ENTC-376 Strength of Materials

Continue Chapter 6 Work Examples Discuss Exam I

Chapter 6: Bending

How to determine the orientations of bending stresses?

M
c

My = I

stress state at a POINT

Chapter 6: Bending

Lets apply an arbitrary moment, M, in the z-y plane making an angle , with the z-axis.

Chapter 6: Bending

Decompose the moment into the z-axis component and the y-axis component. Mz = M cos And My = M sin

Chapter 6: Bending

Applying the flexure formula,

To every point on the surface yields the stress plane shown. The neutral axis forms an angle, with the z-axis.
Chapter 6: Bending

The angle , of the neutral axis can be found by the following equation, noting that the neutral axis is when stress is zero.

Substituting the previous moment equations yield,

Chapter 6: Bending

Since the definition of the slope of the line is rise over run, or:

Substituting yields,

NOTE: = defines the direction of the moment. = defines the angle of the neutral axis.

Chapter 6: Bending

Composite Beams Steel reenforced concrete Why is the steel embedded in the concrete?

Chapter 6: Bending

Flexure formula only valid for homogeneous material. Therefore, We need to transform the composite beam into a homogeneous beam. Sounds great, but how do we do it?

Chapter 6: Bending

Like a homogeneous beam the stress will very linearly from zero at the neutral axis to a max at the outermost fiber. If .material has linear elastic behavior, Hookes Law applies or. Material 1 Material 2
Chapter 6: Bending

If material 1 (blue) is stiffer than material 2 (brown), the bending stress could look like this. Notice the disconnect at the material boundary. Stiffness changes Stress changes

Chapter 6: Bending

Two conditions: 1 Stress distribution produces zero resultant force on the cross section. 2. Moment of the stress distribution about the neutral axis equals to M.

What?

Chapter 6: Bending

Simpler way: Lets transition the material into one homogeneous beam. Let the beam consist entirely of the less stiff material, but keep the same height, and hence same strain distribution. Therefore, we have to widen the top stiffer section to accommodate the stress.
Chapter 6: Bending

Equating the forces of the two sections, yield:

or,

Where, n = transformation factor Therefore, the original width b must be increased to nb.
Chapter 6: Bending

Now that the material has been transformed into a single material, the normal stress distribution will be linear. One additional point, The resultant stress of the transformed material must be multiplied by n (or n). We will work an example toward the end of class.
Chapter 6: Bending

Curved Beams Remember, the flexure formula assumed a linear stress profile, which is accurate for a straight beam, but not for a curved one. Assumptions 1. Uniform Xsection 2. Homogeneous & Isentropic 3. Behaves in a linear-elastic manner
Chapter 6: Bending

Three radius are defined from the center of curvature 1. represents the known location of the centroid. r 2. R represents the yet unknown location of the neutral axis. 3. r represents an arbitrary point or area element dA

Chapter 6: Bending

Lets start with the strain. Using the arc formula,

Define

Yields Strains vary in a hyperbolic function of r.

Chapter 6: Bending

Using Hookes Law, we get,

To find the neutral axis (i.e. the value or R) we require the stress to equal zero.

Chapter 6: Bending

Lets solve the equation

Doing some algebra, we get,

We can solve for some geometries (Table 6-2)

Chapter 6: Bending

We still need to find the stress as a function of the moment, so:

Integrating over the entire cross section, yields

Chapter 6: Bending

Lets look at this equation

A/R Area rA Therefore,

Chapter 6: Bending

Finally, substituting for Ek yields,

where, = normal stress on the member M = internal moment (+ tends to straighten the beam) A = Cross sectional area. R = Distance from the center of curvature to the neutral axis. = Distance from the center of curvature to the centroid. r = Distance from the center of curvature to the area where the stress is determined
Chapter 6: Bending

One last substitution, let, Then,

Chapter 6: Bending

Homework # 6 Due 3/5/09

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 6-5 6-16 6-17 6-42 6-49 6-52 6-53 6-56 6-69 6-72 6-82 6-94 6-95 6-120 6-149 (bonus)
Chapter 6: Bending

Exam Discussion Scheduled for next Thursday (3/5/09)

Chapter 6: Bending