1

YAMUNA TECHNOLOGIES,NAGPUR
CONTENTS

Topic Page no.
Title 3
Objective 3
Introduction 3
Theory 4
Apparatus 7
Specifications 7
Experimental Procedure 8
Observations 8
Observations Table 9
Calculations 9
Result 10
Conclusion 11
Operating Instruction 12
Precaution 12
Maintenance of the Equipment 12
Caution 13
Reference 14
BERNOULLIS THEOREM APPARATUS
2
Title
To Study and Verify Bernoullis Theorem
Objective
To find the total energy head in meters of water
To understand the application of Bernoullis Theorem
Introduction
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. It exists in various forms
and can change from one form to another. The different forms of energy of
flowing liquids are;
Potential energy (Potential Head)
Kinetic energy (Velocity Head)
Pressure Energy (Pressure Head)
Potential Energy (Potential Head):
It is the energy possessed by liquid particle by virtue of its position it is
due to configuration or position above some suitable height or datum line. It is
denoted by z.
Kinetic energy (Velocity Head):
It is the energy possessed by liquid particle due to the velocity of flowing
liquid and is measured as V
2
/2g Where v is the velocity of flow and g is
acceleration due to gravity (g= 9.81m/s
2
)
Pressure Energy (Pressure Head):
It is the energy possessed by liquid particle by virtue of its existing
pressure. It is due to the pressure of liquid and measured as p/w, where p is
intensity of pressure and w is the specific weight of liquid.
Total Energy (Total Head):
It is the sum of potential energy, kinetic energy and the pressure
energy. It is denoted by E and mathematically it is expressed as E= potential
energy + kinetic energy + pressure energy.

,
_

,
_

+
W
P
g
V
Z E
2
2
Theory
Bernoullis Theorem:
3
It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total
energy consists of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy or
datum energy. These energies per unit weight of the fluid are:
Pressure Energy (Pressure Head)

g
p
Head) (Pressure Energy Pressure

g 2
v
Head) (Velocity energy Kinetic
2

Datum energy = z
Thus mathematically, Bernoullis theorem is written as;
+ + z
g
v
w
p
2
2
Constant
This equation is actually derived from Eulers Equation of Motion as mentioned
below for stream line flow of fluid.
Eulers Equation of Motion:
This is equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and
pressure are taken into consideration. This is derived by considering the
motion of the fluid element along a stream-line as:
Consider a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown in
fig. 1 consider a cylindrical element of cross-section dA and length dS. The
forces acting on the cylindrical element are:
1. Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow.
2. Pressure force
dA ds
s
p
p
,
_

+
opposite to the direction of the flow.
3. Weight of element
. gdAds
Let is the angle between the direction of flow and the line of action of the
weight of element.
The resultant force on the fluid element in the direction of s must be equal to
the mass of fluid element x acceleration in the direction s.
) 1 ...( .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
cos
s
a gdAds
gdAds dA ds
s
p
p pdA


,
_

Where a
s
is the acceleration in the direction of s,
Now
,
dt
dv
a
s

where v is a function of s and t
4

'

v
dt
dS
t
v
s
v v
t
v
dt
ds
s
v
a
s
If the flow is steady,
0

t
v

s
v v
a
s

Substituting the value of as in equation (1) and simplifying the equation, we

get
s
v v
dAds gdAds dsdA
s
p

cos
Dividing by
s
v v
g
s
p
dsdA

cos ,
or
0 cos

+ +

s
v v
v g
s
p

But from fig. 1 (b), we have

ds
dz
cos

0
1

+ +

s
v v
ds
dz
g
p

or
0 + +

vdv gdz
p

or
) 2 ......( .......... .......... .......... 0 + +

vdv gdz
p

Equation (2) is known as Eulers equation of motion.

Bernoullis Equation from Eulers Equation:
Bernoullis equation is obtained by integrating the Eulers equation of
motion (2) as,

+ + vdv gdz
dp

constant
If flow is incompressible, is constant and

+ +
2
2
v
gdz
p

constant
or
+ +
g
v
z
g
p
2
2

constant
or
+ + z
g
v
g
p
2
2

constant..(3)
5
Equation (3) is a Bernoullis equation in which
g
p

= Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head

g
v
2
2
Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head
z Potential energy per unit weight or potential head
Assumption :
The following are the assumption made in the derivation of Bernoullis
equation:
The fluid is ideal, i.e. viscosity is zero
The flow is steady
The flow is incompressible
The flow is irrotational
6
Apparatus
The Yamuna Technologies apparatus consists of the main sump tank
on which the centrifugal pump is mounted working in close circuit the two inlet
and outlet tanks are mounted on the sump tank which are inter connected with
a Bernoullis channel of varying cross section the channel tapers for a length of
25.4 cm and gradually enlarges in a length of 35.5 cm, made of transparent
acrylic material on the top of the flow channel piezometer tubes are fixed at a
distance of 5cm for the measurement of pressure head. The discharge is
collected in measuring tank for all the flow measuring applications. The
constant flow is maintained with the self priming HP centrifugal pump
working in a close circuit with flow control valves for each application. A
pressure reducing by pass valve is directly connected to the main sump to
avoid excess pressure build up in the system. The readings for different flow
rates are obtained by controlling inlet and outlet valves suitably, a steady state
will be reached after a few minutes.
Specifications
1. Sump/Main Tank :48 inchx15inchx12inch
2. Capacity :170 liters
3. Measuring Tank :305 x 305 x 305 mm
4. Capacity :28.32 liters
5. Pipe diameter :25.4 mm
6. Piping :1 GI
7. Centrifugal pump : HP self priming
8. Control Valves :1 ball valves made of brass
9. inlet out let tank :20inch x 6inch x 6inch
10. Bernoullis channel : as shown in figure.
11. Number of piezometer tubes :12
12. Piezometer Tube diameter :06 mm
13. Material :Cr powder coated MS stand
14. Mounting :on castor wheels
15. Supply :230v AC 1
Experimental Procedure
1. Make all the necessary water and electrical connections.
2. Close all the application valves and completely open the by pass delivery valve
of the centrifugal pump this avoids the development of sudden pressure in the
system.
3. Start the pump and allow the water to flow through the system.
4. Adjust the discharge by operating the delivery valve.
5. Allow water to collect in the inlet tank to certain level.
6. The water will flow through the channel towards the outlet tank and will rise in
the piezometer tubes.
7
7. Open the outlet valve in such a way that level of water rising up remains the
same.
8. Allow the steady state to reach.
9. Note the head shown in piezometer.
10. Collect water in the measuring tank to measure the actual discharge i.e. the
volume of the water collected in the measuring tank for T seconds (10 to 20
seconds) use the stop watch to measure the time. Note the rise in water level
in the tank.
11. The water collected in the measuring tank should be drained in the main tank
after taking the readings.
12. Vary the discharge changing the position of delivery valve and repeat
the steps 4 to 8 for different set of readings.
Observations
1. Time for 28.3 liter (or any suitable quantity) discharge = 80sec.
2. Actual Discharge
. sec / .... ..........
(t) collection of Time
1000 collected water of liter
3
cm Q
a

. sec / 410 . 35
80
1000 28.3
3
cm Q
a

3. Velocity
A
Q
v
a
where,
A = area at corresponding tube section (as given)
4.

g
v
2
2
Velocity head at respective point in cm.
5.
w
p
= Pressure head (Actual measured from piezometer scale).
6. z = Potential head = constant (same datum for all tubes).
Observation Table:
Readings for Calculation of Total Energy
Sr.
No.
Tube
No.
Cross
sectional
area A in
cm
2
Discharge
Actual Q
a
in
cm
2
/sec.
Velocity
v in
cm/sec
Velocity
Head
v
2
/2g in
cm
Pressure
Head
p/w
cm
Total
head=
Velocity
head+
Pressure
head
Remark
1 1 9.65 35.41 3.66 0.68 35 35.68
2 2 8.54 35.41 4.14 0.87 34.5 35.57
3 3 7.29 35.41 4.85 0.91 34 34.91
4 4 6.11 35.41 5.29 1.70 33.5 34.30
5 5 4.97 35.41 7.12 2.62 33 35.12
8
6 6 3.08 35.41 11.49 3.12 32 35.20
7 7 4.97 35.41 7.12 2.62 33 34.60
8 8 6.11 35.41 5.29 1.70 33.5 34.91
9 9 7.29 35.41 4.85 0.91 34 34.30
10 10 8.54 35.41 4.14 0.87 35 35.08
11 11 9.65 35.41 3.66 0.68 35.5 35.68
Sample Calculations: For reading no.1
1. Velocity
1
1
A
Q
v
a
= (35.41/9.65)=3.66 cm/sec
2. Velocity head

g
v
2
2
((3.66*3.66) / (2*9.81)) = 0.68 cm. (
g
=9.81)
3. Pressure head
w
p
= 35cm .. (From Piezometer tube at c/s A1.)
4. z = Potential head = constant (same datum for all tubes).
5. Total Head = Velocity Head + Pressure Head=0.68+35=35.68 cm of water
Result:
Plot the graph for;
Number of Tubes Vs
z
w
p
+

9
No.of tubes V/s Total Head
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
Tube number
T
o
t
a
l

h
e
a
d
total head
Number of Tubes Vs
g
v
2
2

Velocity Head V/s No.of Tubes
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Tube number
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

H
e
a
d

(
V
2
/
2
g
)
Velocity Head V/s
No.of Tubes
Number of Tubes Vs
w
p
10

Prewssure Head V/s Tube no.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Tube number
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

H
e
a
d

(
P
/
w
)

i
n

c
m
Series1
The Total Energy Head is found to be 0.35 meters of water.
Conclusion:
The value of total energy head is different at different points.
The reason for not getting the total energy head constant is/is all of
above. (The flow is not steady/Frictional losses in pipe/Turbulent
flow/Loss of energy due to centrifugal force/ All of above).
Operating instructions
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1. Fill the main tank with sufficient amount of water such that the suction
pipe strainer is dipped in water.
2. Priming not required, circulate the water throughout the system to clear
any dust and foreign particle in the piping.
3. Run the pump with by pass delivery valve open for few minutes.
4. Select any of the application to be used, slowly open the outlet valve of
that application keeping all other application valves closed.
5. Conduct the experiment and slowly switch over to other application
closing the previous one.
6. Avoid sudden opening of any valve.
7. The capacity of the pump is more than the last limits of the applications
so do not operate any of the application with fully opened valve. This
may damage or create leakage in the system.
8. Drain the water from all the tanks after experimentation to avoid
rusting, corrosion of the parts.
Precaution
1. Do not start the pump with all valves closed.
2. The centrifugal pump is self priming.
3. Avoid any type of shock to the instrument and piping.
4. Do not start the experiment without sufficient water in the sump tank.
5. Open the by pass delivery valve when the application is not in use.
6. Do not open fully the valves of the application as it may cause the
damage to the channel.
7. Do not run the pump dry.
8. Use clean water without any contamination to avoid chocking of the
manometer pipes and to protect the transparency of the channel.
9. Do not operate the equipment with any of the electric panel board open.
10. Always keep the bypass delivery valve open when the application is
not in use.
11. Do not use the pump without strainer attached to the section pipe
Maintenance of the Equipment
1. Wipe with a clean moist cloth.
2. Do not use any type of acid, alcohol or detergents to clean the
apparatus.
3. Contact the service station for any malfunction.
4. Remove water after use.
5. Always lock the wheels when in operation.
CAUTION
Do not attempt to open the instrument.
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Warranty voids if the instrument is attempted to open except at authorized
service station.
REFERENCES:
1. Fluid Mechanics And Machinery..S.K. Agrawal
2. Fluid Mechanics And Hydraulic Machines Dr.R.K. Bansal
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NOTES
14
NOTES
15