Review on Structural Mechanics

Structural Response of a Material / Structure

Force Deformation Material Applied loads/external forces act on a structure induce internal forces axial force shear force bending moment torsion which in turn cause deformation Forces cause stresses AND Deformation also cause stresses Forces acting through deformation. Deformation is the response of a material (structure) to Force. STRESS AND STRAIN ARE THE STRUCTURAL SIGNALS.
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l1

l0

F is the applied force (tension) is the elongation (deformation under tension or extension) = (l1 lo) where l1 = final length lo = original length A is the cross-sectional area E is the Youngs modulus Stress, =

F A

F Tensile test

Strain, =

l0

F
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Stress strain curve Loading / Unloading

Applied force F (N) Mild steel Applied force F (N) High strength steel

Mild steel
Elastic limit Y Breaking point / fracture limit of proportionality (linearity) Extension (mm) permanent set Y LP release load Y Y LP

High strength steel

release load

Elastic limit Y Breaking point / fracture limit of proportionality (linearity) Extension (mm)

The relationship between the stress and the strain for each material (structure) is different: Linear range =E < LP
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permanent set

The initial slope of the stress-strain curve is straight, i.e. linear relationship exists between the stress and the strain.

When the applied stress is smaller than the yield strength (with the same unit as a stress), the material is then always working with the elastic range, i.e. no permanent set or deformation after removal of applied stress. In allowable stress design, we always assume that the material is elastic, and the deformation is linear. and < Y i.e. = E , < LP In most structural materials, it is often found that LP = Y. linear and elastic = E Y

breaking point High strength steel deformation capacity deformation capacity max,1 max,1 << max,2 max,2 less ductile but stronger Mild steel

ductile

What happens after then? Elastic plastic, yielding Linear non-linear i.e. E

We have similar observation for each kind of material/ structure under each type of action/loading

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tension compression shear force bending moment torsion

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T2
Slide 7 T2
T43, 9/3/2007

Yield Strengths
Mild steel Y Design with a sudden change of slope Adopt yield strength Y Factor of safety: 1.5 to 2.0 Design = Y / FOS 0.2% Design
E E

High strength steel highly non-linear stress-strain curve

0.002 or 0.2% proof strain (deformation is large) Adopt proof strength 0.2% as yield strength Y

Design = Y / FOS

SAFE
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TENSION

Example on Yield Strengths

y,2 y,1

IDEALIZED STRESS STRAIN CURVE

All mechanical properties are temperature dependent.

elastic YS

plastic

High strength steel

Steel Idealized elastic plastic stress-strain curve

[N/mm2]

Mild steel
E E

Es max,c Ec concrete concrete YC

max,s

0.002 0.0014

STEEL
Steel COMPRESSION

Tension / compression Y = 250 ~450 N/mm2 Es = 205 kN/mm2 CONCRETE Compression only Y(fcn) = 20 ~ 50 N/mm2 Ec = 20 ~ 30 kN/mm2

From the graph of the stress-strain curve, Mild steel y = 285 N/mm2 y = 0.0014 The slope of curve, E = 285N/mm 0.0014 = 203,571 N/mm2 or 203.6 kN/mm2
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max,s = 20% ~30% max,c < 5%

Typical values of mild steel from BS5950 and BS4360 are y = 275 N/mm2 Es = 205 kN/mm2

High strength steel Use 0.2% proof strength draw initial slope (the slope of the curve at small strains) locate the strain of 0.2% in the x-axis draw a line passing through the 0.2% in the x-axis which is also parallel to the initial slope read the stress y where the line meets the stress-strain curve. This method is applicable for most materials with non-linear stress-strain curve. The criterion for selection is not only strength but also deformation, and 0.2% is considered as the basic reference deformation. Typical values for high strength steel from BS5950 and BS4360 are y = 355 N/mm2 Es = 205 kN/mm2
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LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVE V.S. STRESS-STRAIN CURVE IN ASD AND LSD F

ASD Load deflection curve for structure

LSD Load deflection curve B C

.. . . . .
D E max

Stress is well within limit Do not know the maximum resistance Compare S with deflection limit

Stress varies from elastic yield and beyond Predict maximum resistance max is always large and not acceptable Compare S with deflection limit
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Stress-strain curve for material

. . . . .
B D E A C

The load-deflection characteristic for a structure should be y - strong (Load Resistance) E - stiff (deflection in service deflection limit) max - ductile (deformation capacity is large to give warning) Design is to use weak / soft / brittle materials to build strong / stiff / ductile structures for structural adequacy / safety subject to functional/ architectural requirement.

Development of cross-section capacities at various strain levels from A to F

F
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STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN ACTION RESISTANCE Action Axial forces / Shear forces / Bending moments Interaction Resistance Section analysis Cross section capacity Member resistance Connections
Data LOAD ALLOWANCE Partial safety factors f Loadings Material strength / stiffness
STRUCTURES

Data MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

structural* form

Partial safety factors M DESIGN Applied Stress Actions Deformation < Allowable Stress Resistances Deformation limits

ANALYSIS INTERNAL FORCES

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Section property