5.5 11.5 52. (a) = 1.5 4
11.5 ( 1.5) = 13
(b) 1.5 (c) an = 13 + (n 1)( 1.5)
b0 +
2 (ln b) + 2 lim ( b) 1 b b0 +
2 b 1 b2 lim 2 b = 2
b0 +
b0 +
55. For x 0, y 0 on 0, ).
Area =
xe x dx = lim xe x dx
b 0
Evaluate xe x dx by using integration by parts.
an = 1.5 + 14.5
u=x du = dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
Section 9.1
377
55. Continued
xe
dx = xe
+e
dx = xe
+C
Chapter 9 Infinite Series

Section 9.1 Power Series (pp. 473 483)
Exploration 1 Finding Power Series for Other Functions
1. 1 x + x 2 x 3 + 2. x x 2 + x 3 x 4 + 3. 1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 + 8 x 3 +
Area = lim xe x e x 0 b = lim be b e b + 1 b b = lim b + 1 b e 1 = lim b + 1 = 1 b e

56. (a) xe x 2 dx
0
+ ( x ) n +
. . .
+ (1)n x n+1 + + (2 x ) n +
(b) lim
xe b 0
xe
x 2
x 2
dx
(c) Note that xe x 2 dx can be found by parts:
4. 1 ( x 1) + ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3 + + (1)n ( x 1)n + . This geometric series converges for 1 < x 1 < 1, which is equivalent to 0 < x < 2. The interval of convergence is (0, 2). 5.
dx = x (2e x 2 ) (2e x 2 ) dx
= 2 xe x 2 4e x 2 + C.
Area =
b 0 b b
1 1 1 1 ( x 1) + ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3 + 3 3 3 3 n 1 + ( x 1)n + . 3

This geometric series converges for 1 < x 1 < 1, which is equivalent to 0 < x < 2. The interval of convergence is (0, 2).
lim
xe x 2 dx = lim 2 xe x 2 4e x 2 0 b
b
= lim 2be b 2 4e b 2 0 + 4 = 4 .
57. (a)
0 x
b
dy =
b
0 ( y + 1)2
dy
Exploration 2 Finding a Power Series for tan1 x

1. 1 x 2 + x 4 x 6 + 2. tan 1 x =
+ (1)n x 2 n +
(b) lim
0 ( y + 1)2
b
dy
0 1 + t 2 dt
0 (1 t
x 2
(c) Volume = lim
0 ( y + 1)2
dy
= lim ( y + 1)1
b
b 0
+ t4 t6 +
+ (1)n t 2 n +
)dt
x
1 = lim + 1 = b b +1
58. Note that xe x dx can be found by parts:
t3 t5 t7 t 2 n+1 + = t + + + (1)n 2n + 1 0 3 5 7 7 2 n +1 3 5 x x x n x = x + . + + (1) 3 5 7 2n + 1

3. The graphs of the first four partial sums appear to be converging on the interval (1, 1).
xe
So
dx = x ( e x ) ( e x )dx = xe x e x + C.
xe x dx = lim
xe k 0
dx = lim xe x e x 0 k
k 1 = lim k k + 1 k e e k 1 By LHopitals rule, lim k = lim k = 0 . k e k e

k 1 Therefore, xe x dx = lim k k + 1 0 k e e = 0 0 +1= 1 The integral converges to 1.

Ch. 8 Solutions New Calc Book

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Ch. 8 Solutions New Calc Book

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350 Section 8.

51. y = sec 2 x , so the area is

which using NINT evaluates to 3.84.

1 2 1 1 1 52. x = and x = 2 , so thearea is 2 1 + 2 dy, 1 y y y y

0 (2 + sin x sec x ) dx = 1.366. 0 ((2 + sin x )

(b) Volume = (c) Volume =

sin (3x ) 3x = lim =3 x0 x x

1 1 9. lim x sin = lim x = 1 x x x x

54. (a) Average temp 14 1 t 80 10 cos dt 87 F. = 12 14 6 6

2x3 + x 2 2x3 = = Does not exist, or . x x +1 x

Section 8.1 Exercises

t (b) F (t ) = 80 10 cos 78 for 12

The cost was about $5.10. 55. (a)

15600 (t 24t + 160)

117649 51 2. 521626, 50 46656

(t 24t + 160) 23 15600 dt 104, 048 + 11 17 (t 2 24t + 16 0) dollars

Chapter 8 Sequences, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

13. Continued (c) an = an 1 +

3010000 21. r = 3010

[0, 20] by [0, 1]

[0, 20] by [1, 1]

[0, 20] by [5, 5]

[0, 20] by [0, 10]

[0, 10] by [25, 200]

an = an1 + 3 for all n 2

[0, 10] by [5, 30]

352 Section 8.1

sin n 41. lim n n

[0, 20] by [1, 5]

1 sin n 1 n n n 1 1 lim = lim = 0 n n n n

3n + 1 1 = lim (3) + lim = 3 0 = 3 n n n n n

1 1 Note: n < n for n 1 . 2 1 43. lim n n!

converges, 3 32. lim

converges, 2 33. lim

converges, 2 /5 34. lim

converges, 0 35. n = 2k , lim ( 1)n

1 1 Note: n < n for n 1 2 45. Graph (b)

diverges 36. n = 2k , lim ( 1)n

n +1 n n n n +1 n = 2k 1, lim ( 1) 2 = lim ( 1)n 2 = 0 n n + 1 n n converges, 0

37. lim (1 . 1)n = diverges 38. lim (0 . 9)n = 0

> 0 for all n 2.

converges, 0 1 1 39. lim n sin = lim n = 1 n n n n converges, 1

n 40. lim cos n 2 n 1 cos 1, diverges 2

1.25 1 = 2.5 2 2.5 =5 1/ 2 3 53. D. lim n sin n n

Quick Review 8.2

x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

57. an = ar n1 implies that log an = log a + (n 1) log r. Thus

{log an } is an arithmetic sequence with first term log a and

As x 0 + , x1/(ln x ) approaches 2.7183.

3. x 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001

sequence with first term 10 a and common ratio 10 d .

1 1 59. Given > 0 choose M = . Then 0 < if n > M . n

Section 8.2 LHpitals Rule (pp. 444452)

0.5 0.78679 0.95490 0.99312 0.99908 0.99988 0.99999

sin x cos x = lim =1 x0 x x0 1

2. The two graphs suggest that lim

4. x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001

. The graphs of y3 and y5 clearly show

that lHpitals Rule does not say that lim

13.981 105.77 1007.9 10010

354 Section 8.2

sin (5 x ) 5 cos(5(0)) lim = lim =5 x0 x x0 1

2+ x 2 1 3. lim appears to be about ; x2 x2 4

tan , approaches1. 2 2 + tan