Name: ______________________ Class: _________________

Date: ____________________ Ms. Williams ID: A

Evolution-Natural Selection and Evolution of Populations

Multiple Choice-ANSWER ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1 The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galpagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the A similarities of the birds embryos. B birds different-shaped beaks. C length of the birds necks. D number of eggs in each birds nest. Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galpagos, he wondered F if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species. G if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species. H if all birds on the different islands were finches. J why all tortoises on the different islands were identical. Charles Darwins observation that finches of different species on the Galpagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches A have the ability to interbreed. B acquired traits through use and disuse. C all eat the same type of food. D descended from a common ancestor. On the Galpagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed F completely unrelated species on each of the islands. G species exactly like those found in South America. H species similar to mainland South American species. J species completely unrelated to those found in South America. James Huttons and Charles Lyells work was important to Darwin because these scientists A explained volcanoes and earthquakes. B explained all geologic events on Earth. C suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred. D refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on misunderstandings. What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell? F Earth is relatively young. G Gradual change operating over long periods of time can result in dramatic changes. H All geological change is caused by living organisms. J The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate today.

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ID: A

Lamarcks ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of A continual increases in population size. B the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. C an unchanging local environment. D the natural variations already present within the population of organisms. In an experiment, suppose that the wings of fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on F inheritance of natural variations. G inheritance of acquired characteristics. H natural selection. J survival of the fittest. Darwin realized that the economist Malthuss theory of population control A applied only to humans. B could be generalized to any population of organisms. C could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions. D explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births. When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for F species that are perfect and unchanging. G homologous structures. H characteristics acquired during the lifetime of the organism. J natural variations that are present in a species. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts? A Lamarcks tendency towards perfection B common descent C analogous structures D the inheritance of acquired traits

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ID: A

Figure 161 12 In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 161 are F examples of fossils. G vestigial structures. H acquired traits. J examples of natural variation. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes A the nearly universal genetic code. B the presence of vestigial structures. C a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species. D the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA. Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of F homologous structures. G analogous structures. H Hox genes. J intermediate fossil forms. Natural selection acts directly on A alleles. B genes. C phenotypes. D mutations. Three sources of genetic variation are F genotypes, phenotypes, and polygenic traits. G sexual reproduction, lateral gene transfer, and mutations. H single-gene traits, polygenic traits, and adaptation. J directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.

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ID: A

Figure 171 17 One end of Figure 171 shows an increase in average beak size for a population of birds. When individuals at only one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness, the result is A directional selection. B stabilizing selection. C disruptive selection. D genetic drift.

Figure 172 18 Figure 172 shows highest fitness toward the center of the curve. When individuals with an average form of a trait have the highest fitness, the result is F not predictable. G disruptive selection. H directional selection. J stabilizing selection.

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If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase? A how many other alleles are present B whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment than other lizards C how many phenotypes the population has D whether the mutation was caused by nature or by human intervention In F G H J genetic drift, the allele frequencies in a gene pool change because of mutations. chance. natural selection. genetic equilibrium.

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Which of the following events do biologists consider a random change? A directional selection B speciation C disruptive selection D genetic drift The type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals is called F mutatino G the founder effect. H directional selection. J stabilizing selection.

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ID: A

Short Answer-ANSWER 2 QUESTIONS FOR CREDIT. YOU MAY COMPLETE THE LAST QUESTION FOR EXTRA CREDIT. 23 Would a trait that has only two distinct phenotypes more likely be a single-gene trait or a polygenic trait? How do you know?

a 24 Is an allele for a trait that has no effect on a species fitness affected by natural selection? Explain.

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ID: A

What are three mechanisms for reproductive isolation? Which mechanism isolates two populations of similar frogs with different mating calls?

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ID: A

DIAGRAMS-ANSWER 2 QUESTIONS FOR CREDIT. YOU MAY COMPLETE THE LAST QUESTION FOR EXTRA CREDIT. Comparison of Two Vertebrates Characteristics Habitat Type of Vertebrate Composition of Skeleton Type of Teeth Respiration Fish Cartilage Large numbers of sharp teeth Breathes in water Shark Ocean Dolphin Ocean Mammal Bone Large numbers of sharp teeth Breathes in air

Figure 163 26 Compare and Contrast In Figure 163, sharks and dolphins belong to different vertebrate groups and are not closely related. How can Darwins ideas about evolution help explain their similar appearance?

a 27 Charles Darwin would say that sharks like the one in Figure 163 exhibit fitness. Explain what that means, and discuss two specific adaptations as part of your explanation.

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Apply Concepts Fossil evidence indicates that dolphins evolved from ancestors that walked on land. How can the concept of natural selection be used to explain the evolution of the present-day dolphin body, as seen in Figure 163?

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ID: A

What might happen if a well-adapted population experienced sudden major changes in its environment?

Figure 165 30 How is the idea of common descent supported by examples of homologous structures as shown in Figure 165?

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