1

Copyright 2004 by Robert Helvey

All rights reserved including translation rights
First Edition, July 2004
This publication was prepared pursuant to the
United States Institute of Peace (USIP) Grant
SG-127-02S, September 19, 2002
The Albert Einstein Institution
427 Newbury Street
Boston, MA 02115-1801, USA
Tel: USA +617-247-4882
Fax: USA +617-247-4035
E-mail: einstein@igc.org
Website: www.aeinstein.org
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations1c31.html (Free download)

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enf;vrf;wrsKd;jzifh jidrf;csrf;pGm z,f&Sm;jcif;omjzpfI rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;pepfudk usifhoHk;onfh acwftcg jzpfap
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tjyif &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHa&;pepfwckudkvnf; rddrdw@dk vlaer_todkif;t0dkif;twGif; raysmufysufatmif
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t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ A[kokwrsm; jyef@yGm;apa&;udk wwfEdkifor# todynmay; jzef@jzL;=u&rnf jzpfonf?
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vGwfvyfpGm ul;,ljzef@csdEdkifygonf?
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;ay;aom Mr Robert H. Helvey / t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHa&;
oDtdk&Dudk azmfxkwf+yD; tpOfwpdkuf tm;ay;aeaom Dr Gene Sharp ESifh Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmuf&ef tjrJ
tm;ay;aecJh=uaom usaemf. EdkifiHa&; a&mif;&if;rsm;tm;vHk;udk usaemfhESvHk;om;xJrS vd_ufvJSpGm tpOf
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(bmomjyefol) lwinaungsoe@myway.com
7

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8

aoa=uysufpDF;&rnfrSm aocsmaeaoma=umifh xdkodk@wdkufcdkuf&avmufaom rl0g'rsm; aemufxyf&Sdae&ef

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ppfa&;pGrf;&nfrsm; rwl=urSef;odvsufESifh wdkufae=uonfomjzpfonf? odk@aomf ta&;ygaom vlrsKd;a&;ppfyJ/G
bmoma&;ppfyGJrsm;Y ppfqifa&; r[mAsL[mudk toHk;csvmv#if ar#mfrSef;ovdk jzpfrvmyJ vufawG@ESifh
uif;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf?
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&avmufonfh pHerlemvnf; tjrJwrf;&Sdaernf jzpfonf? tcsKd@udpPrsm;udkrl aqG;aEG;ndSEd_if; ajz&Sif;I
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t"rRjcdrf;ajcmuf t=uyfudkifxm;wwf&m xdkodk@aomEdkifiHrsKd;. zdESdyfcHvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&; vkyfrnfqdkv#if atmifjrifcsifrS atmifjrifayvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg taetxm;Y tzdESdyfcHvlxk
twGuf tnHhcH vdkufavsmrnfvm; (odk@) Edkif&ef aocsmoavmuf&SdrS vufeufudkif awmfvSefrnfvm;
qdkonfudk a&G;&awmhrvdk jzpfaeonf? odk@aomf a&G;&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg?
xdkESpfrsKd;vHk;r[kwfyJ EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_twGuf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tpm; ajymif;vJ
oH;k pGJEdkifaom wwd,enf;vrf;wck &Sdygao;onf? ,if;rSm r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
(Strategic Nonviolent Struggle) jzpfygonf? TpmtkyfwGif r[m AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_.
t"dy`m,fudk a'gufwm*sif;&Syf(Dr Gene Sharp) a&;onfh vufawG@oHk;pGJEdkifaom ajymif;vJEdkifonhf
tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;(There Are Realistic Alternatives by Dr Gene Sharp (Boston: The Albert
Einstein Institution, 2003), 38) pmtkyfwGifyg&Sdonfhtwdkif; azmfjyygrnf?
r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ qdkonfrSm tpdk;&ESifh jynfolwdk@t=um; ydyuQ
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v_yf&Sm;=uaom erlemEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? Tpmtkyfonf &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaomtpdk;& (odk@) EdkifiHjcm;rS
usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;olrsm;tm; vufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufrnfholrsm;twGuf r[kwfyg? xdktpdk;&/
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tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk t=urf;rzuf qef@usifv_yf&Sm;Edkifonfh r[mAsL[mtajccHrsm;ta=umif;udk pnf;pepf
usus pOf;pm;Edkifvmrnfh ta&;yg aom pdwful;enf;emrsm;udk azmfjyay;xm;rnfjzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufqef@usifa&;-r[mAsL[mtajccHtcsufrsm;udk toHk;rcsrD pmzwfoltaejzifh
yxrOD;qHk; tqdkygtajccHtcsufrsm;ta=umif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:&ygrnf? xdk@aemufrS rdrdoufqdkif&m
ta=umif;udpPtwGuf xdktajccHtcsufrsm; toHk;yyHkudk pOf;pm;&ygrnf? av,mOfysHwpD;udk tvdktavsmuf
r[kwfyJ av,mOfrSL;udk,fwdkif armif;ESif&efrSm armif;ESifyHk tao;pdwfpm&if; vdktyfonf? t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif v_yf&Sm;yHktao;pdwfpm&if; &Sdae&efrvdyk g? tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDodk@ toGif ul;ajymif;
9

Edkif&ef rnfodk@rnfyHk pOf;pm;&rnfudk vrf;nGefay;Edkifonfh pdwful;rsm;/ t=uHOm%frsm; &Sdae&efom vdktyf

onf?
r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tay: a&;om;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;rSefor#rSm The
Albert Einstein Institution rS a'gufwm*sif;&Syf. u;yrf;csufrsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? olonf ydyuQrsm;udk
ESpfaygif; (50)eD;yg;r# tao;pdwf avhvmcJhonf? 1960 rS 1964xd atmufpzdk@wuUodkvfwGif
ynmqnf;yl;ae&if; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tm; em;vnf&ef tajccHjzpfaom vlrp_ rG ;f tm;. obm0udk
em;vnfjcif;ESifhoDtdk&D (A theory and understanding the nature of social power that is fundamental
to understanding nonviolent struggle) udk azmfxkwfcJhonf? ,if;onf Clausewitz . avhvmcsuf
jzpfaom ppfa&;ydyuQ. obm0ESifh oDtdk&Dudk em;vnfjcif; (Understanding the nature and theory of
military conflict) uJhodk@yif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd tajccHusus em;vnfEdkifonf? Tpmtkyfyg
tcef;(1)rS(4)onf a'gufwm*sif;&Syf avhvmawG@&SdcJhonfh t=urf;rzufqef@usifv_yf&Sm;r_ oDtdk&DESifh ,if;udk
toHk;yyHkrsm;tm; tajccHI a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfa&;om;cJhor#wGif t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;onfh EdkifiHa&; (The Politics of Nonviolent Action) (1973)ESifh tm%m&Sif pepfrS 'Drdkua&pDodk@
(From Dictatorship to Democracy) (1993)wdk@rSm r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk
avhvm&ef twGuf txl;ta&;ygaom rlvtajccHrsm; jzpfonf?
pma&;ol u|efawmfonf ESpfaygif;(30)=umatmif tar&duef ajcvsifwyf&if;t&m&Sdtjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? tem;,lawmhrnfh 1987-1988 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefppfwyf. t=uD;wef;
bGJ@&wa,muftaejzifh [m;AwfwuUodkvfodk@ wufa&muf ynmqnf;yl;aecJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif
t=urf;rzuf jypf'%fcwfydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;rsm; tpDtpOf (Program for Nonviolent Sanctions)
trnf&Sd tpnf;ta0;wckwGif a'gufwm*sif;&Syfudk pwifawG@cJh&onf? olu atmufygpum;jzifh ol@
bmom&yfudk rdwfqufonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&mS ;r_ qdkwm[m EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk
&,lodrf;ydkufwJhta=umif; jzpfw,f? 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk rqdkifolawG ,lvdk@r&atmif jiif;qefwJh
ta=umif; jzpfw,f? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_[m ppfqef@usifa&;0g'/ t=urf;zufenf;eJ@
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(Pacifism ) r[kwfygbl;? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m/ bmoma&;qdkif&m ,Hk=unfcsufawGvnf; r[kwfygbl;
ol@pum;udk u|efawmf pdwf0ifpm;rdonf? t=urf;rzufol qdkonfrSm jidrf;csrf;a&;0g'D
(Flower-child)/ ppfqef@usifa&;orm; (Peacenik)/ ppfxJr0ifvdkol (Draft Dodger)[kom AD,uferfppf
twGif;Y u|efawmf odxm;cJh&onf? tem*wfwGif tiftm;aumif;vmEdkifp&m&Sdaom t=urf;rzuf
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tjyif rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;vnf; jzpfvmygawmhonf?

a&mbwf t,fvf [JvfAD (pma&;ol)

10

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tm%m&SdolESifhaygif;I) vkyf,lwwf=uonf? avmfbDvkyfol/ vlxkqufqHa&; u|rf;usifolwdk@uvnf;
oufqdkif&m olwdk@vkyfief;cGifwGif xdktwdkif;yif vkyfwwf=uonf? odk@jzpf&m tcGefxrf;aqmif&olrsm;
twGuf tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk jyefvnfcGJwrf;cscsdefwGif wcgw&H vufrcHEdkifp&mrsm; =uHKawG@&onf?
tm%mydkifwdk@u rnfodk@rnfyHk trdef@tm%may;I cGJwrf;csoGm;onfudk jynfolwdk@aumif;aumif; rodvdkuf
&onfht=udrfaygif; renf;awmhyg? vdk&if;rSm tm%m&Sdolonf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk udk,fusKd;twGuf
toHk;cswwfonf qdkaomtcsuf jzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%mjyjcif;vnf;&Sdonf? Oyrmwcktaejzifh tar&duef umuG,fa&;bwf*suf
oH;k pGJyHkudk t=urf;zsOf; oHk;oyf=unfhEdkifonf? ppfwyfrSrvdkcsifonfh txl;ojzifh acwfrrD/ yHkyef;rusyJ tydk
oufoufjzpfaeaom av,mOf/ oabFmESifhvufeufrsm;udk v$wfawmftrwfrsm;u umuG,fa&;Xmetm;
twif;t=uyftoHk;jyKaponfhtr_rsm; jynfhaeonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%m&Sdolonf rodolrsm;udk vSnfhpm;wwfonf? tpdk;&u txl;tusKd;pD;yGm;
[k acgif;pOfwyfI jynfolodk@ a=unmjyD; &HyHkaiGrsm; axmufyHhonf? odk@aomf omrefjynfolESifh avmfbD
vkyfolwdk@rSm tqdkyg txl;tusKd;pD;yGm;ta=umif; odyfem;rvnf=uyg? odk@jzifhI tpdk;&u &HyHkaiG axmufyHh
&rnfhae&mrsm; a&G;cs,fyHkudk vlxku oabmraygufEdkifyJ jzpfae&onf? tcGefaiGrsm; aemufqHk;Y rnfodk@
toHk;yoGm;onfudkyif odk@avmodk@avm jzpf&onf? tpdk;&Xmersm;rSm csrSwfxm;aomOya'twdkif;r[kwfyJ
Oya'.tm;enf;csufrsm;udkom&SmazGI vkyfudkifae=uonfrSm tHhtm;oifhp&maumif;vSonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk qufvufxdef;csKyfEdkif&ef 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfol@bm
pm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk tjrJxkwfjyefay;&onf? ta&;ygaomvkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf? tm%m&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif
vnf; xdkodk@&Sdwwfygonf? odk@aomf tm%m&Sdolu tcGefbmcGJwrf;xuf ydk*&kpdkufaomudpPwck
&Sdonf? ,if;rSm tpdk;& xdef;csKyfr_atmufrS tm%mcJGwrf; jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tkyfcsKyfol-tkyfcsKyfcHwdk@.
qufqHa&;rS xGufay:vmaom &v'fudktoHk;csI tm%mqufvufwnfjrJa&;udk tpOfu;yrf;avh&Sdonf?
11

csdefcGifv#monf tm%m&Sifbufodk@ tav;omvmonfESihftr# zdESdyfcHjynfolwdk@u

EdkifiHa&; tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef ydkrdkqEN jyif;jyvmwwfonf? ta=umif;rSm tm%m&Sifu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvm
ojzifh zdESdyfcH jynfolwdk@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
zdESdyfcH&olwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHa&;tm%m.obm0ESifh EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm; (Sources
of Power) udkem;vnfxm;rSom tajymif;tvJrsm;ta=umif;ESifh rnfodk@ajymif;vJvmrnfudk odEdkfifonf?
a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif &Sdaomtm%m. tajccHta=umif;udk yHkpHESpfckcGJI azmfjyonf?
wOD;wnf;ydkiftm%myHkpH(Monolithic)ESifh trsm;ydkif tm%myHkpH(Pluralistic) [lIjzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpH

wOD;wnf;ydkif
EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpH

trsm;ydkif
EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpH

wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpH

EdkifiHa&;tm%m.yHkpHwckrSm wOD;wnf;ydkiftm%m jzpfonf[k a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu azmfjy
onf? oDtdk&Dt& tm%mudk tkyfpdk;olwOD;wnf;u ydkifqdkifxm;onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwckvHk;udk xdyfqHk;rS
csKyfudkifxm;jyD; rajymif;rvJEdkifatmif cdkifcef@pGm wnfaqmufxm;onf? yd&rpfyHkpH xdyfqHk;rSaeI tm%m
qif;oufaponf? ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh tm%m&Sif ajymif;vJoGm;onfhwdkif yd&rpfyHkpH tm%m
qif;oufr_rSm pepftwGif; tajymif;tvJr&Sd? tm%ma&maxG;jcif; r&Sdyg? pepfrSm rnfodk@r#txdtcdkufr&SdyJ
tcdkiftrm qufvufwnfjrJaeonf? tm%m&Sdoltm; jynfolu =unfjzLay;&onf/ axmufcH&onf/
trdef@twdkif;vdkufemay;&onfhtjyif tkyfpdk;ol.qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; tm%moufa&muf&onf[k oDtdk&Du
qdkonf? ESpfoufp&mwcsufawmh&Sdonf? tkyfpdk;olonf w&m;0ifa&G;aumufyGJudk tpDtpOfusepGmjyKvkyfI
tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;jcif; jzpfonf?
odk@aomf tm%m&Sifpepf&SdaomEdkifiHwGif tkyfpdk;ol.qHk;jzwfcsufjzifhom a&G;aumufyJG
usif;ywwfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk uwifwGufcsufjyD;jzpfonf? xdkodk@aom
a&G;aumufyGJrsKd;udk rormaomenf;jzifh pDpOfusif;yonfh tm%m&Sifrsm;teuf jrefrmEdkifiHrS AdkvfcsKyfae0if;
ESifh ZifbmabGEdkifiHrS a&mbwfrl*gab;wdk@udk erlemtjzpf jy&ayrnf? wcgw&H a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk
tm%m&Sifwdk@ twGuftcsufrSm;jyD; usif;ywwfonf? vdkcsifonfhtwdkif; jzpfvmatmif uwifrpDpOfyJ
vnf; usif;ywwfonf? Oyrmqdkv#if 1990ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJY &_H;edrfhoGm;cJhaom jrefrm ppftpdk;& jzpfonf?
wdk@udk,fwdkif =uD;=uyfonfh a&G;aumufyGJ jzpfaomfvnf; twGuftcsufrSm;I rar#mfvifhyJ &_H;edrfhcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? wkefv_yfacsmufcsm;oGm;aom jrefrmppftpdk;&onf rJay;olwdk@.qENtwdkif; vufcHvdkufavsmay;
&rnfhtpm; a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk jiif;y,fI twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;awmhonf?
wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%myHkpHudk jynfolvlxku atmifhoufoufjzifh rjzpfrae vufcH
&onf? xdkodk@ vufcHjyDqdkrS tm%mydkiftpdk;&u oufjyif;csEdkifonf? wdk@tm; tkyfcsKyfcH jynfolvlxku
rESpfjrdhKaomfvnf; trdef@twdkif; tnHhcHvdkufavsmvdkufaoma=umifhom tm%m&Siftzdk@ tm%m&aejcif;
jzpfonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&onf wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%mjzifh tkyfcsKyf&mwGif jynfolvlxktm;
twif;t=uyf jcdrf;ajcmufaoG;aqmifjcif;udk w&m;0ifvkyfydkifcGifh &Sdaomenf;vrf;jzpfonf[k ,lqxm;onf?
ESpfq,f&mpkESpftwGif; wOD;wnf;ydkifEdkifiHa&;tm%monf us,fjyef@pGm xGef;um;cJhonf?
xif&Sm;aom tm%m&SifwOD;rSm 1930ESifh1940 0ef;usifESpfrsm;rS qdkAD,uf,leD,Hacgif;aqmif *sKd;quf
12

pwmvif jzpfonf? .tm%m wnfjrJr_udk jcdrf;ajcmufvmonf [kqdkum vloef;aygif;ESpfq,feD;yg;

avmufudk uGyfrsufcJhonf? tm%m&Sif pwmvifa=umifh aoqHk;&olwdk@rSm 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; emZD
*smreD. ppf'%fa=umifh aoqHk;&olwdk@avmufeD;eD;xdatmifyif rsm;jym;vGef;vSonf?
t=urf;rzufqef@usiftHwkenf;jzifh tm%m&Sifpepfudk tm;enf;oGm;atmif/ xdk@aemuf
z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifatmif vkyfI&onf? OD;pGm t=urf;rzuf qef@usiftHwkvdkolonf wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;
tm%m. 0g'rd_if;rsm;rS &kef;xGuf&ygrnf? jyD;rS tm%m&Sifu vufawG@wGif tm%mudk rnfodk@ jzef@usuf
toHk;csaeonfudk aumif;aumif;oabmaygufvmatmif avhvmpl;prf;&ygrnf?
EdkifiHa&;pepfajymif;vJ&ef =uHq=u&mwGif tm%m&Sifrsm; tm%m&&SdyHk/ xdef;csKyfyHkESifh
wdk@.tm%mpuf oufa&mufyHkudk ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzm oHk;oyf&onf? xdktcg wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%m
yHkpHudkavhvmygu toHk;wnfhrnf[k vrf;n$ef&ygvdrfhrnf? avhvmolwdk@onf wdusjywfom;pGm v_yf&Sm;
Edkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;rdvmygrnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ar#mfrSef;=uolrsm;taejzifh wOD;wnf;ydkif
EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpHudk odae&efta&;=uD;onf? xdk@aemuf vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif trsm;ydkif
tm%m [kac:aom tjcm;vrf;n$efyHkpHwckjzifhtpm;xdk;ygu ydkrdkatmifjrifEdkifayrnf? trsm;ydkiftm%mrSm
EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk&&ef vG,foavmuf wr[kwfcsif; qHk;&SHK;oGm;Edkifonfh yHkpHjzpf+yD; wOD;wnf;ydkiftm%mESifh
vHk;0 jcm;em;onf?

trsm;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpH

tm%m.obm0udk em;vnf&eftaxmuftulyaom 'kwd,yHkpHrSm a'gufwm*sif;&Syf.
&nfn$ef;csuft& trsm;ydkifEdkifiHa&;tm%m jzpfonf? xdyfqHk;rSwOD;wnf; tm%mudk csKyfudkifxm;aom
wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%myHkpHESifh tawmfjcm;em;onf? trsm;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk ,Hk=unfcsufrwl
olrsm;/ vdktyfcsufrwlolrsm; a&maxG;aexdkif=uaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u ydkifqdkifxm;onf? vltrsm;pku
ydkifqdkifonfjzpfI rnfonfhtcgrS tcdkiftcef@ xdef;rxm;Edkifaom EdkifiHa&;tm%m jzpfonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;twGif; aexdkifolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m. rlvydkif&Sifrsm; jzpf=ujyD;
tkyfpdk;olonf jynfol.cGifhycsuft&om tm%mudkoHk;pGJcGifh&onf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfolu oabmwl
axmufcHjyD; yg0ifyl;aygif;ay;rSom w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfcGifh tm%m&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?
wOD;wnf;ydkif tm%myHkpHudk usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&ESifhjynfolwdk@ oabmwlyl;aygif;&mwGif
jynfolwdk@u pdwfqENtavsmuf vkyfaqmifay;jcif;&SdouJhodk@ t=uyfudkifaoG;aqmifcH&jcif;rsKd;vnf; &Sdwwf
onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS tcsKd@olwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk pdwf0ifpm;r_ r&Sdaoma=umifh qef@usif
oifhovm;/ axmufcHoifhovm; qdkonfudk pOf;pm;raeawmhyJ jyD;pvG,faxmufcHwwf=uonf? "avhxHk;pH
t& zGJ@pnf;xm;=uaom tcsKd@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif aemufvdkufwdk@u tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk vufrcHcsifaomf
vnf; acgif;aqmifwdk@. qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif;om vdkufemay;&jcif;rsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfapumrl trsm;ydkifEdkifiHa&;tm%myHkpH. ta&;ygaomtcsufrSm jynfolu
ydkifqdkifaom EdkifiHa&; tm%mudk vltrsm;pk.axmufcHr_jzifh tpdk;&tm; ay;tyfxm;Edkifonf? jynfolu
tm%mudk xdef;csKyfuef@owfvdkufjcif;a=umifh tpdk;&tm; oabmrusv#if jynfolwdk@u rddrdwdk@oabmwl
axmufcHr_udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;jcif;jzifh xdktpdk;&udk zwfcs EdkifcGifh &Sdaeonf?

EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;
a'gufwm*sif;&Syf.tqdkt& EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf (6)ckonf trsm;ydkifEdkifiHa&;tm%m.
obm0udk em;vnfEdkifa&;twGuf t"duusonf? ,if;wdk@udk tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vlr_taqmufttHkrsm;wGif
13

awG@&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk xdef;csKyfyHk/ =oZmjzef@usufyHk/ tm;enf;apyHk tp&Sdonfwdk@udk acgif;pOfrsm;

cGJI qufvuf aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%m
Zpfjrpfrsm;
=oZmwduUr

vlom;
t&if;tjrpf

wwfodynm

oabmw&m;
a&;&m

&kyf0wK
t&if;tjrpf

jypf'%f

(1) =oZmwduUr (Authority)

tm%mydkifonf[kqdk&mwGif tajccHtm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhESifh tkyfcsKKyfcH&olwdk@. emcH
vdkufavsmr_udk &,ljcif;jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyf&ef tm%mydkifqdkifcGifh &Sda=umif;udk a&G;aumufyJ&G v'fjzifh
todtrSwf ywwfonf? odk@jzpfI tm%m&Siftrsm;pkonf twif;t"rR a&G;aumufyGJ yvkyfI jcdrf;ajcmuf
rJxnfhcdkif;jcif;jzpfonf? twdkuftcHwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk uef@owfonf? wdk@&H_;v#if 0efcHjcif;r&Sd&Hkru
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'ftwdkif; taumiftxnfazmfay;&efvnf; jiif;qefonf?
rnfonhftpdk;&rqdk Oya't& w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh (Legitimacy)udk tvGef@tvGef
ta&;=uD;onf[k oabmxm;=uonf? tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfyHku tajccHOya'xufydkI tm%mydkifqdkifr_
vGefuJoGm;v#if (odk@) w&m;vnf;r0if vufcHEdkifp&mvnf;r&Sad om tpdk;&w&yf jzpfoGm;v#if EdkifiHwGif;ESifh
EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;Y vufrcHEdkif=uojzifh xdktpdk;&rsm;tzdk@ qdk;qdk;0g;0g; =uHKawG@vmEdkifp&m&Sdonf?
tpdk;&tzdk@ jynfwGif;Y qHk;&H;epfemr_rsm; &SdEdkifonf? tpdk;&onf vlxk. w&m;0if
todtrSwfyr_udk qHk;&H;oGm;v#if Ttcsufonf EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHwdk@tm; vlxku w&m;0if
todtrSwfy&ef t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfvmzG,f&Sdonf? tpdk;&onf vlxktusKd;udko,fydk;ygrnf qdkaom
vlr_a&;oabmwlnDcsufu tpdk;&ESifhjynfol=um;wGif tvdkvdk&SdjyD;om;jzpfonf? tu,fI tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&taejzifh tajccHOya'wGifyg&Sdonfhtwdkif; rvkyfaqmifEdkifygu tqdkygvlr_a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk
azmufzsuf&ma&mufonf[k twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;ygwDrS vlod&Sif=um; a=unmvmawmhrnfjzpfonf? xdktcg
jynfolwdk@u tpdk;&trdef@twdkif; vdkufem/ axmufcH/ yl;aygif;ay;ae&jcif;wdk@udk &yfqdkif;&ef tajccH
ta=umif;&if; jzpfvmayrnf?
tpdk;&onf Oya't& w&m;0if&yfwnfydkifcGifh qHk;&_H;v#if EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rS
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& jypf'%fcwf ydwfqdk@ta&;,lcH&zdk@ &Sdaumif;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;t&
oydwfarSmufcH&jcif;jzifh tqdkygtpdk;&onf tiftm;csdeJ@vmEdkifonf? awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif tom;
ta&mifcGJjcm;aom vljzLtpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@rSm xdkodk@ta&;,lcH&onf? udkvdkeDb0
rSvGwfajrmufvmaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. jAdwdo# "eo[m, EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@u 2002ckESpfwGif ZifbmabG
EdkifiHtm; tpnf;ta0;odk@rzdwf=um;yJ EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;,lcJhzl;onf?
xdk@jyif tm%m&Siftpdk;&u qdk;0g;pGm azmufjyefvmaomtcgrsKd;wGif twdkuftcH'Drdkua&pD
tkyfpkrsm;onf bma&;ESifhpdwf"gwfa&;&m tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm;udk jyifyrS ydkrdk&vmzdk@&Sdonf? odk@aomf
xdkodk@aom EdkifiHwum axmufcHtm;ay;&Hkr#jzifh tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk wcgrSjzKwfrcsEdkifao;yg? tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&udk ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfaomfvnf; tpdk;&xuf jynfoludk ydkrdkxdcdkufapv#ifrl qdk;usKd;om tzwfwif
ayvdrfhrnf?

14

(2) vlom;t&if;tjrpf (Human Resources)

tm%mydkifwdk@tm; axmufcHI yl;aygif;vdkufavsmay;jcif;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;& &yfwnf
a&;twGuf ta&;ygaomtcef;u jzpfonf? odk@aomf jynfoltrsm;pku wufvmonfhacgif;aqmifudk
rESpfoufv#if xdktpdk;& =udrf;aoywfus&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg? avmavmq,f xdktpdk;&ywfuszdk@ jzpfEdkif
avmufonf[kom qdkvdkonf? ordkif;a=umif; jyef=unfhv#if tm%m&SifESifh taygif;ygvlenf;pkwdk@u
tkyfcsKyfcH jynfoltrsm;pkudk rnSmrwmzdESdyf&ufpufcJhonfrsm; jynfhv#Haeonf? tjcm;wbufwGifrl
tm%m&Sifudk tHwkqef@usifolrsm;tm; vlxku wuf=uGpGm axmufcHyl;aygif;ray;v#if t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_udk r[mAsL[mcsrSwfI tpGrf;ukef vkyfaqmifonfhwdkif atmifjrifrnfr[kwfay? 'Drdkua&pDta&;
v_yf&Sm;&mwGif jynfol trsm;pk yg0ifvm&ef tvGefta&;=uD;onf?
(3) wwfodynm (Skills and Knowledge)
,ae@acwfwGif wdkif;jynfwck. tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHonf ,ciftcgrsm;xuf ydkrdk &_yfaxG;vm
aeonf? ESpfq,fwpf&mpktpwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk.orRwonf urBmay:wGif tiftm;t=uD;rm;qkH;
acgif;aqmifjzpfonf[k trsm;u ,lqonf? odk@aomf xdkyk*~dKvfonf av,mOfysHrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;/ av,mOf
c&D;pOfrsm; ponfwdk@. &_yfaxG;aom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ta=umif;/ a&a=umif;Oya'rsm;udk xdef;odrf;
uGyfuJjcif;/ &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;/ wdkufyJ0G if enf;AsL[mrsm;a&;qGJjcif;/
tpm;taomufrsm; jzef@csdjcif;/ qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm; wnfaqmuftoHk;jyKjcif;ESihf tjcm; u|rf;usifr_
qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; ta=umif;wdk@udk *Ce% odrnfr[kwfyg? odae&efvnf; rvdkyg? vdk&if;tcsufrSm tpdk;&
taeESifh tqdkyg wwfodu|rf;usifr_wdk@udk tv$maygif;pHkyg0ifaom jynfolrsm;xHrS &,ltoHk;csEdkif&ef
jzpfonf? xdkodk@ r&&Sdv#if xdktpdk;& ywfus&efom&Sdawmhonf?

(4) oabmw&m;a&;&m (Intangible factors)

oabmw&m;a&;&m.ta&;ygyHkudk wdkif;wm&efcufcJonf? bmoma&;cH,lcsufrsm;/
tnHhcHvdkufavsmay;r_/ vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwf/ ,Ofaus;r_"avhp&dkuf tp&Sdonfh awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&;
oabmw&m;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;olESifh jynfolt=um; qufqHa&;yHkpHwck jzpfonf?
Oyrmwckjyygrnf? ordkif;wGif ya'o&mZfacwf[lI ay:xGef;cJhzl;.? xdkacwfwGif tcsKd@
EdkifiHrsm;Y bk&if qdkonfrSm bk&m;ocif.udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf vl@avmuodk@a&muf&Sdvmol jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifuJhodk@ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k tm;vHk;u ,kH=unfcJh=uonf? bk&ifhtrdef@udk remcHjcif;onf bk&m;
ociftm; tHwkjcif;jzpfonfqdkaom oabmw&m; &SdcJh=uonf? *syefEdkifiHwGif {u&mZfbk&iftm; bk&m;
ocif tjzpf udk;uG,fcJh=ujcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? xdkoabmw&m;rsKd;&SdaecsdefwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk wnfaqmufzdk@
rjzpfEdkifyg? tpOfwpdkuf&SdaecJhaom EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk (21)&mpktul;wGif tpPvrfbmoma&;ESifh aygif;pyf
onfh tpdk;&yHkpHrsKd; EdkifiHtcsKd@Y xGufay:vmonf?
olydkifypPnf; jzpfvdk@ ol@udkay;&onf [laom oabmw&m;u vHk;0tm;aumif;aeonfh
wdkif olydkifypPnf; trSefwu,f [kwfr[kwf qdkonfudkrl OD;pGmaqG;aEG;&ygrnf? ukefukefajym&v#if tkyfpdk;ol
tpdk;&wGif&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;tm%m qdkonfrSm jynfolvlxkxHrS ta=uG;,lxm;jcif;omjzpfonf[k
'Drdkua&pDjrwfEdk;olwdk@u ,Hk=unfxm;&ayvdrfhrnf?

(5) &kyf0wK t&if;tjrpf (Material Resources)

EdkifiHa&;wGif vkyfief;aqmifwmtrsm;pkudk tca=u;aiGay;I cdkif;apEdkif=uonf? yk*~vdu
pD;yGm;a&;tjyif tjcm;ydkifqdkifr_rsm;/ obm0o,HZmwrsm;/ qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; vkyfief;
15

rsm;udk vlxku&Edkifoavmuf xdef;csKyfxm;zdk@vdkonf? Tenf;jzifh tpdk;&udk pdwfxifwdkif; rtkyfcsKyfEdkif

ap&ef uef@owf&ygrnf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHwGif&Sdor# ajr,mtm;vHk;udk tpdk;&uom pdwfuufvuf0g;=uD;tkyf
ydkifqdkifxm;v#if xdkajr,mrsm;udk trDSyvkyfudkif pm;aomuf&oltm;vHk;onf tpdk;&.vufckyfxJrSa& jzpf
oGm;&ayrnf? xdkenf;wlpGm tpdk;&rS owif;rSefor# jzwfawmufydwfqdk@xm;v#if pme,fZif;avmuom;
wdk@rSm tpdk;&. =udK;qGJcH &kyfao;&kyfrsm;om jzpfvm&ayrnf?
a&eHuJhodk@aom avmifpmpGrf;tifrsm;udk EdkifiHydkifvkyfxm;onfh wdkif;jynfrsm;rS tpdk;&
wdk@onf jynfol@xHrS&aom tcGefaiGudk odyfrrDScdkvSyg? jynfol@xHrS tcGefraumufyJ &yfwnfEdkifojzifh
tpdk;&onf A[dkrS tm%mxdef;csKyf&ef vG,fuloGm;onfhtcsufudk owdytyfonf?

(6) jypf'%f (Sanctions)

tpdk;&onf Oya'/ pnf;rsOf;/ trdef@rsm;udk xkwfjyefI jynfolvlxkudk axmufcHvdkufem
aponf? tcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif tm%mydkifwdk@u jcdrf;ajcmufaoG;aqmifwwfonf? jynfolu rwwf
omyJ vkyfay;&onfvnf;&Sdonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltm; tvGeftu|H tjypfray;rdatmif
uef@owfzdk@vdkonf? tjypfay;onfqdkjcif;rSm vufrcHEdkifaomtytrlrsm;udk wm;qD;&HkomjzpfI vdktyfonfh
yrm%mtwdkif;omjzpf&ygrnf? aemifusOfatmif jypf'%fcwf&efqdkjyD; uGyfrsufjcif;/ zrf;qD;tusOf;csjcif;rsKd;
uJhodk@ tvGeftu|H tpGef;a&muf jyif;xefpGm tjypfay;Ir&yg?
jynfolwdk@tm; xda&mufpGm ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfjcif;jzifh aemufqHk; tm%m&SifxH 'l;axmuf
tnHhcHvdkufavsmvmatmif tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u vkyfwwfavh&Sdonf? tvkyfvkyfcGifhryjcif;/ tvkyfrS
xkwfy,fjcif;/ tjidrf;pm;cHpm;cGifh &kyfodrf;jcif;/ ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydwfjcif;/ &mxl;wdk;ray;jcif;/ c&D;
oGm;vmcGifh uef@owfjcif; (EdkifiHul;vufrSwf tp&Sdonfwdk@ xkwfray;jcif;)/ ta&;ygaom ydkifqdkifr_rsm;tay:
tcGefaumufjcif;/ a&jzwfjcif;ESifh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? tm%m&SifEdkifiHtcsKd@wGif tpdk;&onf yHkESdyf
xkwfa0a&;/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh toHv$ifhvkyfief;vdkifpifrsm;udk csKyfudkifxm;onf? wdk@ rvdkcsifv#if ydwfypf
vdkufEdkifonf? odk@jzpfI yk*~vdu pme,fZif; rD'D,morm;wdk@u rdrdwdk@zmom owif;jzwfawmuf ydwfqdk@
ay;ae&onf? xdkodk@aom ydwfqdk@ jypf'%fcwfr_rsKd;rSm ae&mwdkif;yif jzpfonf?
tpdk;&wdkif;u jynfolvlxktay: ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfonfomjzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
vlr_a&; azmufjyefjcif;rsm;udk wm;qD;&eftwGufjzpfonf? odk@aomf tm%m&Siftpdk;&url xdkodk@r[kwfyg?
wdk@vdkcsifaom EdkifiHa&;yHkpHudk vlxktm; twif;t"rR vdkufemapvdkaomtcg/ jynfolwdk@ EdkifiHa&; rvkyf
Edkifatmif EdSyfuGyfonfhtcgrsm;wGif jynfolvlxktm; &uf&ufpufpuf ydwfqdk@ jypf'%fcwfavh&Sdonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh emZD*smreDonf ppfwyfu odrf;ydkufxm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif ajratmuf
v_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfvmEdkifonfrsm;udk wm;qD;&efqdk+yD; t&yfzufjynfolwdk@tm; tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf ydwfqdk@
jypf'%fcwfcJhonf? tpkvdkuftyHvdkuf ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfavh&Sdaom tpPa&;tpdk;&u xdkodk@vkyf&onfudk
(21)&mpkodk@ul;ajymif;csdefwGif 0efcHcJh+yD; t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkwm;qD;&eftwGuf[k ta=umif;jycJhonf?
vlwOD;csif;pD.tytrlrsm;udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf rqdkifolrsm;udkygqGJxnfhjyD; tjypfay;jcif;
onf vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmuf&ma&mufojzifh vufcHEdkifp&mr&Sdyg? xdkodk@tpkvdkuftyHvdkuf ydwfqdk@jypf'%f
cwfjcif;/ uGyfrsufjcif;jzifhvnf; tm%m&Siftpdk;&u ar#mfvifhawmifhwxm;ovdk trSefwu,f tusKd;
jzpfxGef;vm&efr&Sdyg? cH&oltm; &efjidK;xm; vufwkef@jyef&ef oEMdXmefcsay;vdkufovdkom jzpfapEdkifonf?

16

tESpfcsKyf
tcef;(1)onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk yHkpHESpfrsKd;cGJI azmfjyonf? wOD;wnf;ydki EdkifiHa&;
tm%myHkpHwGif tm%mudk rajymif;rvJEdkifatmif cdkifcef@pGm wnfaqmufxm;onf? jynfolu tkyfpdk;olxH
rSDcdk&onf? trsm;ydkifEdkifiHa&; tm%myHkpHonf wOD;wnf;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%m yHkpHESifhtawmfyifjcm;em;onf?
tkyfpdk;olu jynfolxHrDScdk&onf?
tkyfpdk;oltm;axmufyHhxm;&aom EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm; &Sdonf? ,if;wdk@udk tkyfpdk;ol
xHrS jyefvnfodrf;,lvdkufv#if ol.t&nftcsif;oufoufjzifh tkyfpdk;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tpdk;&ESifh
ywfoufonfjzpfjzpf rywfoufonfjzpfjzpf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vlr_taqmufttHkrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;tm%m
Zpfjrpfrsm; &Sdaeonf?
tpdk;&. ae@pOfvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk cGifhy/ xdef;odrf;ay;onfh wnfaqmufr_ ,EW&m;
trsKd;rsKd;udk xdktpdk;&tm; taxmuftulyaeaom axmufwdkifrsm;[k ac:onf? (tcef;2-taxmuf
tuly axmufwdkifrsm;wGif=unfhyg?) twdkuftcHbufwGifvnf; taxmuftuly axmufwdkifrsm; vdktyf
onf? ta&;ygaomaxmufwdkifrsm; cHEdkif&nfr&SdawmhyJ tm;enf;oGm;v#if taqmuftODrsm; ydusouJhodk@
tpdk;&jzpfap/ twdkuftcHjzpfap ywfusonf?
--------- 000---------

17

tcef; (2)
taxmuftuly axmufwdkifrsm;
aus;Zl;yjyD; usrudkajymyg? &Sifh&J@cGeftm;awG b,frSm&SdaevJ/ &SifhcGeftm;awGa=umifh &SifhrSm
jy\em jzpfae&wmyJ [k 'vdkif;vmu qrfqGefudk ajymonf?
[Db&l;- Judges, 16:6
EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf ajcmufrsKd;onf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vlr_taqmufttHkrsm;Y a&maxG;
aygif;pyfvsuf yg0ifaea=umif; jyD;cJhaomtcef;(1)wGif aqG;aEG;cJhjyD;jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf;/ vlr_
taqmufttHkrsm;rS taxmuftul yay;Edkifaom EdkifiHa&;tm%mjzifh tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfonf?
rnfonfhtpdk;&rqdk rnfonfhtwdkuftcHrqdk tjcm;aomt&mrsm;xuf tqdkyg axmufwdkifrsm;udk rDScdk
tm;y&onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&onf twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. axmufwdkifrsm; us,fjyef@
tm;aumif;jcif; r&SdEdkifatmif uef@owfEdkifzdk@ u;yrf;onf? AsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk qifEJ$
aomtcg axmufwdkifrsm;rS rnfodk@taxmuftulay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk t"du tm&HkpdkufI pDpOffv_yf&Sm;
&onf?

taxmuftuly axmufwdkifrsm;
tpdk;&udk t=urf;rzufqef@usifv_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfh r[mAsL[mudk pwif=uHqaomtcg
EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk taxmuftulyaeonfhaxmufwdkifrsm; wnf&Sdae=umif; odxm;&efESifh ,if;wdk@udk
ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf&ef tajccHtm;jzifh vdktyfonf? tm%m&Sif. axmufwdkifrsm; tm;enf;I tpGrf;
rxufawmhojzifh ydrusrD EdkifiHa&; yjyifajymif;vJr_ (odk@) tpdk;& tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef qdkonfrSm rqdk
pavmufom tvm;tvm&Sdonf? odk@jzpfI tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; qef@usiftHwk&ef t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifqifEJo
$ lwdk@onf vlr_taqmufttHkESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ta&;ygt&ma&mufyHkudk txl;
tm&Hkpl;pdkufxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
&J
ppfwyf

tef*st
D dk

bmoma&;
toif;tzGJ@

t&yfzuf
0efxrf;

axmufwdkifrsm;

tvkyform;

rD'D,m

vli,f

yk*v
~ u
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pD;yGm;a&;

18

(1) &JwyfzGJ@
&J[lonf jynfoludk umuG,fay;&ef/ jynfo@l tusKd;udk o,fydk;&efjzpfonf qdkaom
aqmifyk'fjzifh urBmw0Srf;&Sd &Jpcef;trsm;pku vlxkodatmif0g'jzef@onf? odk@aomf jynfolvlxkonf &Jrsm;.
umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;r_/ jynfol@tusKd;o,fydk;r_udk tjrJwrf; r&&Sdyg? ykvdyf [lonf &mxl;t&Sdeft0gjzifh
vmbfpm;aeonfh tm%m&Sifvl&rf;um; tpdk;&tm; t"du umuG,fay;aeonfh tpdk;&vufudkifwkwf
omjzpfa=umif; vlxku tjrJvdkvdk jrifawG@=um;odae&onf?
tm%mydkifwdk@u &mxl;t&Sdeft0goHk;I vmbfpm;aeojzifh yjyifajymif;vJ&ef rjzpfEdkif[k
ajymIr&? odk@aomf tpdk;&tajymif;tvJrvkyfoa&G@ tcufcJqHk;jzpfaernfrSm txl;taxGpOf;pm;p&mrvdkyg?
'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrS &Jpcef;rsm;rSmyif vmbfpm;r_ &Sdaeygu twdkifcH&olavmufudkom ta&;,lEdkifao;onf?
vlxkESifhxdawG@aeaom atmufajctqifh&Sd &Jrsm;. tytrludk xdyyf dkif;&Jt&m&Sdwdk@yif =oZmtm%moHk;jyD;
xdef;&efrvG,fvSay? a'owcktwGif;&Sd wm0efus (a&G;aumufcH) t&m&Sdtm; a'ocHjynfolwdk@u xdef;odrf;
udkifwG,fEdkifrSom xdkolonf vufatmuf&Sd &Jpcef;ESifh ywfoufaeonfh jynfol@udpPt00udk wm0ef,l
ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? okd@rSom tqdkyg&Jpcef;tay: vlxku tjrif&Sif;&Sif;xm;Edkif=urnfjzpfonf? jynfolwdk@
txl;*&kwpdkufjzifh tav;teufxm;oifhaom tcsufjzpfonf?
&J0efxrf;wdk@. cH,lcsufESifh tytrlrsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmapzdk@ jynfolvlxktaejzifh
tpdk;& tajymif;tvJ jzpfvm&eftxd apmifhp&mrvdkyg? &J0efxrf;ESifhqdkifaomudpP tenf;i,fudkom
pOf;pm;&efvdkonf?
yxrtcsufrSm &J0efxrf;wdk@onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh wm0efxrf;aqmifaomae&m&Sd
jynfolvlxk=um;Y a&maxG;aexdkif=uaoma=umifh olwdk@. rdom;pk/ aqGrsKd;/ taygif;toif; rdwfaqGwdk@rSm
ausmif;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ bmoma&;toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ &yfa&;&Gma&;udpPrsm;ESifh qufpyfae&onf?
odk@jzpfI &J0efxrf;wdk@onf jynfolESifhrjcm;em;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm; jzpfaeonf? odk@aomf a'ocH
vlxktm; tm%m&Sifwdk@u tpdk;&qef@usifa&;vkyfonfh &mZ0wfom;/ axmufvSrf;a&;/ t=urf;zuform;
pojzifh pm&if;oGif;vdkufv#if tm%m&Siftpdk;&. tqdkyg 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;twdkif; &J0efxrf;wdk@u rv$Jra&Smif
omyJ vdkufvkyfay;&awmhonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; *smrefwyfrsm; vufatmufodk@ usa&mufpOf ckcHcJh=uaom aemfa0
EdkifiHom;wdk@tm; a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu okawoevkyfcJhonf? a'ocHaemfa0&Jrsm;onf *smrefwyfrsm;tay:
opPm&SdpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifay;ae=u&onf? oHo,&Sdol aemfa0EdkifiHom;wOD;tm; zrf;awmhrnfqdkv#if
aemfa0&Jrsm;u xdkol. rdom;pkrsm;udk t&ifqufoG,fjyD; &Jt&m&Sdrsm; vmzrf;Edkifrnfh ae@&uf tcsdef
twdtus azmfjycdkif;wwfonf? tm%m&SifemZD*smrefwdk@.trdef@udk aemfa0&Jrsm;u rv$Jra&SmifomyJvkyfay;
cJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
'kwd,tcsufrSm tm%m&Sif.trdef@twdkif; wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom &J0efxrf;wdk@tm;
rsm;aomtm;jzifh jynfol@&efol[k rowfrSwf&efvdkonf? xdkolwdk@rSm ratmifjrifaompepfwck. 0efxrf;
rsm;jzpfonf? pepfudkom tjypfwif&ayrnf? xdkpepfudkom tpm;xdk;&efvdkonf? &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfI
*k%foduQm&Sdol axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &J0efxrf;wdk@. tawG@t=uHKESifh u|rf;usifr_wdk@rSm 'Drdkua&pD
todkif;t0dkif;wGif trSefwu,f&Sd&ef vdktyfojzifh z,f&Sm;Ir&yg? xdkolwdk@ae&mwGif tawG@t=uHKESifh
u|rf;usifr_r&Sdao;aomolwdk@jzifh tpm;xdk;Ivnf; r&yg? trSefpifppf &J0efxrf;tcsKd@udkom vlowfr/_
ESdyfpufnSif;yef;r_/ vk,ufr_ponfh &mZ0wfr_wckckjzifh tav;teuf ta&;,l&ef vdktyfonf? &J0efxrf;
tm;vHk;ESifh rqdkifa=umif;odxm;&ayrnf?

19

(2) ppfwyf
ppfwyfonf tm%mwnfjrJaea&;twGuf toHk;cscH&ojzifh tm%m&Sif. vl&if;rsm;
jzpfonf[k txifcH&onf? jynfol@=um;wGif a&maxG;aexdkifaom &J0efxrf;rsm;ESifhrwlonfrmS ppfwyfwGif
wyfydkiftdrf,m/ aps;/ aq;&HkESifh ausmif;rsm;&SdjyD; ppfwyfESifh wdk@rdom;pkrsm;rSm vlxkESifhoD;jcm; aexdkifI
&onf? xdkodk@cGJjcm;aeojzifh ppfwyfESifh t&yfzufjynfolwdk@. qufqHa&;wdk;wufr_udk [ef@wm;aeovdk
&Sdonf?
tpdk;&onf jynfolESifh EdkifiHa&;t& xdyfwku
d f&ifqdkifrdaomtcg t=urf;zufESdrfESif;&ef
twGuf ppfwyfudk toHk;cs&ef cyfvG,fvG,fyif qHk;jzwfavh&Sdonf? Oyrm 1988ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vlxktHk=uGr_
ESifh 1989ckESpf w&kwfEdkifiH wD,efeefrif ta&;tcif;wGif tpdk;&wdk@u tcif;jzpfyGm;&mESifh teD;qHk;a'orsm;rS
ppfwyfrsm;udk apv$wfESdrfESif;cdkif;onf? xdkodk@aomtajctaewGif ppfwyfonf &JESifh tjcm;vufeufufdkifwyf
rsm;xuf ydktm;udk;&onf/ ydkIjidrf0yfatmif ESdrfESif;Edkifonf[k tpdk;&u ,lqaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tcsKd@
EdkifiHrsm;wGif ypfcwfESdrfESif;&eftwGuf t"du&k%f;&Jrsm;udk txl;avhusifhay;jyD; vufeuftjynfhtpHk wyfqif
xm;=uonf?
tpdk;&tm; qef@usifqENjyaom jynfolvlxktm; ppfwyfrS 0ifa&mufypfcwfESdrfESif;r_
avsmhenf;oGm;atmif xdktpdk;&u qHk;jzwfcsufrcsrD vlxku pepfwus uwifjyifqifxm;&ygrnf? t"du
tcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif ppfom;rsm;ESifh olwdk@.rdom;pkrsm;tzdk@ pdk;&drfp&mr&Sda=umif;/ ppfom;yDool
rSefv#if rddrdwdk@tem*wf pdwfcs&Edkifa=umif; oabmayguf vufcHvmatmif todynmjzef@jzL;a&;udk
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ xda&mufatmif uwifaqmif&Gufxm;zdk@jzpfonf?
vlxkqENjyyGJudk ppfwyfu rnfodk@wkef@jyefvmrnfqdkonfrSm ppfom;wa,muf.cH,lcsuf/
rdrdudk,fudk wefzdk;xm;yHk/ acgif;aqmifr_u|rf;usifydkifEdkifyHkwdk@tay: rlwnfonf? rdrdwdk@onf rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdol/
opPm&Sdol/ EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ rvdkvm;olrsm;jzpfonf[k ppfAdkvfwdk@u a,bl,s cH,l=uonf? xdkokd@aom
ppfom;yDor_rsm;a=umifh wcgw&H EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufvm&aomtcg txufn$ef=um;csufudk rnfodk@r#
pOf;pm;raeawmhyJ rsufpdpHkrSdwfI axmufcHypfwwf=uonf?
[pfwvm.vufatmuf&Sd ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; rxm;&SdyJ
acgif;aqmif.qENtwdkif;om ppfa&;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifwwf=uonf[k od&onf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;.
t"duta=umif;&if;rSm olwdk@.acgif;aqmif [pfwvmonf tajccHOya't& 0ef=uD;csKyfjzpfonf/ emZD
*smreDwGif t}uD;qHk;ygwD.acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf/ xdk@a=umifh w&m;0iftkyfpdk;oljzpfonf[k ppfAdkvfcsKyf
rsm;u ,lqaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
jynfolrsm;udk ppfwyfrSacsr_ef;vmrnfhta&;udk uef@owfay;Edkifonfh t"dutcsufrSm
ppfwyftodkif;t0dkif;Y 'Drdkua&pD. cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk tqifajyajy aygif;pyfay;Edkifzdk@jzpfonf?
aemufwcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufwGif ppfwyfonf ta&;ygaomtcef;Y
&Sdaernfudk ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; od&Sdxm;apjcif;jzpfonf? tqdkyg tawG;tac:ESpf&yfudk jrSifhwiftm;ay;
Edkif&ef tcsdef vdktyfonf? av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;vkyfaqmif&ef vdkonf?
2000ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGifjzpfcJhaom ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpk.
qmAD;,m; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom tpdk;&qef@usifqENjyolrsm;u ygvDref
taqmuftODudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufEdkifcJh=uonf? vltaotaysmuf r&Sdoavmuf jzpfonf? (ESvHk;a&m*g
jzifh aoqHk;olwOD;/ ,mOfwdkufcdkufr_jzifh aoqHk;olwOD; pkpkaygif;ESpfOD;om&Sdonf?) qmAD;,m; t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrif&onhf ta&;ygaomta=umif;&if;rSm ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;udpw
P Gif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;
ry&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdkodk@qHk;jzwfEdkifonfrSm 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_onf atmifjrif&ef
vrf;prsm; ododomom&SdvmaejyD; tu,fI orRw rDvdkqJApf (Slobodan Milosevic) ywfusoGm;
onfhtcg rdrdwdk@wm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf;aqmifEdkif=uOD;rnfudk ppfwyfu odae=uaoma=umif;jzpfonf?
20

(3) t&yfzuf0efxrf;
t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;rSm c%c% raumif;ajymcH&/ avSmifajymifcH&/ txifao;cH&
wwfonf? tpdk;& t&m&Sd=uD;rsm;onf jcHckefwwfolrsm;jzpfonf[v
k nf; wcgw&H txifcH&onf? odk@aomf
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwdk@rSm tqdkyg t&yfzuf0efxrf; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@r&SdyJ r&yfwnfEdkifyg?
t&yfzuf0efxrf;wdk@onf txufn$ef=um;csuftwdkif;vkyfonf? vkyfief;cGif u|rf;usifr_
&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;udk tEW&m,fyEdkifzG,f&mr&Sdonfh tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfaeolrsm;jzpf=uonf? olwdk@onf
txuftrdef@rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfay;&onf? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; xkwf&onf? tqHk;tjzwf
ay;&onf? tcGefaiG aumufay;&onf? &-oHk;pm&if;rsm;
ypkay;&onf? oif=um;ydk@csay;&onf?
axmifaomif;csjyD;&Sdaeaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pepfwus rSwfwrf;y&onf? tpdk;&,EW&m; vnfywffa&;
twGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk 0,f,lay;&onf? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk }uD;=uyf
pDpOf&onf? oHwrefa&;&mudpPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&onf? trSefpifppf tpdk;&. vkyfief;aqmifwmtm;vHk;udk
vkyfay;ae&jcif; jzpfonf? rnfonfhtpdk;&rS t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;r&SdyJ tpdk;&,EW&m;udk rvkyfaqmifEdkifyg?
tpdk;&ajymif;vJ&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD yjyifajymif;vJr_ zefwD;Edkif&eftwGuf r[mAsL[musepGm
t=urf;rzuf qef@usiftHwk=urnfholwdk@onf tpdk;&0efxrf;wdk@. axmufcHr_&&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;
em;vnfxm;&ygrnf? odk@aomf xdk0efxrf;wdk@. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;rSm &JwyfzGJ@ESifhppfwyfuJhodk@yif tpdk;&.
trdef@n$ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdkufemay;&onfhtay: rlwnfa=umif;udk oabmaygufxm;&ygrnf?
xdk@jyif tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; taxmuftulyaom axmufwdkifrsm; qdk;qdk;0g;0g;
tm;enf;oGm;onfudk 0efxrf;wdk@u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rod&rcsif; tpdk;&qef@usifa&;vkyfrnfh t&yfzuf
0efxrf;ta&twGufrSm tenf;i,fom &SdEkdifa=umif;udkvnf; 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u em;vnfay;
xm;&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk; wdk;wufvma&;twGuf &Edkifor# tiftm;pkrsm;udk pOf;pm;=uHq=u&mwGif
0efxrf;rsm;u ajAmifususr[kwfyJ olwdk@wwfEdkifor# tpdk;&qef@usifa&; vkyfay;aeonfudkuyif taxmuf
tulyay;onfh enf;vrf;wck pwifaejyD jzpfa=umif; oabmaygufae&ygrnf?

(4) rD'D,m
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh 'Drdkua&pD &vdkufonfESifh wydifeuf owif;xkwfjyefEdkifonfh
qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdudk &Sdae&ygrnf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&u xdktcsufudk aumif;aumif;odojzifh
vlxkatmifyGJowif; rxkwfjyefEdkifatmif (odk@) uef@owfEdkifatmif u;yrf;avh&Sdonf? tpdk;&onf
tifwmeufudktoHk;yI 0g'jzef@wdkufcdkufonf? rw&m;aomOya'rsm; xkwfjyefI uGefjyLwmESifhzufpf
ydkifqdkiftoHk;yjcif;udk ydwfyifcsKyfcs,fonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vdkifpifrJhpufypPnf;rsm; ydkifqdkifv#if
ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fjzifh tvGeftu|H tjypfay;cH&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf? rdkbdkif;zkef; ydkifqdkiftoHk;yjcif;udkvnf;
wcgw&H wm;jrpfonfhjyif twdkuftcHwdk@. &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dkxkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;udk jynfolwdk@ jrifawG@
em;axmifjcif; r&Sdap&ef r=umc%qdkovdk vdkif;zsufavh&Sdonf?
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom tpdk;&onf pmayuif;vGwfciG fhESifh tjcm; jynfwGif; vlxkqufoG,fa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk tvG,fwul xdef;csKyfEdkifonf? xGufor# pmtkyf/ r*~Zif;ESifh owif;pmrsm;udk rjzef@csdrDuyif
tpdk;&. yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&; pdppfonfhtzGJ@rsm;u uef@owfydwfqdk@ y,fzsufaeonfhenf;vrf;onf tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&twGuf tvGefxda&mufvsuf&Sdonf? odk@jzpfI pme,fZif;avmuom;wdk@rSm yHkESdyfjyD;rS pdppfa&;wifI
uif;vGwfcGifhr&v#if rvdktyfyJ p&dwfpuukefusrnfjzpfaoma=umifh pmaypdppfa&;odk@ rwifrDuyif udk,fwdkif
uwif owif;jzwfawmufay;ae&awmhonf?
tpdk;&qef@usifa&;vkyfv#if owif;pmESifh tjcm;xkwfa0a&;rsm;/ &kyjf rifoH=um;/ a&'D,dk
toHv$ifhXmewdk@rSm vdkifpif&kyfodrf;cH&Edkifonf? vkyfief;ypPnf;rsm; todrf;cH&Edkifonf? ydkif&Sif/ t,f'Dwm
21

wkd@rSm udk,fxdvufa&muf jcdrf;ajcmuf t=uyfudkifcH&Edkifonf? xdkodk@aomjynfwGif;uef@owfydwfyifr_rsm;udk

a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef jynfyrD'D,mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ,cktcg ydkrdkacwfpm;vmonf?
aemfa0EdkifiHwGif jrefrmha&'D,dk (&kyfjrifoH=um;) toHv$ifhXme (DVB-Democratic Voice
of Burma) wck&Sd ae+yD; vlawG@ar;jref;cef;rsm;yvkyfI y&dowfodk@ xkwfv$ifhay;vsuf&dSonf? tD&efuvnf;
u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;wGif tvm;wl vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf? 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk EdkifiHjyifyrSaeI vlxk
qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzifh pwif vkyfaqmifay;EdkifcJholwdk@rSm qmbD;,m;wdk@ jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf?
qmbD;,m; v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u 2000ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD wefcsdef(60)ausmf &Sdaom vufurf;pm&Guf
rsm;udk EdkifiHwGif;odk@ydk@I &ufydkif;twGif; jzef@a0ay;EdkifcJhonf? tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_onf tm%m&Sif rDvdkqJApftm;
tHwkqef@usifI t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;&ef qmbD;,m; jynfolvlxktm; todynmay; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmf
&mwGif tvGeftaxmuftulycJhonf?

(5) yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;

A[dkrSwif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifxm;onfh tm%m&Sif qdk&S,fvpfftpdk;&rsm;. vufxufrSmyif
yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;onf EdkifiHtwGuf ta&;ygvsuf&Sdonf? yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf tpdk;&u
rvkyfaom tvkyfrsm;udkvkyfI jynfoludk taxmuftyHhyonf? vloHk;ukefypPnf;ESifh pm;aomufp&mrsm;
&Sm;yg;r_a=umifh vlxku rausreyfjzifh EdkifiHa&;tHkuvmrnfudk av#mhcs&ef arSmifcdkaps;uGufudk odvsufESifhyif
tpdk;&wdk@u r=umc%cGifhywwfonf?
yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;a=umifh tusKd;rJh&onfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;ESifh
ywfoufvmonfhtcg jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumukr%
` Dwdk@onf yGifhvif;aom 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xuf tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vky&f ef ydkrdk ESpfouf=uonf[k owif;pum;rsm; =um;ae&onf? ESpfOD;ESpfbuf pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfI tm%m&Sifu twGuf wGufajcudkufv#if tpkpyfyg0ifol ydkenf;atmifvkyfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
qdkv#if vlxktusKd;xuf tm%m&SifEiS fh ukr`%DtusKd;udkom=unfh+yD; vkyfjcif;jzpfonf? vkyfief;cGif
tajctae/ vpmaiG/ tvkyform;or*~udpPwdk@ay:vmv#ifvnf; tm%m&Sifu =udwfIajz&Sif;Edkifonf?
axmufjy&rnfhtcsufrSm EdkifiHwum yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Dwdk@onf wdk@pD;yGm;a&;vmvkyfonfhEdkifiHY
'Drdkua&pD jzpfrjzpfudk pdwfr0ifpm;yg? olwdk@twGuf tjrwftpGef;&a&;om ta&;}uD;onf? 'Drdkua&pD
v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf rjzpfraevkyf&rnfhudpPrSm xdkukr`%Drsm; ,Hk=unfvmatmif tem*wfwGif wdkif;jynf
tajctae ajymif;vJvmaejyD/ ajymif;vJzdk@ &SdvmEdkifonf/ odk@jzpfI olwdk@taejzifh tenf;qHk; =um;aeay;
=u&efrSm ta&;}uD;a=umif; todynmay;xm;zdk@jzpfonf?
yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;a=umifh tusKd;jzpfxGef;p&mvnf;&Sdonf? jynfwGif;ESifhjynfy yk*~vdu
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifwdk@onf tjcm; jynfwGif;jynfyvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tcsdwftqufrsm;&Sd=uonf? olwdk@
taejzifh pdwf0ifpm;v#if 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aiGa=u;/ owif;ay;ydk@ol/ t=uHay;rsm; tp&Sdonf
wdk@udk wefzdk;&Sd&Sd ay;urf;vmayvdrfhrnff?

(6) vli,f
vlxkvdkvm;aomEdkifiHa&;udk tpdk;&u tm;ray;v#if/ rxdef;csKyfEdkifv#if EdkifiHa&;wGif
vli,frsm; yg0ifvmrnf jzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpfvmv#if rwm;qD;Edkifrnfudk tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@u tawmf
pdk;&drfonf? vlxk.awmif;qdkcsufudk tpdk;&u vdkufavsmay;vmatmif ausmif;om;ESifh tjcm;vli,fwdk@u
yl;aygif;Iawmif;qdkwwfonf? ausmif;om;vli,fwdk@u tpy awmif;qdkvdkufI tpdk;&u vdkufavsm&onfh
tcg twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@ 0ifa&mufOD;aqmifvmojzifh EdkifiHa&; ajymif;vJr_ jrefqefvmonf?

22

EdkifiHa&;qef@usifr_Yausmif;om;rsm; wufupGmryg0ifEdkifatmif tpdk;&u xdef;uGyfavh

&Sdonf? tpdk;&u tjypfay;avh&Sdaomenf;vrf;rsm;teuf tpdk;&qef@usifa&;udk ajAmifususyg0ifonfh
ausmif;om;tm; ausmif;qufwufcGifh ydwfyifjcif;rSm vlodrsm;onf? xdk@jyif ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; ydwf
wwfonf? wuUodkvfaumvdyftopfrsm; zGifhvSpfjyD; ausmif;om;tpkta0; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&SdEdkifap&ef
zcGJwwfonf? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;jcif;rsm; rvkyfEdkif&ef Oya'xkwfI wm;jrpfonf?
xdk@aemuf tqdkygjypfrr_ sm;udk usL;vGefonfqdkjyD; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%frsm; cswwfonf? tpdk;&u vli,fxk
twGif;aoG;cGJI tpdk;& }uD;r;aom vli,fha&;&mtpDtpOfrsm; yvkyfay;onf? tpdk;& vufoyfarG;xm;
aom vli,frsm;tm; tca=u;aiG/ tpm;taomuf/ t0wftpm;ESifhvufeufrsm; xkwfay;um EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsm;udk jcdrf;ajcmuf t=uyfudkif cdkif;wwfonf?
vli,fwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y a&S@wef;rSyg0if pGef@pm;=uonf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm
ausmif;om;wdk@wGif qHk;&_H;p&m bmrSr&Sdaoma=umifh[k tcsKd@u axmufcH&Sif;jy=uonf? ausmif;om;wdk@.
ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh rdom;pkwm0efrsm; =uD;=uD;rm;rm; r&Sdao;aoma=umifhom udkf,fvGwf&kef;
pGef@pm;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh rSefygonf? odk@aomf xdkta=umif;jycsufxuf ydkI
ta&;ygaom ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk rodIom qHk;&_H;p&m r&Sda=umif; tcsKd@u&Sif;jyae=ujcif; jzpfonf?
ausmif;om; qdkonfrSm vli,fb0wGif bmrqdk &ifqdkif&Jaom ZGJ/ rmef/ owWd&Sdoljzpfonf? vlyifao
aomfvnf; eHrnfrao qdkonfh,Hk=unfcsuf &Sdonf? trsm;twGuf tepfemcH aqmif&Gufay;vdkaomqEN
&Sdonf? EdkifiHwum wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh wef;wl&nfwl jzpfapvdkaom&nfrSef;csuf &Sdonf? Tum; ausmif;om;
vli,fwdk@. ppfrSefaom ,Hk=unfcsuf/ qENESifh &nfrSef;csufjzpf+yD; rGejf rwfvSayonf?
trSefpifppf ausmif;om;wdk@.b0/ ausmif;om;wdk@. tem*wfrSm tm%m&Sifwdk@. txuf
azmfjyyg ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;udk cHpm;&v#if ydkIyifxdcdkufepfem&onf? ta&;=uD;qHk;rSm xdcdkufqHk;&_H;epfemr_rsm;
r&Sdap&yJ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#wonfh vlaer_todkif;t0dkif;wGif vli,frsm; &Sdaezdk@vdkonf? vli,frsm;
&Sdaejcif;a=umifh wefzdk;&Sdaom tusKd;w&m;rsm;pGm jzpfxGef;onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vli,fwdk@onf
tm%m&Sifpepf. om;aumifrsm;tjzpfodk@ ta&mufrcH=uyg? rjzpfEdkifaomudpPrsm;udk twif;t"rR
ajymif;vJcdkif;vmv#ifvnf; vufrcHwwf=uyg? vli,fwdk@onf trSefw&m;udk jrwfEdk;olrsm;yDyD/ olwdk@wGif
trSm;trSefudk wr[kwfcsif;qHk;jzwfEdkifaom yifudk,ftodOm%f &Sd=uonf? vli,fwdk@onf rdrdwdk@qEN&Sdonfh
twdkif; vkyfEdkif=uonfrSm olwdk@. xufjrufaomtawG;tac:rsm; tm;aumif;r_a=umifh jzpfonf?
owday;&ef&Sdygonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&mS ;r_wGif ausmif;om;ESifhtjcm;vli,fwdk@tm; yg0if
axmufcHay;=u&ef pOf;pm;=uonfhtcg jzpfonf? vli,fwdk@onf jzwfoef;ae=uaomb0wdkif;wGif
taygif;toif;jzifh pGef@pGef@pm;pm; vkyf=uolrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@tm; &Sif;vif;wdusaom vrf;n$efcsufESifh
pnf;urf;rsm; ray;Edkifv#if olwdk@onf tvGeftu|H vkyfrdwwfonf? a'goqGcH&v#if rdkuf&l;&Jqefqef
vkyfwwfonf? xdktcgrsKd;udk tm%m&Sifwdk@u vlrdkuf vl&rf;um;wdk@.vkyf&yf [kowfrSwfjyD; tcGifhaumif;,l
toHk;csoGm;Edkifonf? EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfoGm;Edkifonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolwdkif; pnf;urf;usepGm&Sdae&ef ta&;=uD;onf? txl;ojzifh
vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;onf? pnf;urf;ao0yfr_udk xdcdkufapaom tytrlrsm;udk
a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef ypkysKd;axmifavhusifhr_rsm; yvkyaf y;v#if jzpfvmEdkifonf? pnf;urf;ydkif;qdkif&mrsm;udk
rjzpfrae avhusifhjcif;/ acgif;aqmifwdk@wGif&Sdtyfonfh tavhtxrsm;udk &Sifoef =uD;xGm;apjcif;wdk@rSm vli,f
wdk@twGuf txl;ta&;=uD;onf?

(7) tvkyform;
,ckacwfwGif wurBmvHk; rnfonfhae&mrqdk tvkyf&&ef cufcJvmaeonf? wdk;wufzGH@jzdK;jyD;
EdkifiHwdk@rS ukr`%Drsm;u xkwfvkyfr_ p&dwfpuoufomaom tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ vkyfief;ajymif;a&$@&ef u;yrf;
23

ae=uojzifh tvkyform;or*~rsm; tiftm;csdeJ@vmonf? zGH@z;qJEdkifiHwdk@rS tpdk;&wdk@onf tajccHtm;jzifh

&Sd&rnfh vkyif ef;cGifvHkcHr_/ xdkufoifhaomvpmESifh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;ponfwdk@udk odyftm;ray;yJ
zGH@z;+yD;EdkifiHrSukr`%Drsm;ESifhaygif;I pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;&efudk ydkpdwf0ifpm;onf? odk@jzpfI tvkyform;wdk@bufrS
umuG,f&yfwnfay;Edkifonfrsm; avsmhenf;oGm;onf? t"duvdktyfcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pD jzpfvmonf? xdk@jyif
tpdk;&rS tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;r_r&SdyJ Oya'(Rule of Law)twdkif; usifhoHk;&ef/ toif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGm
zGJ@pnf;cGifh&Sd&ef tp&Sdonfwdk@vnf; vdktyfvmonf?
tvkyform;rsm;udk or*~0if jzpfap&ef pnf;&Hk;&onfrSm vG,fulvSonfawmhr[kwfay?
odk@aomf tzGJ@tpnf;taejzifh aumif;pGm&yfwnfv_yf&Sm;Edkif+yDqdkv#if tvkyform;xk pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_udk
vsifjrefpGm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyfEdkifonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&vmyHkudk jyefpOf;pm;=uygpdk@? ydkvefEdkifiH.
qXr t=uD;qHk;jrdK@jzpfaom *sefpfcf(Gdansk)wGif oabFmusif;rS v#yfppftvkyform;wdk@u qENjyI
'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifvdkuf&mrS atmifyGJcHEdkifcJhonf?
tpdk;&udk t=urf;rzuftHwkolrsm;onf o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh qufpyfaeaom ukefxkwf
vkyfief;rsm;Y v_yf&Sm;r_ e,fajr owfrSwfEdkifa&;udk txl;tav;teufxm; pDpOf&ygrnf? ukefpnfpD;qif;r_/
c&D;onfydk@aqmifa&;/ 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rSefor# &yfqdkif;rsm;oGm;v#if tpdk;&.pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;udk csufcsif;
xdcdkufapEdkifonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tpm;taomufESifh r&Sdrjzpfaom tjcm;ukefpnfrsm; vlxkvufodk@
ra&mufyJ jywfvyfoGm;Edkifojzifh r&nf&G,fyJjzpfvmEdkifaom aemufqufwGJ qdk;usKd;rsm;udkvnf; r[mAsL[m
a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf?

(8) bmoma&;toif;tzGJ@
tm%m&Sifonf tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGufqdkv#if bmoma&;udkfvnf; uif;vGwfcGifh
ray;yg? xdktcg bmoma&;t& ESdyfuGyfcH&olwdk@tcsif;csif; pkpnf;rdoGm;onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpdk;&
ajymif;vJa&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tcef;ursm;rSaeI tjcm;tm%mzDqefolrsm;uJhodk@yif tpdk;&
qef@usifa&; vkyf=uonf? odk@aomf tjrJwrf; vkyfaqmifEdkif=uonfawmh r[kwfyg?
bmoma&; toif;tzGJ@rsm;onf xdyfqHk;acgif;aqmifrSonf tzGJ@0ifrsm;txd tcsdwftquf
rsm;&Sd=uonf? bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@rSm toif;tzGJ@ESifh bmoma&;usifhpOfrsm;wGifu|rf;usifojzifh
aemufvdkufrsm;tjyif ta=umif;odaom tjcm;olrsm;. av;pm;jcif;udkyg cH,l&olrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@onf
tjcm;olrsm;tm; udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh bmoma&; tqHk;tr usifhpOfrsm;udk aumif;pGmvrf;n$efay;
Edkif=uonf? vlwa,muf. cH,lcsufESifh tusifht=uHrsm;udk ajymif;vJay;Edkifonf? tpdk;&onf olwdk@.
bmoma&;udk ESdyfuGyfaejcif; (0g) ESdyfuGyfvmzG,f&Sdjcif;a=umifh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@u twdkuftcH
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;bufwGif &yfwnfvmEdkifonfhtjyif twdkuftcHwdk@udk,fpm; t&Sif;vif;qHk; ajym=um;ay;olyif
jzpfvmEdkifonf?
odk@aomf tcsKd@ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@onf usOf;ajrmif;aomt,ltqrsm; &Sdwwfonf?
olwdk@onf t&Sdeft0gudk toHk;csI aemufvdkufwdk@tm; tm%m&Siftpdk;&.tusLd;pD;yGm;udka&S@&_&ef vrf;n$ef
=o0g'ay;avh&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;tHwkv_yf&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifwdk@onf bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@. axmufcH
tm;ay;r_&&ef/ olwdk@.t&Sdeft0grsm;udk tm%m&Sifwdk@u tcGifhaumif;,l toHk;rcsEdkfif&ef oifhwifh
avsmufywfpGm csOf;uyfwwf&ygvdrfhrnf?

(9) tpdk;&vufatmufcHr[kwfaom vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tef*sDtdk)

tpdk;&. wdkuf&dkufxdef;csKyfr_ESifh =uD;=uyfuGyfuJr_r&SdyJ vkyaf qmifEdkifaom rnfonfhtkyfpk/
tzGJ@tpnf;rqdk 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tjrJ taxmuftulyEdkif=uonf? EdkifiHwum tef*sDtdkrsm;u
24

&HyHkaiG pkaqmif;ay;Edkifonf? vlxkESifh wdkuf&dkufqufoG,fEdkifonf? EdkifiHjcm;u|rf;usifolynm&Sifwdk@ vdktyf

v#if ac:,lay;Edkifonf? tjcm; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk tajccHI jy\em ajz&Sif;
ay;Edkifonf?
jynfwGif;tef*sDtdkrsm;rSm wcgw&H v_yf&Sm;&efe,fy,f usOf;ajrmif;onf? &HyHkaiG&&Sda&;
vrf;a=umif;rsm;vnf; uef@owfyw
d fqdk@ cH&wwfonf? rnfonfhtef*sDtdkjzpfap wcgw&H tpdk;&owif;ay;
rsm; xdk;azmufa&maESmaewwfonf? odk@aomf xdkodk@&Sdaeaomfvnf; tylwjyif; xkwfazmfEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifyg?
tef*sDtdkrsm;onf vlxktm; 0efaqmifay;jcif;jzifh wdkuf&dkuftusKd;yonf? t=urf;rzuf
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_twGuf oG,f0dkuftusKd;yonf? vlxkrSm tef*sDtdkxHrS rdrdwdk@vkdtyfcsufrsm; &aev#if
tpdk;&xH rsm;pGmrDScdk&ef rvdkawmhay? vlxku tm%m&Siftpdk;&ESifh uif;&Sif;pGm aeEdkifvmonfESifhtr#
xdktpdk;&tzdk@ vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm; qHk;&_H;vm&onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&.oabmrSm jynfolwdk@tm;
xm;&mae/ ap&moGm; jzpfaeap&ef jcdrf;ajcmuft=uyfudkif/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf tef*sDtdk
wdk@. 0efaqmifr_rsm; &Sdvmaomtcg vlxkwGif rSDcdktm;udk;p&m &Sdvmojzifh tpdk;&tm%monf txdkuf
tavsmuf usqif;oGm;&onf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tef*sDtdkwck. xdxda&mufa&muf vlxktusKd;ycJhyHkrSm xl;jcm;pGm rSwfom;
avmufatmif pHerlem jzpfcJhzl;onf? 1962ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modrf;+yD; aemufydkif;avmufrSm jzpf
onf? rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaemufydkif; &cdkifjynfe,fwGif t=uD;tus,f a&v$rf;rdk;
ojzifh c&pf,ef uufovpfrpf&SiftzGJ@u jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tdEdN,EdkifiHodk@ a&'D,dkrS csufcsif; qufoG,f
ta=umif;=um;+yD; tultnDay;=u&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? &ufydkif;twGif; pm;p&m/ t0wftxnfESifh
aetdrfoHk;ypPnf;rsm; 'va[ma&muf&Sdvmonf? tm%modrf;tpdk;&u tysuftpD; tqHk;t&_H;pm&if;
wGufcsuf&ef tzGJ@wckapv$wfcJo
h nf? xdktzGJ@a&mufvmaomtcg tpdk;&tultnD rvdktyfawmhyJ
a&ab;'kuQonfrsm;onf ol@enf;ol@[efjzifh ajz&Sif;Edkif+yD;jzpfaeonfudk awG@&onf? xdkta=umif;
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; jyefod&aomtcg tvGefa'goxGufjyD; tqdkyg c&pf,efrpf&SiftzGJ@udk wdkif;jynfrS armif;xkwf
ypfcJhonf?
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udk,fydkifcH,lcsufjzifh v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;jzpfonf? xdkcH,lcsufrsm; rnfodk@&Sdonf/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. &nfrSef;
csufudk taxmuftulyEdkif&eftwGuf rnfodk@vdkufzufr&_ Sdonfudk v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u em;vnf&ef ta&;=uD;
vSonf?
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rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tjcm;
taxmuftulrsm;jzpf=uonf? vlr_todki;f t0dkif;twGif;&Sd ao;i,faom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk txifao;
avsmhrwGufoifhyg? xdktzGJ@tpnf;i,frsm;onf txl; oD;oef@&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;=uaomfvnf;
tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; EdkifiHa&;tHwk&mwGif wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh taxmuftulay;vmEdkifonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifhwifjy&aomf txnfcsKyforrsm;toif;/ trJvdkufESifhig;r#m; 0goemygolrsm; toif;/ ajcvsifESifh
awmifwuftoif;/ iSufcspfolrsm;toif;/ aiGtaupkolrsm;toif;/ O,smOfyef;rmvfpdkufysKd;olrsm;toif;/
tm;upm; trsKd;tpm;vdkuf zGJ@pnf;xm;=uonfhtoif;rsm; tp&Sdaom 0goemwl/ vkyfief;wl toif;tzGJ@
rSefor#wdk@rSm e*dkuyif tajccdkifpGm pwpfwus zGJ@pnf;xm;ESifh+yD; jzpfaoma=umifh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&mS ;r_rsm;wGif
tvG,fwul yg0iftm;jznfhay;Edkif=uonf?
toif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;wGif pGrf;tm;rsm;&Sdae=ujyD; pkpkpnf;pnf; yg0ifvmEdkifa&;udk
ay;pGrf;Edkifonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_udk r[mAsL[mtwdkif; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;
tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkif&efESifh vlxkrS wufupGmyg0ifvmEdkif&ef vdktyfonf?
--------- 000--------25

tcef; (3)

trdef@emcHjcif;
vlonf vGwfvyfpGmarG;zGm;jcif;wckrSvJI
G rnfonfh ae&mrqdk csKyfaESmifcHae&onf [k *sif;*sufpf
&dkaq;tdk;(Jean Jacques Rousseau) qdkonf? ,if;ESifh ywfoufI a'gufwm *sif;&Syfu atmufygtwdkif;
ar;cGef;xkwfxm;onf?
o
tm%m&Siftpdk;&onf bma=umifh jynfolvlxkudk EdkifiHa&;t& qufvuf v$rf;rdk;xm;Edkif&ygoenf;?
o
vlxktaejzifh tm%m&Siftm; tnHhcHvdkufavsmvdkpdwfr&Sdonfhwdkifatmif bma=umifh tm%m&Sif.
trdef@udk emcHae&ygoenf;?
jynfolrsm; trdef@emcH&onfhta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;pGmodEdkif&ef a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu
tao;pdwf avhvmjyD;rS txufygtwdkif; ar;cGef;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? tcef;(3)wGif xdkodk@ tao;pdwf
avhvmyHkrsm;udk tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;ygrnf? tcef;(1)wGifazmfjycJhonfh trsm;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%myHkpH/
tcef;(2)rS EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk taxmuftuljyKaxmufwdkifrsm;ta=umif;ESifh ,cktcef;(3)rS trdef@emcHjcif;
wdk@onf wckESifhwck qufpyfI aygif;pkaeonf? ,if;wdk@udkodrS t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. oDtdk&DESifh
vufawG@toHk;csyHkudk em;vnfygrnf? odk@jzpfI jynfolwdk@u tm%m&Siftrdef@udk emcHae&onfh ta=umif;
&if;udk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufae&ef ta&;=uD;onf? xdk@jyif wcgw&H trdef@udkemcH&ef cg;cg;oD;oD;
jiif;qef=uojzifh toufqHk;&H_;&onfxd jzpfwwfa=umif;udkvnf; od&Sdxm;&ygrnf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%m.toufrSm trdef@udkemcHjcif; jzpfonf? trdef@emcHolr&Sdv#if vHk;0tm%m
rwnfEdkifyg? Ttcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmaygufem;vnfrSom tajccHtm;jzifh t=urf;rzuf
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJtaumiftxnfazmfEdkifonf? tm%m&Sif apcdkif;onfudk rvdkuf
emzdk@ vlxktm; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfay;&ef &nf&G,fxm;v#if vlxku bma=umifh trdef@emcHae&onfudk
t&ifOD;pGm odxm;&ayrnf?
trdef@emcHonfh
ta=umif;rsm;

tusifhp&dkuf

tjypfay;
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a=umufpdwf

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pD;yGm;

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rdrdudk,fudk
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tusifhp&dkuf
vltrsm;pkonf emcH&ef tusifhygaewwfonf? =oZmtm%m&SdolxHrS vmaomtrdef@
qdkv#if emcHwwf=uonfrSm tavhtx jzpfaeonf? vlrrnfcav;b0uyif rESpfoufonfrsm;udk
vufrcHyJ aeIr&cJh=uyg? rdb tzdk;tzGm;/ tudktr/ ouf=uD;0g=uD;aqGrsKd;wdk@. qHk;rpum;udk em;axmif
cJh&onf? ausmif;wufawmhvnf; q&m/ q&mrwdk@. =o0g'udk emcH&jyefonf? &JESifhawG@v#ifvnf;
ol@n$ef=um;csufudk vdkufemay;&onf? emcHvdkufemp&m rnfonfhudpPrqdk vdkufemay;ae&onfcsnf;
jzpfaeonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ,mOftoGm;tvmr&Sdaom rD;ydGKifhrsm;Yyif ,mOfpnf;urf;udk vdkufemwwf
=uonf?

26

vufeufudkif wyfom;opfrsm;udk oifwef;pay;&mY trdef@udkemcHwwf&ef t"du

xm;&onf? oifwef;om;topfrsm;onf avhusifha&;q&m.trdef@udk jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwfraeyJ
nGef=um;csuftwdkif; csufcsif;wkef@jyefI vdkufemoif,l&onf? em&Daygif;rsm;pGm=umatmif xyfwvJvJ
teD;uyftrdef@ay;cHae&&Hkru pnf;urf;rsm;jzifhvnf; tjrJwap t=uyfudkif jcdrf;ajcmufxm;aoma=umifh
trdef@udkemcHonfh tavhtxudk &&SdoGm;jyD; bmcdkif;cdkif;vkyfay;wwfvmonf? xdk@jyif vufeufudkifaqmifr_
uJhodk@aom tajccHppfa&;pGrf;&nfrsm;udk t=udrfaygif;rsm;pGm t&dk;pGJatmif avhusifhxm;&aoma=umifh trdef@
qdkv#if &Snf&Snfa0;a0; pOf;pm;raeyJ tavhtxwckvdkyif emcH&ef tusifhygoGm;onf?
onfvdktusifhygaejcif;udk aq;vdyfaomufolrsm; od=uonf? aq;vdyfaomufolonf
wae@b,fESpfvdyf aomufonfudk rSwfrdae[efr&Sd/ b,ftcsdefaomufrdonfudkvnf; jyefrpOf;pm;/
aq;vdyfaps;wufoGm;Ivnf; aq;vdyfjzwf&ef pdwrf ul;yg? aq;vdyfaomufonfh tusifhudk wrifwum
jzwf,lrS&onf? xdkenf;wl rvdktyfaom trdef@/ =o0g'/ tqHk;tr/ trSmpum;wdk@udk emcHonfhtusifhtm;
azsmufzsufypfEdkif&efrSm rdrd.emcHwwfonfhtusifhudk pGef@v$wf&ef wrifwum pdwfydkif;jzwfrSom jzpfEdkif
onf? xdk@jyif rdrdudk,fudk tjrJrjywfowday;ae&onf? xdktusifhr&Sdawmhv#if rnfodk@tusKd;&Sdvmrnfudk
xyfwvJvJ ajymay;ae&onf?

tjypfay;cH&rnfh a=umufpdwf
aemufxyfta=umif;&if;wckrSm trdef@remcHv#if tjypfay;cH&rnfudk pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@aom
pdwf jzpfonf? Oya'udk csKd;azmufv#if EdkifiHawmfrS ta&;,lonf? '%faiG tajrmuftjrm;aqmif&onf?
ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;rsm; todrf;cH&onf? axmifvnf;usEdkifonf? ao'%fyifuscH&zG,f &SdEdkifonf? Oya'rsm;
a&;qGJ&onfh &nf&G,fcsufrSm Oya'csKd;azmufoludk tjypfay;&efjzpfonf? xdk@jyif tvm;wltjzpfrsKd;udk
tjcm;olrsm; vkyfrvmatmif wm;qD;&efvnf; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfolonf Oya'udk av;pm;
vdkufemonf? rvdktyfyJtjypfay;cH&rnfudk pdk;&drfpdwf&Sdonf? tjypfudkrvkyf&ao;yJ uwifI pdk;&drf
a=umuf&G@Haewwfonf? Oya'udk pdwfwdkif;us xkwfjyefaom tm%m&Sifu vlxk. pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@pdwfudk
tcGifhaumif;,lonf? jynfolu r=unfjzLawmhaomtcg tpdk;&onf jcdrf;ajcmuft=uyfudkif EdSyfpufonhf
enf;vrf;rsm;udk Oya'rJhoHk;I jynfolwdk@ ydkrdkpdk;&drf a=umuf&GH@aeatmif vkyfwwfonf?

udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;
tpdk;&udk tm;wufoa&m axmufcHae=uolrsm;yif xdktpdk;&tm; cg;cg;oD;oD; rESpjf rdK@
a=umif; ajymol tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdonf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm tpdk;&udkruufaomfvnf; tjcm;wbufwGif
udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhyk*~dKvfa&; cHpm;cGifh rsm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
Oyrmwck=unfh=uygpdk@? &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfjcif;udk vltawmfrsm;rsm;u rESpfouf=uyg?
vlxkuvnf; rcHpm;vdk=uyg? vlxkr=udKufrSef;odvsufESifh tm%m&Sif.trdef@ay;onfhtwdkif; vlxktay:
&ufpufpGmyrlEdkifaom vufeufudkif0efxrf;wOD;udk tm%m&Sift}uD;tuJu rnfodk@aomqkv'frsm;ay;rnf
xifygoenf;? &mxl;/ taqmifta,mif/ *k%fxl;aqmifrsm;/ txl;tcGifhta&;/ tjidrf;pm;cHpm;cGifh ponf
wdk@om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdkukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;udk ar#mfudk;ae&/ rSDcdkae&onfrSm tqdkyg vufeufudkif0efxrf;onf
tjrif&Sif;vif;r_ r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfjyD; tm%m&Sifcdkif;apor# qufvuf wm0ef xrf;aqmifaeOD;rnfom
jzpfonf?
EdkifiHawmfu xdef;csKyfxm;aompDyGm;a&;wGif tpdk;&ay;onfhtvkyfudkom rSDcdkae&onfh
0efxrf;rsm;onf tjcm;tvkyfrsm; ajymif;vkyf&ef rvG,fvSaoma=umifh vuf&Sdtvkyf ywfrSmudk pdk;&drf=u
onf? tpdk;&udk axmufcHonfhtwGuf aiGa=u;qdkif&m taxmuftyhHcHpm;cGifhrsm; &&Sd=uonfh tjcm;olrsm;
vnf;&Sdonf? vlxkruufaom tpdk;&xH udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rSDcdkae&olwdk@tm; jypfwif&H_@cs&ef roifhyg?
27

vlwdkif;wGif oufqdkif&mta=umif;jycsuf udk,fpD&S=d uonf? trsm;pkrSm rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerf;ae

&jcif;jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifudk EdkifiHa&;t& tHwkqef@usifolrsm; vkyf&rnfhudpPrSm xdk0efxrf;wdk@onf
tm%m&Sif. trdef@n$ef=um;csufrsm;udk rvdkufemv#if rnfodk@aomudk,fusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;Edkifonfudk
oabmayguf vmatmif todynmay; &Sif;vif;jyzdk@jzpfonf?

pdwfav#mhcsjcif;
vlaer_todkif;t0dkif;rSefor#wGif trdef@n$ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdkufem&ef pdwfav#mhcsvdkuf
&jcif;rsm; &Sdonf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;onf xdktodkif;t0dkif;wckvHk;&Sd vltrsm;aumif;pm;a&; rla=umifh jzpfonf?
vltrsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf trsm;enf;wl rdrdvnf; yg0iftepfemcHay;vdkuf&onfh tpOftvm
jzpfonf?
jynfolwdk@tm; tumtuG,fay;aeonfqdkaom Oya'rsm;wGif apm'uwufEdkifp&m &Sdae
onf? tcsKd@Oya'rsm;onf jynfoltm; vk,ufr_/ vlowfr_/ rk'drf;r_ paom vlr_a&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; rjzpf
ap&ef umuG,fay;xm;onfrSm rSefonf? odk@aomf tm%mydkifwdk@u trsm;aumif;pm;a&;[k acgif;pOfwyfI
ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk &m&Sifpepfjzifhom &,ljcif;/ ppfom;pkaqmifjcif;/ tcGefaumufjcif;
ponfh jynfol@tusKd;udk xdcdkufapaom Oya'rsm;vnf; &Sdaejyefonf? Oya'rsm;udk vdkufem&efrSm
jynfolwdk@taejzifh pdwfudkav#mhcsEdkifrSom jzpfEdkifonf? tcsKd@jynfolwdk@rSm b0wdk;wufa&;twGuf tjcm;
a&G;cs,fp&m r&Sdawmhojzifh trsm;aumif;pm;a&;rlomv#if avmavmq,f taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k pdwfudk
'Hk;'Hk;csum tm%m&SifxHtnHhcHI trdef@twdkif; vdkufem=uawmhonf?
&k&Sm;EdkifiHrS *sKd;qufzfpwmvifqdkv#if &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom tm%m&SifwOD;jzpfonf
[kausmf=um;onf? jynfol oef;(20)ausmfudk owfjzwfcJh&mwGif wm0ef&Sdoljzpfonf? ol@trdef@udk oef;aygif;
rsm;pGmaom jynfolwdk@u vdkufem=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkpOfu &k&Sm;vlaer_todkif;t0dkif;wGif
trdef@emcHEdkifrSom vwfwavm tusKd;jzpfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? tcsKd@jynfolrsm;qdkv#if pwmvif.
a&$a&mifv$rf;aom xdkae@rsm;udkf wrf;waeqJ&Sdonf?
trsm;enf;wl rdk;cg;a&aomufvdkuf=uonfrmS tm%m&Sifapcdkif;or# pdwfav#mhcsemcH
aoma=umifh jzpfonf? vkycf sifI vkyf&onfr[kwf? rvkyfrjzpfaoma=umifhom avmavmq,f &yfwnfa&;
twGuf ,m,DrSDcdkae&jcif; jzpfonf? rdk;cg;a&aomuf&jcif;onf ESpfzufoGm; jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_
wGifvnf; trsm;rdk;cg;a&aomufonfh oabmonf toHk;0ifwwfonf? oHk;wwfv#ifaq; jzpfI
roHk;wwfv#if ab;jzpfonf?

tvGeftu|Htxif=uD;jcif;
wcgw&HwGif tm%m&Sifonf ol@udk,fol t&m&mudk pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfh plygrif;(odk@)
rdk;usa&$udk bk&m;wqltvm; txifa&mufaewwfonf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif tm%m&Siftrdef@udk qef@usif
tmcH&efrSm vHk;0rjzpfEdkifoavmuf &Sdonf? [pfwvm wefcdk;txGm;qHk;tcsdef tmcH&Jol rnfol&SdcJhoenf;?
bk&ifudk bk&m;uJhodk@ udk;uG,f&onfh tawG;tac:onf jynfolwdk@&ifxJ &mpkESpfrsm;pGm=umatmif
udef;atmif;cJhzl;onf? ESpfq,f&mpkESpfwGif xdkrSwqifh jzmxGufvmaomyHkpH wckrSm EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
bmoma&;ESifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh tm%m&SifpepfjzpfjyD; tD&efEdkifiHY jzpfxGef;vmonf? vlqdkonfrmS
tm;vHk;udk rpGrf;Edkifovdk tm%m&SifqdkonfrSmvnf; bk&m;r[kwfyg [laomtrSefw&m;udk tus,fjyef@qHk;
jzpfatmif todynmay;jyD; trdef@emcHr_udk wefjyefacszsuf&Hkom &Sdonf?

28

tm%m&Sifudk vd_ufvd_ufvJSvJS todtrSwfjyKwwfol (0g) rsufuef;rsKd;cspf

tcsKd@jynfolwdk@u tm%m&Sifudk aoG;&if;om;&if;wa,mufyrm oabmxm;=uonf?
abmvHk;yGJ=unhf y&dowfuJhodk@ rdrdtoif;Edkifv#if aysmfI &H_;v#ifrJh=uonf? tm%m&Sifonf oufqdkifol
wOD;wa,muf(odk@)wzGJ@. aoG;aomuf&Jabmftvm; xifrSwfcH&onf? cufcJyifyef;pGm &ifqdkif&aom
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJrG sKd; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk twlwuG &kef;uefjzwfoef; atmifjrifvmjyD;aomtcg xdkodk@
jzpfwwfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh AD,uferfrS [dkcsDrif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ZifbmabGrS a&mbwf
rl*gab;wdk@jzpfonf? aoG;aomuf&JabmfjzpfI opPm&SdpGm emcH&onfqdkv#ifawmh xdktm%m&Sifudk
tvGef,Hk=unftm;udk;pGm vd_ufvd_ufvJSvJS todtrSwfyaeonfhudpPudk aemufxyf&Sif;jyae&ef rvdkawmhyg?

rodusKd;u|H yxm;jcif;
tm;vHk;r[kwfonfhwdkif Oya' tawmfrsm;rsm;udk odvnf;rod pdwfvnf;r0ifpm;a=umif;
jynfoltcsKd@u ajymwwf=uonf? xdkOya'rsm;onf olwkd@. ae@pOfb0ESifh odyfrqdkifvS[kqdkonf? olwdk@
taejzifh Oya'udk vdkufem&Hkoufoufom oabmxm;onf? rvdkufemv#if ydkI'kuQa&mufEdkifzG,f&m &Sdae
Iom vdkufem&jcif;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI Oya'trsm;pkESifhywfoufI vlwdkif;eD;yg;avmufu zmodzmom
ae=uonf?
odk@aomf xdkOya'rsm;u tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;vmv#ifrl
rodusKd;u|H aeIr&awmhjyD? rodusKd;u|H aeIrjzpfoifhyg? aev#if jy\emwufoGm;Edkifonf? rodusKd;u|H
yxm;v#if vl@todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk; tm%m&Sif. u|efoabmufb0odk@ a&mufoGm;Edkifonf? tpdk;&.
tcsKd@wm;jrpfcsufrsm;rSm vlxktwGuf rqdkpavmufom ydwfyifxm;jcif; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifrnf? odk@aomf
tm%m&SiftwGufrSmrl ta&;ygaom vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf? vlxkudk aoG;wdk;prf;onhfoabmrsm; &Sdwwf
onf? vlxku xdkao;i,faom wm;jrpfcsufudk rodusKd;u|H yrdygu t=uHorm; tm%m&Sifu wqifhjyD;
wqifh wdk;jrSifhwm;qD;ydwfyifvmawmhrnfjzpfonf? aemufqHk;wGif vlwOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfcGifhudk tenf;ESifh
trsm; xdcdkufvmawmhrnfjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI EdkifiHhta&;rsm;wGif rodusLd;u|H ryoifha=umif; 'Drdkua&pD
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkwdk@u jynfoludk todynmay; Ed_;aqmf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf?

rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_ r&Sdjcif;

vlwdk@wGif wGef;vSeftmcH&Jonfh udk,fydkift&nftaoG; &Sdaeonfudk tcsKd@u ,Hk=unfavh
r&Sd? jywfjywfom;om;vnf; rqHk;jzwf&Jwwfyg? ol@ta=umif;ESifholyif? q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tm%m&Sif
pepfatmufwGif aevmcJh&ojzifh 0g'r_dif;rdae=uonf? vlaer_todkif;t0dkif;udk trSefwu,f tusKd;yaom
acgif;aqmifavmif;rsm; ypkysKd;axmifay;a&;twGuf qHk;jzwf&ef/ tcGifhta&;zefwD;&ef rvkyfjzpfoavmuf
yif? pdwful;yif r&SdEdkfifavmufatmif jzpfEdkifonf? acgif;aqmifavmif;rsm;xuf vuf&Sdtkyfpdk;aeoluom ydkI
t&nftcsif;&Sdaeonf[k tcsKd@jynfolwdk@u ,lqae[ef&Sdonf? tpdk;&udk atmifjrifpGm tHrwkEdkifawmhyg/
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf xdxda&mufa&mufryg0ifEdkifawmhyg[k pdwfav#mhvdkufyHkvnf;&onf?
awmfvSeaf &; v_y&f Sm;r_twGuf tqdkyg,lqcsufwdk@udk tav;teuf*&kyoifhonf?
jynfolvlxktaejzifh rdrdudk,fudk,Hk=unfr_ jyefvnf wnfaqmufI tm%m&Siftm; EdkifiHa&;tHwk&ef
qHk;jzwf&J&ygrnf? xdk@aemuf qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; vkyfaqmif&J&ygrnf? odk@rSom t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_udk atmifjrifapa&;twGuf tvGefxda&mufrnf jzpfonf? wcgw&H rodusKd;u|Haev#if aumif;ae
avrvm; [laomtawG;wdk@ &Sdwwfonf? xdkodk@&Sdvmv#if rdrdudk,fudk ydkI ,Hk=unfr_r&Sd jzpfapwwfonf?
29

tESpfcsKyf
jynfolvlxku tkyfpdk;oltm%m&Sif.trde@f udk emcH&onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;pGmudk
aphaphpyfpyf avhvmod&SdcJhygjyD? trdef@/ n$ef=um;csuf/ =o0g'/ tqHk;tr/ trSmpum;wdk@udk emcH&onfrSm
obm0jzpfonf[k apm'u wufvmzdk@vnf; &Sdygonf? vlqdkonfrSm rsKd;&dk;pOfquft& uwiftnHhcH
ay;xm;&onfh owW0gr[kwfyg? emcHrd=uonfrSm tusifhp&dkuf/ a=umufpdwf/ tusKd;pD;yGm; ponfh t"du
oHk;rsKd;a=umifhjzpf&onf? tusifhp&dkufESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk@udk ajymif;vJ&ef jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; a=umufpdwfudkrl
z,f&Sm;ausmfv$m;rSom&Edkifonf? (ta=umufw&m;udk tcef; 10 wGif azmfjyxm;onf?)
--------- 000---------

30

tcef; (4)

EdkifiHa&;tm%m ajymif;vJjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;rsm;
EdkifiHa&;rSm vlom;w&yfvHk;twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk; tiftm;[m t=urf;rzufyJ v_yf&Sm;wmyJjzpfw,f? 'gudk
w=udr+f yD;w=udrf prf;oyfvdkufwdkif; u|efawmf ydk+yD; ydk+yD; ,Hk=unfvmaew,fvdk@ ajymEdkifyg+yD?
*END
tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGif rnfonfhvrf;a=umif;udk a&G;cs,f
onfjzpfap tcuftcJ&Sdonf? twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;u AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufqifE$Jrnfqdkv#if
tkyfpdk;olESifh jynfolvlxk=um;wGif EdkifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJr_udk rdrdvdkcsifonfhtwdkif; tm%mydkifwdk@u
vdkufavsmvmaponfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pOf;pm;oifhonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu EdkifiHa&;tm%m
ajymif;vJjcif;udk (4)rsKd;cGJI azmfjyonf? ,if;wdk@rSm
(1) ,Hk=unfvufcHjyD; ajymif;vJjcif;
(2) tvdkuftxdkuf ajymif;vJjcif;
(3) t=uyfudkifI ajymif;vJjcif;
(4) tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I ajymif;vJjcif; wdk@jzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%m vGefqGJaeonfhyHkpHudk v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfay:Edkifaom tus,ft0ef;tvdkuf
trsKd;tpm; cGJxm;jcif;jzpfonf? rnfodk@ajymif;vJwwfonfudk odxm;v#if oifhawmfaomenf;vrf;udk
a&G;cs,fI pwifv_H@aqmfay;Edkifaoma=umifh t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf toHk;0ifonf? xdk@jyif
rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_rSm rnfokd@xda&mufoGm;rnf/ tpdk;&u rnfodk@ wkef@jyefvmwwfonfudk uwifcef@rSef;
wGufcsufxm;Edkifonf? tcef;(4)wGif t=urf;rzufqifE$Ja&; enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfaom
(1) uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rdrdbufygatmif qGJaqmifjcif;
(2) ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;
(u) vlr_a&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnD ray;jcif;;
(c) pD;yGm;a&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnD ray;jcif;
(8) EdkifiHa&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnD ray;jcif;
(3) 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; wdk@udkvnf; tus,fw0ifh azmfjyxm;onf?

EdkifiHa&;tm%m ajymif;vJjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;

EdkifiHa&;tm%m
ajymif;vJjcif;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
,Hk=unfvufcH+yD;
ajymif;vJjcif;

tvdkuftxdkuf
ajymif;vJjcif;

t=uyfudkifI
ajymif;vJjcif;

tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I
ajymif;vJjcif;
31

EdkifiHa&;ESifhvlr_a&; tajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfvm&eftwGuf t=urf;rzuf qifE$J&rnf[k

twdkuftcHwdk@bufu pdwful;&Sd&ygrnf? xdk@aemuf pdwful;rS vufawG@odk@ ajymif;vJ taumiftxnf
azmf&mwGif a&;qGJxm;aom r[mAsL[mtwdkif; v_y&f Sm;&ygrnf? enf;vrf;wckonf tkyfpdk;ol.cH,lcsufESifh
tytrludk v$rf;rdk;Edkifygu vlxkESifhtpdk;&wdk@. EdkifiHa&;tm%m vGefqGJyJw
G Gif vlxkzufrS atmifjrifEdkif
ayrnf? qdkvdkonfrSm r[mAsL[m enf;vrf;wckjzifh tm%m&Sifudk qef@usifv_yf&Sm;onfhtcg xda&mufoGm;
ojzifh tm%m&Sifonf .&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk pGef@v$wfvkduf&onfomru .vuf&Sd tm%m&Sif
oufqdk;&Snfa&; ,EW&m;udkvnf; qufvuf vnfywfatmif rvkyfEdkifawmhyg? ,if;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk
tqHk;owfvdkufjcif;jzpfI v_yf&Sm;ol jynfolrsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sd&m 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufa&;
twGuf atmifyGJ jzpfonf?

(1)

,Hk=unfvufcHjyD; ajymif;vJjcif;

EdkifiHa&;tm%mvGefqGJyGJwGif twdkuftcHwdk@.v_yf&Sm;yHkt& tpdk;&u wkef@jyefajymif;vJ

ay;&onf? twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrS axmufcH/ awmif;qdkaeonfhtcsufrsm;onf tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;
Edkifonf[k tpdk;&u ,Hk=unfvufcHonfh tajctaersm; &SdEdkifygonf? tqdkyg ajymif;vJr_ atmifjrif
aomtcg ESpfzufpvHk;twGuf tusKd;&Sdaponf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. &v'ftjzpfESifh tpdk;&onf twdkuftcHtkyfpk. awmif;qdkcsuf
twdkif;jzpfap&ef txl;cGifhyvdkufavsmay;wwfonf? aumif;aom&nfrSef;csufudk jzpfaponfqdkjyD; tpdk;&u
,Hk=unfvufcHonf? odk@jzpf&m twdkuftcH acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@ tm;wufoGm;onf? w&m;0if todtrSwf
yjcif; cH&onf? EdkifiHawmfESifh wdkuf&dkufxdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifr_udk a&SmifvJa$ vsmhcsEdkifonf? txl;ojzifh ydyuQ
toGifaqmifvmaomtcgrsKd;wGif xdcdkufysufpD;&rnfh qHk;&_H;r_rsm;udk uwifumuG,fxm;Edkifonf?
odk@aomf txufygtwdkif;vkyfaqmif&mwGif twdkuftcHESifhjynfolwdk@u zdtm;tenf;i,f
omay;Edkifojzifh oabmxm;wif;rmaom wzufpGef;a&muf tm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfaev#if atmifjrif&ef
rvG,fyg? odk@aomf awmif;qdkonfhenf;vrf;udk ydkrdkxda&mufatmif jrSifhwifay;Edkifv#ifrl &Hzef&Hcg &ufpuf
=urf;=uKwfonfhtpdk;&udkyif tEdkif,lEdkifonf?
,kH=unfvufcH+yD;ajymif;vJay;onfh vkyfief;pOf. Oyrmwckudk jrefrmEdkifiHrS ppfftm%m&Sif
pepfwGif awG@&Sd&onf? 1962ckESpfwGif jrefrmppfwyfrS tm%modrf;jyD;aemuf acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u
t*Fvdyfbmompum;onf jAdwdo#udkvdkeDacwfudk jyefajymif;atmufarhaponfqdkjyD; yk*~vdu rlvwef;
ausmif;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpm roif=um;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? xdktcsdefavmufu jrefrmtrsm;pkonf
t*Fvdyfpmudk 'kwd,&Hk;oHk;pum;tjzpf vG,fvifhwul toHk;rsm;aecsdefjzpfonf? xdktrdef@a=umifh qdk;usKd;rsm;
jzpfapEdkifa=umif; avhvmolrsm;u t=uHOm%fawmh ay;cJh=uonf? tm%m&Sifonf owif; jzwfawmuf
ydwfqdk@onfhpepfudk pwifvdkufonf? t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;cGifhudkvnf; ydwfyifvdkufonf? wuUodkvfrsm;wGif
t*Fvdyfpmjzifh oif=um;ydk@csjcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfcJhonf? vlxktm; EdkifiHjcm;rS awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_rsm; r&&Sd
ap&ef/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;. wdk;wufaeyHkrsm; twkr,lEdkif&ef tm%m&Sifu =uH&G,fjyD; ydwfqdk@txD;usef
xm;cJhonf?
ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fausmfvmaomtcg tpdk;&tzdk@ pD;yGm;a&;uY }uD;pGmaom qHk;&_H;r_rsm;
&ifqdkifvm&awmhonf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh a&mif;0,fazmufum;&mY EdkifiHwumoHk; t*Fvdfyfpm tqifhrrDonfh
twGuf EdkifiHjcm;rS&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHol r&Sdjzpfvmonf? jrefrmwuUodkvfausmif;om; trsm;tjym;rSm taemuf
EdkifiH=uD;rsm;wGif bGJ@r&EdkifyJ jzpfaeonf? &efukef aq;wuUodkvfrSbGJ@&cJhaom q&m0efrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rS
aq;&Hkrsm;wGif tvkyfrcef@xm;Edkifatmif jzpfae&onf? rwwfomonhftqHk; xdkq&m0efrsm;tm; txl;
bmom&yfrsm;tm; qufvufavhvm&efudkom EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;u cGifhyEdkifawmhonf? pD;yGm;a&;
32

todkif;t0dkif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHolrsm;u ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umatmif t*Fvdyfpmoif,l avhusifha&;udk

wGef;tm; ay;vmjyD;aomtcgrS wnfqJtm%m&Siftpdk;&u tjzpfoabmESifh pwifcGifhjyKay;cJhonf? xdkodk@
vdkufavsmcGifhyjcif;rSmvnf; trSefpifppf wdk@udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; tp&Sdonfwdk@twGufom jzpfaeao;onf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap vlxkuv_yf&Sm;vmrSom tpdk;&taejzifh ,Hk=unfvufcHonfhtwdkif; ajymif;vJay;wwf
onfomjzpfonf?
,kH=unfvufcHjyD; ajymif;vJay;onfhvkyfief;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;v#if tpdk;&. axmufwdkifrsm; tawmftweftm;enf;oGm;Edkifonf? OD;pGm tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
tpdk;&tm;axmufcHaom todkif;t0dkif;wdk@rS0efxrf;wdk@tm; olwdk@onf jynfolxJrSjynfolrsm;omjzpfI
'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif xdkufwefaomae&mY av;pm;pGm ae&may;cH&rnfh wdkif;jynf
tusKd;aqmifrsm;jzpfa=umif; oabmaygufap&ef todynmay; pnf;&Hk;&ygrnf? wydifwnf;rSmyiff tqdkyg
0efxrf;wdk@tm; vlxkvdkvm;csufrsm;udk owif;jzef@csday;Edkif&ygrnf? xdk@aemufwGif owfrSwfxm;aom
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0if&ef v_H@aqmfEdkifvmygrnf?
awmif;qdkaomqENrsm;udk tpdk;&u ,Hk=unfvufcHjyD; vdkufavsmvmaomtcg 'Drdkua&pD
axmufcHol tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf t"dutm;jzifh wu,fvkyfv#ifwu,fjzpf&rnf [la[m pdwf"gwf
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33

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34

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35

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tcsdefqGJxm;onfvnf; &Sdwwfonf? txufygtwdkif; r[kwfaom tjcm;ajymif;vJenf;wckrSm tpdk;&tm;
t=uyfudkifI csufcsif;vufiif; tavsmhay;vdkufavsmcdkif;jcif; jzpfonf? xdktcsdefrSm tpdk;&. tm%mrSm
tvGeftm;enf;oGm;csdefjzpfonf?
36

owdy&eftcsufrSm twdkuftcHwdk@onf tcsdefrwdkifrD(0g) jzpfvm&efraocsmyJ tpdk;&tm;

twif;t=uyf rvkdufavsmcdkif;&efvdkonf? ta=umif;rSm t=uyfudkifonfhenf;vrf; ratmifjrifv#if
vlxk.,Hk=unftm;udk;r_ avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? twkduftcHwdk@taejzifh aocsmpGmpDpOf&ef/
jzpf&yfrSeftay:tajcjyKI atmifjrif&efvrf;pudk tao;pdwfavhvmoHk;oyf&efvdkonf? jyD;rSom zdEdSyfaom
tpdk;&udk t=uyfudkifI awmif;qdk&ygrnf? tu,fI twdkuftcHwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@ awmif;qdkcsufudk
tpdk;&rSvdkufavsm&ef raocsmv#if a&$@qdkif;&ef (odk@) jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef pOf;pm;oihfonf?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh ausmif;om;wdk@.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wcgw&H tpdk;&u vufrcHEdki
atmifjzpf&onf? ydkrdkoifhavsmfonfhtcsufrSm twdkuftcHygwDESifhausmif;om;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@. tzGJ@tpnf;
qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufudk tpdk;&odk@ today; ta=umif;=um;jyD;rS vlxkudk pnf;&Hk;v_H_@aqmfI v_yf&Sm;oifhonf?
odk@rSom r[mAsL[mtwdkif; tpDtpOfusepGm vkyfaqmifEdkifojzifh tpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;
(Oyrm-vlom;t&if;tjrpf/ ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfjcif;)udk tm;enf;oGm;aprnf jzpfonf? Oyrm twdkuftcHESifh
ausmif;om;wdk@u vGwfvyfIw&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&ef awmif;qdkrnfqdkygpdk@? tu,fI
rdrdwdk@awmif;qdkcsufrSm jiif;y,fcH&ygu xdktpdk;&tm; rnfodk@ ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfEdkifrnf tp&Sdaom
r[mAsL[mudk twdkuftcHwdk@u a&;qGJjyD; jzpfae&ygrnf?
twdkuftcHwdk@u tpdk;&qENESifhqef@usifjyD; t=uyfudkifawmif;qdkaomfvnf; t=urf;
rzufyJ tpdk;& vdkufavsmvmatmif awmif;qdkEdkifonf? 2000jynfhESpf atmufwdkbmwGifusif;ycJhaom
qmbD;,m;a&G;aumufyJGudkyif Oyrmxyfay;ygrnf? tpdk;&onf rormaomenf;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfvm
Edkifonfudk twdkuftcHwdk@u wGucf sufxm;onfhtavsmuf a&G;aumufyGJrprDuyif t=urf;rzufaom
enf;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tm%m&,lEdkif&ef ydkifEdkifpGmpDpOfxm;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJuvdefusI r&rSef;
odoGm;tcg t&H_;tEdkiftajzrxGuf [kqdkjyD; a&G;aumufyGJ aemufwausmhjyKvkyf&ef rDvdkqJApf tpdk;&u
a=unmonf? odk@aomf twdkuftcHtkyfpku rdrdwdk@omtEdkif&a=umif; a=unmonf? xdk@aemufwGif
odef;*%ef;rsm;pGm&Sdaom vlxk=uD;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&ukdz,f&Sm;&ef ygvDreftaqmuftODodk@csDwufjyD;
odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uonf?
xdktcdkufwGif rDvdkqJApfrSm .twdkuftcH ydifzufudk qef@usifz,f&Sm;Edkifonfh
tajctae &Sdraeawmhyg? oltm; axmufuefay;xm;aom axmufwdkifrsm;tm;vHk; ydusaejyDjzpfonf?
bJvf*&dwfjrdK@awmfodk@ csDwuf0ifa&mufvmaom vlxk}uD;udk 0ifa&muf[ef@wm;&ef rDvdkqJApfu trdef@ay;
aeonfhwdkifatmif &Jrsm;u jiif;qefvdkuf=uonf? ppfwyfuvnf; a&G;aumufyGJonf EdkifiHa&;udpPjzpfjyD;
ppfwyfrS 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&onhfudpPr[kwf [kqdkjyD; rDvdkqJApf.trdef@udk emcHjcif;ryawmhay?
tm%m&SifrDvdkqJApftpdk;&tm; z,f&Sm;I 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;jzifh &J/ ppfwyf/
tpdk;&0efxrf;wdk@. wm0efrsm;udk xdcdkufvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif; twdkuftcHwdk@u olwdk@tm; vaygif;rsm;pGm
t=umuyif tjyif;txef ajymqdk &Sif;jyxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? xdkaxmufwdkifrsm; ydusonfESifhwjydKifeuf rdrd
tm%mrJhoGm;jyDjzpfa=umif; rDvdkqJApf csufcsif;oabm aygufvdkufonf?
twdkuftcHwdk@twGuf t=urf;rzufyJ t=uyfudkifI EdkifiHa&;atmifyJG &,lEdkifonf
rSm ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; (Credible Capacity) &Sdaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
xdkuJhodk@ r&Sdojzifh ratmifjrifcJh&aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 2002ckESpfu ZifbmabG
EdkifiHwGif taxGaxGoydwf=uD; qifEJ&$ ef ESpf=udrfwdwdac:,lcJhaomfvnf; taumiftxnf ay:rvmcJhyg?
oydwfwdkufyJGwck atmifjrif&efrSm tcsdef,l+yD;pDpOf&onf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&onf?
ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwf&ef tp&Sdonfwdk@udk pDpOfxm;&onf? odk@r[kwfygu tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; t=uyfudkif&ef
cJ,Of;onf? ratmifjrifv#if rdrdwdk@bufrS 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft[kefudk zsufqD;&ma&mufonf?
vlxku wuf=uGpGm axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm; avsmhusoGm;Edkifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifEdkifajc &Sdr&Sdudkvnf;
EdkifiHwumrSar;p&m jzpfvmEdkifonf? xdkodk@jzpfvmEdkifaom qdk;usKd;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef t"duta&;ygaom
37

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkpDpOfaqmif&GufaepOftwGif; ,Hk=unfpdwfcsavmufaom vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;

rnfr#&Sdxm;onfudk rjzpfrae oHk;oyf&ygrnf?

(4) tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I ajymif;vJjcif;

twdkuftcHtkyfpku tkyfpdk;oltm;t=uyfudkifEdkifonfrSm EdkifiHa&;tm%mtrsm;pkudk &,l
xm;+yD;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? twdkuftcHwdk@u EdkifiHa&; tm%mcsdefcGifv#monf rdrdwdk@bufwGif tav;om
onf[k,lqv#if tpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryjcif;/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; ponfhenf;vrf;ESpfckudkoHk;I
us,fus,fjyefjyef@ qef@usiftHwkoifhonf? tcsdefumvwcktxd tHwkqef@usifaeaomtcg xdktpdk;&rSm
awmifhcHrxm;EdkifawmhyJ vHk;0yduGJoGm;&onf/ ,if;onf tpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I
ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf?
twdkuftcHrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&tm; vHk;0yduGJoGm;&ef vdktyfonf[k pOf;pm;rnfqdkv#if
xdktpdk;& rywfrcsif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. t&SdefESifhv_yf&Sm;r_rsufESmpmrsm;udk av#mhrcs&yg? rnfonfh
ta=umif;a=umifhjzpfap twdkuftcHwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_t&dSef av#mhcsvdkufonfESifhwydifeuf xdktpdk;& jyefvnf
acgif;axmifvm&ef tcGifhta&; jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? w[kefxdk; t&SdefjrSihfwifoGm;&ygrnf?
ppfyJrG sm;wGif xdk;ppfr[mAsL[mudkoHk;I &efol.cHppfusKd;aygufatmif wdkuf,l&onf?
&efolwdk@ qkwfcGm&ef =udK;yrf;aejyDqdkv#if ,if;udktcGifhaumif;,lum xyfcsyfruGm vdkufvHwdkufcdkufI acsr_ef;
zsufqD;&onf? ppfqifa&;udk tjrefqHk; tqHk;owfEdkif&ef rD;ukef,rf;ukef tjyif;xefqHk;wdkufcdkuf&onf?
wzef cHppfr[mAsL[mr&Sdv#ifvnf; &efoludk vsifjrefpGm rwGef;vSefEdkif/ cHppfa=umif;udkvnf; tm;jznfhray;
Edkifyg? t=urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onfvnf; EdkifiHa&; xdk;ppfESifh cHppftwGuf uwifjyifqif&ygrnf?

t=urf;rzufqifE$Ja&; enf;vrf;rsm;
t=urf;rzufqifEJa$ &;
enf;vrf;rsm;

uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh
rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif;

,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;

vlr_a&;t&
,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

pD;yGm;a&;t&
,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

EdkifiHa&;t&
,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

EdkifiHa&;tm%m ajymif;vJ&ef vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tay:

rlwnfonf? twdkuftcHwdk@taejzifh toHk;csEdkifrnfh t=urf;rzufqifEJ$a&;enf;vrf; trsm;tjym;&Sdonf?
csJ@EdkifoavmufcsJ@I&onf? vdktyfovdk ajymif;vJI&onf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;onfh EdkifiHa&;
pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu t=urf;rzufqifEJ$a&; enf;vrf; (200)enf;yg;cef@ azmfjyxm;onf?
aemufxyf &SdEdkifao;onf[kvnf; a&;xm;onf? trSefwu,fudkyif umv/ a'o/ ya,m*ay:rlwnfI
toHk;ryrD taotcsm pdppfoHk;oyfum ydkifEdkifpGm qHk;jzwf&ygrnf?
38

tm%m&Siftm; t=urf;rzuftHwkqef@usif&mwGif r=umc%qdkovdk =urf;wrf;pGm

vufwkef@jyef cH&wwfonf? &dkufESufcH&Edkifonf? ESdyfpufnSif;yef;cH&Edkifonf? axmifcscH&Edkifonf? xdk@jyif
ausmif;txkwfcH&jcif;/ ajccsKyfcH&jcif; tp&Sdojzifh tjyif;txef ydwfqdk@ta&;,lcH&Edkifonf? r*~Zif;wdkuf
tydwfcH&jcif;/ tvkyfxkwfcH&jcif;uJhodk@aom pD;yGm;a&; jypf'%frsm; ay;cH&Edkifonf? vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;t&
jypf'%fcwfcH&onfrsm;yif &SdEdkifonf?
tpdk;&u &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfaejyDqdkv#if twdkuftcHwdk@u xdktjzpfrsKd;udk vlod
&Sif=um; xkwfazmf&ygrnf? odk@rSom 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vlxku ydkrdkaxmufcHrnf? t=urf;rzuf
qENjyoludk tpdk;&u w&m;0ifonfhyrm &uf&ufpufpuf EdSyfuGyfaeonfhtwGufa=umifh tpdk;&tjzpf
qufvuf&yfwnf&efoifhroifh ar;&ayawmhrnf? jyD;cJhaom &mpkESpfuqdkv#if EdkifiHa&;tHwkqef@usifolwdk@u
tzrf;cH&onf/ axmiftcscH&onfudkyif *k%f,laecJh=uonf? tzrf;cHjcif;/ axmiftcscHjcif;jzifh rnfol@
twGuf/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tusKd;tjypf rnfodk@&SdEdkifonfudk qef;ppf&efvdkonf?
&nf&G,fcsufay:rlwnfI t=urf;rzufqifEJ$a&;enf;vrf;ukd oifhawmfovdk a&G;cs,f
&ygrnf? tcsKd@aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@ESpfouf&m enf;vrf;(odk@) tjcm;olrsm;
atmifjrifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk wcgw&H a&G;cs,ftoHk;ywwfonf? t=urf;rzufqifEJ$a&; enf;vrf;wdkif;
onf rdrdwdk@.&nf&G,fcsuf/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;wdk@ESifh qdkifcsifrSqdkifayvddrfhrnf? ra,mif&m qDvl;Ir&?
temwjcm; aq;wjcm; rjzpfapoifhyg? pHerlemtm;jzifh&Sd&rnfrSm v_yf&Sm;r_. &nf&G,fcsufudk taotcsm
owfrw
S fjyD; t=urf;rzufqifEJ$a&; enf;vrf;pm&if;rS vuf&SdtajctaeESifh toifhawmfqHk;udk a&G;cs,f&
ygrnf? pOf;pm;&vG,fulap&ef oHk;rsKd;cGJI azmfjyygrnf? ,if;wdk@rSm
(1) uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif;
(2) ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;
(3) 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; wdk@jzpfonf?

(1)

uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif;

twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkwdk@u tpdk;&tm; uef@uGufqENjyonf/ acsmharmhajzmifhzs

onf/ rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifonf qdkjcif;rSm tpdk;& vkyfaqmifyHktcsKd@udkjzpfap/ ay:vpDtcsKd@udkjzpfap
oabmrwl/ qef@usifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? trsm;pk&SdaomyHkpHrSm tpdk;&tay: rauseyfa=umif;xkwfazmf&ef
tpDtpOfvkyfjyD; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tpdk;&ESdyfuGyfr_udk twdkuftcHwdk@u t=urf;rzuf
tHwkqef@usifaea=umif; jynfolvlxkudk today;&efvnf; &nf&G,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf? r[mAsL[mt&
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;aom rnfonfhtqifhrqdk tpdk;&tm; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rddrdbufygatmif
qGJaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh tusKd;&Sdonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh twdkuftcHwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_ tpydkif;avmufY toHk;y
avh&Sdonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ pwif&mwGifyif tqdkyg enf;vrf;udk oHk;=uonf?
tpdk;&tm; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif; yvkyf&mwGif rnfonfh
enf;vrf;udk oHk;onfjzpfap owif;rD'D,m us,fjyef@atmifvkyfoihfonf? rnfolr#rodv#if rnfodk@yif qEN
jyjy/ rnfr#yif uef@uGufpm/ arwWm&yfcHpm (Petition)a&;a&; xda&mufrnfr[kwfay?
wurBmvHk; wkefv_yaf jcmufjcm;oGm;&avmufaom 1960ckESpfrS tjzpftysufwckudk Oyrm
ay;ygrnf? AD,uferfbkef;=uD; trsm;tjym;u rdrdudk,fudk "gwfqDavmif; rD;&d_@um tar&duefaxmufcHaom
awmifAD,uferftpdk;&udk uef@uGufcJh=uzl;onf? rdrdudk,fudk taoqdk;jzifh tqHk;pD&ifr_udk EdkifiHa&;t&
qef@usifuef@uGufonfh enf;vrf;tjzpf a&G;cs,fv_yf&Sm;onfhta=umif;&if;udk odvm&aomvlrsm;pGmu
tcsdeftawmf=umatmifyif pOf;pm;aecJh=uonf? pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfolwdk@u EdkifiHwum owif;at*sifpDrsm;udk
39

zdwfac:xm;jyD; owif;ESifh "gwfyHkrsm; urBmtESH@ jyef@ESH@apcJhaoma=umifh rdrdudk,fudk paw;&usKd;eyfonf

[kqdk&ygrnf?
uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif; enf;vrf;rsm;onf tpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;
tm%mZpfjrpfrsm; (=oZmwduUr/ tpdk;&toHk;jyKaeaom vlom;t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;rsm;/ wwfodynm/
tpdk;&. oabmw&m;a&;&m/ &kyf0wK t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ tpdk;&.jypf'%fcwfjcif;)wdk@udk wdkuf&dkufxdk;ESuf
Edkifonfawmhr[kwfay? odk@aomf oG,f0dkufIxdcdkufap&ef &nf&G,fonf? xdkenf;vrf;rsm;a=umifh twdkuftcH
wdk@ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh vlod&iS f=um; *&kwpdkuf pHkprf; azmfxkwfvm&onf? vlxk
qef@usifr_rsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;vmaponf? tpdk;&tm; rddrdbufygatmif qGJaqmif&ef/ arwWm &yfcH&ef
enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGvm=uonf? xdk@jyif ajymif;vJoifhonfrsm;udk vlxku xkwfazmfvm=uonf?
odk@aomf ,ckuJhodk tpdk;&tm; uef@uGufqENjy/ rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifonfxuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
(wckvHk;)u tqrsm;pGm ydkrdkus,fjyef@jyD; xda&mufr_&Sdonf?

(2)

,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf &Edkifor#enf;vrf;rsm;wGif tm;taumif;qHk;trsKd;tpm;rSm

jynfolvlxku tpdk;&udk ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif; jzpfonf? xufxufjrufjruf a&G;cs,fpDpOfxm;aom
r[mAsL[m.enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;csEdkifrSom tpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifygrnf?
xdkodk@u;yrf;&mwGif wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifaom ppfom;rS/ tvkyf=urf;vkyfEdkifaom tvkyform;rS/ EdkifiHa&;
wwfu|rf;olrS 0ifvkyf&rnf r[kwfyg? jynfolw&yfvHk; yg0ifvkyfaqmifrS &Edkifygrnf? jynfoludk
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom tpdk;&tm; u|Efkyfwdk@jynfolrsm;u rnfonfhtcgrS tultnDay;rnfr[kwf qdkaom
pum;jzihf jynfolw&yfvHk;odk@ todynmay; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfay;&rnf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm tpdk;&,EW&m;
rvnfywfEdkifa&; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ r[mAsL[mtwdkif; tpdk;&tm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
ray;onhf oifhawmfaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjyD; pnf;pepfusepGm vkyfaqmifEdkifjyDqdkv#if tusKd;xll;rsm;
xGufay:vmygrnf? tpDtpOfr&SdyJ vkyfIawmhrjzpfyg?
tpdk;&tm; vlxku ,dkif;yif;ulnDjcif; r&SdouJhokd@ EdkifiHwumrSvnf; tvm;wl vkyfay;
Edkif&ygrnf? jynfwGif;jynfyrS yl;aygif;ay;aer_rsm;rSm tm%m&Siftpdk;& oufqdk;&Snfaejcif;. ta=umif;&if;
wckjzpfonf? tpdk;&xHrS xdkodk@aom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufay;aer_rsm; &kyfodrf;oGm;atmif EdkifiHwumrS
0dkif;0ef;aqmif&Guf&efvdkonf? EdkifiHwum. ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfr_rsm;udk tav;teufxm; vkyfaqmif
Edkif&efvdkonf? xdkodk@aqmif&GufEdkifvmjyDqdkv#if EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJvmEdkifayvdrfhrnf? xdktpdk;&tm;
EdkifiHwumaxmufcHr_ r&&SdapEdkifaom pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_ trsm;tjym; &Sdae&efvdkonf? Oyrmqdkv#if

jynfy &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_ESihf EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefrsm;udk tm;ray;jcif;/ wm;jrpfjcif;/

EdkifiHwum aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif xdktpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;udk uef@uGufjcif;/
xdyfwef;t&m&Sdwdk@. jynfyc&D;oGm;vmcGifh (ADZm)ydwfyifjcif;/
EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;rS rdrdwdk@EdkifiHom;rsm; xdktpdk;&.EdkifiHodk@ c&D;oGm;vmcGifhudk
wm;jrpfjcif;/
vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom tultnDrsm;udk axmufyHhay;aeonfh tef*sDtdkrsm;u
EdkifiHjcm;pDrHudef; tultnDrsm;udk udk,fwdkif =uD;=uyfjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk@jzpfonf?

tpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yif;ulnDjcif;r&Sdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk vlra_ &;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t&[lI

oHk;ydkif;cGJI qufvuf avhvmygrnf?

40

2 (u) vlra_ &;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

jynfolwOD;csif; rnfolrqdk rdrdwdk@tpdk;&tm; vlr_a&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_r&SdyJ aeEdkif
ygonf? tpdk;&tzGJ@xJrS eHrnfysuf pm&if;&SdoltcsKd@tm; vlr_a&;t& taygif;toif;rvkyfygu wdk@
omru wdk@.rdom;pkrsm;udkyg xdcdkufapEdkifonf? *k%foa&&Sdyk*~dKvfwdk@u rdrdwdk@. oma&;ema&;rsm;wGif
xdktpdk;&t&m&Sd=uD;rsm;udk zdwf=um;jcif;ryyJ xm;jcif;jzifh vlr_a&;t& OD;pm;ray;yJ aeEdkifonf? xdk@jyif
tpdk;& {nfhcHyGJrsm; (odk@) xdktpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh awG@qHkEdkifzG,f&Sdaom tjcm;yk*~vdu{nfhcHyGJrsm;udk rwufyJ
aeI&onf? xdktpdk;&t&m&Sdwdk@ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;jzpfaeolrsm;/ tef*sDtdkrsm;u wdk@.ZeD; cifyGef;
om;orD;rsm;udk oma&;ema&;udpPrsm;Y rzdwfac:jcif;/ rdbrsm;u rdrdwdk@om;orD;rsm;udk xdkolwdk@.
om;orD;rsm;ESifh ta&mr0ifapjcif;pojzifh vlr_a&;t& ae&mray;yJqufqHI jzpfEdkifonf? jynfolwdk@u
xdkodk@a&Smifz,fa&Smifz,f vkyfaejcif;onf tpdk;&axmufcHolwdk@. tytrlrsm;tm; onf;nD;rcHEdkifa=umif;
udkom ,m,Dtm;jzihf jyoaejcif;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI *&kwpdkuf&Sd&ef/ wdwdusus&Sd&ef vdkonf?
trSm;t,Gif;jzpfoGm;v#if tpdk;&axmufcHolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ 'Drdkua&pD axmufcHonfhbufodk@ ygrvmyJ
jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
tpdk;&tm; todtrSwfy *k%fyonfhoabm&Sdaom vlr_a&;ESifh tm;upm;yGJrsm;udk
oydwfarSmufEdkifonf? tpdk;&rESpfoufaom 0wfpm;qif,ifr_udkuyif xdktpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;jcif;r&Sda=umif;
azmfjyonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdk@u yifeDwdkufyHk 0wfqifjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? tpdk;&tm; vlr_a&;
t&yl;aygif;jcif; r&Sdolwdk@. tqdkygoauFwrsm;udk usefolwdk@u tvG,fwuloabmaygufjyD; tvm;wl
vkyfaqmifvm=uaoma=umifh tpdk;&qef@usifa&; ydkrdktm;aumif;vm&onf?
Oyrmwckay;ygrnf? tar&duefudkvdkeDacwfwGif rufqmcsL;quf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;jzpfolu
olonf t*Fvdyfbk&ifrif;jrwftm; udk,fpm;yaevifhupm; tusOf;om;wa,mufxuf ydkIomvGefjcif;
r&Sda=umif; jiD;wGm;cJh&zl;onf? ol@taejzifh jiD;wGm;rnfqdkvnf; jiD;wGm;avmufonf? ol@pum;udk rnfolr#
em;raxmif=uacs? oltkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh&aoma'orS ppfwyfuvnf; ol@trdef@udkremcH=uay? rnfodk@yif
ajymajym/ rnfodk@yif trdef@ay;ay; vpfvsL&_aecJh=uonf? bk&m;ausmif;vmolwdk@uvnf; ol@tm; a0;a0;
uyif a&SmifaecJh=uonf?

2(c) pD;yGm;a&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

rnfonfhtpdk;&rqdk bmaiG vdktyfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? tpdk;&tzdk@ bmaiG&&ef
jynfolwdk@. 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;u tcGefay;aqmifvma&;udk ar#mfvifhae&onf? tcGefaiG&&ef tpdk;&u
rufvHk;ay;&onf? jynfolwdk@u xdk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ray;v#if pD;yGm;a&;rufvHk;rsm; rnfr#
aumif;aeonhfwdkifatmif xdkvkyfief;rsm; a&&Snfr&yfwnfEdkif? tpdk;&udkvnf; tcGefray;aqmifEdkifyJ jzpfvm
awmhonf? tpdk;& 0ifaiGr&atmif &nf&G,fjcif;jzpfonf?
tpdk;&.rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef vdktyfaomukefypPnf;rsm; r0,f,lEdkifatmif/
0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk toHk;rcsEdkifatmif &Edkifor#enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh jiif;y,fav#mhcs&ygrnf? tpdk;&onf
.rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfrazmfEdkifv#if tm; axmufcHae=uolwdk@udk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef
tcuftcJawG@vmrnf jzpfonf?
tjcm;erlemwckrSm tcGefraqmifjcif; (odk@) tcGefudk av#mhayghay;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh tcGefa&Smifjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tpdk;&xH tcGefaqmif&aom ukefypPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_
vkyfief;rsm;udk vlxku tm;ray;yJ oydwfarSmufjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;rwnfrjidrfjzpfatmif qef@usifqENjyjcif;
paomenf;vrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@ pkaqmif;aiGrsm;udk b%frsm;rSxkwf,ljcif;onfvnf;
41

tpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryaom enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf? tqdkyg enf;vrf;a=umifh EdkifiHwumrS aiG&if;

jrSKyfESHolrsm; vpfvsLr&_Edkifaom bma&;jy\em jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
tpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufzGH@z;r_udk tm;enf;apaom enf;vrf;rsm;vnf;
&Sdonf? Oyrm EdkifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%D=uD;rsm;/ ukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumtef*sDtdkwdk@
tm; xdktpdk;&ESifh pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_rsm; &kyfodrf;&ef acsmharmhaoG;aqmifjcif; jzpffonf?
pD;yGm;a&; rwnfrjidrfjzpf&onfhtwGuf tpdk;& axmufwdkifrsm; tm;enf;vmonf? xdkr#
omruao;yg? twdkuftcHwdk@u yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGif xdktpdk;&.
u;yrf;csufrsm; t&mrxif jzpfapEdkifonf? tpdk;&vkyfcsifovdk vkyfIr& jzpfvmEdkifonf? tpdk;&taejzifh
xdkodk@tcuftcJ&Sdvmaomfvnf; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf tvGeftrif; xda&muf
atmif tusKd;yonfhudpPawmhr[kwfay?
tpdk;&tzdk@ xdcdkufqHk;&H;rcHEdkifaomudpPrSm EdkifiHjcm;aiGrm t0iftxGufjzpfonf? AsL[majrmuf
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ qifEJ&$ mwGif ,if;udkajc&mcHrd&ef ta&;=uD;onf? tpdk;&onf aiGrmrsm;udk obm0
o,HZmwrsm; a&mif;csjcif;jzifh &&Sdwwfonf? xkwfvkyfp&dwfoufomaom ukefypPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_
vkyfief;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;jzihfvnf;&&SdEdkifonf? tpdk;&Y aiGrmrsm; r&&Sda&;twGuf txda&mufqHk;
ypfrSwfrSm tqdkygypPnf;ESifh vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;csr_ r&Sdatmif vkyfonfhudpP jzpfonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif tpdk;&tzdk@ twdkufcdkuf rcHEdkifqHk;rSm jynfyoGif;ukefjzpfonf?

2(*) EdkifiHa&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

tpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_r&Sdjcif;onfh enf;vrf;rSefor# obm0tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh
qdkifonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syf pkpnf;wifjyxm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;(198)rsKd;Y EdkifiHa&;
t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryonfh enf;vrf; (38)rsKd; &Sdonf? ,if;wdk@onf tpdk;&. tm%mydkifqdkifr_udk y,fcs&ef
t"du &nf&G,fonf?
tpdk;&w&yftm; EdkifiHa&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryonfhtwGuf xdktpdk;& txdemovdk
ab;xGuftusKd; oufa&mufr_wckvnf; tvdkvdk jzpfxGef;vmonf? vl@todkif;t0dkif;wck twGif;&Sd
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf wzGJ@csif;jzpfap/ tvm;wltzGJ@rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;Ijzpfap xdktpdk;&tm; EdkifiHa&;
t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryaomtcg olwdk@onf tpdk;&tm; qef@usifI rnfodk@&yfwnfv#if jzpfEdkifonfudk
odvm=uonf? qef@usif&Jonhf ,Hk=unfr_rsm; wdk;vmonf?
EdkifiHa&;t& ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryjcif;onf xdktpdk;&tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef wdkuf&dkuf
wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf tm%mydkifqdkifr_udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif toHk;csvsuf a=unmcsufrsm;/ tpdk;&
cH,lcsufoabmxm;rsm;ESifh tjcm;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk w&m;0if xkwfjyefwwfonf? rnfodk@yifxkwfjyefapumrl
jynfolvlxku EdkifiHa&;t&y,fcsv#if jynfolwdk@.pdwfxJwGif tpdk;&Y xdkodk@tm%moHk;ydkifcGifh r&Sda=umif;
wpwp ,Hk=unfvm=uonf?
xdkodk@qef@usifjyD;onfESifhwqufwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;Xmersm;udk oydwfarSmuf
awmhonf? tpdk;&. t&yfzuf0efxrf;wdk@uvnf; ,EW&m;vnfywfr_t&Sdefudk av#mhcsvdkuf=uonf?
onfhaemufwGif tpdk;&qef@usifa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfapEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif
&Sdvmonf?
txufygtaetxm;onf tu,fI ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif tvm;wljzpfysufoGm;rnf
qdkygu jynfolvlxkonf twdkuftcHwdk@. t=urf;rzuf'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tpdk;&bufrS &yfwnfay;
awmhrnfr[kwfay? xdk@jyif xdktpdk;&tzdk@ tm%mudk vHk;0vufv$wf qHk;&H_;&onftxd jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
42

(3)

0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;

&SdaejyD;jzpfaom tavhtxrsm;/ rl0g'rsm;/ qufpyfr_rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;

ponfwdk@udk t=urf;rzufyJ wm;qD;&ef (odk@) xdkodk@wm;qD;jcif;jzifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdap&ef v_yf&Sm;jcif;
rsm;onf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh tqdkyg&SdjyD;om;rsm;onf topf
jzpfvmEdkifp&monf? tzGJ@tpnf;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;yif topfjzpfvmEdkifonf? xdkenf;vrf;rsm;onf tpdk;&.
vuf&Sdtaetxm;udk wdkuf&dkufpdrfac:onf jzpfaoma=umifh 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&onfhudpPudk tpdk;&tm;
csufcsif;odjrifap&onf? tm%mydkifrsm;udk,fwdkif jzpfEdkifv#if csufcsif;vufiif; ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifa&;udk ydkI
wdkuf&dkufawmif;qdk&onf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; enf;vrf;rsm;u qef@usifqEN
jyjcif;/ ,kdif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;paom enf;vrf;rsm;xufydkI jrefjref jyif;xefpGm ESdyfuGyfcH&Edkifzdk@&SdEdkifonf?
tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh EdkifiHa&;yHkpHESifh vlr_a&; tquftpyfrsm;udk
xda&mufpGmajymif;vJap&ef jynfolvlxku rnfodk@0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifcJhonfudk ra0;ao;aom tar&duef
ordkif;a=umif;wGif awG@&onf? tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ae@vnfpma&mif;aomae&mY
xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;onf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;&SdcJhonf? xdxda&mufa&mufvnf;&Sdojzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufol
wdk@u pm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;aer_rsm;udk tqHk;owfay;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@jyif tqdkyg pnf;&Hk;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;aer_ qef@usifa&;rSm xif&Sm;vmjyD; Oya'jyXmef;ay;apvdkonftxd
tav;teuf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef todw&m;rsm; Edk;=um;vmonf?
txdrcHonfh t=urf;ywrf;yHkpHjzifh xdkifoydwfarSmufonfrSm q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm =umvm
onf? aemufydkif; wcgw&H t=urf;ywrf;yHkpHjzifh xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;rS t=urf;rzuf jidrf;csrf;pGm
xdkifoydwfarSmufonfhyHkpHodk@ ajymif;vJvmonf? qENjyaeolrsm;u t=urf;rzufawmhrSef; &Jrsm;u odvm
onfhtcg 0ifa&muf&dkufESufonf? &JacG;rsm;jzifh &SL;wdkufonf? tqdkygt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk r=umc%qdkovdk
tm%mydkifrsm;u zefwD;wwfonf? xdktcg qENjyolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&; *sDtk*sdqkenf;udkoHk;=uonf?
*sDtk*sdqk qdkonfrSm jidrf;csrf;pGmqENjyaeolrsm;tm; ydifzuf(tm%m&Siftpdk;&)u
t=urf;zuf ESdrfESif;vmjcif;udk EdkifiHa&;t&wkef@jyefI tiftm;omvGef&ef toHk;yaom txl;enf;vrf;
jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh jiddrf;csrf;pGm qENjyaeolrsm;onf t=urf;zufvmonfh tm%mydkifrsm;udk
t=urf;rzuf wkef@jyefjcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;t& tjrwfxkwf&jcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfEdkifaom
a=umifhvnf; vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_udkumuG,fay;onfh w&m;Oya'rSm ydkrdktm;aumif;vm&onf? tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&udk AsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufqef@usif&mwGif vlxktwGuf &yfwnfay;rnfh w&m;r#wr_udk xdktpdk;&
xHrS &EdkifzG,fr&Sday? v_yf&Sm;olwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rS tiftm;jznfhwif;ay;vm&efom
vdktyfonf?
EdkifiHwum 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ Oyrmwcktaejzifh 2002ckESpf 'DZifbmvu tif'dkeD;&Sm;
tmcsJwGif apmifh=uyfay;aeaom EdkifiHwumjidrf;csrf;a&;wyfzGJ@rsm;ta=umif; azmfjyygrnf? tmcsJa'o
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh (odk@) vGwfvyfa&;&&ef v_yf&Sm;olwdk@tm; qef@usifolrsm;&SdcJhonf? xdkolwdk@onf
vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfholrsm;ESifh
vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;a&;
tultnDay;olrsm;udkvnf;
=urf;wrf;pGm tEW&m,fay;vmojzifh EdkifiHwumjidrf;csrf;a&;wyfzGJ@u umuG,fay;&eftwGuf 0ifa&muf
pGufzufvm&onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHwumjidrf;csrf;a&;wyfzGJ@ &Sdaejcif;a=umifh tmcsJa'ocH v_yf&Sm;ol
wdk@u tif'dkeD;&Sm;tpdk;&tm; t=urf;zufvmEdkifjcif;rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef apmihf=unfhay;EdkifcJhonf?
aemufxyf EdkifiHwum0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ OyrmrSm ygvufpwdkif; v,form;ESifh jynfol
rsm;udk tpPa&; tajccsaexkdifolrsm;ESifh tpPa&;ppfwyfrS wdkufcdkufaeonfhtwGuf EdkifiHjcm;rS t=urf;rzuf
oufawmfapmifhrsm; csxm;jyD; xdkolwdk@tm;umuG,fay;cJhonf?

43

0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;a=umifh tpdk;&rsm;udk tm;enf;apEdkifonf? tpdk;&axmufwdkif

rsm;udk ydkrdk,dkifeJ@apEdkifonf? aocsmpGm pDpOfa&;qGJxm;aom r[mAsL[m &Sdaev#if jzpfay:vmaom
tcGifhtaumif;rsm;udk rv$wfwrf; jrefjref qefqeftoHk;csEdkfif&ef ndSEd_if;jyifqifI&onf?
r[mAsL[m r&Sdv#if ndSEd_if;jyifqifr_r&Sdaoma=umifh ay:vmaomtcGifhaumif;udk toHk;
rcsEdkifyJ v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdeft[kef usqif;oGm;Edkifonf? xdktcg ydifzuftwGuf jyefvnftiftm;jznfh&ef
tcsdefay;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;onf?
tpdk;&.ppfwyf tp&Sdaom todkif;t0dkif;rsm;onf tpdk;&bufrS &yfwnfI aemufqHk;
tcsdefxd jyefvSefwdkufcdkufvmEdkifonf? ta=umif;rSm 0ifa&mufpGufr_rsm;onf olwdk@. qufvuf
&yfwnfEdkifa&;udk jcdrf;ajcmufaejyD[k xifrSwfoGm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
xdkodk@rjzpfap&efrSm tpdk;&
&yfwnfa&;udk taxmuftulyaom tqdkygtiftm;pkrsm; ( ppfwyf/ &J/ 0efxrf; tp&Sdonf)wdk@tm;
todynmay;/ pnf;&Hk;/ v_H@aqmfa&;udk pOf;pm;oifo
h nf? xdk@aemuf apmvsifpGm vufawG@ taumiftxnf
azmfoihfonf?
--------- 000---------

44

tcef; (5)

jy\emajz&Sif;yHk
t=uHay;tzGJ@. avhvm oHk;oyf wifjyyHkudk toHk;yaomtcg jy\emajz&Sif;csufudk rawG@yJaeI r&+yD?
- apm,dk&SL; (u&iftrsKd;om;aumifpD) (ol. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwDrS avhvmoHk;oyfwifjyyHkudk
oifwef;ydk@cs&mwGif toHk;y&ef rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh axmufcH&oenf;[k ar;pOfujzpfonf?)
ydyuQwckudk atmifjrifpGmajz&Sif;Edkif&ef tcsufoHk;csuf vdktyfonf?
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@wGif &Sif;vif; jywfom;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sd&ygrnf?
r[mAsL[m(Strategy)udk a&;qGJxm;+yD; jzpf&ygrnf?
xdk@aemuf taxmuftul ay;aom tpDtpOfrsm; (Supporting plans) &Sd&ygrnf?
qdkonfrSm wenf;tm;jzifh r[mAsL[m odk@r[kwf r[mAsL[mwGif
yg0ifonfh tcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfay;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? xdyfwef;r[mAsL[m
(Grand Strategy) wGifyg&Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh vrf;n$ecf sufwdk@rSm twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif
rsm;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&eftwGuf qHk;jzwf+yD;aomtcg rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJ&onf? xdkrl0g'rsm;rSm
xdyfwef; r[mAsL[m (Grand Strategy) wGifyg&Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh vrf;n$efcsufrsm; jzpfonf?
Supporting plan

ydyuQrsm;pGmudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif Supporting plan &Sdae+yD; jzpf&ygrnf? odk@rSom

acgif;aqmifrsm;u rl0g'rsm;udk qHk;jzwf+yD;onfESifh Supporting plan udktoHk;csI taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifygrnf?
tm%m&SifEdkifiHwdk@wGif 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk u;yrf;=u&mY jy\emajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;
r&dSoavmuf jzpfwwfonf? xdkokd@jzpf&onfrSm tm%m&Sifwdk@u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wif;=uyfpmG
xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ tm%m&Sif. vufatmufcHrsm;wGif qHk;jzwfay;Edkifaom tcGifhtm%mrsm; uef@owfcH
ae&jcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf?
wzufpGef;a&muf tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/
tvkyftudkif/ bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;tp&Sdonfwdk@udk wdk@pdwfuuf qHk;jzwfpDrHavh&Sdonf? tm%m&Sif.
aemufvdkufrsm;rSm tm%m&Siftm; a=umuf&GH@&aoma=umifhjzpfap/ ,Ofaus;r_tpOftvmt&jzpfap vlxk
bufu a&S@aevdkufay;&ef wGef@qkwf=uonf? olwdk@onf txufuay;aom trdef@twdkif;om waoGrwdrf;
vdkufemjyD; vlxkudk pDrHtkyfcsKyf=uonf?
jy\emrsm;udk u|rf;usifpGmudkifwG,fEdkif&ef jy\emjzpf&aom ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk
aocsmpGm pdppfoHk;oyf&ygrnf? ajz&Sif;&ef jzpfEdkifajcrsm; &Sdae&ygrnf? vlxkxHwGif jy\em=uD;i,frSefor#udk
u|rf;usifpGmajz&Sif;Edkifonfh t&nftcsif;rsm; &Sdae&ygrnf? xdkt&nftcsif;rsm; wdk;wuffvmatmif
tcGifhaumif;rsm; zefwD;ay;ae&ygrnf?
vlwdk@onf rdrdwdk@b0jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef t=uddrfaygif;rsm;pGm qHk;jzwfzl;=uonf?
odk@aomf qHk;jzwfcsuftrsm;pkrSm rnfodk@0wfpm;qif,ifrnf/ rnfonfht&mudk 0,f,lrnf/ arG;ae@ygwDodk@
rnfol@ukdzdwfrnf ponfh omrefudpPrsm;omjzpfonf? wcsKd@u rnfodk@aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;yrnf
pojzifh tenf;i,fydkjrifhaomudpPrsm;udk qHk;jzwfEdkif=uonf?
u|Efkyfwdk@rSm &or#udk wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jwwf=uonf? aemufqHk;wGif qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif;
rjzpfapumrl ukodkvfuHay;oavmufom[k oabmxm;jyD; vufcHwwf=uonf? odk@jzpfI ta&;odyfr=uD;
vSaom tqdkygudpPrsm;wGif taumif;qHk;ajz&Sif;Edkifygvsuf cyfayghaygh qHk;jzwfae=uonf? taumif;qHk;udk
rar#mfrSef;=uonfrSm taumif;qHk;r[kwfaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;jzifh ESpfodrfha&mif&JEdkifaoma=umifh
45

jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vlwa,mufonf tdrfaxmify&mY olESifh tvdkufzufqHk; tdrfaxmifbufudk

tcsdef,l a&G;cs,fraeawmhyJ eD;pyf&m todkif;t9dkif;rS rnfolESifhvufxyfaygif;oif;v#if ol. ae@pOfb0
rnfodk@tqifajyEdkifrnfudkom=unfhI vG,fvG,f qHk;jzwfjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf?
vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;uJhodk@yif tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@onfvnf; jy\emrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif; ae&
ayonf? tzGJ@tpnf;. qHk;jzwfcsufqdkonfrSm tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkomru tzGJ@0ifr[kwfolrsm;udkyg t=uHK;0if
vsuf &Sdwwfonf? Oyrm- EdkifiHa&;ygwDwck. qHk;jzwfcsufonf xdkygwD0ifr[kwfaom omrefjynfolrsm;.
tusKd;twGufvnf; &nfrSef;I qHk;jzwf&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf? qHk;jzwfcsufwcka=umifh tvGefta&;ygaom
aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;rsm; jzpfoGm;wwfonf? odk@jzpfI qHkjzwfcsufcsolonf &Edkifor# taumif;qHk; tcsuf
tvufrsm; tay:tajcyI wifjyvmaomjzpfEdkifajcrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfzdk@ vdktyfonf?
ppfwyf. qHk;jzwfcsufcsyHkESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;a&;twGuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsyHkwdk@rSm
trsm;tm;jzifh wlnD=uonf? odk@jzpfI qHk;jzwfcsufcsolxH jzpffEdkifajcrsm;udk wifjyrnfholwdk@onf ppfwyf.
jy\emajz&Sif;onfhenf;aA' (Probem solving methodology)udk odxm;v#if toHk;0ifayvdrfhrnf?
jy\emajz&Sif;onfhenf;aA'onf vdk&if;udk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyay;Edkifonf? ,if;wGif tao;pdwf
tcsuftvufrsm; yg&dSonf? xdkenf;aA'udk tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;udpPrsm;ay:aygufvmaomtcg
enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh toHk;yEdkifonf? trsKd;rsKd;aom jy\emaygif;rsm;pGmudkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGufqdkv#ifvnf; tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_. rnfonfhtqifhrqdk jy\emajz&Sif;
&mY toHk;yEdkifonf? acgif;aqmifjzpfolu t=uHay;olwdk@ wifjyvmonfudk tajccHI jy\emudk ajz&Sif;
onf?

t=uHay;tzGJ@. avhvmoHk;oyfwifjyyHk (StaffStudyFormat)

wqifhjyD;rSwqifh aqmif&Guf&aomenf;vrf;jzpfonf? ta&;=uD;aomrSwfom;r_wcktjzpf
avhvmoihfonf?
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

jy\emudk OD;pGmazmfjyjcif;
xifjrif,lqcsufudk azmfxkwfjcif;
jy\emjzpfaeaom tcsufrsm;udk &SmazGjcif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;
tqHk;owfaumufcsufcsjcif;
axmufcHcsufudk wifjyjcif; wdk@jzpfonf?

pmydk'f - 1? jy\emudk OD;pGmazmfjyjcif;

eHygwfwpf tm&Hkpdkuf&rnfh jy\emudk yxrOD;qHk; pmydk'fwGif wifjy&ygrnf? odomjrifom
atmif t&ifqHk;azmfjyaomfvnf; xdkjy\emudkazmfjyrnfhpum;vHk;udk a&G;cs,f&ef vG,fulrnfr[kwfyg?
jy\emudkazmfjy&rnfhtpm; jy\em. vuQ%mudk rSm;,Gif;pGm azmfjyrdwwf=uonf?
ae@pOf c%c% acgif;udkufojzifh wae@ tufpy&if ESpfvHk;aomufae&aom vlwa,muf
tzdk@rl ol b,fvdk acgif;udkufa0'em cHpm;ae&onfudk qifajcaumif;aumif;ay;I ajymqdkrdwwfonf? 'grsKd;
uvnf; jzpfaeusyif? ol@taejzihf acgif;udkufa0'emoufomatmif tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh vkyfEdkifay
vdrfhrnf? odk@aomf t"dujy\emrSm ol acgif;udkufaysmufzdk@om jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI acgif;udkufa0'em
aysmufuif;&ef q&m0efqDudk oGm;jyonfhtcg acgif;udkufonf qdkonfhtcsufudkomv#if ruG,fr0Suf OD;pGm
azmfjyoifhayonf?
46

pmydk'f - 2/ xifjrif,lqcsufudk azmfxkwfjcif;

EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif t=uHay;rsm;&Sd=uonf? xdkolwdk@. EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifr_rSm
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; ay;&ef jzpfonf? t=uHay;olwdk@u rsm;aomtm;jzifh tem*wfa&;&mrsm;/ vuf&Sd (odk@)
tem*wftajctaersm;/ &&SdEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ta=umif; ponfwdk@udk olwdk@xifjrif,lqonfhtwdkif;
ta=umif;jycsuf cdkifcdkifvHkvHkjzifh azmfjy=uonf? tqdkyg xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;rSm acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh
trSefwu,f odoifhodxdkufvmatmif vufawG@tm;jzifh xkwfazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf? pHerlemtm;jzifh
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; rvkyfjcif;u ydkI vufcHEdkifp&mjzpfonf? odk@aomf jy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkif&Hkavmuf
xifjrifcsufay;&ef vdktyfonf?
odk@jzpfI xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;onf rnfr#rSefuefI vufcHEkdifa=umif;udk aocsmpGm ppfaq;
qHk;jzwfjyD;rS 'kwd,pmydk'fwGif azmfjy&ygrnf? wzef ta&;ygaomudpPrsm;udk pOf;pm;&eftwGuf rnfodk@
vkyfaqmifoifha=umif; ponfh xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk qdk;usKd;rsm;r&Sd&atmif t=uHy&Hkoufouf xnfhoGif;
jcif;rsKd;vnf; &Sdoifhfonfudk owdy&ygrnf?

pmydk'f - 3/ jy\emjzpfaeaom tcsufrsm;udk &SmazGjcif;

wwd,pmydk'fwGif jy\emESifhqufpyfaeaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;I azmfjy
&ygrnf? +yD;jynfhpHkaom tcsuftvufrsm;onf jy\emrsm;udk atmifjrifpGmajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf tvGef
ta&;ygonf?
txufwGif azmfjycJhaomOyrmt& acgif;udkufaeonfhvl. csifhcsdefpm;aomufyHk/ rsufpd
tm;aumif; raumif;/ vkyfief;cGif tavhtx/ udk,fvufv_yf&Sm;r_/ pdwfzdpD;r_tqifh/ =uHKawG@ae&aom
tjcm;udpPrsm; tp&Sdonfh aeyHkxdkifyHk tcsuftvufrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq;ol q&m0efar;or# rc|if;rcsef
ajymjy&ayrnf?

pmydk'f - 4/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;

jy\emESifhqdkifaom xifjrif,lqcsuf/ vdktyfaomtcsuftvufwdk@udk tao;pdwf
od&SdfjyD;aomtcg jzpfEdkifp&menf;vrf; (Option) rsm;udk pOf;pm;/ aqG;aEG;I pwkwpmydk'fwGif azmfjy&ygrnf?
xdktcsdefwGif xdkoltm; acgif;udkufapaomjy\emrsm;udk q&m0efu em;vnfoGm;+yD
jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf wqifhwufI xdkoltm; acgif;udkufa&m*gESifhqdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;jref;
awmhrnfjzpfonf? acgif;udkufa0'em cHpm;&olonf ntdyfaysmfjcif; &Sdr&Sdf/ pdwfzdpD;r_rsm; &Sdr&Sd/ iSufzsm;ydk;
&Sdwwfaomae&modk@ a&mufcJhjcif; &Sdr&Sd/ wkyfauG;jzpfz;l jcif; &Sdr&Sd/ touf(40)t&G,favmufwGif pmzwfI
&r&/ rsufpdudk prf;oyfr_r&SdonfrSm tcsdefrnfr# =umjrifhaejyD tp&Sdojzifh q&m0efar;aernfjzpf+yD; ar;or#
udkvnf; trSeftwdkif; ajz&ayvdrfhrnf?

pmydk'f - 5/ tqHk;owfaumufcsufcsjcif;
jy\emESifh wdkuf&dkufywfoufaeaom xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;/ vdktyfaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk oHk;oyf aqG;aEG;nSdEd_if;+yD;aemuf taumif;qHk;ajz&Sif;csufudk yOPrpmydk'fwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygrnf?
txufygOyrmudk qufvufazmfjy&aomf q&m0efonf tvHk;pkHprf;oyfod&Sd oHk;oyf
+yD;onfhaemufwGif acgif;udkuf&onfhta=umif;&if;rSm pmzwfvGefI rsufpdanmif;jcif;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;
aumufcsufcsay;Edkifygrnf?
47

pmydk'f - 6 axmufcHcsufudk wifjyjcif;

aemufqHk;pmydk'fYazmfjy&ef (odk@) aemufqHk;vkyf&rnfhtqifhrSm jy\emajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf
qHk;jzwfay;rnfh acgif;aqmifxH wdus&Sif;vif;aom axmufcHcsufudk wifjy&efjzpfonf?
qdck Jh+yD;onfhOyrmwGif acgif;udkufaysmufap&eftwGuf rsufpdprf;oyf&ef vdktyfa=umif;
aemufqHk;tajzjzifh q&m0efrS axmufcHay; vdkufouJhodk@jzpfonf?
wifjyaom jzpfEdkifajcudk atmufygar;cGef;oHk;rsKd;jzifh prf;oyfEdkifonf?
1/

oifhawmfr_ &Sdr&Sd - tqdkygaxmufcHcsufonf xdkjy\emudk trSefwu,f ajz&Sif;Edkifygovm;?

2/

jzpfEdkifajc&Sdr&Sd - tqdkygaxmufcHcsufjzifh vufawG@ajz&Sif;Edkifygovm;?

3/

vufcHEdkifajc&Sdr&Sd - qHk;jzwfay;onhf acgif;aqmifu tqdkygaxmufcHcsufjzifh ajz&Sif;I jzpfay:

vmaom (EdkifiHa&;/ bma&;/ vlom; tp&Sdonfh t&if;tjrpf) aemufqufwGJ tusK;d w&m;
rsm;udk vufcHEkdifygovm;? xdkqHk;jzwfcsufonf &Sdaeonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vrf;a=umif;ajymif;
&ef (odk@) t&if;tjrpfopfrsm;&&Sd&ef vdktyfonf?

txufyguJhodk@aom jy\emajz&Sif;enf;udk oHk;jcif;jzifh aemufxyftusKd;xl;wck xyfrH

&&Sdvmonf? wifjyonfh axmufcHcsufrsm;tm; rnfodk@taumiftxnfazmf&rnfudk acgif;aqmifwdk@u
pOf;pm;oHk;oyfvmEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif acgif;aqmifwdk@onf t=uHay;wdk@. axmufcHcsufwGifrygaom
tjcm;tcsuftvuf topfrsm;udkyg odEdkifaom taetxm;wGif&Sdonf? odk@jzpf&m t=uHay;tzGJ@.
avhvmoHk;oyfwifjycsufrsm;onf tmrcHEdkifavmufatmif +yD;jynhfpHkaumif;rGefae&ayvdrfhrnf?
1992ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;avmufwGif jrefrmtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;onf EdkifiHa&; tHwk
v_yf&Sm;r_ aumfrwD (PDC - Political Defiance Committee)udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? ueOD;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
teufwckrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tajctaeajymif;vJr_ tay:rlwnfI 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifyGJqifEdkif
a&;udk avhvm=u&ef jyifqifjcif;jzpfonf? aumfrwDrS t=uHypmwrf; wapmifwifoGif;cJhonf? vufeufudkif
vrf;pOfjzifh wGef;vSefrnf (odk@) t=urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;rnfudk qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH
trsKd;om;aumifpD(NCUB- National Council of the Union of Burma) . tqifhjrifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif
xdkpmwrf;ygtcsufrsm;udk toHk;ycJh=uonf?
EdkifiHa&;tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ aumfrwDrSm r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk
vrf;n$efay;Edkif&ef zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpf&m trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf.
t=urf;rzufaom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfap&eftvdk@iSm t=urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;rnfh
vrf;pOf udkom OD;pm;ay;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf trSDtcdkuif;pGm &yfwnfEdkifa&;udk *&kwpdkuf&SdcJhonf?
xdkpmwrf;ypk&mwGif t=uHay;tzGJ@. avhvmoHk;oyfwifjyyHkudk toHk;ycJh=uonf?
r[mAsL[m a&;qGJ&mwGif rl0g'qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mY EdkifiHa&;tHwk v_yf&Sm;r_aumfrwD.
pmwrf;udk erlemtjzpf toHk;yEdkifonf? (aemufqufwJG (3) wGifazmfjyxm;onf? )

tESpfcsKyf
jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf t=uHay;tzGJ@. tqifhqifh avhvmoHk;oyfwifjyyHk enf;vrf;udk
xl;xl;axGaxG pOf;pm;&ef rvdkyg? tawG@t=uHKrsm; tay:rlwnfI tu|rf;w0if toHk;yEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
rD;cHaowWmzGifh&ef eHygwfwJrG S*%ef;rsm;udk wck+yD;rS wckvSnfh&uJhodk@ tqdkygenf;vrf;twdkif; tqifhqifh
vkyfaqmifEdkif=urnfqdkv#if jy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkifygvdrfhrnf?
--------- 000--------48

tcef; (6)

r[mAsL[m a&;qGJ&ef =udKwifwGufqjcif; (StrategicEstimate)

f nf; bmqdkwm odygap? 'gqdk&if oifhatmifyGJ[m
&efol b,folvJ qdkwm odatmifvkyfyg? oifhudkoiv
b,fawmhrS ysufpD; xdcdkufrSm r[kwf?
qGefZl; (BC500)
ta&;=uD;qHk;rSm r[mAsL[mudk ra&;qGJrD uwifwGufcsuf&ef jzpfonf? r[mAsL[m&SdrS
taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;udk pepfwusv_yf&Sm;jyD; atmifyGJ&Edkifrnf? r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJ&mwGif yuwd
wnf&Sdaeaom ywf0ef;usif tajctae/ ppfa&;taetxm;/ EdkifiHa&;taetxm;tp&Sdonfwdk@tjyif
rdrdtiftm;ESifh ydifzuf.tiftm; rnfodk@&Sdaernfudk jzpfEdkifajcrsm;ESifhwuG aocsmpGm pOf;pm;oHk;oyf
pdppf&onf? wu,fwrf; &ifqdkifv_yf&Sm;&aomtcg cHEdkif&nf&Sdr&Sd/ rnfodk@ xdckdufqHk;&_H;Edkifonfwdk@udkyg
csifhcsdef&onf? xdk@aemuf taumif;qHk;v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfhvrf;a=umif;udk a&G;cs,f&onf? r[mAsL[mtwdkif;
vufawG@vkyfaqmifaomtcg uwifcef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;onfhtay: tajcy&onf? odk@jzpfI atmifjrif&ef
vrf;prSm pOf;pm;oHk;oyfyHkESifh cef@rSef;wGufcsufEdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;tay:rlwnfonf?
r[mAsL[mudk wGufcsufxm;+yD;jzpfv#if ay:vpDa&;qGJ&eftwGuf toHk;0ifonf? xdk@jyif
vlxkawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk wkef@jyef&mYvnf; toHk;csEdkifonf? &nf&G,fcsufwl tjcm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@rsm;twGuf
toHk;0ifapEdkifrnfh ydkif;jcm;pdppfjyD;om; tcsuftvufaumif;rsm;udkyg ay;Edkifonf? EdkifiHwGif; vlxk
v_H@aqmfa&;rsm;udk pDpOf&mwGif toHk;yaomyHkpH (format)ESifh pOf;pm;&onfh ta=umif;t&m(content) rsm;udk
vnf; tusOf;cH;ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
r[mAsL[mwGufcsuf&eftwGuf aemufqHk; &&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm; tjrJ&Sdae&onf?
odk@rSom ywf0ef;usif/ ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm; (odk@) v_yf&Sm;EdkifpGrf;rsm; ta&;w=uD; ajymif;vJoGm;
aomtcg v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;jznfh&ef/ vdkwdk;ydkav#mh pDpOfv_yf&Sm;&ef toifhjzpfaeayrnf? aemufqHk;owif;rsm;
jznfhqnf;aygif;pyfEdkifa&;twGuf wOD;wa,muftm; r[mAsL[m twGuftcsuf aygif;pnf;ay;ol
("Strategic Estimates" coordinator) tjzpfESifh txl;wm0efay;oifhonf? xdkolonf r[mAsL[mudk
uwifwGufcsufjyifqif&mwGif OD;aqmifyg0ifolwOD;jzpfaecJhv#if ydkItqifajyayvdrfhrnf? vdktyfaom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;/ pdppfqHk;jzwfjcif;/ tcsufususaxmufjyjcif;rsm;tjyif ywfoufjcif; r&Sd
Edkifawmhaom (odk@) rwdusaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ta=umif;jycsufcdkifcdkifvHkvHkjzifh E_wfy,f&mwGif
xdkoltm;ulnDay;rnfh tjcm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdoifhonf?
vHkjcHKa&;t& r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsuf. tcsKd@tydkif;rsm;udk today;xm;&rnfh olwdk@
twGufomv#if oD;oef@v#Kd@0Sufxm;&Sd&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tzGJ@0ifwOD;csif;. t&nftcsif;/ qufoG,fa&;
vrf;a=umif; (odk@) twGif;usus qufoG,fr_rsm;rSm tvGefta&;=uD;aom xdyfwef;v#Kd@0Sufrsm;jzpfjyD;
useftzGJ@0iftrsm;pkESifhrywfoufojzifh today;p&m rvdkay?
tcef;(6)wGif r[mAsL[mwGufcsufyHkudk tao;pdwf tqifhqihfavhvmoHk;oyf wifjyrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; tajctaewckay:wGif ppfa&;AsL[m wGufcsufyHkr#omjzpfI rnfonfh twdkuftcH(EdkifiHa&;)
tkyfpkrS a&G;cs,ftoHk;yEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? odk@aomf ta&;ygaomtcsufwck&Sdonf? r[mAsL[mwck.
tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;oHk;oyfwifjyyHkrSm pepfwus jzpfaeonfhtjyif rdrd.&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifa&;
udkvnf; xdktcsuftvufrsm;u taxmuftuljyKaeonfqdkygu xdkr[mAsL[m. toHk;0ifaom
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk a&G;cs,ftoHk;yoihfonf? r[mAsL[ma&;qGJenf;yHkpHwGif owdryrdyJ usef&pfwwf
49

onfrsm;tygt0if ta&;ygEdkifaom twGuftcsufqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udkf wlnD&mpkpnf;I

pm&if;xm;&Sd&onf? (aemufqufwGJ 4 wGif=unfhyg/)

a&S@vkyfief;pOf xkwfjyefcsufudk a=umif;usKd;qDavsmfpGm pOf;pm;yHk

a&S@vkyfief;pOfxkwfjyefcsuf(Mission Statement) qdkonfrSm v_yf&Sm;olacgif;aqmifydkif;u
oEMdXmef csxm;onfhtwdkif; &nfrSef;csufudk rnfodk@vkyfaqmifrnf[k azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufwGif v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk rnfodk@atmifjrifpGmqifE$J&ef ar#mfvifhxm;a=umif;jzifh pwif
azmfjyavh&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh a&S@vkyfief;pOf xkwfjyefcsufwGif azmfjyoifhonfrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ygrnf?
tpdk;&.&ufpufaomzdESdyfr_rS vGwfajrmufvdkaoma=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk taumiftxnf
azmfrnfqdkv#if tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_. &nfrSef;csufY zdESdyfcsKyfcs,foludk tm%mrJhoGm;atmifz,f&Sm;&ef
awmif;qdkr_udk azmfjy&onf? odk@aomf rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_wGif vuf&Sdtpdk;&udk rnfodk@z,f&Sm;jyD; rnfodk@aom
tpdk;&rsKd;jzifh tpm;xdk;rnfudk trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk pOf;pm;oifhonf? trsm;jynfol. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
wufvmaom tpdk;&yHkpHrsKd;rSm v_yf&Sm;r_tqHk;wGif jynfolvlxku vdkcsifaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. =ueftif
vuQ%mrsm;ESifhudkufnD&ygrnf?
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkv#if ,if;onf tem*wf&nfrSef;csuf(Vision of Tomorrow) jzpfonf?
&ufpufaomtpdk;&udk tpm;xdk;rnfh EdkifiHa&;pepfudk jynfolvlxku rpOf;pm;Edkifv#if vuf&Sdtm%m&Sif
tpdk;&udkom zwfcsEdkifzG,f&m&SdjyD; aemufxyfydkqdk;aom tm%m&SSifwdk@ qufvufxGufay:um rif;rlaeOD;
rnfjzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m rdrdwdk@. tem*wf&nfrSef;csufonf vufawG@wGif EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
xGufay:aponfh &nfrSef;csuf jzpfae&ygrnf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Y vlxkvdkvm;aom &nfrSef;csufudk Oyrmay;ygrnf? ae@pOf=uHKawG@
ae&or# &J qdkonfrSm EdkifiHawmf. xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif&SdaeonfhtwGuf tpdk;&.0efxrf;jzpfa=umif;/
wdk@tm; a'ocHjynfolwdk@u xdef;csKyfIr&Edkifa=umif; vlxkuodxm;onf? vlxku jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f
wOD;OD;tm; xdka'otwGif;&Sd &JwyfzGJ@udk =uD;=uyfay;apcsif=uonf? odk@rSom &Jonf jynfoludk umuG,f
ay;&ef/ jynfol@tusKd;o,fydk;&efjzpfonf [lonfh aqmifyk'fudk &ufpufzdESdyfaomtpdk;&. qENtwdkif;
r[kwfyJ vufawG@usifhoHk;ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
xdkenf;wlpGm EdkifiHa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;ursm;wGifvnf; vlxku &nfrSef;xm;onfrsm;
&Sdonf? vlxkESifh wdkuf&dkufywfoufaom tajccHtqifh EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm;wGif tpdk;&u wdkuf&dkuf
xdef;csKyfonfudk vlxkurvdkvm;yg? vlxkudk,fwdkifuom qHk;jzwfvdkaomqEN&Sd=uonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
tajccHvlxkvlwef;pm;tqifhtm; tpdk;&u wdkuf&dkuf 0ifa&muf rpGufzufEdkifaom vlaer_tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;udk
&nfrSef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
twdkcsKyfajym&v#if A[dkrStm%mudk pkpnf;csKyfudkifjcif;ryyJ atmufajctqifhxd tm%m
cGJa0ay;Edkifaom trsm;oabmwlnDcsuf &Sd&ayrnf? xdktcsufrsm;u EdkifiHa&; ajymif;vJr_rsm;wGif
z,f'&,fvpfZif(Federalism). tcsKd@tpdwftydkif;rsm;yg0if&ef vdka=umif;azmfjyonf?
tem*wf&nfrSef;csufwGif bmoma&;uY tpdk;&u vHk;0axmufcHtm;ay;aeonfh
cGJjcm;ESdrfhcs qufqHjcif; (odk@) bmomwcku tjcm;bmomwcktm; tEdkifusifhjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:aeaom
bmoma&; jy\emrsm;udk azmfjyoifhonf? bmoma&;ESifhEdkifiHa&; a&maxG;aev#if 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
tjrJwrf; =uD;rm;aomtEW&m,fjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkcsifolESifh 'Drdkua&pD[efjyxm;onfh bmoma&;
acgif;aqmifwkd@t=um; rnfonfhtcgrS ESpfzufauseyfavmufatmif nSdEd_if;ajz&Sif; Ir&Edkifay? odk@aomf
tpdk;&rS bmoma&;vrf;n$efcsufrsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufrpGufzufEdkifatmif wm;qD;ay;Edkifonfh tajccH pnf;rsOf;
50

rsm;udk ESpOf D;ESpfzufu oabmwlxm;rnfqdkv#if jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygrnf? wbufwGif bmoma&;

vkyfief;pOfudk txdtcdkufr&Sd vufcHtm;xkwfydkifcGifh &Sdaeaoma=umifh xdktajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk bmom
w&m; udkif;&dif;oltrsm;pktm; today;aep&mrvdkyg? tqdkyg oabmwlnDcsufonf ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf wefzdk;xm;&rnfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfwGif xnfh&ef tajccHtcsuf jzpfEdkifygrnf?
tqdkyg oabmwlxm;+yD; tem*wf&nfrSef;csufonf v_y&f Sm;r_. &nfrSef;csufESifh
EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf jzpfvmonf? xdk&nfrSef;csufrsm;u wzef ydkrdkwdusaom r[mAsL[m &nfrSef;csufrsm;
(Strategic Objectives) tjzpfodk@ ajymif;oGm;onf? v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;u r[mAsL[m a&;qGJrnfh
olrsm;tm; tqdkyg r[mAsL[m &nfrSef;csufudk ajymjy&onf? odk@r[kwf a&;qGJolrsm; udk,fwdkif rl0g'
&nfrSef;csufESifh rl0g'xkwfjyefcsufudk r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfatmifpDpOfI toGifajymif;&onf?
tem*wf&nfrSef;csufwGifyg&Sdaom taxGaxGxkwfjyefcsufrsm;onf a,bl,somjzpfjyD;
trSefwu,f pDpOf&nfrSef;xm;onfESifh udkufnDaprnfhtcsufrsm; vHkvHkavmufavmuf ryg&Sday? Oyrm
qdkv#if tm;vHk;twGuf ydkaumif;rnhfb0 qdkaompdwful;onf twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#twGuf yg0if
xdkufaom&nfrSef;csufjzpfonf?
odk@aomf r[mAsL[m a&;qGJ&mwGif oifhavsmfaom ta=umif;t&mwck tjzpfESifh razmfjy
Edkifavmufatmif tvGef@tvGefus,fjyef@aom &nfrSef;csuf jzpfaeonf? odk@jzpf&m vuf&Sdtpdk;&.rl0g'/
vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;(odk@) tkyfcsKyfonfhyHkpHwdk@onf jynfol@b0udk trSefwu,f jrSifhwifray;Edkifa=umif; (odk@)
jrSihfwifay;&ef tvm;tvmr&Sda=umif; paomtcsufrsm;udk tem*wf&nfrSef;csufwGif t"du xkwfjyef&ef
tm&Hkpdkufoihfonf? jy\emjzpfEdkifonfrsm;udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;atmif t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;Edkifygu t&if;tjrpf
(vl/ &kyf0wK/ o,HZmw tp&Sdonf)wdk@udk ydkrdktajrmftjrif=uD;rm;pGm r#a0cHpm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
a&S@vkyfief;pOf xkwfjyefcsufwGif tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom tcsufESpfck&Sdonf? yxrwckrSm
r[mAsL[m a&;qGJ&ef pDpOfjcif;ESifhaygif;pyfpkpnf;jcif;(Planning and Coordination) vkyfief;pOfwckvHk;udk
oD;jcm;vkyfaqmif&onf? 'kwd, ta&;}uD;onfrSm a&S@vkyfief;pOfudk xkwfjyefrnfhol jzpfonf? t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_tm; wEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmjzifh rnfolu pwifvkyfaqmifrnf qdkonfhtcsufudk a&S@vkyfief;pOf
xkwfjyefcsufwGif OD;pGmazmfjy&onf?
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh rwlonfrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif =uD;pOfi,fvdkuf
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (Hierarchical structure) r&Sdoavmufjzpfaejcif;yif? a,bl,stm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk
atmifjrifpGmqifE$J&ef &nf&G,fcsuf wlnD=uaom twdkuftcH tzGJ@toD;oD;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@.rwlnDaom
tusKd;pD;yGm; ar#mfrSef;csuf/ t&nftcsif;/ xifay:ausmf=um;r_/ xl;jcm;aom *k%ft*Fg&yfrsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk
nDn$wfr#wpGmpkpnf;I nGef@aygif;tzGJ@csKyf=uD;(Umbrella Organization) wckudk wnfaqmufxm;=uonf?
trsm;oabmwlnDcsuft& tzGJ@csKyf=uD;rS tzG@J0iftkyfpkwpkonf pDpOfjcif;ESifh aygif;pyf
pkpnf;jcif;vkyfief;pOfudk OD;aqmif&ef wm0ef,l&onf? tzGJ@csKyf.tzG@J0iftm;vHk;(odk@)tcsKd@rS udk,fpm;jyKol
rsm;jzifh A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@ (Core Staff)udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJzefwD;&onf? tpydkif;wGif
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pkpnf;aygif;pyf&ef u;yrf;rnfhtpm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh pkaygif;aqG;aEG;jcif;u
taumif;qHk; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? tqdkygtzGJ@csKyfwGif jynfya&muf twdkut
f cH v_yf&Sm;olrsm; yg0if
Edkifa&;udkpOf;pm;rnfqdkv#if oifhawmfonf? odk@rSom &HyHkaiG&SmazGjcif;/ txl;avhvmrSwfom;r_ESifh okawoe
rsm;vkyfaqmifjcif;/ EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;odk@csO;f uyfjcif;/ rD'D,m.axmufcHr_udk&,ljcif; tp&Sdonfh
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk wwyfwtm; yg0iftm;jznfhay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@rS tpDtpOfzefwD;olrsm;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ qifEJa$ &;twGuf
a&S@vkyfief;pOf xkwfjyefcsufudk yHkazmfrnfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjyD;aomtcg
jyifqifaygif;pyf&onf? xdk@aemufrS nGef@aygif; tzGJ@csKyfcsKyf=uD;rS twnfjyKEdkif&ef wifjy&onf? a&S@vkyfief;pOf
xkwfjyefcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdayrnf?
51

ppftm%m&Sif (wdusaomtrnfudkazmfjy&ef)tm; z,f&Sm;&ef/ 'Drdkua&pD

enf;t& a&G;aumuf wifajrmufxm;aomtpdk;&w&yfudk wifajrmuf&ef/
z,f'&,fyHkpHjzifh tkyfcsKyfaomtpdk;&pepfudk wnfaqmuf&efESifh tqdkyg
tpdk;&tm; tm%modrf;rcH&atmif umuG,fay;&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pD
r[mrdwfrsm;tzGJ@csKyf (odk@r[kwf rnfolrqdk). OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif&Sdaom
(EdkifiHtrnfxnfh&ef) jynfolwdk@u r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;
rnf jzpfonf?
yxrOD;qHk; r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufyHkonf tqifhjrifhavhusifhxm;olwdk@uom txl;
a&;om; zefwD;ay;vdkufonfhpmwrf;tjzpf xGufay:vmygrnf? aemufqufwGJ(4)wGif r[mAsL[m
a&;qGJenf;yHkpHudk t=uHyxm;&m u|rf;usifol tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifa&;qGJ jyifqifay;Edkifatmif toHk;0ifyg
vdrfhrnf? tawG@t=uHK&SdjyD; avhusifhr_tm;aumif;olwdk@u ydkif;jcm;avhvmpdppfEdkifonfESifhtr# tqdkyg
pmwrf;wGifyg&Sdaom tao;pdwftcsufrsm; wydkif;jyD;wydkif; vsifjrefpGm +yD;pD;oGm;rnf jzpf+yD; a&;qGJaeaom
r[mAsL[monf ydkrdkf &Sif;vif;pGm &kyfvHk;ay:vmygrnf?
r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufwck. erlemwGifyg&Sdaom wnfaqmufyHkudk=unfhjcif;jzifh
tqdkygr[mAsL[m. wefzdk;udkodEdkifonf? ,if;onf nGef@aygif;tzGJ@csKyf=uD;wGifyg0ifaomtzGJ@rsm;.
vkyfaqmifEdkifyHkrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
qufvufI 1992ckESpfu jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_aumfrwD(yD'DpD)rS jyifqifcJhaom
r[mAsL[m t=urf;wGufcsufyHkudkazmfjyygrnf? ,if;onf jyD;jynfhpHkjcif;r&SdcJhovdk yD'DpDrS toHk;jyK&efvnf;
r&nf&G,fcJhyg? r[mAsL[m wGufcsufyHkudk a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;tm; avhusifhay;&eftwGufom &nf&G,f
cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf pmzwfolrsm;twGufawmh toHk;0ifaumif;0ifygvdrfhrnf? ta=umif;rSm r[mAsL[m
a&;qGJenf;yHkpHwGif tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsKd;tpm;cGJI azmfjy&onfjzpf&m rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;onf
rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh yg0ifaeonfudk &Sif;jyay;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

tajctaewckudk cef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;
tajctaewckudkcef@rSef;wGufcsuf&mwGif
qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonf txd (5)ydkif;yg0ifonf?

a&S@vkyfief;pOfcsrSwfonfrSpI

aemufqHk;Y

tajctaeudk cef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;
a&S@vkyfief;pOf

v_yf&Sm;r_
vrf;a=umif;rsm;

t[ef@twm;rsm;
udk oHk;oyfjcif;

tusKd;tjypfrsm;udk
Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;

qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;

(1) a&S@vkyfief;pOf xkwfjyefcsuf

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumifpD (tefpD,lbD)onf EdkifiHawmf jidrf0yfydjym;r_
wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w)tm; EdkifiHawmftm%m &,lxm;jcif;rS z,f&Sm;&ef/ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;aumufcH
52

&aom 'Drdkua&pD z,f'&,ftpdk;&w&yfudk &efukefrwGifwifajrSmuf&ef/ wifajrSmufvdkufaomtpdk;&udk

tm%mrodrf;Edkifatmif umuG,fay;&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_rsm;udk r[mAsL[majrmuf vkyfaqmifrnf
jzpfonf?

(2) v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;
(r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsuf. 'kwd,pmydk'fwGif a&S@vkyfief;pOfudk vkyfaqmifonfh
tajctaeESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifonf? r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsuf(jrefrm)udk txl;
erlemtjzpf tao;pdwfazmfjy&mwGif yx0Dajrtaetxm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ qufoG,fa&;ESifh &moDOwk
ta=umif; avhvmcsufrsm;omru &efol@buf/ rddrdbuf ESpfbufpvHk;. EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; tajctaersm;
tay: oHk;oyfcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u xda&mufatmif
tusKd;yEdkifonfudk jzpfEdkifor# rsm;rsm;odxm;&efvdkonf? tcsuftvufrsm; r&EdkifaomtcgrSom
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk roHk;csifaomfvnf; oHk;&ygrnf? tqdkyg xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;onf trSefwu,f
vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tpm;xdk;&efomjzpfjyD; rnfonfhxifjrif,lqcsufr# wu,fhtcsuftvuf
avmuf raumif;Edkifonfudk owdy&ygrnf? aemufxyfpOf;pm;&efrSm tajctaewckudk vkyfaqmifr_tqifh
wdkif;wGif xnfhoGif;wGufcsuf&efjzpfonf?
tajctaeESifh v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk (3) ydkif;cGJxm;onf? ,if;wdk@rSm
(2-u) v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifatmif pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;/
(2-c) ydifzuf.vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm; ESifh
(2-*) udk,fydkif v_yf&Sm;r_ vrf;a=umif;rsm; wdk@jzpfonf?

(2-u) jzpfEdkifaom v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;

jzpfEdkifaomv_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;

v_yf&Sm;rnfha'o.
0daoovuQ%mrsm;

wdkufyJ0G if pGrf;tm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;

v_yf&Sm;Edkifaomvrf;a=umif;rsm; rnfodk@jzpfay:vmEdkifonfudk
atmufygtcsuf (3)csuf yg0ifonf? ,if;wdk@rSm
(2-u-1) v_yf&Sm;rnfha'o. 0daoovuQ%mrsm;/
(2-u-2) wdkufyGJ0if pGrf;tm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;ESifh
(2-u-3) xifjrif,lqjcif; wdk@jzpfonf?

xifjrif,lqjcif;

pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&mwGif

(2-u-1) v_yf&Sm;rnfha'o. 0daoovuQ%mrsm;

v_yf&Sm;rnfha'o.0daoovuQ%mrsm;
ppfa&;qdkif&myx0Daetxm;

o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;

qufoG,fa&;

Edik fiaH &;

vuf&Sdajrjyiftaetxm;
jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkif taetxm;
rdk;av0o
53

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk taumiftxnfazmfrnfha'o. 0daoovuQ%mrsm;udk (4)rsKd;

cGJxm;onf? ,if;wdk@rSm
(2-u-1-1) ppfa&;qdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm;/
(2-u-1-2) o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/
(2-u-1-3) qufoG,fa&;ESifh
(2-u-1-4) EdkifiHa&; wdk@jzpfonf?

(2-u-1-1) ppfa&;qdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm;

(a0zefcsuf - jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumifpD(tefpD,lbD)onf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_rsm; vkyfaqmif
aeaomtcsdefwGif ppfa&;qdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm;udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;&onfh ta=umif;&if;
ESpfck&Sdonf? yxrta=umif;&if;rSm e0wonf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udk ppfa&;enf;jzifh wkef@jyefaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? 'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm ppfa&;qdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm;udkodrSom tefpD,lbDtaejzifh
qef@usifwkef@jyefEdkif&ef oJvGefp&vmEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tefpD,lbD. tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh
tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tcsdefudkuf v_yf&Sm;Edkif&efvnf;jzpfonf?)
ppfa&;qdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm;udk (3)ydkif;cGJxm;onf?
1)
vuf&Sdajrjyiftaetxm;?
?(awmawmifyx0Dajrtaetxm;/
a'otwGif;&Sd
taqmuftODrsm; / um;vrf;ESifh rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; ponfwdk@tygt0if vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom
ajrjyiftaetxm;ESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm; tjynfhtpHkyg0ifonf?)
2) jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkif taetxm;?
? tefpD,lbD.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.
jrpfacsmif;rsm;Y jzwfoef;oGm;vm&jcif;udk xnfhoGif;xm;onf? a'ocHawmolawmifom;rsm;onf
wESpfwm. tcsdefumvtrsKd;rsKd;wGif taumif;qHk; a&a=umif;c&D;oGm;vmyHkrsm;udk odxm;
aoma=umifh tultnDrsm;pGm&Edkifonf? xdk@jyif vlodenf;aom vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rsm;udkvnf;
a'ocHwdk@u ajymjyEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
3) rdk;av0o ? ? ,cktajctaewGif &moDOwkta=umif; taxGaxGA[kokw&Sdxm;v#if
a,bl,stm;jzifh vHkavmufonf? OyrmwckrSm taemufawmifrkwfoHk&moDonf rsm;aom
tm;jzifh ZGefvrS pufwifbm twGif;jzpfjyD;/ {jyD-arvrsm;wGif tvGefylI pdkxdkif;qjrifhrm;onf
tp&Sdaomtcsufrsm;jzpfonf?
(tqdkyg rdk;av0otcsuftvufwdk@onf rnfodk@tusKd;&Sdygoenf;? yljyif;aom&moDwGif
a&ydkaomuf&ef vdkaomtcsuf/ tvGefyljyif;aomae&mwGif tcsdef=um=umaerdv#if &kwfw&uf
aoqHk;Edkifonfhtcsufwdk@udk r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;u xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&efvdkonf? {jyD/
arvrsm;wGif vlxkqENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifaomfvnf; rjzpfraev_yf&Sm;&jyDqdkv#if
xdkyljyif;aomae@wGif &moDOwk'%fudk ydkrdkcHEdkif&nf&Sdatmif rnfonfhtcsdefY v_yf&Sm;r_ yvkyfrnf/
rnfr#=umatmif v_yf&Sm;rnf/ qENjyolrsm;tm; aomufa&Al;rsm; jzef@a0ay;Edkifrnf qdkaom
tcsufrsm;jzpfonf?)
owif;pmrsm;uvnf; rdk;av0oowif;udk azmfjyay;onf? vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf
owif;pm wjzpfvJ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmu &efukefr. rdk;a&csdefowif;udk ae@pOfazmfjyonf?
rkwfoHk&moDa=umifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ rnfodk@jzpfapEdkifonfudk jrefrmEdkifiH ae&mtESH@rS aexdkif
olrsm;xH atmufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;pHkprf;xm;&ef vdktyfaeayvdrfhrnf?
54

rkwfoHk&moDtwGif; jrefrmhav,mOfc&D;pOfrsm; yHkrSef&Sdovm;/ (e0w. udk,fydkif tifwmeuf

0ufbfqdkuf pmrsufESmwGif avmavmq,f av,mOfc&D;pOfrsm;udk azmfjyxm;&m rkwfoHk&moD
ESifhywfoufonfh A[kokwrsm;pGmudk odvmEdkifp&m&Sdonf?)

u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf(KNLA-Karen National Liberation Army) (okd@)

ucsif vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@(KIA-Kachin Independence Organization)wGif jrefrmppfwyf.
ppfqifa&;rsm;udk vpOfrSwfwrf;wif xm;jcif; &Sdovm;/

rdk;av0otajctaeay: rlwnfv_yf&Sm;&onfhyHkpHrsm; &SdaeEdkifovm;?

rnfodk@aom rdk;av0otajctaersm;a=umifh owif;ay;ydk@qufoG,fa&;rsm; aESmifhaES;ysufjym;

Edkifoenf;?

wESpfwm.v wvvHk;vHk; a&m*gwckck xyfwvJvJjzpfyGm;wwfjcif; &Sdovm;?

'Dtcsufudk rnfolu odEdkifoenf;?

a'ocHrsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufar;jref;I odvm&aom (&moDOwkta=umif;) A[kokwrsm;
onf tvGef toHk;0ifI wefzdk;&Sdonf?

(2-u-1-2) o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;

jrefrmEdkifiHo,f,lydk@aqmifa&; tcef;u. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm;

EdkifiHa&;tHwk&mwGif ywfoufr_rsm;&Sdovm;?

atmufygtcsufrsm;t& ywfoufonf[k qdk&ygrnf?

(1)

owif;ay;ydk@qufoG,fa&;

(2)

aygif;pyfpkpnf;ol(Coordinator)rsm;/ tm;ay;v_Haqmfol(Actionist)rsm;. c&D;oGm;vma&;

(3)

jrefrmhppfwyf.v_yf&Sm;oGm;vma&;

(4)

r&GmwckrStjcm; r&Gmwckodk@ vlrsm; oGm;vma&;

(5)

um;vrf;/ &xm;vrf;rsm;rS axmufyHhypPnf;rsm; ydk@aqmifjzef@jzL;a&;

wae&m(yGdKifhat)rS tjcm;wae&m(ydGKifhbD)odk@ oGm;vm&aomtcsdefyrm%udk tvGefta&;=uD;aom

tcsuftjzpf odxm;&efvdkonf?

rdrdbufwGif/ &efol@bufwGif rnfodk@aom o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;yHkpHrsm; &&SdEdkifoenf;?

t"dur=uD;rsm;tjyif wrrS tjcm;wrodk@ 0ifxGufoGm;vmaeaom c&D;onfydk@aqmifa&;

bwfpfum; vrf;a=umif;rsm;onf tvGeftoHk;0ifp&m &Sdonf?

bwfpfum;armif;ol/ &xm;armif;ol/ tiSm;,mOfarmif;olESifh avSorBmefarmif;olwdk@tm; pnf;&Hk;

xm;Edkifovm;?

trsKd;rsKd;aom o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;onf rnfodk@aom&moDOwkrsKd;wGif rnfr#txd

&yfqdkif; xdcdkufoGm;Edkifoenf;?

rwGif;ae&mtES@H v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tiSm;,mOfarmif;olrsm;tm; iSm;&rf;Edkifovm;?

txufygar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tajzudk r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm; rnfodk@&&SdEdkifoenf;?

55

rD;&xm;/ um;/ av,mOfysH/ oabFmwdk@. c&D;pOfrsm;udk =unfh&_jcif;/ owif;pmzwfjcif;/ urBmvSnfhc&D;onf

rsm;twGuf xkwfa0xm;aompmapmif tp&Sdonfwdk@udk zwf&_jcif;/ rD;&xm;-bwfpfum;rsm;jzifh c&D;oGm;
jcif;/ urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;ESifh pum;ajymjcif;pojzifh vdktyfaomtajzudk r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;
&&SdEdkifonf?

(2-u-1-3) qufoG,fa&;

e0wtwGuf/ 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHolrsm;twGuf rnfodk@aom qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmrsm;

&SdEdkifoenf;?

rnfodk@aom qufoG,fa&;ud&d,mrsm; vdktyfrnfenf;? (*d[fwkqufoG,fa&;/ &kwfw&uf

us,fjyef@pGm toHk;yvmaom vd_if;wdka&'D,dkrsm;/ rdkbdkif; zufpfrsm; pojzifh)

r[mAsL[mudk taumiftxnfazmfolrsm;onf vkHcHpdwfcs&aom qufoG,fa&;ud&d,mrsm;udk

0,f,l&ef wwfEdkifygovm;?

tifwmeuf/ tifx&meufay:wGif (jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf) trsm;oHk;r[kwfaom bmompum;

udk toHk;yonfhudpPu rnfodk@&Sdoenf;?

rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif tpdk;&tm;enf;csuf &Sdaeoenf;? (rdkufc&dka0hAf/ zkef;vdkif;/ w,fvDzkef;

pufcvkwfrsm;/ xdkpufcvkwfcHkrsm;ESifhrr#atmif rsm;jym;aeaom zkef;ac:r_rsm;)

Oa&my/ tar&duodk@ zufpfjzifhwdkuf&dkufqufoG,fEdkifaom rdk'rf(Modem) wyfqifxm;onfh

uGefjyLwmrsm;udk 0,f,l &&SdEdkifovm;?

tqdkyg qufoG,fa&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfonfhae&mrS &&SdEdkifoenf;?

(1) tcsKd@tef*sDtdkrsm;onf acwfay:enf;ynmrsm;udk wwfu|rf;=uonf?
(2) tpdk;&tay: r=umc% rausreyf jzpfwwfaom qufoG,fa&;0efxrf;rsm;u vkyfief;qdkif&m

ar;jref;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfajzqdkay;vdrfhrnf?
(3) qufoG,fa&;ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ta=umif;azmfjyxm;onfh uwfwavmufrsm;wGif enf;ynm

opfrsm;qdkfif&m aqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdwwfonf?

(4) tifwmeufay:&Sd oufqdkif&m0ufbfqdkufrsm;rS/ tifwmeufwGif tvdktavsmuf &SmazG

ay;Edkifonfh uGefjyLwm y&dk*&rfrsm;rS oddEdkifonf?

(2-u-1-4) EdkifiHa&;
rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif t=urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udk r[mAsL[mtwdkif; vkyfaqmif&rnfqdkonfudk
a,bl,stm;jzifh azmfjyrnfjzpfonf?

ppftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'onf t=uHK;0iftusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdaeovm;?

EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@ csrSwfrnfenf;?

EdkifiHa&;tm%mESifh qufpyfr_&Sdaeaom vl/ tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@ pDpOfxm;

onfhtwdkif; tH0if*Gifus csdwfquf v_yf&Sm;aeovm;?

v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. OD;wnf&nfrSef;&m(Object)rSm EdkifiHa&; jzpfaeonfhtwGuf r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;onf

EdkifiHa&;0ef;usif (Political environment) twGif;rSaeI teD;uyf aphpyfaocsmpGm avhvmtm;xkwf
ae&onf? odk@jzpf&m olwdk@onf EdkifiHa&; a&pD;a=umif;(Political current)udk odae&onf?
56

'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHolrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_tm; wefjyefrnfh e0w.r[mAsL[mudk tao;pdwfaocsmpGm

azmfjyEdkifygovm;?

Oyrmtm;jzifh e0wrS =uD;r;aom trsKd;om;nDvmcHonf . r[mAsL[m wpdwfwydkif;

jzpfovm;?

xdkif;ppfAdkvfcsKyf=uD;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qufpyfr_u rnfodk@&Sdaeoenf;?

EdkifiHa&; csdefcGifv#m nDr#r_&Sdaeovm;?

jrefrmESifh ta&S@awmiftm&Stoif;=uD; (tmqD,H)wdk@.qufqHa&;ESifhywfoufI tjyeftvSef

tay;t,l(quidproquo)u rnfodk@ &Sdaeoenf;?

tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;.tajzudk avhvmolrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhae&mrsm;rS 'ufueJodEdkifoenf;?

rD'D,modk@ owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;/ vlawG@ar;jref;cef;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: oHk;oyfjcif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;

ppfwrf;rsm;onf txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;udkodEdkif&ef ae&maumif;rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tawG@t=uHK
&Sdaom jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;apmifh=unfholrsm;. ydkif;jcm;avhvmoHk;oyfr_rsm;rSvnf; odEdkifonf?

(2-u-2) wdkufyGJ0if pGrf;tm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;

r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufwGif ,ckazmfjyrnfhta=umif;t&mudk tjcm;udpPrsm; raqmif&GufrD
uwif rjyKvkyfoifhyg? odk@r[kwfygu wu,fwrf; tcsdefusvmaomtcg oHk;r&jzpfwwfonf? (ppfwyfESifh
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ qdkonfrSm tvGefjcm;em;aom wdkufcdkufa&;pepfrsm; jzpfonfudk owdcsyf&ygrnf?) xdk@jyif
pdwf&_yfaxG;apEdkifaom owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? Tpmydkf'fygta=umif;t&mudk arwWm
&yfcHonfh owif;tcsuftvuftwdkif;om yg0ifap&ef uef@owfxm;oifhonf? ydifzuf&efolESifh rdrdbuf
wGif&Sdae=uaom wdkufyGJ0ifpGrf;tm;udk Ed_if;,SOf&mwGif (4)rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdk@rSm
(2-u-2-1) ydifzufppfwyf (Opponent Military)
(2-u-2-2) rdrdzufrS&yfwnfrnfh ppfwyf (Friendly Military)
(2-u-2-3) ydifzuf. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ (Opponent Political Defiance)
(2-u-2-4) rdrdzufrS EdkifiHa&;tHwkEdkifr_ ( Friendly Political Defiance) wdk@jzpfonf?

(2-u-2-1) ydifzufppfwyf
(1) tiftm;
(ta&twGuf/ t&G,ftpm;ESifhtrsKd;tpm;) e0wonf .ppfwyftm; ppfonftiftm; ig;odef;&Sdatmif
wdk;jrSifh&ef&nf&G,fxm;jyD; t"dutm;jzifh ajcjrefwyf&if;w&if;twGuf avwyfESifha&wyfrS tuef@towfjzifh
qufvuf pGrf;tm;jznfhrnf[k a=ujimxm;onf?
(2) wdkufyGJtpDtpOf
(twdkuftcHtiftm;pkwdk@onf rnfodk@yifwnfaqmufxm;apumrl
wyfcGJ,lepf(Unit) wcktjzpf rnfonfhwm0efudk ,lrnfenf;?)

rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;u

tqdkyg twef;tpm;cGJ owfrSwfjcif;onf tcsKd@aomae&ma'orsm;wGif rnfonfhwyfcJ,

G lepfu
wkef@jyefv_yf&Sm;rnfudk qHk;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf ta&;ygEdkifonf? wdkufyGJtpDtpOfudk odaejcif;tm;jzifhvnf;
57

r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;taejzifh OD;pD;rSL;(Commander) a&G;cs,f&eftwGuf t&nftaoG; udk,fa&;

tusOf;csKyfrsm;tay: tm&HkpdkufEdkifayvdrfhrnf? wdkif;tvdkuf XmecsKyfrsm;/ a'oqdkif&mOD;pD;rSL;rsm;ESifhtxuf
wm0ef,lrnfholrsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD (yD'DpD)u t"du vkyfaqmifayvdrfhrnf?

wdkufyJ0G ifpGrf;tm;udkEd_if;,SOfjcif
ydifzufppfwyf

rdrdzufrS&yfwnfrnfh ppfwyf

ydifzuf.EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_

rdrdzufrS EdkifiHa&;tHwkEdkifr_

tiftm;

tpGrf;tprsm;

wdkufyJt
G pDtpOf

tm;enf;csufrsm;

wnfae&mESifhwyfpGJjcif;

axmufwdkifrsm;

wyfujl znfjh cif;

vlOD;a&ppfwrf;

ydk@aqmifaxmufyHha&;

EdkifiHa&;t&qHk;jzwfay;olrsm;

wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nf

vHkcHa&;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;

ppfwyf.&mZ0iftusOf;csKyf

(3) wnfae&mESifh wyfpJjG cif;

(tqdkyg wyfcGJ,lepfrsm;onf rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdoenf;?

rnfodk@wyfpJx
G m;rnfenf;?

rnfonfhudpPrsm; aqmif&Gufrnfenf;?)

(4) wyfuljznfhjcif;

(wu,fwrf;wdkufyGJ0if&ef ,Hk=unftm;udk;&onfh ava=umif;csDwyfzGJ@(Airborne)/ 0ifa&mufpD;eif;

wdkufcdkuf&ef txl;avhusifhxm;aomwyfzGJ@-uGefref'dk(Commando)/ &kwfw&uf 0ifa&mufwdkufckduf
Iwm;qD;&ef avhusifhxm;aomwdkufcdkufa&;wyfzGJ@(Strike force)/ avwyfwdk@tm; wyfuljznfh&ef
twGuf rnfodk@aom wyfcGJ,lepfudk yHkrSeftm;jzifh a&G;cs,fxm;ygoenf;?

aysmuf=um;ckcHa&;ppfqifEJa$ omae&mESifh rdkif 10/ 30/ 50/ 100/ 200 tuGmrSaeI yHkrSefwyful
jznfhcsdefrsm;rSm rnfodk@&SdEdkifoenf;?

wyfulydk@ay;&mwGif tcsdefuGmjcm;csuf tusKd;oufa&mufr_(Time difference factor)udk wGufxm;

&onf? tcsdefrnfr#&Edkifonf qdkonfhtcsufonf tcsdefay:rlwnfI v_yf&Sm;&aom EdkifiHa&;
tHwkr_wGif ta&;ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_wGif tcsdefudkraocsmyJ pGef@pm;&
jcif;rsm;udk vufcHI rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?)

58

(5) ydk@aqmifaxmufyHha&; (Logistics)

wyfcGJ,lepfrsm;tm; &duQmudk rnfodk@ jyefvnfaxmufyHhrnfenf;?

tquftoG,f &onfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap t=udrrf nfr# &duQm jyefvnfaxmufyHhEdkifoenf;?

ppfqifa&;rprD txrf;orm;rsm;udk rnfr# vsifjrefpGm pkaqmif;Edkifoenf;?

ppfqifa&;rprD txrf;orm;rsm;udk xm;&Sd&efae&mrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;ovm;?

jyefvnfaxmufyHha&;&duQmrsm;o,f,lvmaom ,mOfwef;rsm;udk tapmifht=uyf xlxyfpGm csxm;

ovm;?

t"du &duQmodkavSmifa&;pcef;rsm;rSm rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdoenf;?

(6) wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nf
(avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;/ tiftm;ta&twGuf/ wyfcGJ,lepf. &mZ0if/ xdcdkufaoqHk;E_ef;/ pdwf"gwf
a&;&mwdk@udk cef@rSef;wGufqjcif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;onf owif;jzef@csdv_H@aqmfay;rnfh&nf&G,fcsufESifh
owif;jzef@csdonfh enf;pepfrsm; xda&mufapa&;twGuf ta&;ygonf? wyfcJG,lepfwdkif; pGrf;&nfcsif;
rwl=uyg? Oyrmtaejzihf ajcvsifwyf&if; 22.pGrf;&nfESifh wyfr 121.pGrf;&nfcsif; wlEdkifrnfr[kwfouJhodk@
wyfr 121 onfvnf; oHcsyfumwyf&if;ESifh pGrf;&nfcsif; rwl=uyg?
r[mAsL[mudk taumiftxnfazmfolwdk@taejzifh xdkwyfcJ,
G lepfwdk@. pGrf;&nfrsm;udk od&SdaerSom
yHkpHcsI ydkif;jcm;avhvmoHk;oyfEdkifayrnf? xdk@jyif txl;wvnf pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&rnfh tcsKd@aomwyfcJ,
G lepf
rsm;udk *&kwpdkuf trSwftom;jyKxm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
pGrf;&nfrsm;udk od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfouJhodk@ taxmuftulay;Edkifonfh tjcm;owif; tcsuf
tvufrsm;udkvnf; od&Sdxm;&ayrnf? Oyrm-'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHbufodk@ cdkvH_vmol(wyfajy;)rsm;udk
tdEdN,tajcpdkuf jrefrmEdkifiH t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ aumfrwD (pDtefatbD) (CNAB-Committee for
Nonviolent Action in Burma)u rSwfwrf;wifxm;&m xdkrSwfwrf;t& jrefrmppfwyftwGif; pdwf"mwf
a&;&m ysufjym;usqif;aea=umif;od&onf qdkaom tcsuftvufrsKd;jzpfonf?

ppfwyfwckvHk; pdwf"mwfa&;&m ysufjym;usqif;r_ jyef@yGm;aeonf odk@r[kwf tcsKd@aom

wyfcGJ,lepfrsm;wGifom jzpfysufaeonfudk aumufcsufcsEkdif&ef wyfajy;cdkv_Hvmolrsm;.
owif;ay;ydk@csuftm; vufcH jyifqifxm;Edkifovm;?

rnfonfhta=umif;&if;rsm;u tqdkygwyfcJ,
G lepfrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfa&;&m ysufjym;usqif;r_
jzpfapoenf;?

(7) ppfwyf. &mZ0iftusOf;csKyf

Tpmydk'fonf ynma&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/ pdwf"mwfa&;&m &dkufoGif;r_/ oufwl&G,fwltkyfpkrsm;
tp&Sdonfh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wdk@wGif jrefrmppfwyfu yg0ifywfoufaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfonf?
&efol@ppfwyfrsm; v_yf&Sm;onfh wnfae&mrsm;udk atmufygwdk@wGif awG@Edkifonf?

owif;pmrsm;

EdkifiHjcm;rS owif;xkwfjyefcsufESifh toHv$ifhXmersm;

ppftusOf;om;rsm;udk ar;jref;xm;aom rSwfwrf;rsm;

tjcm;wbufodk@ cdkvH_xGufajy;vmol wyfajy;rsm;. owif;ay;ydk@csuf

59

ppfqifa&;rS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmol txrf;orm;rsm;. owif;ay;ydk@csuf

awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@. axmufvSrf;a&;ESifh pmemaxmufxm;olrsm;. owif;ay;ydk@csuf

wdkufyGJrsm;pGmwdkufcJhzl;onfh ppft&m&Sdrsm;. vdkvdkvm;vm; vlawG@ajymqdk aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;

(2-u-2-2) rdrdzufrS&yfwnfrnfh ppfwyf

EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udk r[mAsL[mtwdkif; atmifjrifpGmvkyfaqmifEdkif&efrSm tpdk;& ppfwyfonf
ppfajrjyifodk@ tcsdeftawmf=umatmif a&muf&SdfrvmEdkif vkyfxm;zdk@vdkonf? (odk@) tpdk;&ppfwyftm; [efjy
wdkufcdkufjyD; EdkifiHa&;tHwkolrsm; evHjyefxlvmatmif tcsdef,lxm;Edkifzdk@jzpfonf? r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolwdk@.
udk,fydkifppfwyf qdkonfrSm jrefrmtpdk;&.ppfwyfudk pdwf"mwfa&;&m ppfqifonfhae&mwGif tvGef
toHk;0ifvSonf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifh r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifppfwyftwGuf txuf
wGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&SmazGoifhonf?
rddrdbufrS&yfwnfvmrnfh
ppfwyfESifhywfoufonfh
r[mAsL[m a&;qGJolwdk@ rnfonfhae&mrS &Edkifoenf;?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk

tpdk;&wyf. ppfXmecsKyfrsm;rS &Edkifonf? ppfOD;pD;r;wdk@rSm olwdk@. ppftiftm;rnfr#&Sdonf/

rnfonfhae&mwGif tm;enf;csuf&Sdonf ponfwdk@udk xkwfazmfrajymcsifonfrSm tvGefjzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf?
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tjyifodk@ayguf=um;I r&Edkifojzifh xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;ayvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh
oifhawmfolrsm;udk csOf;uyfjyD; &&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ aumfrwD (yD'DpD)wGif
vHkjcHKpGm umuG,fxm;&Sd&ayvdrfhrnf?
(a0zefcsuf -- t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ppfa&;qdkif&mESifh yl;wGJvkyfaqmifjcif;onf =uD;rm;aom
qHk;&H_;r_jzpfonf?

ppfa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk t&Sdeft[kefjzifh rvkyfaqmifEdkifatmif

0ifa&muf [ef@wm;onf?

t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_xJodk@ ppfa&;wm0ef,lolrsm; xnfhoGif;vmojzifh vkyf&udkif&

ydkcufvmonf?

t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf t=urf;zufwyfOD;tjzpf pGyfpGJ

wdkufcdkufvmaponf?

EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0kdif;. axmufcHr_&&ef cufcJaponf?

tpdk;&rS wefjyeft=urf;zufvmEdkifatmif zdwfac:aeonf?

odk@aomf tcsKd@twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;onf olwdk@.tawG@t=uHKrsm;t& tusKd;jzpfxGef;onf

xuf ay;qyf&onfu tqrwefrsm;vGef;aeonfudk odaeonfhwdkifatmif txufyg ppfa&;ESifh,SOfwGJ
vkyfaqmifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wf&ef vufawG@wGif wcgw&H jiif;qef=uonf? twdkuftcH
tkyfpktm; ,Hk=unftm;xm;=uaom jynfolwdk@.pGrf;tm;rSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif trSefyif
ta&;ygvSonf? vufeufudkif twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;taejzifh vufeufudkifaqmifI awmfvSefawmfcdkufp&m
rvdkyJ t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;&mwGif yg0ifEdkifa=umif; olwdk@,Hk=unfvmzdk@vdkonf? odk@r[kwfygu
olwdk@.vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_onf t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh a0;uGmoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ppfa&;
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; wjznf;jznf; av#mhcs&yfqdkif;oGm;Edkifa&;udk r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;u pOf;pm;oHk;oyf
oifhonf?
60

(2-u-2-3) ydifzuf. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_

tu,fI e0wqdkaom tzGJ@wckonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk qifE$JvmEdkifp&m&Sdonf
qdkygpdk@? trSefpifppf xdkudpPonf jzpfvmrnfr[kwfrSef; odae=uaomfvnf; udk u|Ekfyfwdk@. pifydiftjzpf
oabmxm;&ygrnf? tu,fI e0wonf oHEdMXmefcsrSwfI u|Ekfyfwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_udk&ifqdkif&ef tm;xkwf
vmonfqdkv#if wdk@rnfr#pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfudk od&efta&;=uD;onf? e0wqdkaom pifydiftzGJ@wGif
rnfodk@aom pGrf;&nfrsm; &Sdaea=umif; pOf;pm;onfhtcg atmufygtwdkif;awG@&onf?
(1) tpGrf;tprsm;

owif;jzwfawmufydwfqdk@r_
a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;/ owif;pmESifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&; ydkifqdkifr_
ynma&;uwckvHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifr_
tusifhp&dkufudk xdef;csKyfajymif;vJapEdkifaom EdkifiHawmfbmudk ydkifqdkifr_
EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfycH&r_ESifh urBmhowif;avmu/ tjcm; t"du qufoG,fa&;Xme
rsm;odk@ aygufa&mufr_&Sdjcif;
aumif;pGmavhusifhxm;olrsm;jzifh us,fjyef@pGm zGJ@pnf;xm;Edkifonfh axmufvSrf;a&; uGef,uf
&Sdaejcif;
urBmhtqifhrD qufoG,fa&;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;?

(2) tm;enf;csufrsm;

EdkifiHudk atmifjrifpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifaom t&nftcsif;r&Sd

jynfol.r=unfjzLjcif;udkcH&onf
r[mAsL[m taumiftxnfazmfa&;wGif avhusifhxm;olrsm;r&Sd
vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk tpdk;&udk,fwdkif vlrsKd;wkef;ppfqifa&;vkyfaeaom rl0g' &Sdonf
tjcm;tm;enf;csufrsm; (okd@) xdcdkufysufpD;rcHEdkifaomtcsufrsm;

(3) axmufwdkifrsm;

jrefrmppfwyf
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;
rD'D,m
EdkifiHjcm;aiG&if;jrSKyfESHolrsm;
pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0dkif;
t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;
tjcm; (tmqD,H/ w&kwf tp&Sdojzifh)

(4) vlOD;a&ppfwrf;

taxGaxG (ESpfzufpvHk;rS ydkif;jcm;avhvmpdppf&mwGif toHk;jyKonf?)

vlOD;a& (1995 cef@rSef;ajc -- 45103809)
arG;cgprS 14ESpfxd -- 36 &mcdkifE_ef; (r - 7963544/ usm; - 8285459)
15ESpfrS 64ESpfxd -- 60 &mcdkifEe_ f;/ 64ESpftxuf -- 4 &mcdkifE_ef;
vlOD;a&wdk;E_ef; -- 1 '\r 84 &mcdkifE_ef;
arG;zGm;E_ef; -- 2 '\r 802 &mcdkifE_ef;
61

aoqHk;E_ef; -- 0 '\r 963 &mcdkifE_ef;

&efukef/ rEWav;ESifh armfvjrdKifwGif vlOD;a& xlxyfodyfonf;r_&Sdonf?

(5) EdkifiHa&;t& qHk;jzwfay;olrsm;

(1) tvdktavsmuf&yfwnfay;aeaom r[mrdwf

jrefrmppfwyf
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;
t&yfzuf0efxrf;
pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0dkif;
w&kyf/ pifumyl/ *syef/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdkif;
tjcm;

(2) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
(a0zefcsuf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;. tajccHjzpfonf qdkaomtcsufudk jyefvnf
trSwf&=unfhyg? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sdaejcif;a=umifh tm%mudk A[dkrScsKyfudkif&ef cufcJoGm;onf? wenf;
tm;jzifh A[dkrScsKyfudkifonfh tm%monf jyef@=uJoGm;onf? xdk@jyif vlaer_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh
twdkuftcH=um;wGif =um;aeEdkifa&;twGifvnf; r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonf? tu,fI tm%mv$Jajymif;r_
qdkif&m ta&;}uD;aomudpPrsm;- Oyrm-awG@qkHndSEd_if;a&;/ ,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk aqmif&Gufrnf
qdkv#ifvnf; vlaer_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm tvGeftoHk;0ifpGm ulnDay;Edkifonf? odk@jzpfI vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
onf ta&;}uD;aom axmufwdkiftjzpfwnf&Sdaeojzifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ r[mAsL[mudk a&;qJGolrsm;u
ta&;}uD;aom tcsuftaejzifh owfrSwfxm;&ygrnf?)
=uHhcdkifzGH@jzdK;a&;toif;
oHCmhr[mem,utoif;
pma&;q&mrsm;toif;
rdbq&mtoif;
ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;toif;
tm;upm;uvyftoif;rsm;
tjcm;

(3) EdkifiHa&;tufuJaG =umif;rsm;

wyfrawmfppfOD;pD;r;rsm;ESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;
e0wtwGif;&Sd tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&Sdolrsm;ESifh oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;
e0wESifh v,form;rsm;
tpdk;&. xdyfydkif;ESifh atmufydkif; t&m&Sdrsm;
yk*~vdu0efxrf;ESifh tpdk;&.t&yfzuf0efxrf;
tjcm;

(2-u-2-4) rdrdzufrS EdkifiHa&;tHwkEdkifr_

wufwufuu&SdvSaom EdkifiHa&;tHwkolrsm;ESifh yD'DpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;udk=unfhjcif;jzifh rnfr#xd
EdkifiHa&; tHwkEdkifpGrf;&Sda=umif; odEdkifonf? yD'DpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_
wdkufyGJtpDtpOfwdk@udkajymjyEdkif=uonf? xdk@jyif aygif;pyfpkpnf;olESifh tm;ay;v_H@aqmfolwdk@onf rnfonf@
62

ae&mwGifwnf&SdI rnfodk@wyfpGJEdkifonfudk/ vwfwavm rnfodk@v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonfudk/ ta&twGuf

rnfr#&Sdonfudk yD'DpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;u od&Sd=uonf?

(1) axmufwdkifrsm;
(a0zefcsuf - taxmuftulyaxmufwdkifrsm;rSm t"dutm&Hkpdkuf v_yf&Sm;&rnfhae&mrsm;jzpfonf?
ydifzufjzpfol. taxmuftulyaxmufwdkifrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef &nfrSef;&rnfjzpfjyD;/ taumif;qHk;
EdkifiHa&;tHwkEdkifa&;twGuf rdrdzufwGif&Sdaom taxmuftulyaxmufwdkifrsm;rS pwif&ygrnf?)

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (teft,fvf'D)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumifpD (tefpD,lbD)
&[ef;ysKdrsm;or*~
EdkifiHa&;tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_aumfrwDrsm;
(1)
vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;wdk@. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
(2)
EdkifiHtodkif;t0dkif;rS tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (vGwfvyfaom vl@abmiftzGJ@ tp&Sdojzifh)
(3)
urBmhukvor*~

(2) vlOD;a&ppfwrf;
(txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh ydifzuf. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_rS vlOD;a&; ppfwrf;twdkif;jzpfonf?)
(1) aumvdyftqifh ynmwwfrsm;udk arG;xkwfjcif;
bGJ@&vmolrsm;onf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@0ifI EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udk u|rf;usifpGm v_yf&Sm;Edkif=uonf? OD;aqmifr_
ay; Edkif=uonf? olwdk@tm; todynmay;pnf;&Hk;I&onf? tpOftvmtm;jzifh A[kokwjynfh0I
tawG;tac: xufjrufolrsm;udk tm%m&Sifwdk@u a=umufonf? a=umuf&avmufatmifvnf; bGJ@&vm
olwdk@. tawG;tac:u pl;&SxufjrufvSonf?
(2) a'otvdkuf pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;
(3) vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;.yg0ifE_ef;ESifh bmomw&mudk;uG,fr_twdkif;tq
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; yg0ifwnf&Sdaejcif;/ jynfolwdk@ bmomw&m;udkif;&SdLif;jcif;wdk@
a=umifh rwlnDaomtkyfpkrsm;udk tm;ay;v_Haqmf&ef/ pkpnf;aygif;pyf&ef vdktyfvmonf? pmayxGef;um;a&;
twGufvnf; oifhavsmfpGm todynmay;v_H@aqmf&ygrnf?
(4) a'otvdkuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;
(&Gmw&GmwGif tpm;taomuf&Sm;yg;jcif;/ aomufoHk;a&r&&Sdjcif;/ v#yfppfrD;r&Sdjcif;/ usef;rma&; xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdjcif;/ pD;yGm;jzpfxkwfvkyfEdkifaom aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;r&Sdjcif;/ vli,fvl&G,frsm;
usef&Sd raeawmhjcif; ponfwdk@jzpfysufaeygu xdk&Gmonf 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;a&;twGuf taxmuftul
ay;Edkifrnf r[kwf[k qdk&zG,f&Sdayvdrfhrnf? wenf;tm;jzifh txufygtcsuftvuf tp&Sdonfwdk@
txdkuftavsmuf &SdaerSom v_yf&Sm;r_udktusKd;jyKEdkifp&m&Sdonf? odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pD z,f'&,ftpdk;&
wufvmaomtcg trSefwu,f vkyfay;vmEdkifp&m&Sdaom tem*wf&nfrSef;csufrsm; ponfhwckckudk
xdk&Gmtm; u|Ekfyfwdk@ ajymjyoifhygonf?)

(3) EdkifiHa&;t& qHk;jzwfay;olrsm;

(1) tvdktavsmuf&yfwnfay;aeaom r[mrdwf
(a0zefcsuf - tefpD,lbDonf rnfol@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;aeoenf;)
63

jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfwav#muf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkifae=uolrsm;
ausmif;om;rsm;
bmoma&;tzGJ@rsm;
vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;wdk@rS trsm;pk
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@rsm;
vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;
tjcm;
(2) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

(a0zefcsuf - tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;. tajccHjzpfonfqdkaomtcsufudk jyefvnf

trSwf& =unfhyg? rnfonfhtwdkif;twmxd rdrdwdk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk od&SdjyD;rS
r[mAsL[mudk cef@rSef;wGufcsuf&ygrnf? rdrdwdk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;[kqdk&mwGif EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
omru jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;vnf;yg0ifonf?)

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
ucsifjynfe,fwckvHk; zGH@jzdK;a&;tzGJ@(Pan-Kachin Development Society)
tefpD,lbD tzGJ@0if tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH(DVB - Democratic Voice of Burma)
jrefrmEdkifiH tvkyform;or*~rsm; tzGJ@csKyf (FTUB - Free Trade Unions of Burma)
&dk[if*sm aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@ (RSO - Rohinga Solidarity Organization)
urBmhukvor*~
National Endowment for Democracy
International Republican Institute
Open Society Institute

tjcm;

(3) EdkifiHa&;tufuJaG =umif;rsm;

(a0zefcsuf - 'Drdkua&pDudk axmufcHaom v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; EdkifiHa&;tuGJtjyJ rsm;pGm&Sdonf? tav;eufqHk;
oabmxm;uGJvJrG _rsm;udk trnfay;Iazmfjyoihfonf/)

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;&ESifh 'DatbD

tefpD,lbDESifh &dk[if*sm (ryg0ifa&;udpP)
tefpD,lbDESifh tufzfwD,lbD (aygif;pyfpkpnf;a&;udpP)
tefpD*sD,lbDESifh teft,fvf'D-vGwfajrmufe,fajr (e,fpyfa'o acgif;aqmifr_ay;a&;udpP)
tjcm;
(4) vHkcHa&;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;
(1)

wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;udk xda&mufatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;

(tqdkygudpPonf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udktaumiftxnfazmf&mwGif apmapmydkif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y tajccH owfrSwf

csufESifhtnD xda&mufatmifvkyfEdkifygovm; odk@r[kwf xdkodk@vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdae
ovm;?)
64

(2)

vlopfpkaqmif;jcif;jzifh &SdjyD;om;rsm;udk xdcdkufqHk;&H_;rcHEdkifjcif;

(3)

tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m ppfaq;=uyfrwfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;

(wzufrS 0ifa&mufxdk;azmufI raxmufvSrf;Edkifatmif rnfonfhudpPrsm;udk yvkyfxm;ygoenf;?

vlopfrsm;udk ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&pGmvufcHaom erlemenf;vrf;tcsKd@rSm xdkvlopf. tcsuftvuf trSm;
rsm;udk wdusrSefuefpGmaxmufjyjcif;/ oHo,&Sdol xdkvlopfudk teD;uyfapmifh=unfhjcif;/ xdlvlopf
tm; ,Hk=unfpdwfcs &a=umif; tjcm;wa,mufrS axmufcHay;jcif; wdk@jzpfonf?)
(4)

qufoG,fa&;

(owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm;udk rnfodk@jzef@csdrnfenf;? qufoG,fa&;pepfrSm rnfr#pdwfcs&r_&Sdoenf;?

owif;ay;ydk@olxm;&Sdjcif;/ a&'D,dkjzihfqufoG,fjcif;/
rnfolrnf0grSef;rod&yJ owif;ay;ydk@ vufcHjcif;(dead drops rnfolay;I rnfol,lrSef;rod&yJ
owif;ay;ydk@vufcHaom qufoG,fa&;enf;wrsKd;)/
vufcH&Hkoufouf qufoG,fjcif;/
uwifpDpOfxm;aom pum;0Sufrsm;udk toHk;yjcif;/
yD*sDyD(PGP-Pretty Good Privacy tD;ar;vfrsm; ay;ydk@vufcH&mwGif vHkcHpdwfcsr_&Sdatmif pDrH
xm;aom uGefjyLwmpepf)udk toHk;yI tD;ar;vf ay;ydk@jcif;ESifh
uGefjyLwmjzifh qufoG,faom tjcm;yHkpHrsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@rSm pdwfcsvHkcHaom qufoG,fa&;
erlemyHkpH rsm; jzpfonf?)
(5)

owif;ESifhrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; vHkcHKa&;

twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;tm; tpdk;&rS pdrfh0ifxdk;azmufEdkifonfudk rnfonfhtcgrS av#mh

rwGufoihfyg? xdk@a=umifh ta&;=uD;onfrSefor# tpOftjrJ*&kwpdkuf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufoifhonf? qdkvdk
onfrmS pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; zwf&_olwdk@.rSwfwrf;udk odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;/ xkdpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk rdwWLyGm;
xm;jcif;ponfwdk@udkv_yf&Sm;r_. vHkcHKa&;tpDtpOfwcktaejzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? odxm;&ef vdktyf
olavmufuom ta&;=uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk zwf&SKavhvmcGifhjyKzdk@ tjrJwrf; *&kpdkuf
oihfonf? (t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udkrnfodk@ vkyfaqmifrnf[lI v#Kd@0Sufxm;Edkifaom owif; tcsuftvuf
qdkonfrSm r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;ygonf? rnfolu yg0ifv_yf&Sm;rnfqdkonfh owif;tcsuftvufudkom
vHkcHpdwfcspGmxm;&ygrnf? odk@r[kwfygu xdkolwdk@twGuf =uD;rm;aomtEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifonf?)

(2-u-3) xifjrif,lqjcif;
a&S@vkyfief;pOfESifh &&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk=unfhv#if r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;
taejzifh xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGufay;&zG,f&Sdonf? txl;ojzifh jzpfEdkifaom v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;
rsm;udk tao;pdwfpdppf&mwGif xifjrifcsufrsm;udk aygif;pyfay;&zG,f&Sdonf? trSefpifppf r[mAsL[mtwdkif;
xda&mufatmifv_yf&Sm;rnfqdkv#if txiftjrifoufoufudk tajccHIr&Edkifyg? tcsdefwdkif;tcsdefwdkif;
&Edkifor#tcsuftvufay:tajccHI v_yf&Sm;rSom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifEdkifonf? tu,fI
xifjrifcsuftwdkif;vkyfaqmif&HkrSvGJI tjcm;r&Sdawmhv#if xdkxifjrifcsufrsm;onf vuf&Sd tajctaewGif
tusKH;0ifaeqJ [kwfr[kwf aocsmatmif tm;xkwf&ygrnf? xifjrifcsufrsm;udk Oyrmay;ygrnf?
(1) tefpD,lbDtm; EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;u ppfa&;tultnDay;jcif;&Sdrnf r[kwf?

65

(2) urBmhpD;yGm;a&;udkcsKyfudkifxm;aom aumfydka&;&Si;f =uD;rsm;. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_a=umifh taemuftkyfpk

'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh e0wtm; jyif;xefpGm ta&;,lawmhrnfr[kwfyJ tjyeftvSef

pum;ajym&Hkom uef@owfvkyfaqmifawmhrnf?
(3) tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh

xdkif;wGif&Sdaom tar&dueftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;u
tar&duef rl0g'tay: v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifr_ &SdcJhonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh

(4) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_udk xdef;odrf;&efESifh EdkifiHa&;wnfjidrfap&ef EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;rSyfESHr_u

tvGef ta&;=uD;onf?
(5) tjcm;

,cktqifhwGif r[mAsL[mudk wGufcsufwnfaqmufolrsm;onf &&Sdaom owif;

tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udkvnf;
pwiftoHk;yonf?
aemufwqifhrSm
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_jzifh rdrdbufuv_yf&Sm;Edkifonfhvrf;a=umif;udk &efolu rnfodk@acszsufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk
qHk;jzwf&onf? ydifzufu rnfodk@vkyaf qmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk tawG;tac: xufjrufatmif avhusifhEdkif&ef
(2-c)wGif pwifazmfjyygonf?

(2-c) ydifzuf.vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;
jrefrmppfwyfta=umif;udk aphpyfaocsmpGmjyef=unfhjyD; ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfEdkifv#if
EdkifiHa&;tHwkrj_ zifh rdrdbufu v_yf&Sm;Edkifonfhvrf;a=umif;tm; ydifzufu rnfodk@acszsufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk
jzpfEdkifajcrsm;ESifhwuG pOf;pm;vmEdkifonf? jrefrmppfwyfu rnfodk@vkyfaqmifvmEdkifonfrsm;ta=umif;
aumufE_wfoHk;oyf&v#if atmufygtwdkif;jzpfEdkfifonf?
(1)

a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; jyefvnfzrf;qD;Edkifonf? owfEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf jynfESif'%f

ay;Edkifonf?

(2)

vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;wGif xdk;ppft&Sdefav#mhrcsyJ jrefrmEdkifiH.vlOD;a&xlxyfaom t"du

a'o oHk;ae&mwGif t=uD;pm;vlxktHkur_rsm;udk =urf;wrf;pGm ESdyfuGyfEdkifonf?

(3)

e,fpyfwav#muf&Sd jrefrm'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@rsm;tm; txD;usefxm;Edkfif&ef/ xda&mufpGm

rv_yf&Sm;Edkifap&eftwGuf w&kwf/ tdEdN,/ xdkif;wdk@rS ppfwyf/ axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;
vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?

(4)

EdkifiHjcm;rS jynfwGif;odk@ toHv$ifhIr&atmif toHv_dif;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufzsufqD;Edkifonf?

(5)

tefpD,lbD/ autef,l XmecsKyfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufEdkifonf?

(2-*) udk,fydkif v_yf&Sm;r_ vrf;a=umif;rsm;

a&S@vkyfief;pOfxkwfjyefcsufudk aemufxyfw=udrf aphaphpyfpyfaocsmpGm jyef=unfhI rnfodk@
vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaeonfudk *&kwpdkufoHk;oyfjyD;aomtcg r[mAsL[mwGufcsufolrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_
vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk awG@&SdwnfaqmufEdkifonf? r[mAsL[m. xda&mufaom tcsuf(4)csuf &Sdonf?

rdrdv_yf&Sm;r_udk &efolrodyJ ajc&mazsmufxm;Edkifonf?

=um;cH&nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&Sdojzifh &nfrSef;csufudk oG,f0dkufIcsOf;uyfjcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh

taumif;qHk; jzpfapEdkifonf?

rddrd. tm;taumif;qHk; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh &efol. tm;tenf;qHk;udk wdkufcdkufEdkifonf?

rdrdwdk@ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdor# r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJwnfaqmufEdkifonf?

66

v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif; (1)? r[mAsL[mt& jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;wGif EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;

t&Sdeft[kef aumif;pGm v_yf&Sm;rnfjzpfonf?
(u) EdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif EdkifiHa&; rwnfjiddrf rEdkifreif;jzpfatmif EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef/
(c) 'Drdkua&pD axmufcHaom tzGJ@rsm;twGuf vlopfrsm;pkaqmif;&ef/
(*) taxGaxGoydwf=uD; jzpfay:vma&;twGuf jyifqif&ef/
(C) e0wtm; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh jzdKcGJ&ef wdk@jzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif; (2)? tjcm;

(3) t[ef@twm;rsm;udk taotcsm pdppfoHk;oyfjcif;

v_yf&Sm;r_tm; &efolu rnfodk@[ef@wm;ESdrfESif;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudk wckcsif;tvdkuf aocsmpGm
pdppf oHk;oyfxm;&ygrnf? tu,fI &efukef/ rEWav;ESifh armfvjrdKifrrsm;wGif vlxktHkur_=uD;rsm; jzpfvm
cJhonf&Sdaomf ypfcwfESdrfESif;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh jrefrmppfwyftm; trdef@remcH&ef OD;pGmu;yrf;&ayrnf? xdkodk@
rvkyfEdkifygu 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf jy\emwufEdkifzG,f&Sdonf?

(4) tusKd;tjypfrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;

v_yf&Sm;r_ vrf;a=umif;wckpDwGif &SdEdkifaom tusKd;ESifhtjypfrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfvdkufv#if
xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk vkyfoifh rvkyfoifh tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkfifaomtcsufrsm; xGufay:vmonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaom t&yfom;rsm; xdckdufaoa=ur_ tenf;qHk;jzpfap&ef qHk;jzwfEdkifvmonf?

(5) qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;
v_yf&Sm;r_ vrf;a=umif;wckudk aqmif&Guf&ef
a&S@vkyfief;pOftwdkif; tjynfhtpHk vufawG@vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf?

qHk;jzwfcsuf

csvdkufonfqdkjcif;rSm

tESpfcsKyf
tcef;(6)onf r[mAsL[mwckudk wGufcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm;yg0if&rnf/
rnfodk@ vkyfaqmif&onfudk xifjrifcsufay;jcif; jzpfonf?
r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufudk tzGJ@tpnf;. wm0efay;csuft& tvGefta&;=uD;pGm
a&;om;&onf? vsifjrefpGm jyifqif&Hkjzifhr&yg?
twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@rsm;. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;udk wwfEdkifor# yg0ifaeatmif
tajcyI a&;qGJ&onf?
r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufudk aumif;pGm uwifjyifqifxm;EdkifonfESifhtr# a&S@vkyfief;pOf
atmifjrifa&;twGuf taumif;qHk; v_yf&Sm;r_ vrf;a=umif;udk od&Sda&G;cs,fEdkifonfjzpfI qHk;&_H;EdkifzG,f&Sdaom
vrf;prsm; avsmhenf;oGm;rnfjzpfonf?
r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufudk vuf&Sdtaetxm;ESifh tjrJudkufnDaeatmif jyifqif
jznfhpGufxm;&onf? r[mAsL[m a&;qGJonfhyHkpH&Sd&onf? txl;tm&HkpdkufI a&;qGJ&onf?
r[mAsL[ma&;qGJoltzdk@ rnfr#yif tav;teufxm;jyD; a&;qGJ&onfjzpfapumrl a&;qGJ
onfhyHkpH &Sdaeaoma=umifh &Sif;vif; uGJjym;pGm pOf;pm;Edkifvmonf?
--------- 000--------67

tcef; (7)

v_yf&Sm;&ef tpDtpOfudk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfyHkrsm;

tajccHusaom rl0g'onf rnfonft
h cgrS vH;k 0tvkyrf jzpfyJ &Sdrae?
um;vf AGef uavmufpf0pfZf(Carl Von Clausewitz)

v_yf&mS ;&ef tpDtpOfukd pOf;pm;oHk;oyfykrH sm;

vHkcHa&;u
twef;tpm;tvdkufowif;;pkpnf;jcif;
ppfa&;v_yf&mS ;r_ pDpOfonfhypkH H
tajctae
a&S@vkyif ef;pOf
vkyfaqmifyHk
pDrcH ef@cGJjcif;/ ydk@aqmifaxmufyHjh cif;
trdef@ay;jcif;/ tcsufjyjcif;
xdef;odrf;uGyu
f Jr_
tcsdef
v_yf&mS ;r_e,fedrdwf
pkaygif;taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
tjcm;
axmufwkid frsm;udk wGe;f rcsygESifh qGJ,lyg
&nfrSef;xm;avmuf vkyfEdkifovm;
ydifzufudkab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfatmifvkyfjcif;

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk r[mAsL[m(Strategy)t&/ enf;AsL[m(Tactic)t& v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef

pDpOf&mwGif vkyfp&mwm0ef rsm;jym;vSonf? r[mAsL[m a&;qGJolwdk@rSm bufaygif;pHkavmufudk wm0ef,l
pDpOf&ayvdrfhrnf? avsmh&J&Jpkpnf;xm;rd=uaom nGef@aygif;tzGJ@csKyf=uD;.tzGJ@0ifwdk@rS trsm;pkrSm olwdk@ rnfr#
vkyfaqmifEdkif=uonfudk ydkydkomomwGufxm;avh&Sd+yD; wzGJ@ESihfwzGJ@rSmvnf; ar#mfvifhxm;yHkcsif;rwl=uacs?
taumif;qHk;tajctaeodk@ a&mufonfhwdkifatmif wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@ aygif;pyfpkpnf;&ef jy\emrsm;&Sd=uonf?

68

odk@jzpf&m r[mAsL[mudk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfpDpOf&mwGif tawG@t=uHKenf;onfh v_yf&Sm;r_

acgif;aqmifwOD;twGuf bHk&nfrSef;csufjzpfvmatmif pkpnf;ay;zdk@rSm =uD;rm;vSaomtvkyfwckyif? toGif
rwlaom tzGJ@rsm;twGif; qufoG,fa&;vkyf&efyif tcuftcJ&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm tzGJ@rsm;pGmwdk@onf
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_udk olwdk@em;vnfoavmufjzifhom vkyfae=ujcif;a=umihf (odk@r[kwf) t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yHkrSeftm;jzifh od&rnfh ta&;ygyHkrsm;udk em;rvnf=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
&mxl;t& =uD;pOfi,fvdkufzGJ@pnf;xm;aom todkif;t0dkif;twGif;rS &Sdaeolwdk@rSmrl aumif;pGm
avhusifhoif=um; wwfajrmufxm;aom ppfqifa&;yHkpH (waoG;woHwrdef@)jzifh ykHrSefvkyfaqmifEdkif=uonf?
odk@aomf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif xdkodk@r&Edkif? tqdkyg tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. 0ef;usif
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh wef;wlnDr#r_jzifhom wyfaygif;pk zGJ@=uonfjzpfI wlnDolrsm;t=um; yxrae&m
tqifhtwef;udk&&ef ,SOfydif=uonf? tjrJwrf;vnf; ykwfcwf jypfwifpGyfpGJ a0zefae=uonf? olwdk@onf
wOD;wzGJ@tm; tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; pdrfh0ifxdk;azmufcHae&onf[k ajymqdk=uayvddrfhrnf? (Ttcsuf
onf tzGJ@tm;vHk; tenf;trsm;ajymqdkcH&zdk@ jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf?)
rdrdwdk@rvdkvm;aomtpdk;&tzGJ@rsKd; wufvmrnfhudpPudkvnf; oabmwlnDEdkif=urnf r[kwf
ay? tcsKd@acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tm%m&SifqefvGef;onf[k pGyfpGJcH&onfvnf; &Sdaeayvdrfhrnf?
(ppfacgif;aqmifwOD;tm; jzKwfcs&mwGif tjcm;ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;u yg0ifulnDay;cJh=uonfrmS tqef;awmh
r[kwfyg?)
tcsKd@acgif;aqmifrsm;url wufvmaom'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&tm; vlaer_todkif;t0dkif;u
tm%m xdef;csKyfuef@owfay;Edkifa&;udpPwGif yl;aygif;ryg0if&J/ wm0efr,l&J jzpfaewwf=uonfvnf; &Sday
rnf? tcsKd@url vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;u ppfrSefaomvrf;pOfjzpfonf[k r,kH=unfrD tcsdefxdom t=urf;
rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifae=uayvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;uGJjym;jcif;/ em;vnfr_vGJrSm;jcif;
rsm; &Sdaevifhupm; r[mAsL[mESifh taxmuftuly enf;AsL[mrsm;udk a&;qGJwnfaqmufay;&rnfom
jzpfonf?

vHkcHa&;u
tpdk;&qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk qifEJa$ omtwdkuftcHtzGJ@wdkif;tm; tpdk;&u acsr_ef;&ef
ypfrSwfxm;um tcGifhomwdkif; pdrfh0ifxdk;azmufaernf[k ,lq&ygrnf? odk@rSom twdkuftcHwdk@onf a&&Snf
vkyfief;pOftwGuf *&kpdkufjyD; pDrHaqmif&GufEdkifygrnf? twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;twGif;Y owif;axmufvSrf;
cHae&jcif;udk tav;teuf *&kpdkuf&rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&owif;ay;rsm;rSm tzGJ@twGif;pdrfh0ifI
tpdk;&xHjyefvnf owif;ydk@ay;aeolrsm;jzpf&m tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; wdk@tm; jyeftoHk;csEdkifp&m
tuGufrsm;&SdEdkifonf?

twdkuftcHwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_onf
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;aeonfhtqifhwGifyif &Sdaea=umif;/
&efjidK;jzifh *vJhpm;acs&ef &nf&G,frxm;a=umif;/
tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;tm; vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;rnfh tpDtpOf&SdaeqJjzpfa=umif;/
twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufjcif;ESifh tm%m
tvGJoHk;pm;jcif;wdk@udk cGifhyaompepfwck jzpfaea=umif;/
twdkuftcHwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_onf tqdkygpepfukd taumiftxnfazmfay;aeolrsm;tm; qef@usif
jcif; r[kwfa=umif;/
xdkpepfudk taumiftxnfazmfaeolrsm;ESifh xdkpepf. wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&olrsm;rSm pepf.
om;aumif twlwlyifjzpfa=umif; tp&Sdonfhtcsufwdk@udk tpdk;&odatmif xdkowif;ay;rsm;rS
wqifh v_y&f Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifwdk@u xnfhydk@ay;v#if &EdkifzG,f&Sdayrnf?
69

ppfwyf/ &JESifh tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&opfxH opPmcHjyD; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk

tajccHOya'opfudk vdkufemrnfqdkonfh vdkvm;csuf&Sdaeonf? odk@jzpfI olwdk@tm; twdkuftcHwdk@.
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvmap&ef &nf&G,fxm;onf[k axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;rSwqifh tpdk;&u jyefodoGm;
v#ifvnf; tusKd;jzpfxGef;Edkifp&mrsm;&Sdonf? xdkuJhodk@yif twdkuftcHwdk@tm; nSif;yef;ESdyfpufaeolESifh
w&m;vGeftjypfay;aeolwdk@.pm&if;udk tpdk;&u jyefodatmifvkyfEdkifv#ifvnf; tusKd;&SdEdkifayrnf?
axmufvSrf;a&;rS tpdk;&xHay;ydk@rnfjzpfaom vlyk*~dKvfa&;&m owif;tcsuftvufwGif
zdEdSyf&ufpufr_rsm;a=umifh tpdk;&tm; qef@usifvm=uaom ppfwyfESifh&Jtygt0if twdkuftcHwdk@. emrnf
pm&if;rsm;/ rw&m;tEdkifusifhcH&aomtr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;&mZ0wfr_rsm;udk "gwfyHkrsm;/ oufaocHcsufrsm;ESifh
wuG wdwdusus yg&Sdrnfjzpfonf? txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;.rdwWLudk jynfywGif vHkjcHKpGm
odrf;qnf;xm;onf[kvnf; twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;twGif;&Sd tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@u olwdk@. txuf
t&m&Sdrsm;xH owif;ay;ydk@Edkif=urnf jzpfonf?
AsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tcsKd@tydkif;rsm;udk v#Kd@0Sufrxm;Edkifyg (odk@) rxm;
oifhyg? tm%m&Sifudk qef@usiftmcHonf qdkaomtcsufonf tm%m&Siftm; ododomom tHhtm;oifh
ap&rnfh tcsufr[kwfyg? xdkenf;wl tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pkpnf;I tm%m&SifudkckcHonfrSmvnf; v#Kd@0Suf&rnfh
tcsuf r[kwfyg? rnfonfhtm%m&Sifrqdk jyD;cJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; jzpfay:vmcJhonfh t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;ta=umif;/ rnfodk@qifE$Jonfutp od&Sdae=urnfrSm aocsmoavmuf&Sdonf? v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m owif;
rsm;onf vuf&Sdtajctaeay:rlwnfI wefzdk;ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifaoma=umifh tcsdefudk y&d,m,fygyg
u|rf;usif ydkifEdkifpGm pDpOftoHk;csEdkifzdk@vdkonf? toHk;r0ifawmhaom owif;odk;wyk'fonf vuf&Sdv_yf&Sm;r_udk
taxmuftulyEdkifp&m odyfr&SdvSay?
v_yf&Sm;r_wcktm; tuGufusus pDpOfae+yD[k tpdk;&xH wriftoday;jcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD
v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;&Sda=umif; oufaorsm;pGm&Sdonf? odk@aomf tcsKd@udpPrsm;udk ydifzuf
rodatmifawmh v_yf&Sm;zdk@vdkonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh t"duacgif;aqmif/ tzGJ@tpnf;wckxufydkI yg0if
v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;ta=umif;udk tao;pdwfodxm;ol/ tpdk;&uzrf;rdv#if touftEW&m,fpdk;&drf&ol
tp&Sdolwdk@. wnf&Sd&mESifh v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m owif;rsm; rayguf=um;ap&ef xdef;odrf;ay;&onf? qmbD;,m;
ckcHa&;tzGJ@ (OTPOR)wGif acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sd=uaomfvnf; rnfolrnf0grSef; tzGJ@0ifrsm;urod=uay?
acgif;aqmifwzGJ@vHk;udk rnfonhftcgrSrawG@&yJ vdktyfrSom wa,mufESifhwa,muf c%wzwf awG@wwf
=uonf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufonfrsm;udk tpDtpOfrvkyfaom tjcm;tzGJ@wckrSm
jrefrmppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifaeaom 'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pkjzpfonfh tefpD,lbDjzpfonf? r[mAsL[m
twGuf tao;pdwfpdppf oHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;udk wnfaqmuf&ef/ tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJjyifqif&efESifh wyfaygif;pk
tzGJ@0ifrsm;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk aygif;pyf pkpnf;ay;&eftwGuf tefpD,lbDu EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD
(yD'DpD)udk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? yD'DpDu tefpD,lbD acgif;aqmifydkif;udk wdkuf&dkuf tpD&ifcHpm wifjyonf?

twef;tpm;tvdkuf owif;pkpnf;jcif;
tcsKd@aom owif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;onf ppfOD;pD;r;rsm;u qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;Edkif&ef toHk;0if
wwfa=umif; pma&;ol tawG@t=uHKt& ajymjyEdkifygonf? ppfzufa&;&mwGif owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm
tjrJwrf;tqifoifh jzpfaeatmif wm0ef&Sdolwdk@u vkyfay;xm;&onf? olwdk@onf tqdkyg owif;rsm;udk
vufcHEdkifzdk@ apmifhraeyg? udk,fwdkif owif;aemufudkvdkufonf? ydkif;jcm;pdppfoHk;oyfonf? wdusaom
rSwfwrf;wapmifjzpf&ef trsKd;tpm;cGJI ol@ae&mESifhol twdutusxm;&Sdonf? odk@rSom tu,fIrsm;
ppfAdkvfcsKyfwOD;u &efolbmvkyfaeovJ[k ar;vmonf&Sdaomf wm0efust&m&Sdu aemufqHk;od&Sd
70

xm;onfhtajctaeudk csufcsif; tpD&ifcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdktcg tqdkyg ppfAdkvfcsKyftaejzifh &efol@

v_yf&Sm;r_udk odvmojzifh ppfqifa&;&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrif&eftwGuf aemufxyf xdk;ppfqifEdkifrnhf
tcGifhtvrf; &Sdr&Sdudk csufcsif; qHk;jzwfpDpOfay;Edkifonf?
ppfa&;udpP pDpOfv_yf&Sm;yHkrsm;rSm &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umatmif rajymif;rvJwnf&Sdaeonf
jzpfI t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfolwdk@u xdkyHkpHrsKd;udk *&kwpdkufrSwfom;oifhonf? ppfa&;pDpOfr_wGif
ta&;ygaomtydkif;rSm pepfwus csOf;uyfyHkjzpfonf? ,if;rSm

tajctaewckudk r[mAsL[ma&;qGJ&ef uwifwGufqjcif;/

v_yf&Sm;r_ vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjcif;/
&Sif;vif;wdusaom a&S@vkyfief;pOfudk csrSwfjcif;ESifh
v_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfjcif; wdk@jzpfonf?

ta&;=uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdxm;rS ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk pDpOfEdkifonf?

erlemtm;jzifh &efolESifh rdrdwyfrsm;wGif rnfodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &Sdaeonf/ rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdonf/
rnfonfh owif;Zpfjrpfrsm;rS &Edkifonf tp&Sdonfwdk@jzpfonf? ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wcktm; pDpOfxm;yHkudk
tao;pdwf ppfaq;avhvmaomtcg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif
pkpnf;xm;onfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wckudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0ef&Sdolwdk@
taejzifh xdkodk@ pepfwus pDpOfaqmif&GufyHkrsm;udk odae&efvdktyfonf? rnfonhftqihfwGif v_yf&Sm;
onfjzpfap oifhawmfpGmtoHk;yEdkifaom t=urf;zsOf;yHkpHudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pDpOfonfhyHkpH
tydkif; (5)ydkif;yg0ifonf?
(1)
tajctae
(2)
a&S@vkyfief;pOf
(3)
v_yf&Sm;r_udk yHkazmfjcif;ESifh wm0efcGJa0jcif;
(4)
pDrHcef@cJjG cif;ESifh ydk@aqmifaxmufyHhjcif;
(5)
trdef@ay;jcif;ESifh tcsufjyjcif;

(1) tajctae
owfrw
S fxm;aoma'owckwGif v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfh 0ef;usiftaetxm;udk t=urf;zsOf;azmfjyonf?
(1-u) rdrdbufrStajctae- owfrSwfvdkufaoma'o. ywf0ef;usifw0dkufwGif rdrdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfEdkif
aprnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfonf? wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifrnfh vkyfief;pOftwGuf a&G;cs,fowfrSwfjyD;
udpPrsm;udk tao;pdwf jyifqifaomtcg xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&onf?
(1-c) &efol@tajctae ? ? owfrSwfxm;aoma'o. 0ef;usifw0dkufwGif avmavmq,fjzpfysufaeaom
&efol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh owif; tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfonf?

(2) a&S@vkyfief;pOf
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif rnfolwdk@yg0ifrnf/ rnfonfhudpPrsm; v_yf&Sm;rnf/ rnfonfhae&m/ rnfonfh
tcsdef/ rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhv_yf&Sm;rnf ponfwdk@udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;jzpfonf?
odk@aomf a&S@vkyfief;pOfudk vkyfaqmif&ef wm0ef,lol. emrnftwdtus/ wdusaom&nfrSef;csuf/ tcsdefESifh
ta=umif;&if;wdk@udk azmfjy&efroifhyg?
71

(3) v_yf&Sm;r_udk yHkazmfjcif;ESifh wm0efcGJa0jcif;

(3-u) v_yf&Sm;r_udkyHkazmfjcif;- v_yf&Sm;&efpDpOfolonf v_yf&Sm;r_tprStqHk;wdkif rnfodk@&Sdaernfudk
pdwful;jzifh yHkazmf=unfh&onf? a&S@vkyfief;pOf.aemufuG,fY pOf;pm;wwf=uyHkrsm;udk pmzwfolwdk@ awG@Edkif
ygvdrfhrnf? a&S@wGif jzpfysufvmrnfh tqifhrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm cGJjcm;xm;&onf?
tqifh 1- =udKwifjyifqifjcif;tydkif; jzpf+yD; a&S@vkyfief;pOfudk tjynfht0 taumiftxnf azmfay;
EdkifrnfhtzGJ@ (odk@) tzGJ@rsm;u wm0ef,lrnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk azmfjyonf?
tqifh 2- a&S@vkyfief;pOf pwifonfrSpI &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifonftxd jzpfysufvmrnfrsm;udk
azmfjyonf?
tqifh 3- &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifa&;udk xyfrHtm;jznfhay;rnfh ,m,Dv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk azmfjyonf
(odk@) tzGJ@taejzifh aemufxyfvkyfaqmifrnfh a&S@vkyfief;pOfta=umif; =udKwifpOf;pm;
Edkif&ef aemufqufwGJtjzpf azmfjyonf? odk@aomf vdktyfrSom Ttqifh 3 udk tjcm;
tcsufrsm;ESifhwGJI azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf?
(3-c) wm0efcJaG 0jcif;- yg0ifrnfhtzGJ@rsm;u wm0ef,lrnfhudpPrsm;udk azmfjyonf?

(4) pDrHcef@cJjG hcif;ESifh ydk@aqmifaxmufyHhjcif;

v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;&Edkif&ef pDrHcef@cGJjcif;ESifh ydk@aqmifaxmufyHhjcif;qdkif&m
yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf pDpOfxm;r_rsm;udk azmfjyonf?

(5) trdef@ay;jcif;ESifh tcsufjyjcif;

v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk txl;enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;csI ay;ydk@
qufoG,f&ef vdktyfonf? vlwdkif;odaeaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ay;ydk@v#if owif;rayguf=um;atmif xdef;
xm;&rnfjzpfI t=urf;zsOf;r#avmufom azmfjyay;Edkifygvdrfhrnf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGufqdkv#ifum; trdef@ay;jcif; qdkaom a0g[m&udk oHk;I
roifhyg? v_yf&Sm;olwdk@tcsif;csif; aygif;pyfpkpnf;I qufoG,faejcif; jzpfaoma=umifh tcsufjyjcif;
[laom a0g[m&jzifh vHkavmufEdkifygvdrhfrnf? odk@rSom v_yf&mS ;olrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfpkpnf;ay;olwdk@t=um;
qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; vdktyfonf qdkaomtcsufudk rnfol@udkr# rxdcdkufapyJ txift&Sm; ay:vGif
vmrnfjzpfonf?
txufazmfjyyg ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_yHkpHwGif xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; ryg0ifyg? tpDtpOfwckwGif
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;yg0ifEdkifaomfvnf; rSwfwrf;wif+yD;I tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmfrnfh trdef@
(tcsufjypum;vHk;) jzpfoGm;aomtcg xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udky,fzsuf&onf? qdkvdkonfrmS qHk;jzwfjyD;
aemuf trdef@xGufvmaomtcg xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; r[kwfawmhyJ trSefwu,fvkyf&rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;
jzpfoGm;onf? trdef@jyefwrf;wckvHk;. tqHk;wGif tpDtpOftwGuf aemufqufwGJ &nfn$ef;csufrsm;udk
rSwfom;ay;&onf? xGufvmaomtrdef@(tcsufjypum;vHk;)udk tm;vHk;oabmwlvufcHEdkifa&;rSm pGef@pm;r_
wckjzpfonfudk odxm;oifhonf? em;vnfvufcHEdkifolrsm;&SdouJhodk@ qef@usifEdkifolrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfaom
a=umifh jzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfolwdk@. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;onf qef@usifbuf tpdk;&
twGuf ta&;ygaom v#Kd@0Sufowif;wyk'f jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? wenf;tm;jzifh t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;ol
wdk@onf rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udkodI rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk rodao;a=umif; azmfjyaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
72

wzef rnfonfhtcsufonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ta&;ygaom tcsufjzpfa=umif;udkomru t=urf;

rzuf v_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfaeolwdk@onf rnfr#xd ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfudkvnf; ydifzuftpdk;&u &dyfpm;rd
Edkifonf?
aemufqufwGJrsm;Y v_yf&Sm;r_udk rnfr# taumiftxnfazmfEdkifpGrf; &Sdonfudk tao;pdwf
azmfjyonf? xdk@jyif todynmay;/ 0g'jzef@v_H@aqmfrr_ sm; tp&Sdonfwdk@. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjy
onf? odk@jzpfI owdxm;&efrSm ydifzufjzpfolu odoGm;v#if rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_rSm }udKwifwm;qD;cH&Edkifonf
jzpfI t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;aysmhoGm;apEdkifonf?
,ckazmfjyonfh ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pDpOfonfhyHkpHonf tpDtpOf yvkyf&eftwGufom
r[kwfyg? tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;eD;yg;avmufudk tvdkuftxdkuf nDnGwfr#wap&efudkvnf; &nf&G,fxm;jcif;
jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf tzGJ@opfwckjzpfap&ef txl;&nf&G,frnfqdkv#ifvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHa&;
ajymif;vJr_twGuf v_yf&Sm;ae=uaom rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rqdk ta&;}uD;aomtcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;
yg&SdaomyHkpHudk toHk;yoifhonf? xdkyHkpHonf tpDtpOfwckvHk;udk rnfodk@wnfaqmuf&onfudk vrf;n$efay;
Edkifonfomru ta&;}uD;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm; rusef&pfatmifvnf; wm;qD;ay;Edkifonf? xdkodk@
yHkpHcsIaqmif&Gufzefrsm;vmaomtcg rnfonfhae&mwGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm;&Sda=umif; wdusvsifjrefpGm
odvmayvdrfhrnf?

xdef;odrf;uGyfuJr_
v_yf&Sm;r_wckwGif yg0ifaomtzGJ@rsm;pGmudk aygif;pyfpkpnf;ay;Edkif&rnfjzpf&m tpDtpOf
a&;qGJoltaejzifh tjcm;jzpfEdkifaom xdef;odrf;uGyfuJa&;rsm; &Sd&ygrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh

(1) tcsdef
ydkrdk=uD;rm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_wckwGif jzpfpOfwckay:aygufvmaomtcg tjcm;tzGJ@wckrS
tjcm;vkyfaqmifr_twGufoHk;&ef &nf&G,fxm;aom t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;(Oyrm-um;wpD;)udk vdktyfv#if
toHk;y&ayvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdeftwGif; ydkIrapm/ ydkIaemufrusyJ v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnf
jzpfonf? tu,fI tqdkygjzpfpOfrSwqifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;onfqdkygu pwifrnfh
tcsdeftwdtus(H-hour)udk toHk;cs&ef ta&;=uD;onf? odk@rSom v_yf&Sm;r_wckpDudk wjydKifwnf; v_yf&Sm;
Edkifonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk &ufpufpGm[ef@wm;ydwfqdk@&ef ppfwyfESifh&Jrsm; xlxyfpGm csxm;vifh
upm; v_yf&Sm;r_udk rjzpfraevkyf&onfh tajctaersKd;qdkv#if rdepfydkif;twGif; &nf&G,fcsuf +yD;ajrmufap
Edkifrnfh v#yw
f jyuf qENjyjcif; (Lighting - hit and run)rsm;udk pDpOfxm;&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf?

(2) v_yf&Sm;r_ e,fedrdwf

oD;jcm;pDv_yf&Sm;&ef oifhawmfaoma'otrsKd;rsKd;wGif rnfodk@v_yf&Sm;rnfqdkonfh enf;AsL[m
w&yf vdktyfayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pdppfoHk;oyfvdkufonfhtcg a'owck.
taxmuftulyaom axmufwdkifwckukd t=uyfudkifjcif;r[kwfyJ tvdkuftxdkuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&Hk
jzifh tm%m&Siftm; xda&mufatmif xdk;ESufEdkifrnf qdkygpdk@? xdktcg v_yf&Sm;r_. rvdktyfawmhaom tcsKd@
tydkif;rsm;udk tcsdefukefcH/ tyifyef;cHI rvkyfaqmif&ef uef@owf&ygrnf? tqdkygaxmufwdkiftm; OD;wnf
xm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_oufoufudkom qufvufu;yrf;&ygrnf?
wenf;tm;jzifh r[mAsL[mt& v_yf&Sm;&ef &Sdaeaomfvnf; ydkIoufomonfh enf;AsL[mjzifh
ykdrdkvsifjrefpGm atmifyJcG HEdkifrnfqdkv#if v_yf&Sm;r_ e,fedrdwfudk oifhawmfovdk csK@Hypf&ef jzpfonf? jrefjref
qefqef yGJodrf;Edkif&efvdkonf?
73

(3) pkaygif;taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
teD;tem; a'owcktwGif; wckxufydkaomtzGJ@rsm;&Sdaeygu pkaygif; taumiftxnf
azmf&ef vdktyfonfqdkv#if rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif; owif;ay;ydk@ qufoG,fEdkirf nfhae&mwckudk twdtus a&G;cs,f
toHk;cs&ygrnf?

(4) tjcm;
tjcm;aom xdef;odrf;uGyfuJr_rsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;xm;Edkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_
pwifrnhf ae&mteD;&Sd vlpka0;aomae&mrsm;/ odk@r[kwf qENjyaomae&mrS tajctaet& &kwfw&uf
xGufcGm+yD;aemuf jyefvnfvlpk&rnfh qHk&yfrsm; jzpfonf? rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wGifrqdk enf;AsL[mrsm;udk ydkydk
vdkvdk uwifpDpOfxm;&onf? enf;AsL[mwckwnf;udk awmufav#muf yHkaotoHk;cs&efroihfyg? ajymif;vJ
oGm;onfhtajctaeay:rlwnfI jzwfxdk;^m%fudk &kwfw&uf oHk;vdkuf&onfvnf;&Sdonf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif
&v'faumif; xGufay:vmwwffonf? xdef;odrf;uGyfuJr_udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif rpDpOfEdkifygu &nfrSef;csuf
atmifjrifzdk@ raocsmyg? xdcdkufqHk;&H_;r_ rsm;oGm;Edkifonf? xdk@jyif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olwdk@ csufcsif;yif pdwf&_yfaxG;
oGm;Edkifonf?

axmufwdkifrsm;udk wGef;rcsygESifh - rdrb

d ufodk@ygvmatmif qGJ,lyg
r[mAsL[ma&;qGJ&mwGif tm%m&Siftm; taxmuftulyaeaom axmufwdkifrsm;rS
t"duusolwdk@. rdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHbufodk@ yg0ifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;
odrf;oGif;oifhonf? t"duaxmufwdkifrsm;rS tzJG@0ifrsm;tm; tpdk;&.tm%mpuftwGif;odk@ ydkrdkeuf&d_if;
atmif wGef;ydk@onfxuf rdrdwdk@twdkuftcHbufqDodk@qGJ,lEdkifygu ydktusKd;&Sdonf?
tm%m&Siftm; tqufrjywfopPm&SdpGm axmufcHolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.rdom;pk0ifrsm;
tzrf;cH/ jcdrf;ajcmuf t=uyfudkifcH/ tEdkifusifhcH&awmhrnfudk odvmv#if olwdk@onf tm%m&SifxH jyefvSef
ar;cGef;xkwfawmhrnfjzpfonf? t"du&k%f;ESdrfESif;a&; wyfr;wOD;taejzifh qENjyyGJwGif rdrd.om;orD;
wa,mufu a&S@wef;rS yg0ifaeygu qENjyolrsm;tm; &dkufESuf&ef/ vSHpGyfxdk;&ef/ rsuf&nf,dkAHk;cGJ&ef
trdef@ay;zdk@ vG,frnfr[kwfyg? Ttcsufudk aumif;pGmem;vnfEdkifonf?
tcsufusus pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&v#if tm%m&SifrSm t"du&k%f;ESdrfESif;a&;udk tzsufcHrnf
r[kwfyJ tawG@t=uHKydkenf;ol tjcm;wOD;jzifh tpm;xdk; OD;aqmifcdkif;OD;rnfomjzpfonf? wzef aemufwuf
vmaom t"du&k%f;ESdrfESif;a&; wyfr;udkvnf; twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkbufodk@ ygvmatmif
pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;a&;rSm aemufxyf tcsufususpOf;pm;oHk;oyf&rnfhtcsufjzpfonf? tm%m&Siftm;
taxmuftulyonfhaxmufwdkifrsm; tqufrjywf wjznf;jznf; zsufqD;cHae&or# tm%m&Siftpdk;&
twGuf tcuftcJrsm; rqHk;Edkifatmif =uHKawG@ae&rnfjzpfonf?

&nfrSef;xm;oavmuf vkyfEdkifovm;
r[mAsL[ma&;qGJ&mwGif aemufxyfpOf;pm;&efrSm &nfrSef;xm;oavmuf jzpfatmif
vkyfEdkifygrnfvm; qdkaomtcsufjzpfonf? ydifzufjzpfolonf tiftm;udk &kwfw&uf rajymif;vJwwfyg?
odk@aomf &nf&G,fcsufudk vsifjrefpGm ajymif;wwfonf? xdk@a=umifh twdkuftcHtiftm;pku pGrf;tm;&Sdor#
pDpOfxm;onfhwdkifatmif rddrd&nfrSef;xm;onfrsm; txdkuftavsmuf ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf? ar#mfvifhxm;
ovdk jzpfrvmwwfonfvnf;&Sdonf? ydifzuf&efol@wyfrsm;onf tiftm;twdk;tavsmhvkyfI ae&majymif;
wyfpGJavh&Sd&m ,if;udktm&Hkpdkuf=unfhv#if tHhtm;oifhp&mwckckawmhawG@vmrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf v_yf&Sm;
olwdk@taejzifh &kyfysufqif;ysuf xdwfvef@ajcmufjcm;rdrnfawmh r[kwfay?ta=umif;rSm r[mAsL[mudk
74

uwifwGufqxm;+yD;onfhtcg AsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;taejzifh ydifzuftiftm; rnfr#aumif;onf/ rnfr#xd

vkyfEdkifonfudk od+yD;om; jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif?

ydifzufudk ab;=uyfeH=uyf jzpfatmifvkyfjcif;

tm%m&Siftpdk;&u 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; acgif;axmifrvmatmif rnfodk@yif wkef@jyef
apumrl v_yf&Sm;r_ r[mAsL[mudk aocsmpGmoHk;oyfxm;ygu tiftm;pkaqmif;a&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;tm; zefwD;&SmazGEdkifygrnf? tu,fI tpdk;&u qENjyolrsm;udk jzdKcGJESdrfESif;rnfqdkv#if vlxkESifh tap;uyf
Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg? xdktcg vlxkonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olwdk@bufodk@ yl;aygif;yg0ifvmrnfjzpfI tiftm;
wdk;vm&ef vrf;prsm;&Sdonf?
wcgw&HwGif tpdk;&u v_yf&Sm;olwdk@ awmif;qdkonfhtwdkif; vdkufavsmwwfonf?
tpdk;&u rnfodk@yif [efudk,fhbdk@taetxm;jzifh qifajcay;um vdkufavsmonf jzpfap/ aemufqHk;wGif
awmif;qdkcsufrsm; &&Sda&;onfom t"dujzpfonf? xdktcg 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_rSm
tm;aumif;vmojzifh ESpfOD;ESpfbuf ajyvnfaomatmifyGJ &&Sda=umif;/ aemufqHk;wGif tpdk;&onf jynfol@
qENudk vdkufavsmay;vm&onfom jzpfa=umif; a=unmay;Edkifv#if tiftm;pkaqmif;&ef aemufxyf
tcGifhaumif;rsm; &&Sdvmrnf jzpfonf? rddrdwdk@bufwGif tiftm; wdk;oxufwdk;vm&ef&Sd+yD; tpdk;&bufwGif
tiftm; avsmhoxufavsmhoGm;rnfjzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;wGif tpdk;& ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfatmif AsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;u owd&Sd&Sd rsufpdzGifh
em;zGifhxm;oifhonf? xdk@jyif jynfolvlxkY oHrd_ESufouJhodk@pGJjrJaeaom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk r[mAsL[mwGif
todtrSwfjyK azmfjyay;oihfonf? rnfodk@ azmfjyay;oihfygoenf;? vlxk,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&u
vpfvsL&_xm;+yD; qef@usifbufrsm;udkom vkyfaqmifaeonf[k jynfolrsm;od&Sdatmif Ed_;qGay;&rnf?
Oyrmtm;jzihf vlpkvla0;rvkyf&qkdaom tpdk;&wm;jrpfcsufrsm;onf bmoma&;ESifh &dk;&m"avhyJaG wmfrsm;/
tcrf;tem;rsm; usif;yI r&atmif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;jzpfonf[k Ed_;qGjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?
tdEdN,wGif vGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;pOfumvtwGif; jAdwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&. qm;cGefaumufcH
Jh nf?
jcif;udk qef@usifonfhtaejzifh 1930ckESpfY *ENDuOD;aqmifI c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ(Salt March) jyKvkyfco
tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm; ab;=uyfeH=uyf jzpfcJh&or#wGif tausmf=um;qHk; jzpf&yfwckyif? *EDN. t=urf;rzuf
EdkifiHa&; qef@usifr_udk tdEdN,wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd ZmwfedrhfZmwfjrifh vlwef;pm;tv$mtm;vHk;u pdwf0ifwpm;jzifh
tm;udk;w=uD;&SdcJhonf? xdktcg jAdwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&u *EDNtm; rjzpfrae zrf;qD;&awmhrnfh ab;=uyfeH=uyf
tajctaeodk@ a&mufvmonf? odk@aomf zrf;jyefv#ifvnf; tdEdN,wEdkfifiHvHk; tHk;tHk;uufuuf qlylvm
awmhrnf? rzrf;jyefv#ifvnf; +Adwdo#udkvdkeD pwifysufqD;&awmhrnfhudef; qdkufvmcJhonf?
jAdwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&onf tdEdN,EdkifiHwGif qm;xkwfvkyfa&;wckvHk;udk vuf0g;=uD;tkyfxm;
onfrSm ESpfaygif;w&mausmf &SdaecJhjyDjzpfonf? qm;qdkonfrSm r&Sdrjzpfaom pm;p&mwckjzpf&m vlwdkif;yif
tpdk;& csKyfudkifxm;aomqm;udk 0,f,lae&awmhonf? yifv,fa&udk taiG@ysHap&Hkjzihf qm;udk tvG,fwul
csufvkyfI&Edkifaomfvnf; tdEdN,wGif rnfolr# tvum;r&? wdkif;wyg; udkvdkeDtpdk;&xH tcGefay;ae&onf?
*EDNtm; zrf;vdkufv#if aemufqufwGJtusKd;oufa&mufr_ rnfodk@&Sdvmrnfudk tpdk;&u
aumif;pGmodonf? c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJtjyD; &ufowWygwfaygif; rsm;pGmt=umwGif *EDN. &nfrSef;csuf
atmifjrifavawmhonf? tpdk;& vuf0g;=uD;tkyfxm;aom qm;vkyfief; ysufqD;oGm;&onf? xdktcg
tpdk;&u *EDNudk zrf;qD;onf? odk@aomf *EDN v_H@aqmfay;cJhaom jidrf;csrf;pGm tm%mzDqefa&;rSm tpdk;&.
EdkifiHa&; tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;udk xdcdkuftm;enf;aponfh t=urf;rzufaom vufeufaumif;wck jzpfa=umif;
jynfolvlxku aumif;aumif; oabmaygufoGm;=uonf? ausmif;rSef; urf;rSef; tpdk;& odav+yD? xifovdk
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ef rnfonfhtcgrS tcGifhromawmhyg?
75

tESpfcsKyf

tem*wfwdkif;jynfudk wnfaqmufrnfhrl0g'rsm;udk &nfrSef;xm;+yD; taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf

wdus&Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csufwckjzifh r[mAsL[mudk pwifa&;qGJonf?

r[mAsL[mwckwGif tpDtpOf (enf;AsL[m)rsm; a&;qGJEdkifavav us,fjyef@pGm xda&mufr_ &Sdavav

jzpfonf? xdktpDtpOfrsm;onf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfae&rnf?

(1)

&nfrSef;csuftwdkif; xif&Sm;jywfom;pGm &Sdae&rnf?

(2)

a&S@vkyfief;pOftwGuf rddrdwdk@vkyf&Sm;EdkifpGrf;ESifh vdkufzufnD&rnf?

(3)

tao;pdwfudk tm&HkpdkufEdkif&rnf?

(4)

ydifzufu wkef@jyefvmrnfudk ar#mfvifhxm;&rnf?

wlnD&mtwef;tpm;tvdkuf tcsuftvufrsm;pkpnf;xm;aomyHkpHrsKd;jzifh pepfwusa&;qGJxm;onfh

taumif;qHk; tpDtpOfrsm; jzpfap&onf?
--------- 000---------

76

tcef; (8)

pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;rsm; (Psychological Operations)

"g;oGm;xuf uavmifoGm;u ydkrdk pl;&Sonf?
tuf'Gyf a*smh tm;vf vpfwef bl;vf0g; vpfwef (Edward George Earl Lytton Bulwer-Lytton)
(1803-1873)
pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; qdkonfrSm aewdk;wyfrsm;. t"dy`m,fowfrSwfcsuft&qdkv#if EdkifiHa&;
ESifh ppfa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf jidrf;csrf;aeonfjzpfap/ ppfjzpfaeonfjzpffap &efol/ rdwfaqGESifh =um;aeol
wdk@. cH,lcsufESifh tavhtxrsm;udk =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifap&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufaom pdwfydkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_
jzpfonff?
pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;onf taotcsmpDpOfxm;aom AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_Y
ta&;ygqHk;v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? todynmjzef@jzL;vH_@aqmfonfhenf;vrf;udk t"dutoHk;csI OD;wnfxm;aom
y&dowfwdk@. cH,lcsufESifh tavhtxrsm;udk =oZmv$rf;rdk;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf? pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;udk
toHk;yojzifh ppfajrjyifwdkufyGJESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ ESpfrsKd;pvHk;wGif xda&mufatmifqifE$JEdkifa=umif;
t=udrf=udrf oufaoxlEdkifcJhjyD jzpfonf? pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;onf tpGrf;xufvufeufwckyrm ydifzufudk
tm;enf;ap&ef/ ESpfydkif;cGJ&ef/ =um;ae&ef jzpfaponfomru ydifzuf.axmufwdkifrsm;udkvnf; yduGJoGm;ap
Edkifonf? qef@usifbuftkyfpkrsm;wGif yg0ifolrsm;udk rdrdbufodk@ygvmatmifvnf;vkyfEdkifonf? tcef;(8).
&nf&G,fcsufrSm 0g'jzef@todynmay;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;wGif yg0ifonhftydkif;rsm;ta=umif;ESifh 0g'jzef@v_H@aqmfr_
rsm;udk rnfodk@toHk;csrnf qdkonfhta=umif;rsm;jzpfonf?
vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;. oabmw&m;a&;&m 0g'jzef@r_rsm;
wGifus,fvmaeIavmrod? uef@uGufoHtrsm;tjym; xGufay:vmaecJhonf? taemuftkyfpkEdkifiHrsm;
wGifrl ,cktcg todynmjzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfa&;/ rD'D,mxdk;azmufr_/ yk*~dKvfa&;t,ltq jzpfonf/ wlnDpGm
vufcHoHk;pGJolrsm; pojzifh pum;vHk;vSvSjzifh wefqmqif=uonf? tm%m&Sifwdk@u 0g'jzef@onf/
todynmay;onf/ v_H@aqmfonf/ wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfonf tp&Sdojzifh rnfonfhpum;vHk;yifoHk;oHk; =um;od
&ol. cH,lcsufESifh tavhtxrsm;udk rdrdbufokd@ygvmatmif =oZmv$rf;rdk;atmif vkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf?
0g'jzef@todynmay;vH_@aqmfjcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;oufouftwGuf &nf&G,fjyD;oHk;rnfqdkv#if xdkpum;vHk;
onf aq;vdyfa=umfjim/ qyfjyma=umfjimavmuf qdk;0g;npfnrf;rnf r[kwfay? urBmEdkifiHrsm;&Sd Oya'ya&;
ESifh pDrHcef@cJaG &;qdkif&m rnfonfhudpPwGifrqdk tqHk;tjzwfrsm; jzpfay:a&;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif
vkyfay;EdkifonfrSm tqdkyg 0g'jzef@todynmjzef@jzL;vH_@aqmfjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
vlwa,muf.cH,lcsufESifh tavhtxudk =oZmv$rf;rdk;apaom 0g'jzef@ todynmay;
vH_@aqmfjcif;udk c&pf,eforRmusrf;/ *sL;vlrsKd;wkd@.bmoma&;pm(The Torah)/ cdk&rfusrf; tp&Sdonfwdk@wGif
us,fjyef@pGm awG@&onf? tpdk;&w&yfudk rnfodk@zGJ@pnf;xm;oifha=umif; e,l;a,mufjynfe,f. tajccHOya'
twnfya&;twGuf a&;om;xm;aom tufaq;(85)yk'fyg&Sdonfh pmtkyfwGifvnf; 0g'jzef@ todynmay;
vH_@aqmfxm;onfudkawG@&onf? xdkodk@r[kwfyJ ZD,Gefynm&Sif=uD;rsm;.pnf;rsOf;rsm; rSwfwrf;ukd =unfhv#if
ydkIyif qdk;ao;onf?
xdk@jyif ukvm;tkyfu pD;u&ufcJaeaom umwGef;a=umfjimwckqdkv#if t&G,fra&muf
ao;aom cav;i,frsm;udk aq;vdyfaomuf&ef jrLqG,fa=umfjimonf[kyif trsm;u,Hk=unf=uonf? ,ck
azmfjyvdkufonfh erlemrsm;onf wdkuf&dkuf0g'jzef@ todynmay;vH_@aqmfr_rsm;jzpfjyD; urBmhjynfol oef;aygif;
rsm;pGmudk aumif;usKd;rsm;jzpfapouJhodk@ qdk;usKd;rsm;vnf; jzpfay:aponf? vl.pOf;pm;yHk/ yrlyHku ajymif;vJ
ap&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdaom enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkrSm a&S;,cifuwnf;uyif us,fjyef@pGm oHk;pGJvsuf&Sdaeonf?
77

tcsuftvufwckwGif tajctaewckudk &Sif;jyay;aeonfh t"dy`m,frsm;&Sdonf? wem&D

ukefqHk;wdkif; tcsufay;em&DoH =um;&onfqdkjcif;rSm em&DESifhqdkifaom tcsuftvufwckjzpfonf? vlwdkif;
twGuf wem&Djynfhwdkif; t"dy`m,f&SdaecsifrS &Sdayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf u;wdkufxJodk@ a&muf&Sdaeaom
&mZ0wfom;wa,muftaejzifh wem&Dxdk;oH =um;ae&wdkif; touf&Sif&ef aemufxyf ig;em&Dom usef
awmhonf/ vl@avmuwGif aemufxyf av;em&Domae&awmhrnf/ aemufxyf oHk;em&D=umv#if ao&
awmhrnf[k cHpm;&aom t"dy`m,fxGufaeonf? &Hk;0efxrf;wa,muf qdkv#ifvnf; wem&D xdk;oHwdkif;onf
wae@wm tvkyfcsdef ukefqHk;awmhrnfudk uqdkaeouJhodk@ t"dy`m,f&Sdaeayrnf?
EdkifiHwckwGif tvkyfvufrJh(40)&mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonfqdkaom owif;rSwfwrf;onf tvkyfvufrJh
rsm;twGuf owday;aeouJhodk@ tvkyf&Sdolrsm;twGufvnf; pdk;&drfylyefp&m jzpfapayvdrfhrnf? twdkuftcH
acgif;aqmifrsm;url tpdk;&tay: t,Hkt=unfr&Sd jzpf&ef tcGifhtvrf;topfwck[k ,lqayvdrfhrnf?
tpdk;&onf t&nftcsif;r&Sda=umif;/ tvkyfvufrJhrsm;udk *&krpdkufa=umif;ESifh pm&dwWysufjym;aea=umif;
ajymzdk@jzpfvmonf? tvkyfvuf&Sdrsm;udk twdkuftcHbufodk@ ygvmatmif qGJaqmifEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;
vnf;jzpfonf? t,f'Dwmrsm;uvnf; vGwfvyfpGma&;cGifh &Sdonfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap pmzwfolrsm;
ESpfoufEdkifrnfh ta=umif;t&mwcktjzpfESifh aw;rSwfxm;ayvdrfhrnf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif jynfol
vlxkudk xdcdkufapaom jy\emtcsuftvufrsm; &Sdvmv#if ydifzufjzpfoltpdk;&tm; jypfwifa0zeff
oihfonf? xdkjy\emrsm;udk avsmhyg;oufomoGm;atmif rnfodk@ vkyfoifhonfudk axmufjy&ayrnf?
t=uyftwnf;wckudk a&&Snf=uHKawG@ae&aomtcg vGwfajrmuf&ef oifhawmfaom vrf;p
rsm;&Sm=upjrJ jzpfonf? xdktcsdefwGif ta=umif;tcsufwcsKd@onf xl;jcm;pGm xGufay:vmwwfonf? tqdkyg
tcsuftvufudk trdt&toHk;csrdv#if t=uyftwnf;rS vGwfajrmufzdk@&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_udkyif
jzpfapEdkifonf[kqdkv#if tHhtm;roifhfygESifh? urBmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif tjrJwrf;jzpfaeonfhudpPom jzpfonf?

todynm jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;
todynmjzef@jzL;ay;jcif;
rnfol@udk vH_@aqmfay;rnfenf;
rnfonfhtodynmudk jzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;
rnfolu v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;
v_H@aqmfr_udk rnfr#xdoabmaygufcH,lEdkif=uoenf;

rnfol@udk v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;
a,bl,stm;jzifhqdkv#if jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk todynmjzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;&ygrnf?
odk@aomf tawG@t=uHKESifh okawoersm;t& &nf&G,fxm;onfhy&dowfudk tkyfpkrsm; cGJxkwfjyD; tkyfpkwpkpD
twGuf oD;oef@pDv_H@aqmfay;v#if ydkxda&mufonf? odk@jzpfI v,form;wOD;tm; todynmjzef@jzL;v_H@aqmf
ay;rnfqkdv#if ausmif;om;wOD;twGuf vdktyfaomtodynmESifh jcm;em;&ayvdrfhrnf? t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u tkyfpdk;ol.axmufwdkifrsm;wGif yg0ifolwdk@tm; t"du v_H@aqmfay;&rnfjzpfonf? ynm
t&nftcsif;tvdkuf/ bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_tvdkuf/ vlrsKd;pktvdkuf/ &nfrSef;csuftvdkuf v_H@aqmfay;&
ygrnf? xdk@jyif rnfr#xd oabmayguf em;vnfonf/ vufcH,lEdkifonf qdkonfhtcsuftay: rlwnfIvnf;
v_H@aqmfay;&onf?
78

rnfonfh todynmudk jzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;

vlxkw&yfvHk;jzpfap/ xyfrHcJGxkwfxm;aom vlwpktwGufjzpfap cH,lcsufESifh tavhtxudk
ajymif;vJvmatmif &nf&G,fonfqdkv#if &nf&G,fcsuf &Sif;&Sif;xm;&ef ta&;=uD;onf? Oyrmwck wifjy
ygrnf?
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom tm%m&SifvufatmufwGif ae&onfrSm uH=urRmzefwD;Ijzpf&onf[k
vlxku oabmaygufaeonfqdkygpdk@? xdktcg tqdkygcH,lcsufonf bk&m;a[mr[kwfa=umif;/ jynfol
vlxktm; tzdESdyfcH/ tusOf;cHaeatmif bk&m;u tvdkf&Sdawmfrrla=umif; pojzifh vlxktm; todynm
jzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;&ygrnf?
xdk@jyif tm%m&SifvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufEdkifonfrSm vlxkpGrf;tm;jzpfI vlxktwGif;
rSmyif xdkpGrf;tm;&Sdaea=umif;ponfwdk@ awG;wwfvmatmif v_H@aqmfay;&ef vdktyfygrnf? xdk@jyif
twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@rsm;onf vlxkaxmufcHr_/ vlxkyg0ifvmr_udk tm;ay;uqdkaernfjzpfa=umif;
vlxkodatmif vkyfay;&ygrnf? oDtdk&Dt&qdkv#if rnfolu xdkodk@v_H@aqmfay;aeonfudk vlxku od&yg
vddrfhrnf? odk@aomf tjrJwrf; today;Edkifrnfawmhr[kwfyg?

rnfolu v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;
v_H@aqmfay;yHk trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf? pm&Gufw&GufrSaomf/ a&'D,dktoHv$ifXmewckrS
aomf jzpfEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf tifwmeufrS tD;ar;vf ydk@Ivnf;&onf? &kyf&Sif/ rdef@cGef;/ yHkESdyfpmtkyf/
aqmif;yg;/ qdkifbkwf/ ydkpwm pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;oHk;I v_H@aqmfay;Edkifonf? aumv[vqdkonfrSm owif;
jzef@csdolrsm;&SdaeIom tqifhqifhjyef@v$ifhEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? v_H@aqmfay;olrsm;teuf bmoma&; acgif;aqmif
rsm;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ qHyifnSyfolrsm;/ &dk;&m"avh xHk;wrf;qdkif&m
=oZmwduUr &Sdolrsm;/ pme,fZif;avmuom;rsm;/ or*~ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh
oufqdkif&m vlaer_ todkif;t0dkif;rS vl&dkao&Sif&dkao yk*~dKvfausmfrsm; tp&Sdolwdk@wGif y&dowf trsm;tjym;
&SdEdkifojzifh t"duusaom v_H@aqmfolrsm;[k owfrw
S f&ayrnf? xdkolwdk@udk vpfvsLr&_oihfay?

v_H@aqmfr_udk rnfr#xd oabmaygufcH,lEdkif=uoenf;

todynmrsm;udk jzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;onf txif&Sm;qHk;[k
qdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf? pD;u&ufa=umfjimudk=unfhv#if pD;u&ufaomufjcif;a=umifh usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufEdkifonf
[k,Hk=unf avmufatmifyif a=umfjimxm;aomfvnf; pD;u&ufaomufoluawmh oabmaygufEdkifrnf
r[kwfyg? tom;nSyfaygifrkefESifh tmvl;ausmfwdk@onf aoG;v$wfa=umrsm;udkydwfqdk@aponfqdkaom
a=umfjimrsm; &Sd=uonf? xdk@jyif zwfjyD;onfESifhwydifeuf q&m0efqDajy;csifavmufatmif v_H@aqmfEdkifpGrf;
&Sdonfh usef;rma&; a=umfjimrsm;vnf; &Sd=uonf? a&mif;tm;udk=unfhv#if tqdkyga=umfjimrsm; atmifjrifr_
&Sdr&Sdudk odEdkifayonf?
EdkifiHa&;t& vlxktm; v_H@aqmfay;&mwGif atmifjrifr_&SdEdkif r&SdEdkifudk twwfajymIr&yg?
a&wdkumvjzpfv#if tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkif&ef ydkcufonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaomtzGJ@rsm;u tajctae/
tcsdeftcgtvkduf u|rf;usifpGm ppfwrf;aumuf,lEdik fv#ifawmh odvmEdkifp&m &Sdonf? okd@r[kwfygu
v_H@aqmfvdkufaomtodw&m;udk vlxku rnfr#xd oabmaygufjyD; wkef@jyefvm=urnfudkod&ef tcsdefapmifh
&ygrnf? odatmifvkyfEdkifonfhwdkifatmif trSeftwdkif;odzdk@&mrvG,fulyg? xdktawmtwGif; tajymif;tvJ
rsm;vnf;&Sdaeojzifh vlxkcH,lcsuf ajymif;vJoGm;wwfonf? xdktcg vlxkv_yf&Sm;yHkvnf; ajymif;oGm;
wwfonf?

79

xda&mufatmif v_H@aqmfay;Edkifjcif; &Sdr&Sdudk odEdkifaom tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrSm vlxk.

xifjrif,lqcsufudk odatmif v_H@aqmfazmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf? Tenf;vrf;onf vlxk.wkef@jyefcsufudk
wdkuf&dkufawmif;cHjcif;ESifhrwlyg? vlxku rnfodk@xifjrif,lqaeoenf; qdkonfhar;cGef;udk wdkuf&dkufrar;yJ/
vlxkukd,fwdkifu xdkar;cGef;udkjyefajzaerSef; rodap&yJ wkef@jyefvmap&eff v_H@aqmf+yD; azmfxkwf,l&jcif;
jzpfonf?
Oyrmqdkv#if tpdk;&tay: rnfodk@oabmxm;oenf;[k vlwOD;wa,muf.tjrifudk
wdkuf&dkufawmif;cHonfhtcg EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHwdk@u tpdk;&ajymif;vJ&ef awmif;qdkwmukd axmufcH
ygovm; axmufcHw,fqdk&if bma=umifhygvJ tp&Sdonfhar;cGef;rsm;jzifh ppfwrf;aumuf,lEdkifonf?
tcsKd@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif tqdkygwdkuf&dkufar;cGef;rsm;udk trSeftwdkif;ajzqdk&ef pdk;&ddrfwwf
=uonf? xdkodk@aom tajctaersKd;&Sdaeojzifh jyefajzoltaejzifh [kwfw,f r[kwfzl;[k wdkuf&dkuf
ajzp&mrvdkaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk oG,f0dkufIar;&onf? ar;olonf vlxkxHrS tpdk;&tay:xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;udk odEdkif&ef avmavmq,fpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh udk,fwdkit
f usKd;oufa&mufcHpm;&yHkrsm;udk
a0zefcsufrsm; awmif;cH&if; ar;cGef;xkwfoGm;onf? xdk@aemuf ar;cGef;xkwfolonf jyefajzolu aqG;aEG;
xm;+yD;jzpfonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfum &nf&G,fxm;aomar;cGef;udk wausmhjyefvSnfhI
oG,f0dkufar;jref;jyD; odatmif azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf?

owif; trsKd;tpm;rsm;
rnfolwdk@tm;v_H@aqmfay;rnf/ rnfonfhtodynmudk jzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;rnf/ rnfodk@aom
0ef;usif todkif;t0dkif;wGif v_H@aqmfay;Edkifonf ponfhtcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI v_H@aqmfay;aeol/ wenf;
tm;jzifh owif;.rlvtpudk qHk;jzwf&ygrnf? owif;trsKd;tpm;udk tjzL/ rD;cdk; ESifhtrJ [lI oHk;rsKd;cGJxm;
onf?
owif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;

tjzLa&mif

rD;cdk;a&mif

trJa&mif

tjzLa&mif
TtrsKd;tpm;wGif owif;.rlvtpudk wduspGmazmfjyonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;/
rlvtponf wcgw&H trSeftwdkif;jzpfonf?
rdef@cGef;rsm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh owif;rsm;xGuay:vm&m
f
=um;od&ol y&dowfuvnf; trSefjzpfa=umif; odjyD;jzpfonf?
aqmufrdk;jynfe,frS v$wfawmftrwf *|efprpfonf wuUodkvfq&mrsm;toif;wGif rdef@cGef;
ajym=um;onf[k Oyrmay;ygrnf? *|efprpf.rdef@cGef;udk owif;a0zefcsufwcktjzpf pma&;om;vdkufonf
qdkygpdk@? owif;.rlvtprSm *|efprpf xHrSjzpfonf? *|efprpfu rnfonfhrdef@cGef;udk ajymoGm;a=umif; trSef
twdkif;azmfjyI ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfEdkifonf? rSwfcsufay;Edkifonf? a0zefEdkifonf? tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh
azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@aomf pmzwfy&dowfu rdrd.a0zefcsufudk wefzdk;&Sdr&Sd qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfaoma=umifh
*&kpdkufoihfonf? rdrdpmwGif udk;um;csufrsm;udk tjynfhtpHkrazmfjyrdI pmzwfy&dowfu em;rvnfyJ &Sdae
aomf *|efprpfudk xdcdkufapEdkifa=umif; owdxm;oifhonf? rdrdtay: pmzwfy&dowf. ,Hk=unf
tm;udk;r_vnf; avsmhyg;qHk;&H_;Edkifonf? tjcm;wbufwGifrl rddrdtjrifEiS fh pmzwfoltuuf udkufnDoGm;v#if
rdrd(odk@)tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf *k%foduQm wufvmapEdkifonf?
80

rD;cdk;a&mif
TtrsKd;tpm;wGif owif;.rlvtponf rnfol@xHrSjzpfonfudk wduspGmrazmfjyyg?
odk@aomf ,refae@u owif;&&SdcJhonf/ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom owif;&yfuGuf.tqdkt&/ rsufjrif
oufaorsm;. awG@&Sdcsuft&tp&Sdojzifh azmfjyrnfjzpfonf? trSefyif,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom owif;jzpfjyD;
udk,fydkift,ltqjzifh wifjyjcif;r[kwfa=umif; u;yrf;xm;onf?

trJa&mif
TtrsKd;tpm;wGif owif;.rlvtprSm tjrJvdkvdk ydifzufxHrSjzpfwwfonf? ydifzuf.
raumif;owif;udkxkwfazmfI ol@tm; oduQmcs&ef &nf&G,fonf? Oyrmay;ygrnf? t*Fgae@naeydkif;u

orRw. t,Hk=unf&qHk; t=uHay;jzpfol ppfOD;pD;r;(=unf;) 0Dvfzdk@tJ*dktm; r=umao;rDu yvkyfcaJh om

owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif orRw. ododomom rSm;,Gif;oGm;aom tytrlESifhywfoufI ar;jref;aomtcg
@ @ @ @ @ [k twnfycsuf&&Sdonf? tqdkyg owif;trsKd;tpm;udk ydifzuf.tiftm;pkkrsm;twGif;
r,Hk=unfr_rsm; wdk;yGm;ap&ef/ Za0Z0gjzpfaeap&ef/ pdwf"gwfusqif;ap&ef/ ydifzuf. tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh
tm&Hkpdkufaeonfrsm;udk vrf;v$Jay;&eftwGufoHk;onf?

trJa&mif owif;trsKd;tpm;jzifh v_H@aqmfay;&mwGif tvGefu|rf;usifzdk@ vdkonf? ydifzuf

ta=umif; aumif;aumif;odae&onf? a,bl,stm;jzifh r[mAsL[mt& vkyfaqmif&mwGif tqdkyg
trJa&mifowif;jzef@oludk zHk;uG,fxm;oifhonf? owif;jzLESifhowif;rJ ESpfckt=um;wGif xdef;oddrf;xm;oihf
onf?

owif;ESifh todynm v_H@aqmffjzef@jzL;yHk enf;vrf;rsm;

v_H@aqmffjzef@jzL;yHk
f f
wHqdyf

aqmifyk'f

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yHkEdSyfrD'D,m

&kyfoH

aumv[

(udk,fpm;y) wHqdy/f oauFw/ trSwftom;/ ta&mifrsm;

v_yf&Sm;r_wck. oabmw&m;a&;&mESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vlodrsm;atmif v_H@aqmf
ay;&mwGif wHqdyf/ oauFwrsm;onf tvGefxda&mufonf? wHqdyfrSm &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif;jzpfrS xda&mufonf?
xdk@jyif v_yf&Sm;r_k. oabmw&m;a&;&mESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk wifjyEdkif&rnf? rSwfrdvG,f&rnf? oabm
aygufvG,f&rnf?
atmifjrifoGm;aomerlemwHqdyfrsm;rSm emZDwdk@. p=umwHqdyf/ c&pf,ef vuf0g;uyfwdkif
ESifh qmbD,m; ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. vufoD;qkyfwHqdyf wdk@jzpfonf? xdkodk@aom wHqdyfrsm;omr[kwfao;yg?
toHtm;jzifh udk,fpm;yaom trSwftom;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? Oyrm AHkoHay;jcif; jzpfonf? tdk;cGuf
yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;udk a'gif'ifjrnfatmifacgufI toHay;v_yf&Sm;vmonfrSmvnf; r=umao;ay?
txl;yHkpHjzifh vufqGJ E_wfqufonfhoauFw/ [eftrlt&moauFwrsm;vnf;&Sdonf?
rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udk udk,fpm;yaomwHqdyf/ ouFaw/ trSwftom;/ ta&mifrsm;udk a&G;cs,foHk;pGJ=u
&mwGif ,Ofaus;r_tpOftvmrsm;udk rxdcdkufap&ef *&kpdkuf&ygvdrfhrnf?
81

aqmifyk'f
aqmifyk'fqdkonfrSm a'go/ trkef;/ tmcHjcif;(odk@) owWd tp&Sdonfwdk@udk cHpm;&onfh
twdkif; wdkwdkwkwfwkwfazmfjyaom pmpkjzpfoifhonf? tJvrdk udkowd&=u (Remember the Alamo)
[laom aqmifyk'fonf ruUqDuefrsm;udk ppfwdkuf&ef tar&duefrsm;udk v_H@aqmfay;aomaqmifyk'f
jzpfonf? rdef;udkowd&=u(Remember the Maine) [kau;a=umfaomaqmifyk'frSm pydef-tar&duef
ppfyJGqifEJa$ &;udk tar&duefjynfolwdk@axmufcHvmap&ef vG,fvifhwul &r,f&Smxm;jcif;jzpfonf? 2000
ckESpfu qmbD;,m;wGif rDvdkqJApftm; qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_Y ol Zmwfodrf;oGm;jyD? ol@udkroHk;awmh
(He's finished) [laom aqmifyk'fudk [pfau;cJh=uonf? ZifbmabGEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&;
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u vHkavmufjyD qdkaomaqmifyk'fjzifh &ufpufaomtm%m&Sif a&mbwfrl*gab; tpdk;&udk
qef@usif&ef vlxkudkpnf;&Hk;cJhonf?

*Dw

*Dwjzifh v_H@aqmfay;cH&aomtcg vlonf cHpm;csufajymif;vJjyD; tem*wfudk ydkaumif;

vmatmif tm;xkwfawmhonf? emusnf;cJh&aom twdwfudk jyefvnfowd&onf? vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifudk
qef@usiftmcH&Jonfh tiftm;rsm; wdk;yGm;onf? vltrsm;pkaygif;I v_H@aqmfa&;oDcsif;rsm;udk oDqdk=uaom
tcg oDcsif;pmom;rsm;twdkif; jzpfvm&ef wa,mufudkwa,muf tm;jznfhay;wwfonf?

yHkEdSyfrD'D,m
vlxkynmay;a&;twGuf yHkESdyfrD'D,mqdkonfrSm pmtkyf/ owif;pm/ vufurf;pmapmif/
vufurf;pm&Guf/ qdkif;bkwf/ ydkpwmrsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@jzpfonf? y&dowftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf oifhavsmf&mudk
v_H@aqmfay;Edkifonf? tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;Y twdkuftcHwdk@u xdef;csKyfEdkifaom owif;pmrsm;&Sdonf? tqdkyg
f buftjyeftvSef ykwfcwfpGyfpGJ
owif;pmESifh tpdk;&owif;pmwdk@wGif 0g'jzef@v_H@aqmf=u&mY wbufESihw
acsy=uonfhpmrsm;udk tvG,fwulzwfEdkifonf?
odk@aomf tcsdefrsm;pGmjzKef;I acsyaeonfh axmifacsmufxJodk@ r0ifrdatmif *&kpdkuf
&ygrnf? v_H@aqmfpmrsm;udk aocsmpGm tcsufusus jyifqif+yD;xm;rSomv#if ydifzufu wefjyef 0g'jzef@vm
aomtcg vG,fvG,fESifhyifwkef@jyefEdkifrnfjzpfonff? v_H@aqmfrnfhta=umif;t&mudk jyifqif&mwGif ydifzufu
rnfodk@ jyefvnfacsyEdkifonfudk uwifpOf;pm;xm;&rnf? odk@r[kwfygu 0g'a&;&mwdkufyJGwGif &H;edrfhoGm;
Edkifonf?
yHkESdyfrD'D,m. ppfrSefaomtusKd;oufa&mufr_rSm vlxktaejzifh taotcsm zwf&_avhvm
Edkifonfhtjyif v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m ta=umif;&if;rsm;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;Edkif=uonf? qdkif;bkwfESifh ydkpwmrsm;wGif
vdk&if;wdk&Sif; t"dy`m,frsm;udk aumuf,lEdkif&ef yef;csD/ "gwfyHkrsm;/ wHqdyf/ oauFw/ trSwftom;rsm;/
aqmifyk'frsm;ESifh ta&mifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;=uonf?
vlxky&dowfu yHkESdyfrD'D,mrsm;udk aumif;aumif;rSwfrdaeEdkfifonf? aemifwcsdef jyefvnf
toHk;cs&efvnf; &SdEdkifonf? odk@jzpfI yHkESdyfrD'D,mu v_H@aqmfay;vdkufaom todw&m;rsm;onf trSm;
t,Gif;rcHyg? v_H@aqmfonfh &nf&G,fcsufESifh udkufnDr_&Sdae&ygrnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf y&dowfu
aocsmayguf E_dif;,SOfoHk;oyf=unfhrnf jzpfaoma=umifhyif? xdk@a=umifh v_H@aqmfay;olwdk@onf rdrdwdk@ tzGJ@
tpnf;/ v_yf&Sm;r_udk udk,fpm;yonfh rl0g'a&;&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taotcsm pOf;pm;a&G;cs,f&ef
vdkonf? rl0g'a&;&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;xkwfp&mrsm; &SdvmcJhaomf v_H@aqmfay;olwdk@.wm0ef
rjzpfoifhyg?

82

&kyfoH
a&'D,dk em;axmifoly&dowfudk trsKd;tpm;cGJxm;jcif;/ y&dowfodk@ay;vdkaom todw&m;udk
u|rf;usifpGm jyifqifxm;&SdjcifESifh wcsdefwnf;rSmyif em;axmifcsifpzG,f a&'D,dk tpDtpOfrsm;xm;jcif;jzifh
xda&mufatmif todynmjzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;Edkifonf? vluufrsm;aom aw;*DwESifh ae@pOfowif;rsm;
tjyif rdk;av0o/ tm;upm;/ usef;rma&;/ txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;jynfy&Sd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ponfwdk@ESifh ywfoufaom owif; aqmif;yg; A[kokwrsm;udk a&'D,dky&dowfu pdwf0ifpm;=uonf?
&kyfjrifoH=um;/ AD'D,dkESifh ADpD'D/ 'DAD'Dwdk@rSm &kyf-oHESpfrsKd;pvHk; yg0ifojzifh ydktm;aumif;onf?
acgif;aqmifwOD; rdef@cGef;ajym&mwGif rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ajymaeonfudk y&dowf=um;ap&ef pOf;pm;
oHk;oyfoifhouJhodk@ ol. oauFw wHqdyf trSwftom;udkvnf; y&dowfu xif&Sm;pGmjrifEdkifzdk@vdkonf?
trsKd;om;tvH&Sdv#if w&m;0ifvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdjcif;.oabmudk ydkrdkaqmif,layvdrfhrnf? av;pm;csD;usL;&aom
ordkif;0ifyk*~dKvf. "gwfyHkatmufwGif ajymaeaomrdef@cGef;onf EdkifiHhordkif;ESifh w&m;0ifqufpyf ay;vdrfhrnf
jzpfonf? rnfodk@aomt0wftpm;ESifh tqifwefqmrsm; 0wfqifoHk;pGJ&ef vdkonfudk tao;pdwf pOf;pm;
Edkifygu oifhawmfayrnf?
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ukwftus odk@r[kwf t&yfzuf t0wftpm;udkom 0wfqifavh&Sdonf? &Hzef&Hcg cav;i,frsm;udk ac:,ljyD;
"gwfyHkwJ&G dkufonf? odk@aomf *smrefjynfolrsm;udk atmifyJG&atmif OD;aqmifay;rnfh ppfacgif;aqmiftjzpf
"gwfyHkt&dkufcHaomtcgwGifrl ppf,leDazmif;udkom 0wfqifwwfonf?

aumv[v
tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;aom tm%m&Siftpdk;&vufxufwGif owif;rsm;udk jzwfawmuf
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rSefuefonfudkvnf; twnfrjyKEdkifyJ &Sdwwfonf?
tu,fI aumv[vwck jyef@EHS@vmonf&Sdaomf xdkaumv[vonf tenf;qHk; jzpf&yf
trSefwckay:wGif tajcyI xGufay:vmEdkifzG,f&Sdonfudk owdxm;rd&ef ta&;=uD;onf? t&ifodjyD;om;/
oHo,&SdjyD;om; ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay: tajccHI xdkaumv[v rSef rrSefudk tenf;qHk;odvmEdkifonf?
aumv[vonf ta&;=uD;aom ta=umif;t&m jzpfae&onf? pdwf0ifpm;r_vnf; &Sdae&onf? odk@rSom
vufqifhurf;jyef@yGm;oGm;rnfjzpfonf?
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tm; axmufcHolwdk@.pdwf"gwfudk ESdrfhcs&eftwGuf jzpfonf? trkef ;yGm;ap&ef/ pufqkyf&GH&Smrdap&ef/
csD;rGrf; axmyemyap&ef tp&SdaomcHpm;r_rsm;udk v_H@aqmfay;&eftwGufvnf; aumv[vrsm;udk v$ifhxkwf
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trdef@tm%mudk zDqefolrsm; jzpfukef=uonf? tpdk;&.tm%mpuf usqif;oGm;onf? xdktpdk;&tm;
w&m;0if todtrSwfyol enf;oGm;onf?
83

rw&m;aomO ya'rsm;udk *&krpdkuf&ef vlxktm; v_H@aqmfay;&onf? tpdk;&zdESdyfr_a=umifh

ysufqD;yduGJaeaom vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;Edkif&ef tzGJ@tpnf;opfrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;I tpdk;&.
zsufqD;jcif;cH&aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;&onf? tpdk;& tm;udk;aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
wdkufcdkuf&onf? tm;enf;oGm;atmif vkyf&onf? twdkcsKyfvdkuf&v#if aemufqHk;Y xdktpdk;&tzdk@ tkyfcsKyf
EdkifpGrf;rsm; qHk;&H_;oGm;&awmhonf?
v_H@aqmfa&;vufeufonf
txufwGifazmfjyxm;oavmuf
pGrf;tm;&Sdaomfvnf;
u|rf;usifpGm toHk;rcswwfv#if udk,fh&;udk,fywf jzpfwwfonf? t&yfzufjynfolwdk@wGif tqHk;t&H;
=uD;rm;oGm;Edkifonf? tm%mzDqefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_qdkonfrSm vlxku tpdk;&. rw&m;aomtrdef@udk zDqefjyD;
xdktpdk;& xkwfjyefxm;aom Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufemyJ aejcif;jzpfonf? xdktcg tpdk;&onf
tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ Oya'ya&; rdKif=uD;oHk;&yfwGif rEdkifreif; jzpfvmonf? TonfrSm tm%m&Sif
z,f&Sm;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_ (Anarchy) jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDta&; v_yf&Sm;pOfumvtwGif; v_yf&Sm;olwdk@ yxrOD;pm;ay;&rnfhtcsufrSm
rdKif=uD;oHk;&yfudk vlxkucsKyfudkifrdonfESifh wydifeuf ,if;udkwnfjidrfatmifxdef;Edkifzdk@ jzpfonf? rdKif=uD;
oHk;&yfudk vlxku csKyfudkifrdaeaomfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_ r+yD;qHk;ao;yg? wnfjidrfatmif rxdef;Edkifygu vlr_
taqmufttHkrsm; zsufqD;cH&rnfjzpfonf? xdktcg vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; &yfqdkif;oGm;rnf? Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jidrf0yfydjym;r_ ysufokef;oGm;rnf? rif;rJhp&dkufrsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifonf?
tm;ay;v_H@aqmfr_-vl@pdwfrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;jcif; pmtkyfudk *suft,fvl; (Jacques Ellul)
u a&;cJhonf? ol@pmtkyfwGif txufuazmfjycJhonfh jzpf&yfrsKd;udk tm;ay;v_H@aqmfolwdk@ =uHKawG@&Edkif
a=umif; ta&;w=uD; owday;xm;onf? tm;ay;v_H@aqmfr_udk olu ESpfydkif;cGJIazmfjyonf? yxrwckrSm
oydwfarSmufatmif pnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfonfh vlxktHkua&; v_H@aqmfr_ (Propaganda of Agitation)jzpfonf?
tjcm;wckrSm vlxkaygif;pnf;a&; v_H@aqmfr_ (Propaganda of Integration) jzpfonf? t"dy`m,frSm
v_yf&Sm;r_atmifyGJa=umifh topfwufvmaomtpdk;&tm; vlxkuvufcHEdkif&ef vlaer_todkif;t0kdif;
wckvHk;wGif wlnDpGmvufcHusifhoHk;Edkifonfh p&dkufobm0udk wjznf;jznf; yHkazmfay;jcif;jzpfonf? xdkoabm
w&m;rsm; jynfh0vmv#if aemifjzpfvmaomtajymif;tvJrSefor#udk vlxku tusKd;tjrwf xkwfEdkifa=umif;
vnf; v_H@aqmfay;onf?
*suft,fvl;. pl;&Sxufjrufaom odjrifEdkifpGrf;ukd aumufEkwf&v#if v_yf&Sm;olwdk@twGuf
vdkufem&efpnf;urf;rsm; &Sd&rnfjzpfjyD; rjzpfraevdkufem&efvnf; vdktyfonf[k qdk&ygrnf? taxGaxG
oydwfxufpmv#if rw&m;aom trdef@tm%mrsm;udk qef@usifa&;u ydkoifhavsmfayvdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif
tpdk;&xH trdef@remcHyJ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_.pnf;urf;udk vdkufem&ef jynfolvlxktm; tav;teuf
xyfwvJvJ owday; v_H@aqmfaeoihfonf?
rnfonfhtpdk;&wufwuf jynfolu =unfjzLEdkifzdk@qdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&; taqmufttHk
onf wckr[kwf tjcm;wckodk@ ajymif;vJEdkif&rnf? odk@r[kwf ESpfvrf;oGm;(Parallel) EdkifiHa&; taqmuf
ttHk &Sd&rnf? tpdk;&w&yfudk &dS&Sdor# tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;u wcsdefwnf;wGif =unfjzLEdkifzdk@ qdkonfrSm
jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
rkef;wD;jcif;ESifh tmCmwonf tjyif;xefqHk; cHpm;csufESpfckjzpfonf? qGay;&efvnf;
tvG,fqHk; jzpfonf? vltcsKd@onf tqdkygcHpm;csufESpfckudk xdef;csKyfxm;&efrvG,ful=uyg? oufqdkifcJhaom
vltcsKd@tm; vufwkef@jyef&ef rkef;wD;pdwfESifh tmCmwudk qGay;vdkufojzifh &&SdaomtusKd;rSm wc%wm
r#om jzpfonf? wbufESifhwbuf trkef;/ tmCmwppfyJG rjyD;qHk;oa&G@ 'Drdkua&pD vlaer_tokdif;t0dkif;tm;
wnfjidrfaeatmif a&&Snf qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef cufcJonf? xdkodk@aomcHpm;csufrsm;udk vHk;vHk;jyefrqG
ay;av 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ydkaumif;avjzpfonf?
84

odk@aomf cH&ol.&ifxJwGif&Sdaom tm%m&Siftm; rkef;wD;pdwfESifh tmCmwudk vHk;0

xdef;csKyfxm;&ef qdkonfrmS vnf; tjrJwrf; rjzpfEdkifyg? xdktcg tm%m&Sifpepfudk tjrwfxkwfolwdk@tay:
trkef;yGm;rnfhtpm; tm%m&Sifpepfudkom tjypfzdk@&ef vrf;n$efay;oihfonf? odk@r[kwf tjrifhqHk;/ wm0ef
t&SdqHk; tm%m&Sif wOD;wzGJ@tm; &efol[k owfrSwfjyD; ao'%f/ jynfESif'%f/ axmif'%f tp&Sd
onfwdk@jzifh rdrdwdk@ cHpm;csufrsm;udk ajzazsmufypff&ef jzpfEdkifayvdrfhrnf?

tESpfcsKyf

EdkifiHa&;tm%m &&Sda&;twGuf tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u tydiftqdkdif

=udK;yrf;=uonf? ESpfbufpvHk;u vlxk. cH,lcsufESifh tytrlrsm;udk rdrdwdk@vdkcsifonfhtwdkif;
jzpfvmatmif 0g'jzef@v_H@aqmf=uonf?

0g'jzef@v_H@aqmfjcif;udk aumif;onf/ raumif;yg [ktwwfrqdkEdkif? 0g'jzef@v_H@aqmfyHk tay:rlwnfI

taumif;tqdk; &Sdonf? xdk@jyif trSm;trSefudk qHk;jzwfay;Edkifaom/ qHk;jzwfay;oihfaom &nfrSef;csuf
rsm; yg&Sdv#if aumif;onf[k owfrSwfEdkifonf?
--------- 000---------

85

tcef; (9)

AsL[ma&;qGJa&; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef xufoefaomtjrifrsm;

&nfrSef;csuf=uD;oavmuf tvkyf=uD; tudkif=uD;rsm;udk vkyf&J&rnf?
- um;vf AGef uavmufpf0pfZf
ppfa&;wnfaqmufr_wGif udk,fwdkifu us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ tqifhjrifhavhusifhjyD;aemuf tjcm;
vlopfrsm;udk jyefvnfoif=um;ay;&onf? r[mAsL[m a&;qGJ&eftwGuf pOf;pm;aomtcg tqdkyg ppfa&;
wnfaqmufr_udk erlem,lv#if xda&mufonf? odk@aomf ppfa&;yHkpHudk t&yfzuf oif=um;avhusifhr_wGif
toHk;csI rjzpfEdkifyg? xdk@jyif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@taejzifh r[mAsL[m a&;qGJa&;twGuf xufxuf
jrufjruf pOf;pm;vmEdkifatmif ESpfESihfcsDItcsdefray;Edkif/ odk@r[kwf tajctae&Sdrnfr[kwfyg?
tcef;(9).&nf&G,fcsufrSm AsL[ma&;qGJ&ef pOf;pm;EdkifoltcsKd@. tawG;tac: xufoefr_
rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk@ESifh txdtawG@rsm;vmap&efjzpfjyD; erlemtenf;i,fudk rdwfqufay;vdkufygonf?
rmcD,m A,fvD(Niccolo di dei Machiavelli)/ uavmufpf0pfZf/ *END/ vpf'Jvf[wf(Sir Basil Liddell
Hart)wdk@udk a&G;cs,fazmfjyrnf jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;olwdk@. pOf;pm;awG;ac:yHkrsm;udkvnf; zwf&_avhvmEdkif
ygu ydkItaxmuftulyayvdrfhrnf?
AsL[mr;av;a,muf

rmcD,mA,fvD

uavmufpf0pfZf

*END

qm bmqD;vf
vpf'Jvf[wf

rmcD,mA,fvD
tu,fI tDwvDEdkifiHwGif jzpfysufaecJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_/ tHkur_trsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk rnfonfh
tcgr# ppfa&;pGrf;&nfjzifh rwm;qD;Edkifawmhyg [kqdkv#if vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: ppfwyfu
usifhoHk;aeonfh enf;vrf;rsm; tvkyfrjzpfawmhonfhjyif enf;vrf;opfrsm; rawG@Edkifao;
[kom trSeftwdkif; ta=umif;jy&ygrnf? tm%m&vmaom vlopfwa,muftaejzihf
*k%foduQm ydk&Sdatmif vkyf&efrSm pnf;rsO;f opfrsm;/ enf;vrf;opfrsm; &SmazG&efrSvGJI tjcm;
r&Sdawmhyg?
rmcD,mA,fvD (The Prince)pmtkyfrS
(1505ckESpfwGifa&;jyD; 1515ckESpfwGif jzef@csdonf?)
tDwvDEdkifiHom; EdkifiHa&;awG;ac:ynm&Sif/ *Dwynm&Sif/ uAsmq&mESifh ZmwfnG$ef;a&;ol
rmcD,mA,fvD(1469-1527) =uD;jyif;vmcsdefonf Oa&mywdkufwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f
ajymif;vJwdk;wufoGm;csdefjzpfonf? xdktcsdefwGif ukefypPnf;csif; zvS,fonfhtqihfrS aiGtojymudk pwif
toHk;yonhf pD;yGm;a&;odk@ ajymif;vJoGm;jyD; A[dkrS tm%mcsKyfudkifr_ jrifhrm;vmonf? tkyfpdk;olbk&if/
bk&ifrwdk@onf ukefonfrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfyum t=uD;tus,f u,f0csrf;omvm=u+yD; xdk"eOpPmrsm;jzifh
cg;ydkufaqmif a=u;pm;ppfonfrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;jyD; tumtuG,f,lcJh=uonf? Todk@jzifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
vkyfp&mrvdkonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif ppfom;pkaqmif;ay;&aom ajrydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tkyfpdk;olwdk@u t&ifavmuf
86

tm;udk;p&mrvdkawmhyJ jzpfvmonf? OpPm"ersm;jzifh acwfrDvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEdkifcJh=ujyD; olwdk@avmuf

rcsrf;omaom tjcm;tkyfpdk;olrsm;udkvnf; v$rf;rdk;EdkifcJh=uonf?
tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; tqdkygtajymif;tvJrsm;wGif a=u;pm;
ppfonfrsm;udk oHk;pGJjcif;ESifhywfoufI jy\em t}uD;tus,fwufaeonfudk rmcD,mA,fvDu owdjyK
rdonf? xdktcsdefavmufwGif tkyfpdk;olwdk@Y udk,fydkif a=u;pm;ppfonfrsm; &Sdae+yDjzpfI jrif;pD;ol&Jaumif;rsm;/
ajr,mydkifolrsm;udk tm;udk;p&m rvdkawmhonfrSm trSefyif? a=u;pm;ppfonfwdk@onf tkyfpdk;oltm;
qef@usifvmolwdk@udk zdESdyf&ef aemufxyftoHk;cscH jzpfvmcJhonf? olwdk@onf wbufrSvnf; v,f,m
vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkif&if;jzifhyif tkyfpdk;oltwGuf a&&Snfvkyfief;rsm;vkyf&ef wm0ef,l&onf? odk@aomf
aumif;usKd;ESifhqdk;usKd; 'GefwGJaeonfudk rmcD,mA,fvDu owdyrdcJhonf?
qdk;usKd;tjzpf xGufay:vmonfrSm a=u;pm;ppfonfrsm;onf tojym twGufom tvkyf
vkyfjcif;jzpfjyD; bk&m;ociftwGuf/ bk&iftwGuf/ EdkifiHtwGufqdkaom pdwf"gwfrsKd; r&Sday? trsm;tm;jzifh
opPmapmifhodolrsm;/ owWd&Sd&Sd wdkufcdkufolrsm;jzpfonf[k aocsmayguf rajymEdkif? olwdk@tm; twif;t=uyf
apcdkif;Ivnf;r&ay?
xdktcsdefwGif acwfrDvufeufrsm;udk wefjyefEdkifonfh tzGJ@tpnf;opfrsm;/ enf;AsL[mrsm;
ay:aygufvmaeonfudk rmcD,mA,ffvDu owdjyKrdonf? xdk@jyif aus;vufa'orS pkaqmif;vmcJhaom
EdkifiHom;ppfonfwdk@u cg;ydkufaqmif a=u;pm;ppfonfrsm;xuf tkyfpdk;oltay: ydkIopPm&Sd/ ydkIowWd&Sdae
onfudkvnf; odcJh&onf? wzef aiGa=u; tukeftuscu
H m wdkufcdkufjcif;jzifh ppfyGJrsm;udk jrefjrefxufxuf
jyD;qHk;apEdkifojzifh ppfa=umihf qif;&JwGif;reufEdkifonfhjyif jynfolwdk@ tvGeftrif; rESpfrp&mvnf; rjzpfap
Edkifa=umif; rmcD,mA,fvD awG@&SdcJhonf?
&ufpufaom tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;onf olwdk@tm;*vJhpm;jyefracsEdkifatmif &efolrsm;udk
owfypf&efvdkonf qdkaomtcsufESifhywfoufI rmcD,mA,fvDu ol. (The Prince)pmtkyfwGif =udrfzef
rsm;pGm t=uHay;udk;um;xm;onf? odk@aomf ol. tjcm; aumufE_wfcsufrsm;wGif xdkacwfvlom;wdk@onf
ydkrdkvGwfvyfaom vl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;vmaeonf qdkaomtcsufudk azmfjyxm;&m
acwfopfumvrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaea=umif;awG@&onf?
Oyrm bk&ifpepfr&SdyJ jynfolu a&G;cs,fwifajrmufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh orRw
wdk@u tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&pepf (Republican form of government)onf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k
rmcD,mA,fvDu ,Hk=unfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh pdwfcspGm a&&Snf&yfwnfEdkif&eff EdkifiHom;ppfwyftjyif &&Sd
xm;aom EdkifiHa&;tm%mwGif vkyfief;ppfaq;a&; (Checks and balances) vkyfydkifcGifh &Sdae&rnf/ tqdkyg
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%monf tjcm;tm%mrsm;ESifh ra&maxG;yJ oD;jcm;&yfwnfEdkif&rnf [kvnf; usKd;a=umif;
qDavsmfpGm olu aumufcsufcsxm;onf?
xdkacwfumv.EdkifiHa&;onf vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;ESifh qufpyfaeonfudk
rmcD,mA,fvDu awG@&SdcJhonf? xdk@jyif tv,facwfumvrsm;(FeudalEra). pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;
tp&Sdaom taqmufttHkrsm;udkzsufqD;cJhaom tzsufpGrf;tm;rsm;udk oifhawmfovdk ajymif;vJoifhonf[k
oluaxmufjyonf? tqdkygtcsufrsm;onf tvGefta&;=uD;rSef; olodoGm;cJhjyD; tjcm;olrsm;udk wdwdusus
today;cJhonf?
rmcD,mA,fvDonf EdkifiHa&;udk yHkaorwGuf/ vuf&Sdtajctaeudk oifhawmfovdk
oHk;oyfol jzpfonf? txufwGifazmfjycJhonhf ol.udk;um;csufudk=unfhv#if pl;&Sxufjrufaom EdkifiHa&;
tjrifudk odEdkifonf? odk@aomf ol@tjrifrsm;rSm r=umc% vpfvsL&_cH&onf?

87

yxrurBmppf=uD;wGif wkdufyJG0ifcJh=uaom wyfr;=uD;rsm;onf pufaoewfrsm;/ twdtus

xdrSeEf dkifonfh tajrmuf=uD;rsm;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifao;rDu &SdaeESifhaom ppfa&;r[mAsL[mESifh enf;AsL[m
rsm;udkom oHk;cJh=uonfhoabm&Sdonf? urBmppfwGif enf;enf;&jyD; rsm;rsm;qHk;&H;&jcif;udk wOD;wa,mufu
tjcm;rnfodk@ &Sif;jyay;Edkifygoenf;? vuf&dStvkyfu tvkyfrjzpfawmhv#if qufvkyfaevnf; atmifjrifr_
r&Edkifa=umif; udk;um;csufu axmufjy aejyDjzpfonf?
rmcD,mA,fvD. 15 &mpkESpftv,fydkif; acwfumvwGif tajrmufvufeufrsm; acwfrD
qef;opfvmjyD; ppfyJyG HkpH ajymif;oGm;ouJhodk@ ,ckacwfwGifvnf; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk yHkpHopfjzifh
ajymif;vJqifEJ$ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh twwfynmrsm; ay:xGufvmonf? uGefjyLwm/ tifwmeuf/ rdkbdkif;zkef;/
aumif;uif*d[fwkzkef;/ pum;0Sufjzifh toGifajymif;jyD; ay;ydk@vufcHonfh y&dk*&rfrsm;(Encryption
programs)/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ESihf a&'D,dkwdk@rSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ta&;ygaom vufeufrsm;
jzpfvmonf?
r[mAsL[mjzifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk v_yf&Sm;&efjyifqif&mwGif EdkifiHa&;onf vlr_a&;/
pD;yGm;a&; pGrf;tm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonfudk em;vnfxm;&ygrnf? ,ae@acwfwGif tqdkyg pGrf;tm;pk
rsm;onf jynfwGif;Yomru jynfyrSvnf; &Edkifonfudkod&ygrnf? ta=umif;rSm urBmhEdkifiHrsm;
ul;vl;qufqHjcif; *vdkbmvkdufaZ;&Sif; (Globalization) a=umifhjzpfonf?
*vdkbmvkdufaZ;&Sif;qdkonfrSm International Monetary Fund . t"dy`m,f owfrSwfcsuf
t&qdkv#if ukefypPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;pGmwdk@ tvHk;t&if;jzifh e,fpyfrsm;udkjzwfausmfI tjyef
tvSef zvS,f=ujcif;/ EdkifiHwum &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_rsm; vGwfvyfjcif;/ twwfynmrsm; ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm jyef@yGm;jcif;
wdk@a=umifh urBmwv$m;&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfcGifh ydkrdk=uD;rm;vmaejcif;udk ac:onf? t"dy`m,f
owfrSwfol. tqifhESifhtawG@t=uHK ay:rlwnfI uGjJym;jcm;em;r_rsm; &Sd=uonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh
*vdkbmvdkufaZ;&Sif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh twwfynmydkif;qdkif&mrsm; wckESifhwck eD;eD;
uyfuyf qufEG,fr_&Sdae=uonf? rmcD,mA,fvD awG;qEdkifonfxufrsm;pGmydkI *vdkbmvdkufaZ;&Sif; u
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;Edkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;udk ay;ae+yDjzpfonf?
r[mAsL[mjzifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm vlwdk@u rdrdwdk@vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf
qifEJa$ om ydyuQwck jzpfonf? vlwdk@ qdkonfrSm rmcD,mA,fvD axmufcHajymqdkcJhonfhtwdkif;qdkv#if
ppfyJGqifEJa$ om EdkifiHom;ppfonfrsm; (awmfvSefa&;vkyfolrsm;) jzpfjyD; ,ckacwfpum;ESifhqdkv#if tzdESdyfcH
b0rS vGwfajrmufvdkaom jynfolwdk@udk qdkvdkonf? jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@vdktyfaom 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
&kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_wGif ryg0ifyJaeygu vGwfvyfr_udk xdyg;vmolwdk@tm; wm;qD;xdef;odrf;Edkifrnff r[kwfay?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm jynfolwdk@ udk,fwdkifu yg0ifqifEJa$ om 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf?
vlxkvlwef;pm;tqifhwGif v_yf&Sm;&if;jzifh ta&;ygaom acgif;aqmifydkif;.wm0efrsm;udk wqifhjyD;wqifh ,l
=u&onf? tjcm;aom tvm;wl'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@rsm;t=um; yl;aygif;ndSEd_if; u;yrf;=u&onf? &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;udk azmfxkwf+yD; v_yf&Sm;=u&onf?
rmcDd,mA,fvDu ppfyGJrsm;udk jrefjrefxufxuf+yD;qHk;ap&onf [kqdkonf? Ttcsufonf
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tjrJwrf;awmhjzpfEdkifrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; ta&;ygojzifh aocsmayguf tm&Hk
pdkuf&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; jrefjrefqefqefjyD;&ef v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdeft[kefu ta&;}uD;
onf? odk@jzpf&m r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolwdk@ pdwfxJpJaG e&rnfhtcsuf ESpfcsuf&Sdonf? yxrtcsufrSm vlxkonf
tuef@towfjzifhom v_yf&Sm;Edkifojzifh r[mAsL[mtwdkif; oifhavsmfaom tcsdefumvwcktwGif; vlxkudk
pnf;&Hk;Edkif&ygrnf? aemufwcsufrSm ydifzufudk tm;enf;atmifwdkufcdkuf+yD; atmifyGJqifEdkif&ygrnf?

88

oDtdk&Dt& t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk trSwfrxif taumiftxnfazmfvkdufjcif;jzifh

ydifzuf. axmufwdkifrsm; vsifjrefpGmysufpD;oGm;+yD; tpdk;& ywfusoGm;&rnfom jzpfonf? odk@aomf
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tzGJ@rsm; aygif;pyfpkpnf; vkyfudkif=uonfhtcg tpydkif;tcsdefrsm;Y oDtdk&Dtwdkif;
jzpfvmEdkif&ef vG,fulrnfawmhr[kwfyg? xdkenf;wl &Edkifor# pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;csI
v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh tH0if*Gifus u|rf;usifpGm/ pnf;urf;&SdpGm v_yf&Sm;Edkif&efrSmvnf; oDtdk&Dtwdkif; jzpfcJvSonf?

uavmufpf0pfZf
um;vfAGefuavmufpf0pfZfudk 1780ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? zcifjzpfolrSm y&yf&Sm; ppfwyfrS
t&m&Sd jzpfonf? ppfr_xrf;aqmifpOf a&S@ydkif;ESpfrsm;Y oli,fcsif;vnf;jzpf/ =o0g'ay;olvnf;jzpfaom
f fu uavmufpf0pfZf.
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t&nftcsif;rsm;udk odojzifh ppf.oDtdk&DESifh vufawG@usihfoHk;yHkwGif q&mwqljzpfvmap&ef vrf;a=umif;cs
ay;onf? uavmufpf0pfZfonf 1818 ckESpfwGif Adkvfr;csKyf&mxl;&&Sd+yD;aemuf y&yf&Sm;ppfausmif;wGif
ausmif;tkyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonfrSm 1831ckESpfwGif 0rf;a&m*gjzifh raoqHk;rDxd jzpfonf? xdkumv
twGif; ppfESifh ywfoufI qdkonfhpmtkyfudka&;cJhonf?
xdkpmtkyfudk ppfyGJvrf;n$eftjzpftoHk;y&ef &nf&G,fxm;cJhjcif;r[kwfyg? ppfESifh ywfoufI
'\e&_axmifhrS oHk;oyfjcif;omjzpfonf? ppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkufonfhyHkomefonf jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
twGif;rSmyif ajymif;vJoGm;a=umif;ESifh wzef xdkawmfvSefa&;udk qufcHol eydkvD,efwdk@a=umifh t=uD;
tus,f ajymif;vJcJh&a=umif; uavmufpf0pfZfu odxm;onf? pepfwus ppfcsDwuf&mrS tpyI
tqHk;tjzwfay;aom atmifyGJrsm;&&eftxd ESpfbufppfwyfrsm;jzifh wpkwa0; ,SOfydifwdkufcdkuf&if; ppfjzpf
vm&jcif;yif? ESpfbufpvHk;wGifvnf; tqHk;t&H; =uD;rm;&onf (ppfqdkonfrSm tqHk;pGefaom tuef@towf
xda&mufatmif wbufESifhwbuf =urf;wrf;pGm wGef;ydk@jcif; jzpfonf?)
ppfyJw
G ckudk rnfodk@qifE$J&rnf qdkjcif;xuf ppfESifhywfoufI rnfodk@pOf;pm;&rnf qdkonfh
ol. ppfa&;tjrifudk uavmufp0f pfZfu xkwfazmf a&;om;cJhonf? ol@tjrifonf xdk;azmufjrifEdkifpGrf;
aumif;vSonf? oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vrf;n$efcsufrsm;ygaom xdyfwef;r[mAsL[m (Grand
strategy) onf aemufqHk;wGif EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifolwdk@. wm0efjzpfvm&onfudk olu owdyrdcJhonf?
,ae@acwf ppfa&;r[mAsL[m wnfaqmuf&mwGif ppfOD;pD;r;rsm;u r=umc% qdkovdkyif
EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh OD;pm;ay;&rnfhudpPrsm;udk rxdcdkufap&atmif aqmif&Guf&onf? t&if;tjrpf
pGrf;tm;rsm;udk cGJa0&jcif;/ ppfqifa&;ae&mrsm; owfrSwf&jcif;/ wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;
xkwfjyef&jcif;/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef wm0efay;&jcif; tp&Sdonfwdk@wGif olwdk@onf
tuef@towfrsm;jzifhom vkyfcGifh&Sdonf?
obm0twdkif;ajymif;vJwwfonfudk uavmufpf0pfZfESifh rmcD,mA,fvDwdk@u vufcHonf?
xdk@jyif jyD;qHk;cJhaomppfyJrG sm;wGif wdkufcdkufyHk ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonfudkvnf; olwkd@ESpfOD;pvHk;u owdxm;rdcJh
=uonf? xdkuJhodk@yif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ r[mAsL[m a&;qGJolwdk@uvnf; t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;onfh
yHkomefrsm; t=uD;tus,fajymif;vJaewwfonfudk em;vnfvufcH&ygrnf? AsL[majrmufv_yf&Sm;r_udk
ta&;ygqHk;ajymif;vJapcJhonfrSm ody`HESifh twwfynmwGif wdk;wufaeaoma=umifh jzpfEdkifygonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh ody`HESifhtwwfynm wdk;wufr_rsm;a=umifh vlESifh t&m0wKwdk@ ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm a&G@vsm;vmonf?
owif;ay;ydk@ vufcHr_rsm; ydkjrefvmonf? ta&;ygqHk;rSm pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm; vsifjrefpGm jyef@ESH@vmjcif;
jzpfonf?

89

tpdk;&wdk@onf A[dkOD;pD;pepfudk ydkrdkusifhoHk;onfhtcg xdef;csKyfr_ ydkrsm;wwfonf? xdktcg

vlxkonf tpdk;&. wif;=uyfaomOya'rsm;udk vkdufem&onf? pHkprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;cH&onf?/ ydkrdk
tm;aumif;onfh &JwyfzGJ@rsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfcH&onf? odk@aomf tpdk;&u A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk av#mhcsvdkuf
onfhtcg tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vlr_taqmufttHkwdk@omru EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHwum
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; tpdk;&tm; xdxda&mufa&muf wefjyefzdtm;ay;vmonf/ tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
qdkv#if tpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;&efoufoufom &yfwnfae=ujyD;/ tcsKd@rSm tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;&efudkyif
rar#mfrSef;awmhyJ tpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;wwf=uonf?
vufeufudkifppfyJrG sm;uJhodk@yif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfh ppfajrjyifonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;
yg0ifvmonftxd us,fjyef@oGm;Edkifonf? xdkuJhodk@yif tpdk;&bufwGifvnf; EdkifiHpHkpDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm
yg0ifvmEdkifonf? tqdkygvkyfief;rsm;onf olwdk@.XmecsKyfESifh t"du pawmh&S,f,m0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;
EdkifiHwGifxm;&SdjyD; tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk pD;yGm;a&;t& &yfwnfEdkifatmif taxmuftulay;ae=uonf?
xdkpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfudk 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olwdk@u wdkufcdkufzdzsufEdkifygonf? enf;vrf;
rsm;rSm pawmh&S,f,m tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;/ t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;/ wuUodkvfy&0k%frsm;Y
oydwfwdkufyJrG sm;/ vrf;ray:qENjyr_rsm;tp&Sdonfh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk qifEJj$ cif;jzpfonf? jynfyrS
vnf; r[mrdwfrsm; &&ef&Sdonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ulnDay;vmEdkifaomr[mrdwfrsm;.
erlemtcsKd@udkazmfjy&v#if urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@=uD;/ EdkifiHwum vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@/ e,fjcm;pnf;rxm;
owif;axmufrsm;tzGJ@/ NationalEndowmentforDemocracywdk@jzpfonf?
ppfESifhywfoufIpmtkyfonf pmzwfoltm; ppfudkvufcHonfh '\etjrifukdom
ay;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf pma&;ol uavmufp0f pfZf. ppfESifhywfoufonfh xufjrufpl;&Saomtjrifudk
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@u pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? ol.tjrifudk wefzdk;xm;=uonf? uavmufpf0pfZf.
ppfa&;tjrifrsm;udk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ &_axmihfrSoHk;oyf=unfhEdkif&ef atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyygrnf?

EdkifiHa&;wGif ta=umif;w&m;wckckjzifh tusKd;ar#mfudk;onfh &nfrSef;csufjzifhom ppfwdkufonf?

oD;jcm; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ppfwdkufonf[k r,lqEdkif?
tpdk;&tm; t=urf;rzufqef@usif&onfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh vGwfvyf
cGifh/ 'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;av;pm;r_ESifh Oya' av;pm;vdkufema&;wdk@udk jynfolwdk@ &&Sd&ef v_yf&Sm;=u
jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf? odk@jzpf&m enf;vrf;ESifh&nfrSef;csufwdk@rSm wckESihfwck o[Zmwjzpf&Hkru tjyeftvSef
tm;yae=uonf? udkif;u|ef;rD/ u|ef;udkif;rD jzpfonf?
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'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; =udK;yrf;r_rsm;ESifh o[Zmwrjzpf? 'Drdkua&pD&atmif/ vl@abmifavmuudk wefzdk;&Sd&Sd
aumif;vmatmifvnf; vkyfray;Edkifyg? zdESdyfoltpdk;&onf t&yfom; qef@usifckcHolrsm;xuf tjrJwrf;
tqrwef tiftm;omvGefonf? twdkuftcH tiftm;pkwdk@u tpdk;&tm; orm;&dk;us ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh
t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufonf qdkygpdk@? xdktcg t&yfzuf-ppfzuf ESpfzufpvHk; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufaoqHk;
&rnfhtjyif ta&;ygonfh pD;yGm;a&;rsm;vnf; qHk;&H;&rnf jzpfonf? Tr#t&if;tESD; }uD;rm;onfhwdkifatmif
t&H;tEdkif tajzrxGuf/ a&@Srwdk;aemufrqkwfonfh &v'fom xGufay:vmzdk@&Sdonf?
aysmuf=um;ppf qifEJ&$ efqdkonfrSmvnf; ESpfOD;ESpfzufwkdufcdkufr_a=umifh tjrJwrf;eD;yg;
avmuf tjypfrJh t&yfom;trsm;pkuom xdcdkufaoqkH;=u&onf? t&yfom;jynfolwdk@tm; &efolbufu
yg0ifonf[k zdESdyfoltpdk;&u oabmayguf,lqonf? jynfolwdk@. pm;p&mESifh tjcm;axmufyHhay;Edkifaom
t&mrsm;udk zdESdyfolwdk@u oddrf;qnf;onf? aumufyJoD;ESH &duQmrsm;udk zsufqD;onf? olwdk@ wif;=uyfpGm
ydwfqdk@xm;onfhae&mrsm;odk@ t&yfom;rsm;udk t"rRa&$@ajymif;onf? vlxktm; w&m;vufvGwf ppfaq;
90

ar;jref;onf? ydyuQrwdkifrDu&Sdxm;+yD;aom w&m;0ifvkyfydkifcGifhESifh w&m;Oya'tumtuG,frsm;tm;vHk;udk

zsufodrf;I wEdkifiHvHk; ta&;ay:tajctaeudk a=unmonf?
wzef aysmuf=um;ppf qifEJ$olwdk@uvnf; t&yfzufjynfolwdk@tm; olwdk@. t&if;tjrpf
ozG,f oabmxm;I tcGefaumufonf? pm;p&m,lonf? vlpkaqmif;onf? owif;&,lonf? olwdk@.
aysmuf=um;ppfudk raxmufcHv#if erlemay;onfhtaejzifh tpdk;& owif;ay;[k oHo,&Sdolrsm;udk pGyfpGJI
r=umc%qdkovdk =urf;wrf;pGm touftEW&m,f xdcdkufavmufatmif yrlqufqHjyonf?
tm%m&Siftpdk;ESifh aysmuf=um;ppfqifE$Jolwdk@ ESpfzufpvHk;u t&yfzufjynfolwdk@ cHpm;&jcif;
tay: udk,fcsif;pmemr_ r&Sd=uonfrSm twlwlavmufyifjzpfjyD; wdk@onf vlxktay: &uf&ufpufpuf
vk,ufqdk;oGrf;aeaom zdESdyfolrsm;tjzpf &_jrifoHk;oyfcH&onf?

enf;AsL[m qdkonfrSm ppfajrjyifwGif vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udktoHk;csonfh oDtdk&D jzpfonf?

r[mAsL[m qdkonfrSm ppfjzpf&eftwGuf wdkufyGJrsm;udktoHk;csonfh oDtdk&D jzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefjrifhvmonfhtcg txufazmfjyyg ppfa&;tjrifudk owdrxm;rdyJ jzpfwwf
onf? owfrSwfxm;onfh r[mAsL[m &nfrSef;csufwGif rygaomtcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfI v_yf&Sm;vm
awmhonf? trSefpifppf ppfudk rnfodk@wdkufcdkuf&rnf[k qHk;jzwfay;onfrSm r[mAsL[m jzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm; qef@usif&mwGifvnf; tvm;wltjzpfrsKd; &SdEdkifonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf r[mAsL[mudk +yD;cJhaom t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay:
tajccHI a&;qGJ&onfqdkaom pdwful;rSm rrSefyg? xdk@jyif AsL[majrmuf pOf;pm;awG;ac:yHkudk vpfvsL&_jyD;
r[mAsL[mudk rnfodk@r# a&;qGJI&Edkifrnf r[kwfay? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tjrJwap pGrf;tm;
tjynfh rv_yf&Sm;Edkif? &or#pGrf;tm;wkdk@jzifh pGef@pm;v_yf&Sm;onfhwdkifatmif r[mAsL[mjzifh vkyfaqmifrnfh
&nfrSef;csufr&Sdv#if &Edkifp&m&Sdonfrsm;udkyif r&awmhyJ jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?

wdkufyJrG &Sdv#if r[mAsL[m r&Sd/ r[mAsL[m jzpfvma&; twGuf wdkufyJu

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r[mAsL[mtwdkif; taumiftxnfazmfrnfh t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; r&Sdv#if
taumif;qHk; r[mAsL[mvnf; r&SdEdkifawmhyg? r[mAsL[m. ukef=urf;rSm wdkufyGJjzpfv#if t=urf;rzuf
wdkufyGJ. ukef=urf;rSm vlxkjzpfonf? vlxk qdkonfrSm u|rf;usifaomacgif;aqmifrsm;jzifh pkpnf;avhusifh
xm;aom vlxkudk qdkvdkonf? &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh &Edkifor# t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;rsm;tay:rlwnfI
tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@u ydifzuftpdk;&tm; qef@usifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ygrnf? ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ray;yJ ae&ygrnf? 0ifa&muf
pGufzuf qef@usif&ygrnf? owfrw
S fxm;aom &nfrSef;csuf rjynfh0ao;v#if atmifjrifEdkifa&;twGuf
vdktyfaom t&nftcsif;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&ef avhusifhzdk@vdkygrnf? tm%m&SifzdESdyfr_udk yaysmufatmif
vkyfzdk@qdkonfrSm zdESdyfoludk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifjyD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;Edkifa&;om jzpf&ygrnf?

ppf qdkonfrSm &efoludk rdrdjzpfapcsifonfhtwdkif; tnHhcHt&H;ay;vmatmiff t=urf;ywrf;

zdtm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf?
wdkufyGJwckwGif AHk;/ tajrmuf/ wifhum;ESifh ajcvsifwyf&if; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk aumif;aumif;
toHk;cswwfv#if &efol@tay: atmifyGJqifEdkifonf? xdkenf;wl t=urf;rzuf enf;vrf;rsm;onfvnf;
twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm; jzpfapcsifonfhtwdkif; ydifzuftm%m&Siftpdk;&u vdkufavsmvm
atmif zdtm;ay;Edkifonf? r[mAsL[mudk aocsmpGm jyifqifa&;qGjJyD;aemuf taxmuftulyaom
tpDtpOfESifh avhusifhjyD;om; vlxkvlwef;pm;tqifh acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdvmaomtcg tpGrf;xufonfh
91

tiftm;pk jzpfvmonf? tqdkyg tiftm;pkonf tpdk;& qufvufwnf&Sda&;twGuf vdktyfaom EdkifiHa&;

tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifonf?
wcgw&HwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;oltcsKd@u rdrdwdk@.oD;oef@&nfrSef;csuftwGuf ydifzufESifh
aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;&ef enf;vrf;wckck &vdk&jim; &SmazGaewwfonf? TonfrSm r[mAsL[m trSm; jzpfonf?
aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;&Hkjzifh tqHk;tjzwfay;aomatmifyGJ &rvmEdkifyg? aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;jcif; udk &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
rrSwf,lyJ ydyuQ ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf jzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf; wck tjzpfESifhom &_jrifxm;oifhonf?
tu,fI aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;jcif;udk axmufcH&eftwGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk &yfqdkif;
ay;zdk@ vlxktm; arwWm&yfcHv#if t&Sdeft[kef aumif;ae&mrS jyefusoGm;wwfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;vdkolwdk@rSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk qufrvkyfcsifawmholrsm; (odk@) qufrvkyfEdkifawmholrsm;
jzpfonf? xdktcgwGif ydifzufjzpfoludk twdkuftcHwdk@u vdkcsifonfhtwdkif; zdtm;ay;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg?
odk@aomf aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;a&;udk r[mAsL[m. tv,ftvwf &nfrSef;csuf (Intermdediate
objective) tjzpf rjzpfrae pOf;pm;&awmhrnfqdkv#if ESpOf D;ESpfzufom aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;rnfhtpm; wwd,
tkyfpk (Third party)ESifhtwl u;yrf;v#if oifhawmfygvdrfhrnf? aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;tajzr&SmrD t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf aqG;aEG;yGJwGif ESpfbuf vdkufem&rnfh tajctaersm;udk uwifoabmwla&;
twGuf zdtm;ay;Edkif&ygrnf? odk@r[kwfygu zGwfvnf;r& "g;rvnf;qHk; qdkouJhodk@ aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;yGJ
uvnf; ratmifjrif/ v_yf&mS ;r_udk qufvufqifE$Jv#if &vmEdkifrnfh atmifyGJrsKd;udkvnf; a&pkefarsm&onfh
udef; qdkufoGm;Edkifonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;bufY tiftm;aumif;vmoavmuf tpdk;&bufY tm;enf;
oGm;onfhtcgrSom tpdk;& [lonf aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;yGJodk@ tvdkvdka&mufvmwwfjyD; ESpfzufoabmwlnDEdkif
avmufatmif vdkufavsmay;ayvdrfhrnf?

tjypf'%f ydkav#mhay;yg[k &efol@xH oifuawmif;qdkavav &r&udk rar#mfvifh Edkifav

jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl &efolbufu tm;xkwfr_avsmhaomtcg oifhbufuvnf; t&Sdefvdkuf
usoGm;wwf+yD; oifvdktyffwmrsm;udk odyfrvkyfjzpfawmhyJ &Sdwwfonf? xdk@jyif oifhudk,fydkif
EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufvnf; eddrfhusoGm;EdkifonfESifhtr# &nfrSef;csufa&muf&ef odyfwefzdk;rxm;
awmhyJ jzpfwwfonf? xdktcsdefwGif oifhtm; xdk&nfrSef;csufudk pGef@v$wfcdkif;v#ifvnf; oif
wk@Hqdkif;aernf r[kwfawmhyg?
EdkifiHa&;toGifajymif;&ef t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfh tpydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;olwdk@
taejzifh tpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;Edkifonfh taetxm;r&SdyJ tpdk;& raqG;aEG;Edkifonfhtcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdkrnf
qdkv#if tqiftjcif uif;rJh&ma&mufonf? rnfonfhtpdk;&udk awmif;qdkonfjzpfap xdktpdk;&u vdkufavsm
EdkifpGrf;&Sdavmufonfh awmif;qdkcsufjzpfoifhonf? =uD;=uD;rm;rm;udk awmif;qdkv#if r&zdk@rsm;ojzifh
awmif;qdkv#if atmifjrifzdk@ ydkrsm;onfh cyfayghayghrsm;udk awmif;qdkonfh r[mAsL[mu ydkaumif;onf? xdk@jyif
tpdk;&u tenf;i,fr#avmufom pGef@pm;&Hkjzifh vdkufavsmay;Edkifaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh
ododomom rywfoufaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk olwdk@twGuf tEW&m,fr&Sd (odk@) rqdkoavmuf
tEW&m,f tjzpfom ,lqrnfjzpfI t=urf;zuf zdcGJESdrfESif;vmEdkifp&m &Sdrnfr[kwfyg?
tqdkygtajctaersm;twGuf tcef;(4)rS tvdkuftxdkuf ajymif;vJ&ef vkyfief;pOfu
oifhawmfonf? aqG;aEG;!dEd_if;yGJjzpfvmv#ifvnf; azmfjyygawmif;qdkcsuf toD;oD;wdk@udk aps;qpf&mY
oHk;Edkifonf? ta=umif;rSm wbufESifhwbuf tay;t,l tavsmhtwif; &Sdaomfvnf; t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_udk ododomom xdcdkufEdkifzG,f&m r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
92

xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkuf&efpDpOf&mwGif atmifyGJ&+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmrnfhtcsdefudk pOf;pm;

oHk;oyf&ygrnf? tm%m&SdaeqJjzpfaom ydifzuftpdk;&ESifh rvdktyfyJ xdyfwdkuf rwdk;rdapzdk@vdka=umif;
odxm;&ef ta&;=uD;onf? v_yf&Sm;r_wckckwGif &nfrSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; atmifyGJ&&Sdaomtcg aemufxyf
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk twif;t=uyf rawmif;qdkrD qHk;&H;epfemEdkifonfrsm;udk taotcsm pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef
vdkonf?
atmifyGJowif; a=unmcsdefudk rSeu
f efpGm qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef ta&;=uD;onf? TtcsufESifh
ywfoufI apm'uwufEdkifp&m OyrmwckrSm urBmausmf 1989 wD,efeefrif&ifjyif ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_
jzpfonf? ausmif;om;wdk@.atmifyGJrSm tqifhwcktxd a&muf&dSjyD; ta&;ygae+yD jzpfonf? odk@aomf
xdkatmifyGJudk ydkrdkaocsmatmif/ cdkifcef@oGm;atmif rvkyfEdkifcJhyg? atmifyGJ&a=umif; a=unmI vlpkrcGJEdkifcJhyg?
&ufowWygwf tenf;i,f=umaomtcg w&kwftpdk;&ppfwyfrS wifhum;rsm;/ ajcvsifwyfom;rsm;jzifh
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf zdcGJvdkfufojzifh atmifyGJtqifhrS av#mus+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk; t&H;ESifh &ifqdkif&awmh
onf?

*EDN
AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufydyuQudk aqG;aEG;&mwGif ESpfq,f&mpktpydkif; tdEdN, vGwfvyfa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_Y *ENDu xufxufjrufjruf OD;aqmifEdkifcJhyHkrsm;udk vpfvsL&_Ir&Edkifyg? r[wWr*ENDtjzpf urBmu
od&Sd=uonfh *END (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 - January 30, 1948))onf
tdEdN,wGif arG;zGm;jyD; a&S@aetjzpf oif=um;wwfajrmufonf? 1893ckESpfwGif olonf awmiftmz&duodk@
oGm;a&mufcJhonf? xdktcsdefu awmiftmz&duwGif vlrsKd;a&;cJGjcm;r_rsm;udk qef@usifae=u&m *ENDvnf;
0ifa&mufqef@usifcJhonf? 1915ckESpfwGif tdEdN,odk@jyefvmjyD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf trsKd;om;0g'Dwdk@.
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf?
*ENDu acgif;aqmifwOD;. tajccHtusqHk; 0daoovuQ%mrsm;rSwckudk jyocJhonf? ,if;rSm
tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onfhwdkif r[mAsL[m aumif;aumif;jzifh qufvuf&ifqdkif wkdufyGJ0if&ef
jzpfonf? tajctaeESifhtiftm;pkrsm; qufpyfyHkudk aocsmpGm ydkif;jcm;pdppf oHk;oyfxm;onfh r[mAsL[m
&SdaecsdefY rnfr#yif &_yfaxG;cufcJaomtajctae &Sdonfjzpfap acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh vdktyfv#if
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk ajymif;vJrnf jzpfaomfvnf; r[mAsL[mudk qufvufusifhoHk;&ef Za0Z0g rjzpfoifh
a=umif; *ENDujyocJhonf? TonfrSm acgif;aqmifaumif;wOD;. t&nftcsif;jzpfonf?
olonf EdkifiHa&;pGrf;tm;tay: pl;&SpGm xdk;azmuf&_jrif oHk;oyfEdkifcJhonf? jynfolu
remcHv#if tkyfpdk;olu rtkyfcsKyfEdkif (A ruler cannot rule if the people do not obey)[laom trSef

w&m;udk olawG@&SdcJhonf? xdktrSefw&m;twdkif;yif &mpkESpf w0ufausmfatmif wpdkufrwfrwf ol usifhoHk;cJh

onf? rnfodk@ awG;ac:usifh=uH&rnfudk azmfxkwfonf? *END.enf;vrf;rsm;u jAdwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&.,EW&m;
udk xdckdufvmonf? tpdk;&onf tdEdN,tm; udkvdkeDtjzpf qufvufxm; &Sdvdkpdwfrsm; wjznf;jznf; ukefcrf;
vmawmhonf?

jynfolvlxk. ylaygif;yg0ifaxmufcHr_r&Sdv#if tkyfpdk;olY tm%mr&SdEdkifa=umif;udk *EDN

wOD;wnf;uom yxrOD;qHk; aumufcsufcsonf r[kwfyg? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu ol. t=urf;rzu
fv_yf&Sm;onfh EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; udk;um;xm;onf?
ouU&mZf 1500 0ef;usifcef@u jyifopf '\eynm&Sif Etienne de la Boetie qdkolu
touf (18)ESpft&G,fwGif Todk@ a&;om;xm;onf? --- tu,fI tm%m&Sifwdk@tm; bmrSray;v#if/

olwdk@trdef@udk remcHv#if/ wdkufcdkufp&mrvdk/ jrm;wpif;yif ypfp&mrvdkyJ olwdk@onf t0wftpm;ryg

bvmewdjzifh bmrSvkyfp&mr&SdyJ ae&vdrfhrnf? ajrqDv$mr&dSaom opfjrpfuJhodk@ ykyfodk;ajcmufaoG@jyD; aoqHk;
=u&vdrfhrnf?
93

1908ckESpfwGif vD,kdawmfpwGdKif;u jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@pepfESifh txdef;odrf;cHb0wGif

tvdktavsmuf vGwfvyfcGifh qHk;&H;jcif;wdk@. ta&;ygonfh jcm;em;csufudk xkwfazmfcJhonf? tdENd,.
jy\emrSm xl;jcm;aeonfudk ol. [dENLvlrsKd;wOD;xHodk@ ay;pmwapmifwGif Todk@ a&;om;xm;onf? --vloef;ESpf&m&SdwJh EdkifiHwck[m pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%DwckqDrSm u|efcHae&w,f? tckajymr,fhpum;&J@

t"dy`m,fudk t,lronf;wwfolwa,mufu em;vnfrmS awmh r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fh ajymvdkufygav?

vloHk;aomif;u vloef;ESpf&mudk t&Sdefoyfay;vdkufw,fqdkwm bmt"dy`m,fvJ? tdEdN,vlrsKd;awGudk
u|efjyKwm t*FvdyfawGr[kwfyJ tdEdN,vlrsKd;awG udk,fwdkifu rdrdzmom u|efcHae=uw,fqdkwmudk
odwJholawGu jyefr&Sif;Edkifawmhbl;vm;
txufygtwdkif; xyfwleD;yg;avmufudk *ENDu 1920ckESpfwGif xkwfazmfco
Jh nf? tpdk;&udk
jynfolvlxku tvkyftau;ywm
&yfvdkuf&if b,ftpdk;&rqdk - tdENd,tpdk;&xuf trsm;=uD;tm;enf;wJh
|
tpdk;&awGvnf;yJ - b,fawmhrS r&yfwnfEdkifbl;
jAdwdo# udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk tdENd,vlrsK;d wdk@ tnHhcHvdkuf&onfh t&if;cH ta=umif;&if;
rsm;rSm ordkif;qdkif&m/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_rsm;a=umifhjzpf&onf[k *EDNu ,Hk=unfonf? jAdwdo#
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk tnHhcHvdkufojzifh aemufqufwJG ysufqD;&r_rsm;udk jyefxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef *ENDu tyoabm
aqmifaomtpDtpOf(Constructive Program)udk wnfaqmufvdkufonf?

tu,fI tdENd,vlxktaejzifh wOD;csif;jzpfap/ vltrsm;jzpfap rdrdudk,fudk av;pm;wwf

vma&;udk aumif;aumif;oabmaygufcJhv#if jAdwdo#wdk@tm; tnHhcHvdkonfh pdwfxm;rsm;udk tpm;xdk;
z,f&Sm;ay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tdENd,vlrsKd;wd@k onf olwdk@EdkifiHtm; odrf;ydkuftkyfpdk;aeolrsm;tm;
trdef@remcHa&;/ ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;a&;wdk@udk qENjywwfvmrnf/ qENjycsifpdwf jzpfay:vmrnfvnf;
jzpfonf? tpDtpOf.&nfrSef;csuf (5)ckrSm

tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@tm; rdrdudk,fudkav;pm;wwfatmifESifh *k%foduQm&Sd&Sd aewwfatmif toGifajymif;

ay;Edkifa&;udk jrSihfwif&ef/

jAdwdo#tpdk;&. vlr_taqmufttHkrsm;tay: trSDtcdk enf;yg;vma&;udk tm;ay;&ef/

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wufupGm v_yf&Sm;Edkifa&;udk u;yrf;&ef/

vlESifhrludk cGJjcm;&ef (vlqdkonfrSm jAdo#vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh olwdk@tm;axmufcHaom tdEdN, vlrsKd;rsm;)

tdEdN,vlrsKd; wOD;csif;ESifh vltrsm;. pm&dwW*k%f&nfudk jrSifhwifay;jcif;jzifh pm&dwW ydkaumif;

vmjcif;udk &, xdef;odrf;&ef wdk@jzpfonf?

tpDtpOf.wydkif;pD (odk@) &nfrSef;csufwckpDudk wOD;csif;pDu u;yrf;tm;xkwfrnf qdkvnf;

&onf? vltrsm;pkaygif;jyD; tkyfpdk;oltm; ,kdif;yif;ulnDray;a&;udk wnDwnm u;yrf;tm;xkwfrnf
qdkvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? vlxkxlwef;pm;toD;oD;u yg0ifvmEdkifa&;onfom r&SdrjzpftvGef ta&;=uD;onf
[k,lqxm;cJhonf? xdkodk@ yg0ifu;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm; wdk;wufvmaomtcg rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfaom
pdwf"gwftiftm; ydkaumif;vmonf? rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;csufudk/ rnfonfhae&mrS v_yf&Sm;&rnfudk
udk,fwdkif em;vnf oabmaygufvmonf?
p=ufm*&m[ (Satyagraha) qdkaom '\eoabmw&m;udk toHk;yI t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_tm; *EDNu yHkazmfonf? p=ufm*&m[ [laompum;vHk;onf ouUw/ [dENLESifh *l*s&wf bmom
pum;rS tajccHonf? trSefw&m;udk &SmazGawG@&Sd&ef/ odjrifem;vnf&ef/ &&Sd&ef (odk@)toHk;cs&ef u;yrf;
tm;xkwfonf [kt"dy`m,f&onf? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDacwf tdEdN, tifyg,m(cGJrxkwf&ao;aom tdEdN,)tm;
twif;t=uyf tqHk;oyfap&efESifh awmiftmz&duwGif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_ wdkufzsufa&;wdk@wGif toHk;ycJh&m
tausmf=um;qHk; '\e jzpfcJhonf?
94

,if;wGif tpdk;&.rw&m;aomtrdef@tm%mudk vlxkuqef@usifa&;twGuf vdkufem&ef

rlcsrSwfxm;onf? vdkufem&ef rl(3)ckrSm (1) p=ufm - trSefw&m;/ yGifhvif;jcif;/ &dk;om;jcif;ESifh r#wjcif;udk
&nfn$ef;onf? (2) t[if;p - tjcm;olrsm;udk xdcdkufemusifatmif t"rRyrl&ef jiif;y,fonf? (3)
wy(pf),s - tepfemcH paw;&ef qEN&Sdonf?
*EDN. p=ufm*&m[onf trSefw&m;udk awG@&Sd/ oabmayguf/ toHk;csEdkifatmif
oEMdXmefjzifh tcdkiftrm u;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI p=ufm*&m[onf &SdjrJtiftm;twdkif; (odk@)
pdwfESihfcE<m ESpfckpvHk; tiftm;pdkufrxkwfaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsKd; (Passive resistance) r[kwfyg?
xdk@jyif trkef;ESifh &efjidK;(odk@)tmCmwudk tajccHxm;onfh wufur_rsKd;jzifhvnf; v_yf&Sm;jcif;r[kwfyg?
p=ufm*&m[ oabmw&m;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_u &Sdudk&Sdae&onf? v_yf&mS ;r_udk tajccH&onf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tzdESdyfcH&wdk@tcsif;csif; pkpnf;I tkyfpdk;ol tpdk;&udk ,dkif;yif;ulnD ray;jcif;/ trdef@tm%mudk
qef@usifjcif;jzifh tpdk;&. pGrf;tm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif p=ufm*&m[Y vlxktay:
w&m;r#wr_r&SdyJ qufqHaeonfudk zdESdyfoltpdk;&tm; odvmapjyD; xdktytrlrsm; ajymif;vJoGm;atmif
vnf; yl;wGJu;yrf;ay;&onf?
rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifcH,lcsufjzifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk vufcHaom vlyk*~dKvf wOD;csif;
wdk@onf p=ufm*&m[udk u;yrf;=uonfrSm tvGefaumif;vSygonf? odk@aomf jyD;jynfhpHkaumif;rGefonfrSm
r&SdEdkif [laom trSefw&m;udk *EDNuvufcHonfjzpfI ol. p=ufm*&m[wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk
r,kH=unfolrsm;tm; csefvSyfxm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg? tukefvHk;yg0ifEdkifatmif pnf;&Hk;onf? xdktcg e*dku
t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;yifv#if t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&mwGif jrefjrefqefqef tH0if*Gifus jzpfoGm;onf
udkvnf; *EDN awG@cJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh p=ufm*&m[ '\eoabmw&m;onf trsKd;om;uGef*&uf (Indian
National Congress).rl0g' jzpfvmjyD; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif v_yf&mS ;ol yk*~dKvfwOD;csif;wdk@. cH,lcsufvnf;
jzpfvmonf?

qm bmqD;vf vpf'Jvf [wf

qm bmqD;vf vpf'Jvf [wf (31 October 1895 - 29 January 1970) onf +Adwdo#
ppfom;wOD;tjzpf yxrurBmppf=uD;wGif wdkufyGJ0ifcJholjzpfonf? usef;rma&;a=umifh t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemuf
jAdwdo# xdyfwef;owif;pm trsm;tjym;wGif ppfa&;owif;axmuf 0ifvkyfonf? ppfa&;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;
rsm;pGmudk a&;om;cJhonf? ol.ppfa&;qdkif&m vdkufem&efpnf;rsOf;wckjzpfonfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk wqifhjyD;
wqifh uef@owfjcif;(odk@) oG,f0dkuf csOf;uyfjcif;rSm AsL[mydkif;qdkif&m xufjrufaom ppfa&;tjrifjzpfjyD;
txl;pdwf0ifpm;zdk@ aumif;onf? &efol. tm;taumif;qHk;ae&mudk wdkufcdkufrnfhtpm; tv,ftvwf

&nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&SdI tm;aumif;aomae&mwGif wyfpGJaeonfh &efoludk r#m;ac:xkwf&rnf/ &efolu

&nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnf razmfEdkifatmif vrf;a=umif;v$Jay;&rnf [k olu wdkufwGef;cJhonf?
olu r[mAsL[mpmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; tao;pdwf a&;om; xm;onf?
&efoludk ppfyrf;atmifvkyfjyD; tiftm;ajymif;vJEdkifonf? xdk@jyif &efoludk wcsufwnf;jzifh
tvJxdk;rnfhtpm; tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm xdk;ESufI txdemaeatmifvkyfjyD; tiftm;ajymif;
Edkifonf? tiftm;csdefcGifv#m ajymif;vJvmatmif tv,ftvwf &nfrSef;csufi,frsm;udk
wqifhjyD;wqifh uef@owf taumiftxnfazmfjyD; apmifh,l&onfh r[mAsL[mjzpfonf? ydkI
oHk;xdkufaom r[mAsL[mjzpfonf? xdkodk@aom r[mAsL[mwGif t"duusaom tajctae
wck&Sdonf? &efoltm; wyftiftm;udk tvGeftu|H oHk;aerdatmif vkyfay;&onf? tm;vHk;xuf
ta&;=uD;onfrSm &efol. pdwf"gwfESifh cGeftm;udk ukefcrf;oGm;atmif vkyf&onf? xdkodk@jzifh
&efolrSm ppfyrf;vmonf? rdrdbufu ppfyrf;onfxuf &efoludk ydkI yHkysufyef;ysuf ppfyrf;
aeatmif vkyfoihfonf?

95

tumtuG,f aumif;aumif;,lxm;aom tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;tm; t=urf;rzuf

r[mAsL[mjzifh qef@usifv_yf&Sm;&mwGif vpf'Jvf[wfu owdyawG@&Sdonfrsm;udk tqifoifh oHk;vdkuf&Hkyif?
ueOD; v_yf&Sm;onfhtqifhrsm;wGif twdkuftcHwdk@Y pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfudk vdktyfonhftwdkif;r&Edkif/
t&nftcsif;rsm; pkpnf;Edkifzdk@uvnf; tm;enf;Edkifp&m &Sdonf? xdkr#aomtiftm;jzifh tm%m&Sif
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk csufcsif; rjcddrf;ajcmufEdkifyg? +cdrf;ajcmufonfhwdkifatmif tm%m&Sifu tEW&m,f jzpfavmuf
onf[k ,Hk=unfaeOD;rnfr[kwfao;ay? odk@aomf xdktajctaersKd;wGif twdkuftcHwdk@onf vpf'Jvf[wf.
ppfa&;tjrifudk toHk;csv#if txl;rSefuefonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
vpf'Jvf[wf a&;vdkufaompmrS tiftm;csdefcGifv#m ajymif;vJvmatmif apmifh,l&onf
qdkaompum;Y xdkodk@ajymif;vJEdkifa&;udk rnfodk@vkyf,l&a=umif; twdtusyif t=uHay;xm;onfudk
awG@&rnfjzpfonf? xdkenf;wlpGm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y apmifhae&onf qdkaompum;vHk;rSm
rv_yf&Sm;yJaeonf[k rqdkvdkyg? ydifzufudk tm;enf;vmatmif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&ef tcGifhomEdkifrnfh
tiftm;csdefcGifv#mudk zdtm;ay; ajymif;vJEdkifatmif xdk;ppfrsm;qifE$J&ef vdktyfaeonf [komqdkvdkonf?
ydifzuf. tm;taumif;qHk;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk wdkuf&dkufxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&ef rvdkonfh tv,ftvwf &nfrSef;
csufi,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fI oG,f0dkufv_yf&Sm;&ygrnf? odk@rSom tm;aumif;aomae&mwGif wyfpGJ aeonfh
&efoludk r#m;ac:xkwfEdkifrnfomru &efolu&nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnf razmfEdkifatmifvnf;
vrf;a=umif;v$Jay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?

tESpfcsKyf

AsL[mr;(4)a,muf. xufoefaom EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;tjrifrsm;rS rnfonfhtcsufrsm;onf olwdk@.

tawG;tac:rsm;tay: oufa&mufv$rf;rdk;aeonfudk azmfjyonf? olwdk@onf &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
vdkufzufnDpGm tm&Hkpdkufwwfonfudkvnf; tav;teuf azmfjyonf?

azmfjyjyD; xdk;azmufjrifEdkifpGrf;aom EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;tjrifrsm;onf acwfopf t=urf;rzuf ydyuQESifh

qufEG,faeonfudkvnf; aqG;aEG;xm;onf?

ta=umif;t&mwdkif;wGif AsL[ma&;qGJolwa,mufonf tao;pdwfrsm;udk pdk;&drfraeyJ tajctae

wckvHk;udk a,bl,s cHiHkI oabmayguf em;vnfae&rnf?
--------- 000---------

96

tcef; (10)

ta=umufw&m;
ra=umufwwfjcif;rSm olwyg;ay;onfh vufaqmifuhJodk@ jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf owWd&Sdjcif;u wefzdk;
omonf [kqdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf? udk,fwdkif u;yrf; tm;xkwfrS owWdudk&Edkifonf? jcdrf;ajcmuftrdef@ay; apcdkif;cH
&aomfvnf; ra=umufr&GH jiif;qefwwfonfh tavhtxudk arG;jrLEdkifv#if owWd&Sdvmonf? owWd
qdkonfrmS tqufrjywf 0dkif;0ef;xdk;ESufaeonfh=um;u rysufr,Gi;f aom tdajEN jzpfonf[k azmfjyEdkifonf?
(a':atmifqef;pk=unf)
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, Freedom From Fear and other Writings, (New York: Penguin Books,
1991), 184.

xdcdkufemusifrnfudk vlwdkif;yifa=umufonf? c%c%emaev#if/ ydkjyD;emvmv#if vl.

pdwfESifhtytrlrsm; ajymif;vJwwfonf? &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom tm%m&Siftrdef@udk emcHrd&jcif;. t"du
ta=umif;&if;rSm tjypfay;cH&rnfudk a=umufaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tvkyfywfrSm/ yifpifr&rSmxuf
udk,hftom;emrSmudk ydkpdk;&dr=f uonf? toufqHk;&H_;rSmudk pdk;&drfjcif;onf vlwdkif;.arG;&myg yifudk,f
ta=umufw&m;jzpfonf? odk@aomf rdcifrsm;url ra=umuf=uyg? toufpGef@I cav;arG;zGm;=uonf?
ta=umufw&m; qdkonfrSm jcdrf;ajcmufcH&onfudk odvdkufv#if omreftm;jzifh wkef@jyef
wwfonfhoabm jzpfa=umif; wcsKd@u em;rvnfEdkif=uyg? owW0grSefor# rdrdwdk@touf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf
jcdrf;ajcmufcH&aomtcg umuG,f&ef/ vGwfajrmuf&ef rnfodk@wke@f jyef&rnfudk rsKd;&dk;vdkufI rpOf;pm;&yJ
tvdkvdkodonf? odk@jzpfI txl;taxG xyfjznfhay;aep&m r&Sdyg? a=umufwwfonfudkvnf; &Sufaep&m
rvdkyg?
wdwdusus t"dy`m,fziG fh&v#if ta=umufw&m;qdkonfrSm tEW&m,f jzpfEdkifa=umif;udk
odvdkufonfhtcdkuftwef@Y rnfodk@r# pOf;pm;p&mrvdkyJ cE<mudk,frS tvdktavsmuf wkef@jyef&ef Ed_;aqmfay;r_
jzpfonf? xdktcg tEW&m,frS vGwfatmifxGufajy;rnf/ &ifqdkifrnf [laom a&G;cs,fp&m wkef@jyefr_ESpfrsKd;
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tqdkygwkef@jyefr_rsKd;udk wd&dp>mefwdk@wGif trsm;tm;jzifh awG@Edkifonf? tEW&m,f&SdrSef; odvm
aomtcg wd&dp>mefwdk@onf xGufajy;=uonf? tiftm;omaom&efoludk &kwfw&uf=uHKawG@&jyD; xGufrajy;
Edkifaomtcg rdrdtm; rjrifEdkifap&ef rv_yfr&Sm; jidrfoufaewwfonf? &efol jrifoGm;v#if rwwfomonhf
tqHk; a=umufuefuefI ckcHwwfonf?
vlurl csufjcif;vufiif; =uHK&awmhrnfh ab;tEW&m,fudk ydkrdkodjrifEdkifpGrf; &Sdonf? xdkodk@
r&Sdonfhtcg vlwGif tvdktavsmuf Ed_;aqmfay;onfh wkef@jyefr_&Sdaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tEW&m,frS
vGwfap&ef qifjcifwHkw&m;jzifh uwifjyifqifI wkef@jyefwwfonf? ta=umufw&m;. ta=umif;ESifh
tusKd;udk em;vnfrSom ra=umufwwfatmif jyifqifEdkifayrnf? ab;tEW&m,fudk =uHKawG@vm&onfhwdkif
ueOD;tqifhuyif a=umufpdwfudk z,f&Sm;avsmhenf;apEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

ta=umufw&m;. jzpfysufyHkudk ody`Henf;us avhvmjcif;

obm0 t&if;cHtwdkif; ta=umufw&m; jzpfay:vmcsdefwGif emAfa=umtzGJ@tpnf;&Sd
tvdktavsmuf xdef;csKyfxm;aom EsLx&Gefrsm; txGufrsm;aea=umif; awG@&onf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifh
ta&jym;atmufESifh tlvrf;a=umif;wav#muf&Sd aoG;a=umrsm;udk usKH@oGm;aponfESifhtr# ESvHk;ESifh
=uGufom;rsm;odk@ aoG;rsm; ydkrdk pD;0ifvmonf? a=umufvef@aomtcg ESvHk;ckejf refjyD; jyif;xefvmonfrmS
97

tqdkyg ta=umif;a=umifhjzpfonf? touf&SLE_ef;vnf; jrefvmonf? touf&SLE_ef;jrefavav =uGufom;

rsm;odk@ aoG;ydkpD;0ifavjzpfonf? a=umufvef@rdonfhtcg ausmufuyf txufem;&Sd pdwfzdpD;onfhtwdkif;
wkef@jyefr_udkjzpfapaom*vif; (Adrenal Medulla)rS t,f'&Demvif;(Adrenaline)trnf&Sd a[mfrkef;wrsKd;udk
xkwfay;onf? xdka[mfrkef;onf tjcm;a[mfrkef;rsm;ESifhtwl tonf;rS *vl;udk@pftrsm;tjym;udk aoG;xJodk@
pD;0ifaponf? *vl;udk@pfonf =uGufom;rsm;udk tydktiftm;rsm; ay;pGrf;Edkifonf?
toufab;rSvGwfajrmuf&ef a=umufvef@w=um;xGufajy;aeaom vlwOD;onf omref
tajy;E_ef;xuf ydkjrefaeonf? ta=umif;rSm ta=umufw&m;a=umifh touf&SLjrefvm+yD; =uGufom;xJokd@
aoG;pD;0ifr_ ydkrsm;aecsdefwGif aoG;xJwGif&Sdaeaom *vl;udk@pfrsm;u uufom;rsm;udk tydktiftm;w&yf
jzpfapjyD; tvkyf ydkvkyfEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
ta=umufw&m;a=umifhxGufajy;&ef (okd@) ckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef toifhjzpfaecsdefwGif jzpfvm
Edkifaom '%f&m'%fcsufrsm;udk cHEdkif&ef cE<mudk,fu jyifqifjyD;jzpfaeonf? xdkodk@aom cHEdkif&nfrsKd; rjzpf
ay:onfh tcgvnf;&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tlESifh qD;tdrftqHk;ydkif;rsm;wGif &Sdonfh twGif;rStjyifodk@om
xGufapEdkifjyD; tjyifrStwGif;odk@ r0ifa&mufEdkifatmif xdef;csKyfay;aom uufom;rsm; (Sphincters)
rwif;rmEdkifawmhyJ avsmhusvmjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf? wcgw&H usi=f uD;usifi,frsm;yif tvdktavsmuf xGufus
aponf?
vlonf ta=umufw&m;a=umifh tqdkygtusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk cHpm;&onf? E_wfrS
zGifh[ajym&Hkjzifhyif jzpfwwfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh =u;aeus pum;wcsKd@udk azmfjyvdkufygonf?
olawmh tawmfhudk a=umufoGm;+yD [kolwyg;ta=umif;udk ajymaeoHudk =um;zl;=u
ygrnf? odk@aomf ajymol.rsufESmudk =unfhvdkufrnfqdkygu ol@rsufESmrSm aoG;r&SdawmhyJ jzLzwfjzLa&mfESifh
oludk,fwdkifu a=umufaeonfudkvnf; awG@zl;=uygvdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif a=umufvef@vGef;onfhtwGuf rdrd
udk,fudk bmjzpfvdk@ jzpfrSef;yif rodEdkifatmif todpdwf vGwfoGm;wwfonf?
usaemfh *kwfay:u tar$;awG axmifvmjyD
usaemfawmh a=umufvGef;vdk@ ajcawGvufawG bmrS v_yfvdk@ r&awmhbl;
usaemfawmhAsm a=umufvGef;vdk@ abmif;bDxJrSmwif usif=uD;usiif ,f pGef@rdoGm;w,f
pdwfroufromjzpfoGm;&ygjyD? odk@aomf a=umufwwfjcif;udk &Sufraeoifhyg? vlwdk@onf
ab;tEW&m,f &Sdvmygu vGwfajrmufatmif tvdkvdkwkef@jyefwwfonf? TonfrSm obm0rdcifu
ay;xm;aom vufaqmifjzpfI ta&;=uHKwdkif; oufvHk aumif;aewwf ygonf?

ra=umufwwfatmifvkyfenf;
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk r[mAsL[mtwdkif; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vlxku wpk
wpnf;wnf; yg0ifvma&;rSm vdktyfcsufwckjzpfonf? xdkodk@yg0ifvmEdkif&efrSm tpdk;&u jypf'%fcwf
onfhwdkif vlxku wpkwpnf;wnf; &ifqdkif&JaomowWd &SdrSjzpfrnf? a=umufp&mr&Sdv#if ra=umuf=u
onfrSm trSefjzpfonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGif a=umufI rjrif[efaqmifol/ r=um;[efaqmifol/
todw&m;rsm; ysufqD;ol pojzifh vltrsKd;rsKd; &Sdae=u&m xdktajctaewGif vlxkrSm tiftm;&SdoihfvsufESifh
wppD uGJxGuf+yD; tiftm;csdeJ@&onf?
vlxktaejzifh a=umuf&GH@jcif;rS uif;a0;aompdwf &Sd&ygrnf? tpdk;&pdwf=udKuf tay:pD;rS
aphpyfaqG;aEG; ndSEd_if;r_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef rnfodk@aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u oifhawmfrnfudk qifjcifwHk
w&m;jzifh pOf;pm;&ygrnf? tqdkygESpfcsufpvHk;wGif tpdk;&ESifh vlxk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifEdkifa&;udk pDpOfrnfqdkv#if
98

oifhawmfygrnf? xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifEdkifrnfhf vufawG@enf;vrf;rsm;Y vlxkudk t}uD;tus,f a=umufvef@

roGm;apEdkifaom csOf;uyfyHkrsm;udk =uHqay;Edkifonf?
ra=umufwwfatmifvkyfay;onfh erlemwckrSm v_yf&Sm;olwdk@onf t=urf;rzuf qENjy&ef
tcsdefESifhae&mudk a&G;cs,fv_yf&Sm;+yD; atmifyGJ&&Sda=umif; vsifjrefpGm a=unm&ygrnf? xdk@aemuf tpdk;&u
vma&mufrzdcJrG D vsifjrefpGm vlpkcJ&G efjzpfonf? aemufxyfenf;vrf; wckvnf; &Sdao;onf? teD;tem;
r&Gm&yfuGufrsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;pGmudk wcsdefwnf; wydifwnf; usif;yjcif;jzpfonf? xdktcg tm%mydkif
tpdk;&u t"du&k%f;&Jrsm;udk vlcJG apv$wfjyD; zdcGJcdkif;rnf jzpfaomfvnf; qENjyyGJwckpDtwGuf &Jtiftm;
avsmhenf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf?
tHhtm;oifhr_rsm;a=umifh a=umuftm;vef@tm;jzifh vkyfrdvkyf&m vkyfwwfonf? odk@jzpfI
t=urf;rzuf qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olwdk@ tHhtm;oifhp&mrsm; r=uHKawG@&atmif v_H@aqmffolwdk@u
uwifpDpOfxm;Edkifonf? ,ckw=uddrf rnfodk@v_yf&mS ;rnf/ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh v_yf&Sm;&onfudk
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@ oabmaygufatmif v_H@aqmfolwdk@u &Sif;vif; ajymjy&ygrnf? &JESifhppfwyfwdk@u rnfokd@
wkef@jyefvm EdkifzG,f&Sdonfudk wduspGm today;xm;&ygrnf? rdrdwdk@v_yf&mS ;r_udk aocsmusepGm pDpOf&ygrnf?
jzpfEdkifrnfqdkygu t"duyg0if v_yf&Sm;olwdk@. tcef;ursm;udk uwifZmwfwdkufxm;&ygrnf? &JESifh
ppfwyfwdk@u wkef@jyefvmEdkifonfrsm;wGif tpdk;&u t=urf;zufzdcGif;rnhfudpPrsm; &SdEdkifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
yg0ifolwdk@tm; xdkudpPrsm;udk awG@=uHKEdkifa=umif; &Sif;jyxm;oifhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh t"du&k%f;wyfrsm;
a&muf&SdwyfpGJyHk/ eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh 'dkif;umudk &dkufcwftoHay;yHk/ udkifaqmifxm;aom &dkifz,faoewf
rsm;wGif vSHpGyfwyfyHk tp&Sdonfwdk@jzpfonf? xdk@jyif qENjyolwdk@ tcsif;csif;wGif jzpfaewwfonfrsm;udkvnf;
&Sif;jyxm;oihfonf?
pnf;urf;ao0yfapa&;twGuf t"duvkyfaqmif&rnfhudpPwckrSm yg0ifqENjyol wOD;csif;
tm; rnfodk@v_yf&Sm;&rnfudk vrf;n$efay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? trsm;ESifhwGJ+yD; rjzpfrae vkyf&onfhudpPrsm;wGif
pnf;urf;r&SdyJ rjzpfEdkifyg? xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& jzpfaeaom vltkyf=uD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJ&ef t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;aeaom tiftm;pkwdk@. v_y&f Sm;r_rsm; rnfodk@uGmjcm;a=umif;udk qENjy&efyg0ifvmolwdk@tm;
owday;&ef vdkonf?
ausmif;wufpOfumv rD;owfavhusifhcef;vkyf&m wOD;csif;pDwef;I jyify&Sd uGufvyfudk
a&mufatmif xGuf&onf? wrdepf ESpfrdepftwGif; ausmif;om; w&mausmf ESpf&mrSm rD;ab;rS vGwfuif;
&modk@ a&mufEdkif=uonf? q&m q&mrwdk@u bmvdktyfonf/ bmvkyf&rnfudk od+yD; n$ef=um;onf?
ausmif;om;wdk@uvnf; waoGrwdrf; vdkufem=uonf? Todk@ pnf;urf;ao0yfvSaomtjzpfudk jyZmwf&Hk
(odk@) nuvyfwGif rD;xavmifonfhtjzpfESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfhyg? wm0efusaeolwdk@omru &maygif;rsm;pGm
&Sdaeaom y&dowfrsm;yg a=umuftm;vef@tm;jzifh xGufaygufqDodk@ 'a&maomyg; wcsdefwnf; xGufajy;
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&Sd&rnf? yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olwdkif;udk taotcsm em;vnfatmif today;xm;&rnf? xdcdkufepfemqHk;&H;jcif;
rsm;rS tumtuG,fay;Edkifrnfh acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdae&rnf?
acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: ,Hk=unftm;udk;pdwf &Sdxm;jcif;onf t=urf;rzufyg0if v_yf&Sm;ol
wdk@ tcsif;csif;wGifvnf; ,Hk=unfpw
d fcsrdvm&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;wckjzpfonf? xdktcg tvGefta&;ygaom
udpPwckudk vkyfrd&ufom; jzpfaeonf? ,if;rSm ta=umufw&m;rsm;udk av#mhcsvmEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;csifol vlopfwdk@udkvnf; ,Hk=unftm;udk; pdwfcswwfvmatmif oifhavsmfpGm avhusifh
ay;&ygrnf? pdk;&drfylyefru
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&Edkifor#vnf; tmrcHay;ae&efvdkonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh acgif;aqmifwOD;onf oifwef;wckudk OD;aqmif&ef
99

wm0efr,lawmhv#if rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh tqdkygoifwef;wGif&SdEdkifrnf r[kwfa=umif;/ rnfonfh

ae&modk@ oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; oifwef;om;rsm;udk ajym&efvdkonf?

tu,fI usaemf[m 'Doifwef;rSm qufjyD;OD;aqmifaeOD;r,fqdk&if tjyifrSm bmawG

jzpfaeovJqdkwm avhvmod&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? jyD;awmh tjcm;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ tquftoG,f
vkyfzdk@udpPawG 'grSr[kwf tv[\rqHk;&H;&atmif ajymif;vJoifhwm ajymif;vJay;zdk@twGuf tjcm;ol
awGeJ@ pkpnf;vkyfaqmifwJhudpPawGudk vkyfEdkifrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? 'Doifwef;rSm usaemfr&Sdawmhayr,fh
usaemfwdk@&J@atmifyGJudk a=unmr,fhol[m usaemfyJvdk@ cifAsm;wdk@ owd&ae=uyg? 'grSvnf; [dkae&muae
usaemfwdk@ jrefjrefxGufcGm EdkifrSmjzpfw,f?
acgif;aqmifwdk@onf v_yf&Sm;onfhtpDtpOfrsm;/ olwdk@wm0ef,lonfhudpPrsm;udk &Sif;jy&onfh
tjyif rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJatmif udk,fwdkif0ifvkyfae&a=umif;udkvnf; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ol
wdk@tm; todday;oihfonf? ,ckvkyfaqmifaeonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf r[mAsL[mwckvHk;ESifh rnfodk@qufpyf
aeonf/ rnfodk@taxmuftulyaeonfudk v_yf&Sm;olwdk@ tav;teuf tm&Hkpdkufoifha=umif; acgif;aqmif
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v_yf&Sm;csifolrsm; yg0ifvma&;udk tm;ay;aeonfherlemjzpfojzifh tm;vHk;yg0ifvmv#if tm%m&Sifpepfudk
wpkwpnf;wnf; qef@usiftHwkEdkifrSmjzpfa=umif;udv
k nf; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olwdk@tm; today;xm;oihfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;=uolrsm; txD;usefrjzpf&atmif vdktyfonfrsm;udk acgif;aqmif
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olwdk@onf wOD;wnf; txD;usefjzpfraea=umif; tjrJowday;&ma&mufonf? wlnD0wfpHkESifh txdrf;trSwf
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aemufxyfta&;}uD;aom udpPwck&Sdonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;aeonfhae&modk@
t"du&k%f;&Jrsm; a&mufvmrnfjzpfojzihf ra=umuf=u&ef v_H@aqmfrnf[k &nf&G,fxm;v#if taotcsm
*&kpdkufjyD; pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ygrnf? vlxkqENjyr_onf jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjyjcif;omjzpfI rnfol@udkrS tEW&m,f
jzpfaprnfr[kwfa=umif; xdk&Jwdk@tm; today;xm;&ygrnf? tajymjzifhomru tvkyfjzifhyg oufaojy&
ygvdrfhrnf? Oyrmqdkv#if &Jrsm;udk today;aomtcg rddrdwdk@. &if;ESD;cifrifaom rsufESmxm;rsm;jzifh csKdompGm
ajymqdk=u&ef rSmxm;oifhonf? xdk&Jrsm;xJrS tcsKd@ESifhodaeonfh rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oli,fcsif; rdwfaqGESifh
tjcm;ywfoufolwdk@tm; a&S@qHk;rSmxm;ay;&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;xJwGif olwdk@todrsm; yg0ifaerSef;
&JtcsKd@u odoGm;v#if vltkyf=uD;onf tEW&m,ffay;Edkifonfqdkaom todpdwfrsm;udk avsmhusoGm;ap
Edkifonf?
tu,fI vufeufudkif aqmifxm;olwOD;OD;u a=umuftm;vef@tm;jzifh wckck vkyfrdonf
&Sdaomf t=urf;zufwkef@jyefr_ uGif;qufrsm; r&nf&G,fyJ pwif jzpfyGm;wwfonf?
t=urf;zuffr_rsm; trSefwu,fjzpfvmaomtcg xdcdkuf'%f&m& aoqHk;wwfonfjzpfI
uwif*&kpdkuf pDpOfxm;&Sd&ygrnf? ta&;ay:olemyvkyfief;rsm;twGuf aq;bufqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;ESifh
tultnDay;olrsm;onf jzpfvmygu tultnDay;Edkifatmif teD;tem;wGif toihf&Sdae&ygrnf? qENjy
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@rSm xdkodk@*&kwpdkuf&Sdonfudk awG@ae&ojzifh pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;rnfjzpfonf?
tqdkyg aq;bufqdkif&m tultnDrsm;udk toifh &EdkifaomtpDtpOfonf vufcHEdkifp&mjzpfonf? odk@aomf
vljrifuGif;wGif aq;bufqdkif&m tultnDrsm; cH,lae&jcif;ESifh jzpfvmEdkifp&m&Sdaom xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_
rsm;udk awG;a=umufrw
d wfonf?

100

qENjyolwOD;csif;u vdktyfonhftcg ywfwD;vdyftjzpfoHk;&ef rdrdwdk@udk,fydkif oef@&Sif;aom

t0wfjzLp wckpDudk ,laqmifvmjcif;jzifh aq;bufqdkif&m apmifha&Smufolwdk@twGuf o,faqmif&onfh
wm0efwckudk oufomoGm;apEdkifonf? rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh ywfwD;jzLrsm; vdktyfygoenf;?
ywfwD;jzLrsm;rSm "gwfyHkxJwGif ydkIay:vGifxif&Sm;onf? ywfwD;pD;xm;onfudku
tusKd;xl; rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf? vlxkqENjyyGJudk "gwfyHk&dkuf=uygonf? "gwfyHkq&mwdk@u xdcdkuf'%f&m &&Sdolrsm;
ywfwD;pnf;xm;onfudkawG@v#if "gwfyHk&dkuf,lrnfjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm tqdkyg"gwfyHkrsKd;onf EdkifiHwum
owif;rD'D,mtwGuf qGJaqmifr_&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk"gwfyHkwyHkavmufudk oef;aygif;&maxmifru
&Sdaeaom urBmhjynfolwdk@u awG@rdzdk@qdkonfrSm jzpfEdkifygonf? xdcdkuf'%f&m&olwdk@taejzifhvnf; rdrdwdk@
'%f&mrsm;tay:wGifom tm&Hkpl;pdkufxm;oifhonf? xdktcdkuftwef@av;wGif "gwfyHkpm;&ef acgif;zD;/
rdwfuyfzdk@ paom ta&;rygonfhomrefudpPrsKd;udk rvkyfoifhyg? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufI
EdkifiHwumodk@ owif;jzef@Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rSefor# trdt& toHk;csoihfonf?
qENjyaejcif;tay: tm&Hkpl;pdkufr_ rjyef@vGifhzdk@ vdkaoma=umifh yg0ifqENjyol wOD;csif;tm;
twdtus wm0efay;xm;jyD; ausyGefap&ygrnf? wm0efausap&efvnf; acgif;aqmifwdk@u =uyfrwf&ef
vdkonf? rdrdwm0ef,laeaomudpPwGif tm&kHpdkufxm;aoma=umifh &kwfw&uf ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;
ajymif;vJI wOD;OD;u a=umuftm;vef@tm; jzpfay:wwfjcif;rsKd;udk xdef;csKyfay;Edkifygvdrfhrnf? a=umufpdwfudk
rjzpfay:atmif xdef;csKyfxm;&ef tao;pdwf pOf;pm;pDpOf&onf? wm0ef,lEdkifolrsm;udk wm0efrsm; cGJay;
xm;&ygrnf?
tcsKd@vlrsm;uqENjyolrsm; nDnmpGmpDwef; v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef xdef;odrf;ay;&ygrnf? tcsKd@u
[dkbuf 'DbufqJjG zef@xm;aom tvHwdkif (Banner) rsm;udk a&S@qHk;rSaeI vdktyfaom tjrihfwGifxm;+yD;
udkifaqmifxm;&ef wm0ef,l&ygrnf? (vdktyfaomtjrifh[kajym&jcif;rSm a&S@wGif wm;qD;ydwfqdk@aeaom
&Jrsm;udk qENjyolrsm; rjrif&ap&ef uG,fxm;ay;jcif;jzpfI a=umufpdwfrsm; avsmhyg;ap&eftwGufjzpfonf?)
tcsKd@vlrsm;u qENjy&m0ef;usif&Sd tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhowif;ydk@&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf?
qENjyolrsm; a&riwfap&ef aomufa&(Al;rsm;) jzef@a0ay;&ef wm0ef,lolrsm;vnf; &Sd&ygrnf? au;a=umfoH
rsm;udk wkdifay;&rnfholrsm;vnf; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? odapcsifaomtcsufrSm v_yf&mS ;r_ acgif;aqmifwdk@onf
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vkyf,lEdkifonf? a=umufpdwfudkvufcHrdonfrSm vlwGif jzpf&dk;jzpfpOfom jzpfonf? a=umufpdwf&Sdae
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pdwfwnfjidrfvmjyD; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ydkrdk pGrf;aqmifEdkifvmonf? rdrdtm;,Hk=unfonfh todkif;t0dkif;udk wdk;csJ@
Edkifvmonf? rdrdwdk@ xrf;aqmifonfhwm0efrsm;udk ausyGefatmif vkyfEdkifa&;onfvnf; ta&;=uD;onf?
ppfjzpfaeonfhEdkifiHwGif rsKd;cspfpdwfudktajccHI ajymqdka&;om;ae=uolwdk@&Sd=uonf?
trsm;pkurl acgif;aqmifwyfr;rsm;tay:opPm&SdjyD; acgif;aqmifu trdef@ay;onfh twdkif; ppfaoG;u&Jolrsm;
jzpf=uonf? wdkif;jynfu ppfrufjzpfyGm;aejcif;;r&SdyJ vGwfvyfcGifh/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh w&m;Oya'udk av;pm;
jrwfEdk;aoma=umifh owWd&Sd&Sd vkyf&Jolwdk@rSmrl tenf;i,fom &Sdonf?

tESpfcsKyf
a=umufwwfonfrSm obm0omjzpfa=umif; em;vnfoabmayguf&ygrnf? tjcm;olwdk@
a=umufaeonfudk &_H@csavSmif ajymif&efroifhyg? rdrdvkyf&JonfESifhEd_if;,SOf+yD; olwdk@tm; t&Suf&atmif
rvkyfoifhyg? ra=umufwwfatmifom tm;ay;&ygrnf?
101

vlxkudk a=umufwwfatmif jcdrf;ajcmufxm;onfh tkyfpdk;ol. vufatmufrS

vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tpdk;&zdESdyfr_rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ausmfv$m;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk odxm;&ygrnf?
ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;&efrSm A[kokw/ pnf;urf;ESifh tpDtpOf ususee&Sdv#if
xda&mufr_&Sda=umif; oufaoom"ursm;pGm &SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
--------- 000---------

102

tcef; (11)
acgif;aqmif
acgif;aqmifqdkonfrSm tumr[kwf/ tESpfjzpfonf [k tjcm;vlrsm; ,Hk=unfatmif acgif;aqmifaumif;
wdk@u vkyfEdkifonf? tzGJ@tpnf;wck atmifjrifa&;twGuf acgif;aqmifjzpfolu ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif
ay;Edkifa=umif; vlwkdif;u odjyD;om;jzpfonf?
(0g;&ef; bJefeD;pf - acgif;aqmifjzpfvmjyD;aemuf pmtkyfudka&;ol)
Warren G. Bennis, authour of On Becoming a leader

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. oDtdk&DESifhvufawG@v_yf&Sm;yHkrsm;udk xda&mufatmif ajymif;vJay;

EdkifolrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf v_yf&Sm;&mwGif acgif;aqmifwdk@onf vlxkudk pnf;&Hk;&
onf? v_yf&Sm;olwdk@twGuf erlemjzpfae&onf? v_yf&mS ;r_tajctaeudk tjcm;olrsm; oHo, jzpfaecsdefwGif
rdrdu ,Hk=unfr_&Sdae=umif; xif&Sm;pGmjy&onf? acgif;aqmifrSefv#if oifhawmfaomtcsdefwGif avsmfuefpGm
qHk;jzwfEdkif&onf? pdwfygvufygaxmufcHyl;aygif;rS atmifjrifEdkifonf qdkaomtcsufudkqufvuf xdef;odrf;
xm;Edkfif&onf?
,ae@acwfvlom;wdk@onf tawG;tac: tm;aumif;=uonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;wGif
xufxufjrufjruf &Sd=uonf? xdk;azmuf jrifEdkifpGrf; &Sd=uonf? odk@jzpfI jynfolwdk@u EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk jyuf&,fyvm=uonfrSm tqef;r[kwfawmh? jynfolqdkonfrSm ESpfouf&mudk ar;cGef;
xkwfcGifh &Sdonfhtavsmuf a&'D,dkESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif ajymqdkae=uolwdk@tm; tajymESifhtvkyf
wu,fwrf;udkufnD&J@vm;/ trSeftwdkif; wifjyae=uyg&J@vm;[k oHo,jzifh ar;jref;ae=uawmhonf?
(1&)&mpkESpfwGif acwfopf '\eynm&Sif aomrwfpf a[mhbJpf(Thomas Hobbes).
vl@ordkif;tjrif xGufay:vmcJhonf? odk@aomf (19)&mpkESpftpydkif; tar&duefEdkifiH. wwd,orRw jzpfol
aomrwfpf *sufzmqef(Thomas Jefferson). EdkifiHa&;tjrifu xdkvl@ordkif;tjrifudk v$rf;rdk;aeonf
[kqdkv#if rnfolr# tHhtm;oifhaernf r[kwfyg? aiG&Sd&rnf/ pm&dwW aumif;&efrvdk/ EdkifiHa&;tjrif &Sd&rnf/
r&Sdvnf; tpdk;&zGJ@+yD; tkyfcsKyfwwf&rnf/ xdkodk@jzpfatmifvkyfEdkifv#if a&G;aumufyGJEdkifrnf[k a,bl,s ,Hk
=unf+yD; EdkifiHa&; avmuokd@ 0ifvm=uolrsm; &Sdonf? xdkokd@aom EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;onf EdkifiHa&;avmurS
rxGufrcsif; t=udrfrsm;pGm pdrfac:cHae&ayOD;rnfjzpfonf?
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKd@onf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif[k vlxku a,bl,s odxm;onf
rsm;ESifh jcm;em;aevGef;onfudk oHo, jzpfp&mr&dSyg? awmiftmz&durS eJvfqifrJef'Jvm;/ tar&duefrS
rmwifvlomuif;/ ydkvefrS vJhcf0gvJqm/ jrefrmrS a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf &Sdae
wwfonfh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifqdkolwdk@ESifh tawmfjcm;em;+yD; vHk;0omvGefaeolrsm;jzpfonf?
tkyfpdk;olESifhjynfolwdk@t=um; a0;Irjzpf? tjrJeD;uyfaerSom tpdk;&.tytrlESifh ay:vpD
rsm;udk vlxku vufcHEdkif=uonf? tpdk;& tvdk&Sdonhftwdkif; vlxku xda&mufatmif yjyifxdef;odrf;
ay;Edkif=uonf? odk@r[kwfygu tpdk;&udk vlxku vufrcH/ tpdk;&ay:vpDrsm;udkvnf; vdkufemay;awmhrnf
r[kwfay? xdktcgrsKd;wGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;vJvdkol twdkuftcHrsm; xGufay:vmwwfonf?
olwdk@onf r=umc%qdkovdkyif tpdk;&udk wEdkifiHvHk;rSqef@usifEdkifrnfh a=umufrufzG,f&m tiftm;pk
w&yfudk pkpnf;vmwwf=uonf? tqdkygtajctaewGif vlxktiftm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;csdefcGifv#mudk jyefvnf
xde;f odrf;ay;Edkif&ef vlwOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfcGifhESifh w&m;r#wr_&Sda&;udk awmif;qdkonfh oabmw&m;
a&;&mudk twdkuftcH acgif;aqmifwdk@u jynfolwdk@tm; &dkufoGif;ay;onf? tkyfpdk;ol vufatmufrS
vGwfajrmufEdkifrnhf ,Hk=unfcsufudk v_H@aqmfay;onf? tkyfpdk;oltm; qef@usif&Jonfh pdwf"gwfudk jrSihfwif
ay;onf?
103

vufeufudkifonfjzpfap/ rudkifonfjzpfap xda&mufatmif OD;aqmifwwfaom trsKd;om;

acgif;aqmif (odk@) a'ocHacgif;aqmifwdk@wGif t&nftaoG;rsm;&Sda=umif; avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? &ifqdkif
wdkufcdkuf&aJ om wu,fhacgif;aqmif=uD;rsm;onf acgif;aqmiftjzpf arG;zGm;vm=uonf[k ajymqdk=uonf/
odk@aomf EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;tm;vHk; twGufqdkv#if acgif;aqmif. tajccHt&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh
rvHkavmufawmhyg? ynma&;/ avhusifha&;/ tawG@t=uHKrsm;ESifhvnf; xyfrH aygif;pyfjznfhqnf;ay;&
awmhrnf jzpfonf?
vlxkqENtwdkif; vdkufavsmay;zdk@ tm%m&Siftpdk;&xH atmifjrifpGm awmif;qdkEdkif&efrSm
jynfolw&yfvHk; yg0ifvmrS jzpfEdkifonf? rsm;jym;vSaomvlxk}uD;udk pnf;pepfuspGm pDrHcefcGJay;Edkif&ef
tqifhqifhaom acgif;aqmifrsm;pGm vdktyfonf? wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;rnfqdkygu aomif;*%ef; r[kwfonfhwdkif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdae&ygrnf?
xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm;r[kwf? jynfolvlxkxJu jynfolrsm;om jzpfonf? jynfolwdk@onf
rdrdwdk@u|rf;usif&mtvdkuf acgif;aqmif wm0eftqifhqifhudk ,l=u&rnfjzpfonf? acgif;aqmifwm0efudk
r,lcsifIvnf;r&yg?? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;ol acgif;aqmifwdk@. t&nftaoG;rsm;udk v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;aumif;
apa&;twGuf pOf;pm;oHk;oyfEdkif&ef qufvuf t=uHay;aqG;aEG;ygrnf?

acgif;aqmift&nftaoG;

acgif;aqmift&nftaoG;
erlemjzpfatmifaeyg
oifuacgif;aqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;olwdk@udk odaeyg
u|rf;usifpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifyg
wm0efcHEdkifonfrsm;udk vdkuf&Smyg/ wm0efcHyg
atmifjrifr_twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk todtrSwfyyg
opPmapmifhodjcif;
ydifzufta=umif;udkodxm;yg
tawG@t=uHKrSoif,lyg
tzGJ@om;wdk@.t&nftcsif;udk

104

(1) erlemjzpfatmif aeyg

rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rqdk tcsdefwefv#if acgif;aqmif.t&nftaoG;udk odvm=uonf
omjzpfonf? &Hk;cef;xdkifjyD; rdrdudk,fusKd;twGuf vkyfaeaom acgif;aqmifwOD;aejzifh vufatmufrSvlrsm;
rdrduJhodk@ tvm;wlvkyfaeonfudkawG@&vnf; tHhtm;oifhaernfr[kwfay? tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;vkyfaom
acgif;aqmifwdk@onf pepfwusyif tm%mtvJGoHk;pm;vkyfonf? acgif;aqmifjzpfolu &dk;om;u;pm;rS
aemufvdkufwdk@u &dk;om;u;pm;=uonf? acgif;aqmifu owWd&Sdf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;tay: av;av;pm;pm;
qufqHwwfv#if aemufvdkufrsm;Yvnf; tqdkyg t&nftaoG;rsm;&Sdaeonfudk xif&Sm;pGmawG@&onf?
tzGJ@tpnf;wck. *k%ft*Fg vuQ%m&yfrsm;onf acgif;aqmif.t&nftaoG;ESifh tytrlrsm;tay:
rlwnfonf?

(2) oifu acgif;aqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;olwdk@udk odaeyg

xda&mufatmif acgif;aqmifwwfolonf rnfolwdk@tm; acgif;aqmif&rnfudk odae+yD;
xdkolwkd@tm; *&kwpdkuf&Sda=umif; jyoEdkif=uonf? EdkifiHawmftqifh acgif;aqmifqdkv#if vlOD;a&ESifhtjcm;
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk em;vnfxm;onf [kqdkvdkonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh zGm;-aopm&if;/ tvkyform;/
v,form;/ ausmif;q&m/ pma&;pmcsD tp&Sdolwdk@.0ifaiG/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;/ bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&;&m
tzHkzHk/ oGif;ukef-ydk@uke/f jynfwGif;xkwfukefpkpkaygif;wdk@. t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ usef;rma&; *&kpdkufr_tqifh/
tjcm; vlr_a&;0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? vlawG ae@pOf bmvkyfae=uovJ qdkwmudk odem;vnf
xm;&efvnf; ta&;=uD;onf?
2002ckESpf ZifbmabGEdkifiHrStjzpfukd erlemwifjyygrnf? xdkEdkifiHom;wdk@onf pm;p&mudk
tcsKd;us 0,f,l&ef wae@v#if em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wef;pDapmifh&onfh'%fudk cH&onf? EdkifiHom;(4)a,mufv#if
tenf;qHk;wa,mufrSm udk,fcHtm;usqif;onfha&m*g (AIDS/HIV (Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrom / Human immunodeficiency virus)) jzpfaeonf? aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rSm &mcdkifE_ef;(100) txuf
wGif&SdaejyD; tvkyfvufrJh (70) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf? ae@pOfb0 jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk=unfhv#if jynfolwdk@wGif
0ifaiGr&Sd? t[m&u csKd@wJhaeonf? tvkyfESifhpm;p&mudk &SmazGae&onf? aeraumif;ol/ aotHhqJqJ
rdom;pkudk apmifha&Smufae&onf? xdkokd@aomtajctaewGif jynfolwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;vkyf&ef tcsdefr&Sd
oavmufyif? xdk=um;xJ ZifbmabG tm%m&Siftpdk;&u twdkuftcHwdk@tm; rdom;pkrsm;ygrusef
tpma&pmiwfjywfatmif wrifwum&nf&G,fI ay:vpDrsm;csrSwfum ESdyfuGyfonf? vlrdkufrsm;udk
apv$wfI &dkufESufcdkif;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk t"rRusifhaeonf? ZifbmabGEdkifiHwGif vlxkrSm EdkifiHa&;wGif
yg0ifv_yf&Sm;jcif; r&SdEdkifavmufatmifyif tjyif;txef ESdyfuGyfwm;qD;cHae&onf? odk@jzpfI twdkuftcH
wdk@u vlxkaxmufcHr_&&ef ta&;w}uD; arwWm&yfcHae&onf?
vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckY a'ocHacgif;aqmif vkyfrnffqdkv#if emrnfaumif;&Sd&rnf? vlwdkif;ESifh
xdawG@Edkif&rnf? acgif;aqmifwdk@onf olwdk@tm;axmufcHolrsm;udkomru jcHpnf;&dk;cGxdkifolrsm;udkyg
yk*~dKvfa&;t& odxm;&ef/ olwdk@tm; *&kwpdkuf&Sdae&ef u;yrf;oifhonf? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_
atmufwGif jynfolwdk@b0onf rnfodk@rnfyHk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmrnfudk acgif;aqmifwdk@u a'ocHvlxkudk
r=umc% owday; aqmf=oaeoihfonf? xdk@jyif vlxkjy\emrsm;udkvnf; acgif;aqmifwdk@u ulnDajz&Sif;
ay;oihfonf?

(3) u|rf;usifpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifyg

acgif;aqmifwOD;onf tvkyfoabmem;rvnfygu ta&;tcif;wckudk awG@=uHK&v#if csufcsif;
pdwf"gwfysufjym;wwfonf? xdktcg olacgif;aqmifaomv_yf&Sm;r_onf vsifjrefpmG &H;edrfh&avawmhonf?
105

rSefuefpGm rqHk;jzwfEdkifaoma=umifh t&rf;uma&mpGef@pm;rd+yD; xdcdkufqHk;&H;&onf? rnfol@udkr# r,Hk=unfEdkfif

awmhyJ jrifjrifor# a=umufvef@aeawmhonf?
acgif;aqmif[lonf orm;&dk;usppfyGJjzpfap/ tvm;wl ywf0ef;usifrsKd;jzpfonfh t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfap/ wdkufyJrG Sefor# rnfodk@Edkifatmifwdkuf&rnfudk odaeol jzpf&ygrnf?
acgif;aqmifwdk@onf v_yf&Sm;r_udkqifEJ$Edkifonfh wwfodu|rf;usifr_ &Sdxm;&rnfhtjyif
v_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf tjcm;u|rf;usirf _rsm;vnf; vdktyfao;onfudk vufcHxm;&ygrnf?
EdkifiHawmftqifhacgif;aqmifqdkv#if tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifqifE$J&onfh ta=umif;&if;udk
&Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm a=unmay;Edkif&ygvdrfhrnf? odk@r[kwf vlxkudk v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvmap&ef
acgif;aqmifu v_H@aqmfay;Edkif&ygvdrfhrnf? acgif;aqmifonf EdkifiHwumaxmufcHr_udk &&Sda&;wGifvnf;
u|rf;usif&onf? xdk@jyif v_yf&Sm;r_wGif toHk;csEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk *&kwpdkufoHk;oyfI u|rf;usifpGm
pDrHcef@cJaG y;Edkif&ygrnf? odk@rSom qHk;&H;r_tenf;qHk;jzifh atmifyGJ&Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
a'ocHacgif;aqmifqdkv#if tajctaeudk qHk;jzwfwwf&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_.&nfrSef;csufudk
jzpfajrmufaprnfh t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;udk oifhawmfpGma&G;cs,fwwf&ygrnf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk
pDpOfjyifqifwwf&ygrnf? a&G;cs,fxm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;tvdkuf v_yf&Sm;rnfholrsm;udk avhusifhay;wwf
&ygrnf?

(4) wm0efcHEdkifonfrsm;udk vdkuf&Smyg/ wm0efcHyg

,ae@acwf vlaer_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif wm0efrcH=ujcif;onf rqef;vSaomudpPwck jzpfae
[ef&Sdonf? 0,folwdk@rSm r=umc%qdkovdk ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,fudk pum;ajymae&onf? ta=umif;rSm
0,fcJhaomypPnf;ESifh ywfouf&onfh jy\ema=umifhyif? ukr`%D. yxrOD;pm;ay;t& rnfonfhjy\em
jzpfapumrl olwdk@ukr`%D.trSm;r[kwfyg [laom wkef@jyefoHudk 0,folwdk@u em;vnffay;ae&onf?
xd@ktwlyif ausmif;om;wa,muf pmar;yGJusv#if oifay;olq&mudkom yxrOD;qHk;tjypfwifawmhonf?
EdkifiHa&;avmuwGifvnf; taumif;qHk;&EdkifcJhonfh owif;tcsuftvufay:rlwnfI qHk;jzwfcsufcsonf[k
=um;ae&onf? odk@jzpf&m EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;u qHk;jzwfcsufrSm;oGm;onfhwdkifatmif xdkoludk tjypfwif&ef
cufaeawmhonf?
ta&;ygaom tpnf;ta0;wckudk jyifqifxm;&ef ysufuGufaomtcg jyifqif&ef tcsdefr&
aoma=umifh[k qifajcay;=uonf? odk@r[kwfvnf; om;orD;wOD;OD;u aexdkifraumif;jzpfI/ *DwyGJ&dSaeI/
rdbq&mtoif; tpnf;ta0; &SdaeI pojzifh ta=umif;jycsuf ay;wwf=uonf? tcsKd@u tjcm;olrsm;
rodao;onfhta=umif;udk tcGifhaumif;,l azmfjywwfonf? &kwfw&ufusa&mufvmaom obm0
ab;'kuQudkvnf; azmfjywwfonf? rnfodk@yif azmfjyonfjzpfap rdrdbufrS ysufuGufonfudk tjcm;olwdk@
apm'urwufyJ aumif;aumif; cGifhv$wfay;apcsifaom qifajcrsm;omjzpfonf? odk@aomf t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;onfhacgif;aqmifwdk@rSm omreft&yfom;rsm; r[kwf=uovdk olwdk@acgif;aqmifaom v_yf&Sm;r_
rSmvnf; omrefjzpfaeusudpPrsKd; r[kwfojzifh txufygqifajcrsKd; ray;rdatmif owdyoifhvSonf?
tzGJ@tpnf;.&nfrSef;csufudk jzpfatmifrvkyfEdkifaomudpPwGif acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzihf
wm0ef&SdrSom xda&mufrnf? wckckrSm;v#if tjcm;vlrsm;udk tjypfrwifoifh? acgif;aqmifjzpfoluom
rSm;onfhta=umif;udk 0efcH&rnf? xdktrSm;twGuf wm0ef,l&rnf? jzpfvmaomjy\emudk rSefuefatmif
ajz&Sif;ay;&rnf? xdktrSm;rS oifcef;pm,l&rnf? xdkoifcef;pmjzifh a&S@qufvkyf&rnf? olwdk@trSm;twGuf
acgif;aqmif jzpfolu wm0ef,lvdkufojzifh aemufvdkufwdk@u acgif;aqmiftm; wefzdk;xm;aeayvdrfhrnf?
xdk@jyif jy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mY acgif;aqmifonf tjcm;vlrsm;tay: v$rf;rdk;
EdkifpGrf;vnf; &SdoGm;onf? cifAsm;wdk@ odwJhtwdkif;yJ? 'DtrSm;udk usaemfwm0ef,lw,f? cifAsm;wdk@udk

=uD;=uyf vrf;n$efzdk@ usaemf ysufuGufcJhvdk@yJ? aemufw=udrf 'DvdkxyfrSm;wmrsKd; usaemf wm0efr,lcsifbl;?

106

xyfrrSm;atmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@odzdk@vdkw,f[k acgif;aqmifjzpfolu aemufvdkufrsm;udk

ajymjy&ygrnf? trSm;wcktwGuf rddrdvufatmufuvl(rsm;)udk tjypfwifv#if rdrdudk,fydkift&nftaoG;jzifh
vkyfEdkifonfhtcGifhta&;udk tjrefqHk; ydwfyifvdkufonfESifh twlwlyif?
ydyuQwckudk v_yf&Sm;qifE$J&mwGif rSm;Edkifa=umif; uwif0efcHxm;jcif;jzifh tu,fI
rSm;oGm;v#ifvnf; xdxda&mufa&muf trSm;jyifEdkifonf? rnfolr# tbufbufwGif csKd@,Gif;csufr&Sdatmif
awmfaeolrsm;r[kwf? odk@aomf trSm;udkoifcef;pmr,lyJ xyfrSm;aeoltm; aemufxyfcGifhvGwf&ef rjzpf
Edkifyg?

(5) atmifjrifr_twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk todtrSwfy csD;usL;yg

atmifjrifoGm;aomudpPwckudk aqG;aEG;=uaomtcg acgif;aqmifaumif;wOD;taejzifh tjrJ
a&Smif=uOf&rnfh toHk;tE_ef;rSm usaemf jzpfonf? ol.tzGJ@om;rsm;udk todtrSwfy csD;usL;&eftwGuf
usaemfwdk@/ olwdk@/ ol/ olr(odk@)olwdk@udk ponfhwckckudk oHk;E_ef;&ygrnf? atmifjrifzdk@ jzpfvm
onfrSm olwdk@vkyfEdkifcJhvdk@aygh [kom oHk;E_ef;oifhonf?
cav;wa,mufu tpdk;&wyfrsm; vmaejyD[k owday;onf? qENjyv_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;udk
tzGm;tkdwOD;u aomufa&rsm; a0iSay;onf? rdef;cav;i,fwOD;u vufurf;pm&Gufudk 'DZdkif;qGJay;onf?
trsKd;om;wOD;u oufpGef@qHzsm; vufurf;pm&Gufrsm;udk vdkufa0ay;onf? a'ocHacgif;aqmifwdk@u
v_yf&Sm;r_udk tao;pdwfpDpOfay;+yD; wm0efrsm;cGJay;onf? xdkolwdk@omv#if v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifjcif;twGuf
wu,ftvkyfvkyfolrsm; jzpfI todtrSwfy csD;usL;cHoifhaomolrsm;jzpfonf?
acgif;aqmifwOD;onf urBmay:wGif tawmfqHk; AsL[mr;(Strategist)(odk@) enf;AsL[mr;
(Tactician) jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf? odk@aomf ol@pdwful;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_oabmw&m;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf
ay;rnfholr&Sdv#if ol@t&nftcsif;rsm;rSm rnfodk@r# wefzdk;&Sdrnf r[kwfyg? atmifjrif&jcif;twGuf
acgif;aqmifjzpfolu tjcm;ol(rdrdtzGJ@om;)rsm;udk todtrSwfy csD;usL;ojzifh tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_ &Sdonf?
tzGJ@om;wOD;csif;. pdwfxJwGif rdrdwdk@onfvnf; wOD;csif;taejzifh ta&;ygaomwm0efudk xrf;aqmif
ae&onf/ tzGJ@. atmifjrifr_onf rdrdwdk@wOD;csif;. vkyfaqmifcsuftay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeonf/ xdk@jyif
wu,fvkyfcJhaoma=umifhvnf; todtrSwfy csD;usL;cH&onf[k ,Hk=unfoGm;onf?

(6) opPmapmifhodjcif;
opPmapmifhodonf [kajym=uonf? Tpum;onf 'Drdkua&pDvl@abmifY r&Sif;r&Sif;
jzpfaeonf? opPmapmifhod&eftwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;wckwGif ESpfvrf;oGm;pepf vdktyfonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;u
acgif;aqmiftm; axmufcHay;onf/ acgif;aqmifuvnf; tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk av;pm;
&onf/ olwdk@tm; *&kwpdkuf&Sdaea=umif; jyo&onf?
opPmapmifhodonf qdk&m0,f bmrqdk rD;aool jzpf&rnf[k rqdkvdk? acgif;aqmif
ajymor# jyefvSefar;cGef; xkwfraeyJ t&m&mwdkif;udk emcHacgif;jiddrfhay;&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfyg? rdrdu odxm;
onfESifh acgif;aqmifajymonfu uGJvJaG ev#if ta=umif;&if;trSefudk wifjyoifhonf? trSeftwdkif; jzpfae
cJhonfrsm;udk xdefcsefrxm;oifhyg? acgif;aqmifu trSefudkrodyJ qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufv#if 'Drdkua&pD
v_yf&Sm;r_udk xdcdkufoGm;Edkifonf? opPmapmifhodoltaejzifh trSefudk acgif;aqmifxH wifjy+yD; oifhavsmfr_&Sdr&Sd
oHk;oyfpOf;pm;&ef owday;oifhonf?
tzGJ@twGif; wrifwum oabmuGJvJaG eatmif zefwD;=uonfrsm; &SdEdkifygonf? xdktcg
rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh jzpf&onfudk acgif;aqmifrS tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;oHk;oyfEdkif&ef t=uHy
axmufcHcsufrsm;ESihfwuG wifjyoihfonf? acgif;aqmifjzpfoluvnf; xdkudpPudk w&m;0if ajymqdkEdkifcGifh
ay;&ef tzGJ@twGif; vkyfief;pOfcsrSwfay;jcif;jzifh tjyeftvSef vdkufem&ygrnf?
107

wcgw&H r[mAsL[mwGif &nfrSef;csufrsm; ydkrdkxm;&Sdvm&ef tjcm;olwdk@u pDpOfaeonfudk

acgif;aqmiftay: opPmapmifhodaom tzGJ@om;u od&Sdaomfvnf; xkwfrajymyJ xm;wwfonf? xdk@jyif
acgif;aqmifu rodao;aomudpPudk tjcm;olwdk@u vkyfaqmif&ef &Sdaeaomfvnf; xdktzGJ@om;u
acgif;aqmifxH rwifjyyJ/ todray;yJ xm;wwfjyefonf? tzGJ@om;u acgif;aqmiftay: opPm&Sdae
aomfvnf; xdkokd@rvdktyfyJ v#Kd@0Sufxdefcsefxm;rd&m acgif;aqmiftzdk@ bmrSef;rodyJ jzpfae&aoma=umifh
tzGJ@twGif; oabm uGJvGJp&mrsm; jzpfay:vm&onf?
rnfonfhudpPrqdk v_yf&Sm;&ef qHk;jzwfvkduf+yDqdkv#if tm;wufoa&m axmufcH=u&pjrJyif?
tzGJ@twGif; a&&Snf oabmxm;uGJvJaG eI rjzpf? qHk;jzwfcsuf&mwGif acgif;aqmifjzpfolu tawmfqHk;/
taumif;qHk; vufatmufcH tzGJ@om;rsm;udk yg0ifapvdkufaomtcg tm;vHk;u wufnDvufnD axmufcH
ay;=uzdk@vdkonf?

(7) ydifzufta=umif;udk odxm;yg

ydifzufESifhywfouf&m owif;wckcsif;udkyif pkaqmif;&rnf/ avhvmoHk;oyf&rnf [kqkdvdk
onf? atmufygar;cGef;wdk@jzifh Oyrmay;ygrnf? aocsmpGm pdppfoHk;oyf&ygrnf? ydifzufta=umif;udk odaerS
ydifzufu rnfodk@wkef@jyefvmrnfudk r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolwdk@u ar#mfvifhxm;Edkifygrnf?

ydifzufjzpfolu t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_tay: rnfodk@xifxm;oenf;?

rsm;aomtm;jzifh ydifzufu rnfonfhudpPrsm; vkyw

f wfoenf;?

ydifzufonf rnfonfhzdtm;rsm; ay;cHae&oenf;?

ydifzuf. ,Hk=unfcsufrSm tb,fenf;?

ydifzuftwGuf ta&;ygaom/ ta&;rygaom tcsufrsm;um; tb,fenf;?

&efolrSm trSefwu,f rnfoljzpfoenf;?

'Drdkua&pD twdkuftcHrsm;udk ESdyfuGyf&ef n$ef=um;aeaom t"duacgif;aqmifwdk@ta=umif;rsm;rS

rnfonfwdk@udk odxm;oenf;?

(8) tawG@t=uHKrS oif,lyg

udk,fwdkif=uHKawG@cJh&onfhtrSm;rS oifcef;pm,lonfrSm wefzdk;t&SdqHk;jzpfonf? tjcm;ol
wdk@. trSm;ESifh atmifyGJrsm;rS oif,lv#ifvnf; t&if;tESD;odyfrpdkufyJ tjrwf&vdkufouJhodk@ tusKd;&SdvS
onf? rddrdtrSm;rS jyefvnf roif,lEdkifolrsm;tzdk@ tawG@t=uHKonf olwdk@. q&maumif;jzpfvmrnf
r[kwfyg?
jyD;cJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ ta=umif;udk okawoey
avhvm&ef tvGefaumif;onfh pmtkyftrsm;tjym; xGufvmonf? odk@jzpfI tjcm;olwdk@. tawG@t=uHK
rsm;rSvnf; aumif;aumif; avhvmEdik fonf? xdk@jyif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ e,fy,fwGif&Sdaom okawoe
rsm;ESifh tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk tef*sDtdktcsKd@u jyefvnfa0r#ay;csifaeonf? rnfonfht&yfa'orqdk t=urf;
rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_wck+yD;wdkif; odvm&aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSm ydk+yD;wdkuf&dkuf toHk;wJhEdkifonf? ,if;wdk@udk
pkaqmif;jyifqifxm;&efESifh tjcm;olrsm;tm; cGJa0ay;&ef ta&;=uD;onf? oifcef;pmwckwnf;udk avhvm&Hk
oufoufjzifh AsL[mr;jzpfrvmyg? AsL[majrmuf pOf;pm;oHk;oyfEdkifvmonfrSm udk,fydkif tawG@t=uHKrsm;rS
oifcef;pm,lEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@r[kwf tjcm;tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk zwf&_avhvm+yD; aqG;aEG;jcif;
jzifhvnf; xdkodk@ pOf;pm;oHk;oyfEdkifygrnf? TtcsufuydkIta&;ygonf?

108

rSwcf suf? erlempmtkyfrsm;- Bertil Litner, Outrage: Burma's Struggle For Democracy, (London
and Bangkok: White Lotus, 1990) (a'grmef[kef - Armjynf'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ - pH0if;armifESifh rif;rsKd;Edkif
jrefrmjyef); Howard Clark, Civil Resistence in KOsovo, (London: Pluto Press, 200).
erlem tef*sDtdkrsm;- t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifhywfoufI ;
tultnDay;Edkifaom NGO rsm;rSm The Albert Einstein Institution (www.aeinstein.org) and the
International Center On Nonviolent Conflict (www.nonviolent-conflict.org) wdk@jzpf=uonf?

(9) vufatmufcHtzGJ@om;wdk@. t&nftcsif;udk tjrifhqHk; jrSifhwifay;jyD; ,SOfydif

cdkif;yg
acgif;aqmifonf vlrSefae&mrSef a&G;cs,fwwf&efvdkonf? 'kwd,urBmppfta=umif;
avhvmolrsm;u AdkvfcsKyfyufwef(General Patton)ESifh AdkvfcsKyftdkifqifa[mif0g(General Eisenhower)
wdk@udk odu|rf;+yD;om;jzpfonf? r[mrdwfwdk@. ppfa&;u;yrf;r_rsm;wGif olwdk@wOD;ESifhwOD; u|rf;usifr_jcif;
rwlouJhodk@ yk*~dKvfa&; ta=umif;rsm;vnf; tvGefjcm;em;=uonf?
AdkvfcsKyfyufwefu ppfajrjyifwGif OD;aqmifuGyfuJ&mY tvGefawmfonfh wyfr;jzpfonf?
ol OD;aqmifaomwyfrsm;onf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; atmifyJrG sm;&&Sdonf? ol@wyfrsm;u xdkr#cHEdkif&nf&Sdzdk@
qdkonfrSmrjzpfEdkifyg[k trsm;pku oHk;oyf&avmufatmifyif oluacgif;aqmifwwfonf? olonf trsm;.
a=umuf&G@Hav;pm;jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? tu,fI ol@wGif wdkufyGJ0ifacgif;aqmif t&nftcsif;
omr&SdcJhaomf jyefydk@cH&rnfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdk? ta=umif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfyufwefonf b0ifjrifhvGef;+yD;
wzufom;udk ESpfjym;rwefatmif yufyufpufpuf ajymwwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ol@'%fudk tjcm;
r[mrdwfwyfr;tcsKd@ aumif;aumif; cHvdkuf&zl;onf?
AdkvfcsKyftdkifqifa[mif0g url tawG@t=uHKrsm;jyD; pDrHcef@cJrG _aumif;aomt&m&Sdjzpfonf?
at;at;aewwfoljzpfjyD; qufqH&vG,fulonf[k owfrSwfcH&onf? ol@udk oabmusaxmufcHolrsm;
&Sd=uonf? AdkvfcsKyftdkifqifa[mif0gu cdkif;v#if vdkvdkvm;vm; vkyfay;csifolrsm; &Sdonf? xdkta=umif;
a=umifhyif olonf Oa&myppfajrjyifwGif wyfr;jzpfvmonf? emZD*smrefwdk@vufatmufrS Oa&myudk
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf&ef wm0ef,l&onf? AdkvfcsKyftdkifqifa[mif0gonf r[mrdwfEdkifiHtm;vHk;rS ppfa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ac:,lum aemfref'DwdkufyJ(G Normandy invasion- codenamed Operation Overlord
1941)twGuf ppfjyifqifr_tm;vHk;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyonf? acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;xHrS axmufcHcsuf &,lEdkif
onfhtjyif yl;aygif;vmatmifvnf; vkyfEdkifco
Jh nf?
vdk&if;tcsufrSm acgif;aqmifwdk@onf
taumif;qHk; toHk;cswwf&efjzpfonf?

rdrdvufatmufrSolwdk@.pGrf;&nfudk

odxm;+yD;

acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;
acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHrsm;onf tqdk;0g;qHk;tm%m&SifrSonf 'Drdkua&pDenf;jzifh w&m;0if
wifajrmufcH&oltxd trsKd;pHkpGm rodrom ajymif;vJoGm;onf? =uHKawG@ae&aomtajctaeay:rlwnfI
usifhoHk;onfhyHkpH uGJjym;onf? xdk@jyif acgif;aqmifwOD;onf rdrd. yk*~dKvfa&;&mESifh vdkufzufaom
usihf=uHyHkt& rnfodk@aomyHkpHjzifh acgif;aqmifrnfudk qHk;jzwfa&G;cs,favh&Sdonf?

(u) tm%m&Sif acgif;aqmifr_ yHkpH

109

tm%m&Sif acgif;aqmif jzpfvmEdkif&jcif;rSm ta&;ygaom tcGifhaumif;rsm;udk &vdkufaom

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tm%m&Siftjzpf &yfwnfEdkifjcif; jzpfonf?

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tajctaewGifvnf; tm%m&Sifacgif;aqmifr_yHkpHudk pdwfuufusifhoHk;Edkifojzifh tm%m&Siftjzpf
&yfwnfvmEdkifjcif; jzpfonf?

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tm;udk;&HkrSvJGI bmrSvkyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh vufckyfxJua&omjzpfonf? xdkodk@aomtajctaewGif
acgif;aqmifvkyfolu tm%m&Siftjzpf &yfwnfEdkifjcif; jzpfonf?

rsm;aomtm;jzifhqdkaom a0zefcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI c|if;csufrsm; tjrJ&Sdonf?

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odyf*&kpdkufavhr&Sdyg? trsm;olig. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk apmifhqdkif;+yD;rS qHk;jzwf&ef/ aqG;aEG;ae&efvnf;
tcsdefray;yg? oloabmusonfhtwdkif;om qHk;jzwftrdef@ay;rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf tm%m&Sif
acgif;aqmifu jzpfvmEdkifonfrsm;udk ar#mfvifh+yD; uwifjyifqifxm;ygu cyfjrefjrefyif qHk;jzwfcsufcsoGm;
rnfjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfygu ta&;tcif;. aemufqHk;tajctaet& rnfonfhenf;AsL[m oHk;rnfudk
qHk;jzwfcsufay;wwfonf?
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t& twif;t=uyf trdef@emcH&onf? odk@aomf vlxkudk ppfwyfyHkpHjzifh twif;t=uyfvkyfIr&? jynfol
wdk@onf bmrqdkvkyfEdkif=uonf? pOf;pm;Edkif=uonf? aumif; raumif;udk a&G;cs,fEdkif=uonf? odk@jzpfI
vlxku tm%m&Sifacgif;aqmifr_udk rESpfoufv#if t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufcHvdkuf=uonf? xdktcg
tm%m&Sifudk z,f&Sm;a&;twGuf oufpGef@qHzsm; pGe@f pm;=uolrsm; &Sdvmonf? xdkokd@r[kwfyJ tm%mydkif
wdk@vufatmuf a&mufoGm;onfh jynfolwdk@rSm rdrdwdk@ udk,fydkift&nftaoG;jzifh vkyfEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk
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twdkif; t&JpGef@vkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdk@jyif rdrdwdk@tpDtpOfrSmaumif;+yD; xda&mufatmif vkyfEdkifrnf[k
vnf; ,kH=unfxm;ygu ydkrdktm;wufvmzdk@ &Sdonf?

(c) 'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmifr_ yHkpH

TyHkpHwGif&Sdaom tcGifhaumif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

jynfolvlxkuom wdkif;jynf.uH=urRmudk zefwD;Edkifolrsm; jzpfonf/ xdktwdkif;yif jzpf&rnf

[k ,Hk=unfaeonfhtcg 'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmiftaejzifh vlxk. pdwfygvufyg axmufcHr_udk
jrSifhwifay;Edkifonf?

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vmEdkifonf? tcsdefvnf;& jzpfvnf;jzpfEdkifrnfqdkv#if xda&mufaomt=uHay;tzGJ@rsm;udk
110

pepfwus zGJ@pnf;a&;udk 'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmifjzpfolu tm;ay;ygu jynfolwdk@udk,fwfdkif wdkif;jynf.

uH=urRmudk qHk;jzwfolrsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf?

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cs&onf/ rnfodk@rnfyHk qHk;jzwfcsufcs&onfudk vlwdkif;u em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;onf?

'Drdkua&pD vl@todkif;t0dkif;wGif jynfolwdk@udk,fwdkifu OD;aqmifonfhwm0efudk ,lvmaeojzifh

wefzdk;&Sdaom tawG@t=uHKrsm; &vm+yD; vufqifhurf; a0r#ay;Edkifonf?

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csufcsEdkif&ef tcsdefrsm;pGmay;ae&jcif;jzpfonf?
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=urnfjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmifwdk@rSmrl rdrdwdk@tzGJ@om;rsm; acgif;aqmifwwfap&efvnf; avhusifhay;
oihfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm acgif;aqmifonf rdrdtem;wGif &Sdaeolwdk@tm; qHk;jzwfcsuf csyHkcsenf;udk jyo
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olwdk@tm; wm0efrsm; cGJa0ay;oifhonf?
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tm;aumif;vmaponf?
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acgif;aqmif [kom ac:&ayawmhrnf?

tESpfcsKyf

acgif;aqmifwdkif;u olwdk@atmifjrifonfh t&nftaoG;rsm;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif jyoay;vdrfhrnf

r[kwfyg? odk@aomf atmifjrifaom acgif;aqmifwdkif;u xdkufwef&m t&nftaoG;rsm;udk vufqifh
urf; a0r# ay;wwf=uonf?

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tqdkif xGufay:vmaernf jzpfonf?

odk@aomf rnfonfh acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHudk oHk;oHk;/ acgif;aqmif. t&nftcsif; jrifhrm;r_uom t"du

jzpfonf?
--------- 000---------

111

tcef; (12)
tzsuftqD;
Contaminant, n.
Contaminate, v.

tjcm;wckudk npfywf/ ysufpD;apaom t&m?

qufpyf xdawG@jcif;jzifh npfywf/ ysufqD;aponf?
-Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary, Unabridged, 1975.

"gwfqDxJ a&tenf;i,fygaev#if tif*sifudk rD;rul;awmhyJ um;pufEd_;oHuom qlnH

aernf? a&rsm;oGm;v#ifawmh tif*sif vHk;0&yfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? "gwfqDwGif a&yg0ifaeIr&ouJhodk@
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y =um;0ifa&maESmaeaom taESmifht,Sufrsm;/ zsufvdkzsufqD;rsm; &Sdaeygu
atmifjrif&ef tcuftcJrsm; &SdEkdifonf? tcef; (12)wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif
tqdk;0g;qHk; tzsuftqD;/ t[ef@twm;rsm; rnfodk@&Sdae=uonfudk tao;pdwf avhvmygrnf?

tzsuftqD;rsm;
t=urf;zuftytrlrsm;jzifh zsufqD;jcif;
nDnGwfr_r&Sdaomtaetxm;jzifh zsufqD;jcif;
olwyg;tm;z,f&Sm;jcif;ESifh oD;oef@aevdkjcif;todw&m;
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;&Sdaejcif;
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ppfwyfu=uD;pdk;aejcif;
t=urf;rzufydyuQtwGuf roifhawmfaom zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk
'vHrsm;

t=urf;zuftytrlrsm;jzifh zsufqD;jcif;
tpdk;&udk/ vkyfydkifcGifh &Sd&Sd-r&Sd&Sd &yfwnfaeaom tpdk;&axmufcHolrsm;udk twdkuftcH
wdk@bufrS t=urf;zufjcif;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf tqdk;qHk;aomt[ef@twm;
jzpfapEdkifonf? twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_. wdkuf&dkufypfrSwfjzpfap/ oG,f0dkufxm;onfhypfrSwfjzpfap t=urf;zuf
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r&nf&G,fyJ xGufay:vmapEdkifonf? twdkuftcHwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_rSm 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;udk t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;
112

enf;vrf;jzifh pepfwus u;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf[k vlxku ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhxm;&m t=urf;zuf

tytrlrsm; &SdvmcJhv#if vlxkar#mfvifhxm;ovdk jzpfrvmEdkifawmhyg? ,Hk=unftm;udk;r_ avsmhenf;oGm;
wwfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_Y vlxk yg0ifvma&;vnf; tm;enf;oGm;Edkifonf?
t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf tjcm;wbuftm; t=urf;zufvufwkef@jyefvmatmif qGay;
ae=uonf? odomxif&Sm;atmif erlemay;&v#if 1987ckESpfu taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZmurf;ajrmifa'o
wGif tpPa&;wdk@ qufvufodrf;ydkufxm;jcif;udk qef@usifuef@uGufonfhtaejzifh ygvufpwdkif; t=urf;zuf
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Authority)u tqdkyg t=urf;zuftytrlrsm;ESifhywfoufr_I vHk;0rjiif;EdkifyJ &Sdae &onf?
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rSefor#udk EdkifiHwumrS axmufcHvmrnfr[kwfay?

113

nDnGwfr_r&Sdaom taetxm;jzifh zsufqD;jcif;

vlxku wufupGmyg0ifrSom vlxktiftm; &&SdEdkifonf? zdESdyfcHae&aom vlxkonf
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(2) trSefwu,f atmifyJ&G atmif OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;Edkifonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;udk awG@jrifae&aomtcg
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jzpfonf?
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ae&mwGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&u ol@pdwfuufzefwD;Edkifaom vufyg;ap tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;oGm;rnf
omjzpfonf? tu,fI xdkdodkf@vHk;0csKyfudkifxm;Edkifonfh tajctaersKd; r&Sdao;aomfvnf; tm%m&Siftpdk;&
qdkonfu twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ pdrfh0ifxdk;azmufI zdcJaG eOD;rnfom jzpfonf?
tzGJ@tpnf;0ifwdk@rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh tzGJ@vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsdefay;=uonf? tzGJ@
tay: opPmapmifhod=uonf? tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufvmaomtcg tzGJ@tpnf;
0ifwdk@onf rddrdwdk@b0ay;tajctaeESifh EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;udk vGwfvyfpGm ra0zefEdkifawmhyJ jzpfvmonf?
olwdk@. vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm; ydwfqdk@cH&awmhonf? acgif;aqmiftcsif;csif; rnDnGwfv#ifvnf;
tzGJ@0ifwdk@rSm [dkacgif;aqmifudk a=umuf&/ onfacgif;aqmifudk a=umuf& jzpfvmonf? [dkvludk raygif;&/
onfvludk rwdkifyif& pojzifhuef@owfcHvm&onf? xdktcg tzGJ@0ifwdk@rSm rdrdwdk@ydkifqdkifEdkifonfh a=umufpdwf
uif;rJhaom t&nftaoG;rsm;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifaom t&nftcsif;rsm; qHk;&H;&jyefonf? 'Drdkua&pD
axmufcHaom tzGJ@rsm;. acgif;aqmifwdk@u tzGJ@twGif; nDnGwfa&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifouJhodk@ tpdk;&
'vHrsm;uvnf; nDnGwfa&;udk pepfwus tcsdef,l zdcGJonf? aemufqHk;wGif xdkodk@aom acgif;aqmifrsKd;ESifh
'vHwdk@rSm xl;rjcm;em;om jzpfvmawmhonf?
tcsKd@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm
rnfonfhtcgrS
rnfonfhae&mrS
atmifjrifrvmcJhyg?
ta=umif;rSm acgif;aqmifydkif;twGif; rnDnGwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? acgif;aqmif wOD;ESifhwOD; yl;aygif;jyD;
ta&;ygaomudpPrsm;udk vkyfv#ifjzpfEdkifonhfwdkif nDnGwfr_r&Sdojzifh jzpfatmifvkyf&ef cufcJaeawmhonf?
tzGJ@twGif; tuGJtjyJrsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufae=uonfudk vlxku od&Sdae=uaoma=umifh wcsdefu tiftm;
aumif;aumif;jzifh v_yf&mS ;cJhaomtzGJ@rsm;yif xdxda&mufa&muf rv_yf&Sm;EdkifyJ jzpfvmonf? tvkyfrjzpf
aomtzGJ@udk vlxku pdwf0ifpm;aernf r[kwfay? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wck pwif&ef aqmf=ovdkufv#if tcsKd@tzGJ@
rsm;u yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ef jiif;qefonfrSm tcsif;csif; ododomom uGJjyJaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;
114

ajymif;vJ&ef vlxku awmif;qdkonfudk axmufcHay;Edkifrnfh r[mAsL[mudk tzGJ@rsm;u pkaygif;a&;qGJI r&yJ

jzpfaewwfonf? ,if;onfvnf; twdkuftcHwdk@twGif; tuGJtjyJrsm;a=umifh jzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGif; nDnGwfr_udk jrSihfwif/ xdef;odrf;&ef txda&mufqHk;enf;vrf;wckrSm
v_yf&Sm;r_. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jzpfEdkifor# tenf;qHk; xm;&Sd&efjzpfonf? twdkuftcHwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
atmifjrifv#if 'Drdkua&pDudk axmufcH=uolrsm;twGufomru tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk axmufcHaeolrsm;
tygt0if EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;aprnf qdkaom bHk&nfreS f;csufrsKd;jzifh tjrJrjywff
wdwdusus v_yf&Sm;ae&ygrnf?

olwyg;tm; z,f&Sm;jcif;ESifh oD;oef@aevdkjcif; todw&m;

&nfrSef;csufwlvifhupm; rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;aeaom EdkifiHa&;(trsKd;tpm;)wGif ryg0ifap&[k
rl0g' xkwfjyefI (odk@r[kwf) a=unmcsufxkwfjyefI tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;tm; z,fusOfxm;rdwwfonf?
xdktcg tqdkygtkyfpku rdrdtm; &efvfdk rkef;wD;wwfonf? odk@r[kwf pdwf"gwfusI pdwfygvufygr&SdawmhyJ
jzpfoGm;wwfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jidrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdkol (Pacifist) wdk@. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfhyHkpHrsKd;
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf? olwdk@u t=urf;zuf0g'onf oabma&;&mtm;jzifh rSm;,Gif; aeonf[k ,Hk=unfxm;ol
(Deontological Pacifist) rsm;jzpfonf? wdk@0g'omv#if taumif;qHk; jzpfonf[k w,loef pGJrSwf
xm;olrsm;vnf; jzpfonf? tjcm;rl0g'&Sdol rnfolwdk@ESifhr# ra&maESmyJ oD;oef@ae=uonf? xdktytrludk
trsm;pku vufrcH=uonfudkvnf; olwdk@u *&krpdkuf/ vpfvsL&_xm;onf?
twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rSmyif xdktytrlrsm; &Sdonfr[kwfyg? tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&uvnf; vlr_todkif;t0kdif;twGif;/ EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;twGif; twdkuftcHwdk@tm; vufrcH
Edkifatmif vkyfavh&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh t=urf;zuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;[k pGyfpGJjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?
AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiHwGif orRw [l*dkacs;AufZftm; qef@usifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf vlrsKd;a&;ESifh vlwef;pm;tv$mwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;udk ta=umif;yjyD;
uarmufur jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;jzpfonf[k tpdk;&u tjypfzdk@onf? orRw[l*dkacs;AufZfudk,fwdkifu
tar&dua'ocHwdkif;&if;om;/ tmz&duESifh pydefaoG;aESmoljzpfonf? ol@udk qif;&Jom;ESifh aoG;aESmolwdk@u
axmufcH=uonf? orRwonf ol@udkaxmufcHolwdk@tm; vlcsrf;om/ vlvwfwef;pm;wdk@ESifh &efwdkufay;
vdkufonf? vljzLrsm;onf twdkuftcHwdk@udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeonf[kvnf; orRwu y&d,m,f
aumif;aumif;jzifh qG,fw&m;a[moGm;onf? orRw. qG,fw&m;atmufwGif trSefwu,fajz&Sif;&rnfh
jy\emrsm;jzpfaom tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;r_ESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@. nHhzsif;toHk;rusr_rsm;udk vlxku rnfodk@r#
tjypfrwif cGifhv$wfapzdk@ jzpfaeonf? orRwonf tm%m&SifpepfqDodk@ wjznf;jznf; OD;wnfvmaeonf
udkvnf; vlxku owdrxm;rdovdk jzpfaeap cJhonf?
trSefpifppf orRw[l*dkacs;AufZfonf twdkuftcHwdk@tm; vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rS z,fusOf
cH&ap&ef/ vlxkaxmufcHr_ r&&Sd&ef tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? twdkuftcHwdk@rSm orRw.pGyfpJcG sufrsm;udk
jyefvnfacsy&ef cufcJaecJh&onf? odk@aomf twdkuftcHwdk@txJrS CAMBIO qdkaomtkyfpku qif;&Jom;wdk@
aexdkif&ma'otwGif; wefjyef pnf;&Hk;a&;qif;aecJhonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif twdkuftcHwdk@ yg0ifae&rnf
jzpfa=umif;/ tpdk;&u 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ydkrkdusifhoHk;EdkifrSom/ pDrHcef@cJEG dkifaom t&nftcsif;&SdrSom/
tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;r_ avsmhenf;rSom jynfolwdkif;u tusKd;cHpm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; pojzifh EdkifiHa&; tod
w&m;rsm; jyef@ESH@atmif u;yrf;ay;vsuf&Sdonf?
'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tjcm;wOD;/ wzGJ@tm; ab;z,fxm;jcif;ESifh rdrduom
oD;oef@aevdkjcif;jzifh &nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifrnfh tcGifhaumif;rsm; &SdvmEdkifrnf r[kwfyg?
115

'Drdkua&pDv_y&f Sm;r_twGif; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;&Sdaejcif;

jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufaom vlxka&;&mudpPrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; yg0if
aejcif;tm; twdkuftcHwdk@u cGifhryoifhyg? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;rS txl;u|rf;usifr_qdkif&m tultnD
&,l&mwGif (udk,fpm;)qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh tm%m(Line authority) ESifh wdwdususwm0efcH&jcif; (Strict
accountability) wdk@rSm tvGefcufcJ oddrfarG@aomudpPrsm; jzpfa=umif; tav;teufodxm;&ygrnf?
twdkuftcHwdk@u tqdkygtultnDudk awmif;qdk&&SdcJhzl;v#if v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xdkodk@&&Sda=umif;udk rqdkif;rwG
0efcHoifhonf? odk@r[kwf ajrSmufyifhcsD;rGrf;aom cHpm;csufrsm; rygyJESifhyif &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyoihfonf?
trSefwu,fvnf; vkyf&yfaumif;wck jzpfygonf?
EdkifiHjcm;om;wdk@xHrS wwfodu|rf;usifr_ tultnD &,lonfhowif;rsm;udk t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;ol tzGJ@0ifwdk@tm; &Edkifoavmufrsm;rsm; today;xm;&ef ta&;}uD;onf? jzpfEdkifoavmufvnf;
jrefjrefqefqef ajymjyoifhonf? odk@rSom olwdk@onf acgif;aqmifwdk@.t&nftcsif;udk od&Sdvm=urnf
jzpfonf? xdk@jyif acgif;aqmifydkif;tm; ulnDaeaom EdkifiHjcm;om; t=uHay;yk*~dKvfwdk@. t&nftcsif;u
rnfodk@&Sdonf/ xdkyk*~dKvfwdk@. txl;tusKd;pD;yGm;u rnfodk@jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf tp&Sdonfwdk@udk qifjcifwHk
w&m;jzifh aumif;aumif; csdefqEdkifayrnfjzpfonf? wcgw&H EdkifiHjcm;t=uH^m%fESifh tultnDrsm;udk
tajctaet& vlod&Sif=um; rxkwfazmfEdkifonfrsm; &Sdwwfonf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif twdkuftcH acgif;aqmif
ydkif;u EdkifiHjcm;tultnDonf tusKd;vdkI anmifa&avmif;aejcif;[kwf-r[kwfudk vlod&Sif=um; zGifhcs
today;oifh-ray;oifh/ xdcdkufepfemEdkifp&m &Sd-r&Sd qdkonfhtcsufudk aocsmpGm pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ygrnf?
'kwd,ta&;=uD;onfrSm AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
rjzpfraeyg0if&ef vdktyfygu &Sif;vif;vG,fulpGm oabmaygufEdkifonfh a,bl,s rl0g'ukd toHk;csoifhonf?
odk@rSom twdkuftcHwdk@. atmifyGJrSefor#onf EdkifiHjcm;om;wdk@. qHk;jzwfcsufa=umifhom &jcif;jzpfonf[k
tpdk;&u apm'uwufvmonfhwdkif aumif;aumif; jyefvnfacsyEdkifrnfjzpfonf? wzef tqdkyg
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; yg0ifaeonfhudpPudk tpdk;&u ajymqdka0zefaeor# tpdk;&omv#if tm;enf;oGm;rnf
jzpfonfhtjyif twdkuftcHwdk@tay:Yvnf; tjrif&Sif;vif;oGm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?

t=udrfaygif;rsm;pGm usaemfwdk@ &Sif;vif;cJhjyD;wJhtwdkif; usaemfwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_&J@ acgif;aqmif

ydkif;u t=uHay;yk*~dKvfawGudk a&G;cs,fcJhygw,f? tv$maygif;pHku ynm&SifawG/ vGwfvyfjcif;udk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh
EdkifiHaygif;pHkrSm &SdaewJh t&nftcsif;&SdolawG trsm;=uD;xJu a&G;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? &&SdcJhwJht=uH^m%fawG[m
usaemfwdk@acgif;aqmifydkif;u trsm;oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ udkufnDjyD; toHk;cswm rsm;ygw,f? 'g[m jzpfoihfwJh
twdkif; jzpfcJhwmygyJ?
'Dfdrdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvm=uaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf toHk;
0ifrnfh A[kokwrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHae=uolrsm;jzpf&ayvdrfhrnf? olwdk@onf u|rf;usifpGmvnf; v_yf&Sm;Edkif
=u&rnfjzpfonf? odk@r[kwf AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk toHk;y&mwGif av;eufus,fjyef@pGm
pOf;pm;Edkif=uolrsm;vnf; jzpf&ayvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk qufoG,fxm;oifhonf? odk@aomf
olwdk@onf avhusifhay;ol/ twdkifyifcHwdk@omjzpfjyD; qHk;jzwfcsufay;olrsm; r[kwfa=umif;ESifh olwdk@.
t&nftcsif;rsm;udk toHk;csrnfqdkonfhta=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; today;xm;&ygrnf?

EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ppfwyfu =uD;pdk;aejcif;

EdkifiHwck.ppfwyftm; EdkifiHa&;ESifhrdwfqufay;&ef tm;ay;onfrSm trSm;wckjzpfonf?
jynfwGif; EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ppfwyftaejzifh vufa&Smif&ef tawmfyifcufcJaomtajctae ESpfck&Sdonf?
yxrtajctaerSm txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifydkif;u a&G;aumufyGJjzifh w&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpf &yfwnfoGm;Edkif
116

aomtcg jzpfonf? 'kwd,tajctaerSm xdkacgif;aqmifydkif;u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk

toHk;csI ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;tm; acsr_ef; cdkif;aomtcgjzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_ydktm;aumif;vmv#if tpdk;&u ppfwyfjzifh twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm;
acsr_ef;cdkif;vmEdkifonfudk ar#mfvifhxm;oifhonfjzpfI tenf;qHk; TtcsufudkpOf;pm;xm;&ayvdrfhrnf?
xdk@a=umifh ppfwyfu rdrdwdk@ jynfolrsm;tay: ppfqifwdkufcdkufjcif;ryzdk@ twdkuftcHwdk@u apmapmuyif
enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazG tm;xkwfxm;oihfonf?
jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ppfwyfonf vlxkbufrS &yfwnfay;wwfygonf?
t=uD;rm;qHk; (wenf;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynf.uH=urRmudkqHk;jzwfrnfh) 'Drdkua&pDta&;udk v_yf&Sm;aepOfrSmyif
ppfwyfu vlxkbufrS &yfwnfay;avh&dSzl;onf? odk@aomf wdkif;oljynfom;tcsif;csif;udk ppfwyfu
vufeufudkif rwdkufcdkufv#if rjzpfawmhonfh ta=umif;&if;vnf; &Sdwwfonf? xdktajctaersKd;wGif
jynfwGif;ppf (odk@) tm%modrf;r_ jzpfvmzdk@rsm;onf? rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh ppfwyfu yg0ifvmonfjzpfap
ESpfrsKd;pvHk;rSm vlxktwGuf tusKd;r&dS/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; ydkrdktm;jznfh ray;Edkifyg?
ppfwyfonf csufcsif;wdkufcdkufrcH&v#if toGiful;ajymif;ay;&ef [efaqmifvSnfhpm;wwfjyD;
tpdk;&. xdef;csKyfr_udk odrf;ydkufEdkifzG,f&Sdonf? xdktcg tqdkygtoGiful;ajymif;r_onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
=umoGm;wwfonf/ q,fpkESpfrsm; wdkifatmifyif =umwwfonf? csDvDEdkifiHwGif tm%m&Sif yDEdkacs;udk
rz,f&Sm;EdkifrD (17)ESpf=umcJh+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f xm;onfrSm q,fpkESpf (4)ckausmf
onfhwdkif rjyD;qHk;ao;yJ &Sdaeonf? tu,fI xdyfwef;t&m&Sd=uD;tcsKd@u vlxkbufrS&yfwnf&ef yk*~dKvfa&;
t& tcdkiftrmcHpm;rdv#if olwkd@onf &mxl;rSE_wfxGufoifhonf? xdk@aemuf oifhawmf&m EdkifiHa&;tkypf k
twGif; olwdk@.EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: t,ltqtwdkif; wOD;csif;taejzifh taumiftxnfazmfoihfonf?

t=urf;rzuf ydyuQtwGuf roifhawmfaom zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk

AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk tm&Hkpdkuf&ef usef
aeaom tydkif;rsm;&Sdonf? xdktydkif;rsm; jzpfrvmEdkifatmif tcsKd@aom zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkrsm;u
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_udk [ef@wm; zsufqD;aeonf? rnfonfhppfyGJwGifrqdk aumfrwDu tqHk;tjzwf
ay;jcif;onf roifhawmfouJhokd@jzpfonf? oDtdk&Dtm;jzifh AsL[mydkif;tqifhwGif wdkufrnfhtcsdefESifhae&mudk
qHk;jzwf&ef wOD;uwm0ef,l&onf? usefaomolwdk@u ppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkufa&;udk wm0ef,l&onf?
wm0ef&Sdoltaejzifh taumiftxnfazmf v_yf&Sm;rnfhol(wdk@)udk rodv#if rnfonfhtqifh
yifjzpfapumrl txl;wm0efrsm; ray;oihfyg? vltrsm;wGif wm0ef&Sdonf qdkaomxHk;pHr&Sdyg? wOD;
wa,mufwGifom wm0ef&Sd&onf csnf;jzpfonf? Ttcsufu tqHk;tjzwfay;onfhudpPwGif vltrsm;
ryg0if&[k t=uHyaeonfr[kwfyg? tqHk;tjzwf ay;onfhudpPwGif yg0ifxdkufonfqdkaom axmufcHcsufudk
*&kwpdkuf pOf;pm;&rnf[kvnf; t=uHay;aeonfr[kwfyg? qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
wGif oufqdkifolwdk@uom wm0ef&dSoihfa=umif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf?
tcsKd@olrsm;wGif rawmfavmbpdwfu azsmufzsufr&atmif tjrJwrf;&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf?
xdkpdwfu EdkifiHa&; ygwD0ifwdk@tm; v_yf&Sm;r_jyD;qHk;oGm;aomtcg tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwcktwGif;
ae&maumif;&&ef qHk;jzwfapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? wcgw&HwGif v_yf&Sm;r_rjyD;ao;vifhupm; v_yf&Sm;r_jyD;
oGm;v#if olwdk@&Edkifrnfh ae&maumif;twGuf OD;pm;ay; v_yf&Sm;aewwfonf? odk@jzpfI 'Drdkua&pD &&Sda&;
twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; v_yf&mS ;r_=u&mY twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdk@onf bufvdkufjcif;r&Sdatmif
tao;pdwfpdppfxm;onfh tpDtpOfrsm;udkom tajcyv_yf&Sm;oifhonf? xdktpDtpOfrsm;onf &nfrSef;csuf
udk wdkuf&dkuf taxmuftul yEdkif&ygrnf? tzGJ@tpnf;w&yftaejzihf v_yf&Sm;r_udk atmifjrifatmif tvkyf
aqmifEdkfifqHk; tpDtpOfrsm; jzpfae&ygrnf?
117

&nfrSef;csufESifhrqdkifonfhjyif tzGJ@.vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;udkvnf; tusKd;ryaom tpDtpOf

rsm;udk a&;qGJwifjyvmonfrsm; &Sdwwfonf? xdktpDtpOfrsm;onf rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhjzpfjzpf wOD;
-wzGJ@udk tcGifhta&;omaprnfh rawmfavmbpdwfjzifh pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf taumiftxnf
azmf&ef zdtm;ay;vmrnfjzpfonf? oDtdk&Dtm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckwGif wduscdkifrmaaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;
&Sdxm;jcif;tm;jzifh tqdkyg zdtm;'%frsm;udk cHEdkif&nf&Sdaernfjzpfonf? AsL[mydkif;qdkif&m ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm
v_yf&Sm;&ef u;yrf;aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;wcktaejzifh taumif;qHk; avhusifhxm;aom/ taumif;qHk;
OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif&Sdaom tiftm;pkrsm; &Sd&efom vdktyfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif jzpfajrmufatmifqufvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfwckrSm tzGJ@tpnf;tvdkuf
ulnD,dkif;yif;=ua&; jzpfonf? tzGJ@tm;vHk;u &nfrSef;csufcsif;vnf;wl/ r[mAsL[mudkvnf; oabmwl
nDnGwf=uv#if tem*wfY axmufcHr_tjynfht0/ tiftm;tjynfht0jzifh v_yf&Sm;vmEdkifa&;udk ar#mfvifhI
&+yDfjzpfonf?
t=urf;rzuf ydyuQtwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk oifhawmfpGm zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ wyfaygif;pk
zGJ@jcif;/ r[mAsL[mt& tpDtpOfrsm;udk cGJa0wm0ef,l=ujcif;rsm; &Sdygonf? r[mAsL[mESifh yg0ifonfh
tpDtpOfrsm;udk wyfaygif;pktwGif;&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;u vufcH&Hk/ axmufcH=u&Hkjzifh r+yD;ao;yg?
xdktpDtpOfudk wm0ef,lonfhtzGJ@u vkyfEdkif-rvkyfEdkifudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf? odk@aomf
r[mAsL[mt& vkyfaqmifEdkifonfxuf ododomomausmfvGefI wm0efay;xm;rdv#if AsL[mr;wdk@u
csufcsif;odrnfjzpfI vdktyfovdk jyifqifajymif;vJEdkifonf?
wyfaygif;pktwGif;&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;wcktm; pGrf;&nfjrSifhwifay;&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyfaernf
jzpfonf? wcgw&H tajctaet& rjzpfjzpfatmif ajz&Sif;&onfvnf; &Sdwwfonf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif vuf&Sd
v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrS tjcm;wckodk@ ajymif;vJwm0efay;&onf? avhusifhoif=um;vmcJhonfh tawG@t=uHK
rsm;vmonfhtcg tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rnfr# vkyfaqmifEdkif =uonf/ rnfr#xd &nfrSef;csuf aygufa&mufaejyDudk
qHk;jzwfvmEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

'vHrsm;
tpdk;&owif;ay;wdk@u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJokd@pdrfh0ifum
xdktzGJ@rsm;u rnfodk@tpGrf;tp &Sdaeonf/ rnfodk@aom &nf&G,fcsuf &Sdaeonfudk tjrJrjywf tcGifhta&;
&wdkif; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;ae=urnf jzpfonf? tpdk;&.0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rSm xdkodk@aomtytrlomv#if
&Sdonf[k twdkuftcHwdk@bufu ar#mfvifhrxm;oifhyg?
owif;ay;wdk@xufydkI ydyd&d&d zsufqD;wwfolrSm 'vH (Agent Provocateurs) jzpfonf?
'vHwdk@rSm t=urf;zufr_jzpfvmatmif qGay;&ef u;yrf;wwf=uonf? olwdk@onf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifae=u
olwdk@tm; oabmxm;uGJvJGatmif tm;xkwfrnfjzpfonf? tpdk;&bufrS xdcdkufqHk;&H; rcHEdkifaomae&m
rsm;Y twdkuftcHwdk@u v_yf&Sm;vmv#if vrf;a=umif;v$JatmifvkyfrnfholrSm 'vH jzpfonf?
'vHrsm;.&efudk umuG,f&efrSm txl;vdktyfa=umif; &Sif;aeygonf/ odk@aomf v_yf&Sm;ol
wdk@onf rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif; tvGeftu|H/ tvsifpvdk txifrv$J=uzdk@vdkonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif yHkpHajymif;
oGm;jyD jzpfa=umif; acgif;aqmifydkif;u tcsufjyonfrsm;udk tzGJ@om;wdk@u Edk;Edk;=um;=um; &Sdae&ygrnf?
tzGJ@taejzifh tem*wfv_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm;udk ydkrdk =uyfrwf ppfaq;EdkifcGifh&Sdrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;
xm;&ygrnf?

118

tESpfcsKyf
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.tzsuftqD;rsm;udk vHk;0z,f&Sm;ypf&ef jzpfEdkifrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; Edk;=um;aejcif;/
uwifumuG,fxm;jcif;/ jy\em&SdonfESifh csufcsif;ta&;,ljcif;ponfwdk@jzifh twdkuftcHwyfaygif;pkESifh
tzGJ@0ifrsm;tay: qdk;qdk;0g;0g; xdcdkufvmEdkifonfrsm;udk uef@owfEdkifonf? txda&mufqHk; wm;qD;Edkifonfh
enf;vrf;rSm acgif;aqmifydkif;u tm;aumif;jyD; xda&mufatmif pDrHcef@cGJEdkifzdk@jzpfonf?
--------- 000---------

119

tcef; (13)
jyify tultnD &,ljcif;
cH,lcsufrsm;/ txiftjrifrsm;udk jyef@ESH@oGm;atmif jzef@csd&mwGif v_H@aqmfay;ol (Propagandist) onf
txl;u|rf;usifonf?
- [ef;pf pyD;tm; (pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ynm&Sif/ EdkifiHa&;ody`Hnm&Sif)
EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJ&ef t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&mwGif [efcsufnDnD vkyfaqmifEdkifonfrSm jynfwGif;
jzpfonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u axmufcHay;Edkif&efvnf; ta&;=uD;onf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u
oHwrefa&;t& axmufcHonfhtcg/ tjcm; EdkifiHwumtultnDtrsKd;rsKd; &vmonfhtcg AsL[majrmuf
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfhae&mrsm; us,fjyef@vmonfhtjyif twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;wdk@uvnf; tpGrf;tp
ydkrdkxufjrufvmonf? tjcm;wbufwGif jynfytpdk;&rsm;/ jynfytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh ododomom &if;ESD;jyD;rS
r[mrdwfzGJ@&onfrsm; &SdouJhodk@ ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; r[mrdwfvkyfxm;&onfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? tcef;(13)wGif
jynfytultnDrsm;ESifhywfoufI xm;&Sd&rnfh twdkif;twmudk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfEdkif&efESifh t=uHay;csuf
tcsKd@udk azmfjyygrnf?

jynfy tpdk;&
t*Fvefbk&ifr t,fvdZbuf(1)(Queen Elizabeth I of England) &nfn$ef;onfh
twdkif;qdkv#if tpdk;&trsm;pkwdk@rSm rdwfaqGrvdkyJ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;om tvdk&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk@ jzpfae
wwf=uonf? tqdkyg udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;wdk@rSm wcgw&H vHkcHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; wckckESifh qufpyf
aewwfjyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh vuf&Sdtajctaersm;t& jzpfay:onfh udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; jzpfonf? tpdk;&u
olvdkcsifonfhtwdkif; udkf,fusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; zefwD;aoma=umifh vlxk.b0rsm; wufvdkufedrfhvdkuf jzpfae&onf?
tpdk;&u jynfolwdk@tusKd;pD;yGm;udkom OD;wnfxm;v#if jynfolwdk@b0rsm; trSefyif wdk;wuf &rnfom
jzpfonf?
odk@jzpfI tpdk;&qdkonfrSm vlxkuydkrdkvufcHEdkifrnfh tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pkpnf;&efudkom
=uHpnfpOf;pm;=u&onf? (19)ESifh (20)&mpkESpfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;a&;0g'onf ppfjzpf&ef vlxktiftm;udk
pkpnf;onhf r[mAsL[mw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf? xdkumvtpdk;&rsm;twGuf tvGefxda&mufaom udkf,fusKd;
pD;yGm; jzpfcJhonf?
udkvdkeDpepfudk toufoGif;ol vljzLwdk@onf tjrwftpGef;&&eftwGuf udkvdkeDvkyfc=Jh u
onfudk rvHkrvJ zHk;uG,fae&qJjzpfonf? &nf&G,fcsuftrSefrSm tjrwftpGef;&a&; qdkaom udkf,fusKd;pD;yGm;
jzpf+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;&Edkifzdk@ ukdvdkeDpepfudk toufoGif;&jcif;om jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI &nf&G,fcsuftrSefu
udkvdkeDpepfxuf ydkta&;=uD;aeI &Sif;jyoifhaomfvnf; vljzLwdk@twGufrSmrl 0efxkyf0efydk;=uD;wck jzpfaecJh
&onf?
rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhjzpfjzpf trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;yHkpHrsm; ajymif;vJoGm;aomtcg
rl0g'rsm;vnf; ajymif;vJoGm;onf? wcgw&H rar#mfvifhyJ &kwfw&uf ajymif;vJwwfonf? r[mrdwfrsm;
onfvnf; ppfjzpfaepOftwGif;rSmyif rddrdwdk@bufrS r[mrdwfrsm;udk pGef@v$wfI tjcm;wbufodk@ bufajymif;
cJh=uzl;onf? xdkodk@ajymif;vJ&onfrSm xdktpdk;&wdk@. udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; ajymif;vJvdkaoma=umifh[k qdk&ygrnf?
jynfolwdk@ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJatmif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;ae&jcif;
jzpfa=umif; twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pD bufawmfom;wdk@u EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&tvSL&Sifrsm;tm; &Sif;jyzdk@vkdonf?
ulnD&eftvm;tvm&Sdaom tvSL&Sifwdk@rSm tjyeftvSef tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfxGe;f r_udk ar#mfudk;xm;onff?
120

xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHwumaxmufcHr_&a&;twGuf txufygtcsufonf ta&;=uD;a=umif; wm0ef&Sdolwdk@u

em;vnfxm;&ygrnf?
jynfyrS vuf&Sdtm%m& 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yfjzpfap/ tvm;wl tpdk;&trsm;jzpfap
tjyeftvSef tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;r_udk wefzdk;xm;jyD; axmufcHtm;ay;wwfonf? jynfytvSL&Sif tpdk;&
wdk@onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufcHay;onfhtwGufa=umifh (odk@) tenf;qHk; =um;aeay;onfh
twGufa=umifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;&onfyif? xdkodk@ tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_ xif&Sm;aoma=umifh tvSL&Sif
tpdk;&rsm;u olwdk@. oufqdkif&m tcGefxrf;jynfolwdk@tm; tyoabmaqmifaom ta=umif;jycsufudk
jyefvnf &Sif;jyay;Edkif=uonf?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk jrSifhwifa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u jynfytvSL&Sif tpdk;&wdk@tm;
csOf;uyfpnf;&Hk;&mwGif erlemtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;u/ vHkcHa&;uESifh tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifaom tpdk;&xdyfydkif;
t&m&Sd=uD;rsm;. tcef;u[lI oHk;ydkif;cGJI azmfjyygrnf?
pD;yGm;a&;uwGif jynfytpdk;&wdk@tm; csOf;uyfpnf;&Hk;&mYf 'Drdkua&pDudk xdef;odrf;Edkif
onfhtcg jynfytpdk;&wdk@twGuf &if;ESD;jrSKyfEHS&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xyfrHjznhfqnf;Edkifa=umif;/ vuf&Sd
&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_rsm;udk tumtuG,f ay;oGm;Edkifa=umif; pojzifh rufvHk; ay;xm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
vHkcHa&;uwGif axmufcH&eftvm;tvm&Sdol rdwfaqGtpdk;&wdk@tm; csO;f uyfpnf;&Hk;
Edkifonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh ta&;tcif;wckjzpfvmaomtcg xdkdtpdk;&wdk@onf wefzdk;&Sd&Sd ulnDay;
EdkifzG,f&Sdonf? olwdk@onf ppfav,mOfrsm;ysHoef;&eftwGuf cGifhycsufrsm;ay;Edkif=uonf? axmufvSrf;a&;
owif;rsm; zvS,fa&;tpDtpOfudk vkyfay;Edkifonf? tjyeftvSeftusKd;pD;yGm;udk jcddrf;ajcmufvmv#if
EdkifiHjcm;wyfrsm; apv$wfcsxm;a&;udkyif aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf?
tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifaom tpdk;& xdyfydkif;t&m&Sd=uD;rsm;. tcef;uwGif olwdk@.
axmufcHr_ESifh em;vnfr_onf tvGeftrif; ta&;=uD;vSonf? EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifwOD;u 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_
ta=umif;udk azmfjy&Hkoufoufjzifhyif wEdkifiHvHk; csufcsif;owdyEdkifp&m jzpfoGm;jyD; tqdkygta=umif;onf
vnf; w&m;0ifjzpfoGm;onf? xdkodk@EdkfifiHawmft=uD;tuJrS w&m;0iftodtrSwfyajymqdkjcif;a=umifh
owif;rD'D,mwdk@u ydyuQESifhywfoufonfh aemufcHta=umif;rsm;/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mZmwfvrf;rsm;/
owif;a0zefcsufESifh t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;udk vlxkodatmif vkyfay;Edkif=uonf? jzpf&yf tawmfrsm;rsm;
wGif 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ owif;rsm;onf pdwf"gwfa&;&mudk jrSifhwifay;onfhtjyif
ydifzuf tm%m&Siftm; EdkifiHwumrS &H_@cscH&onfhbufodk@ a&muf&Sdaponf?
rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk v$wfawmfw&yfwGif tpdk;&xdyfydkif;t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhtm;
w&m;0ifjzpfap/ w&m;r0ifjzpfap =oZmanmif;Edkifaom udk,fydkifenf;vrf;rsm; &Sd=uonf? Oyrm
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif uGef*&ufv$wfawmfrS =um;emjcif;onf 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk
vlod&Sif=um;xkwfazmf&ef xda&mufaom enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf? =um;em+yD;aemufydkif;wGif rdef@cGef@rsm;
ajym=uonf? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfonf? trsm;pkaxmufcHr_&aom Oya'rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? Todk@jzifh
'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf taxmuftul&aom yHhydk;r_rsm;udk &&SdvmEdkifonf?

tpdk;& vufatmufcH r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tef*sDtdk)

acgif;pOfwckudk w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;&onfh ta=umif;t&mjzpfvmatmif vkyf&onfhudpP/
xdk@aemuf tpdk;&. EdkifiHawmf tusKd;pD;yGm;wckjzpfvm&ef vkyf&onfhudpP ponfh vkyfief;pOfrSm &_yfaxG;
cufcJvSonf? t&nftcsif; pum;ajymonf? u|rf;usifr_ &Sdae&onf?/ A[kokw jynfhpHk&onf? tawG@t=uHK
121

&ifhusuf&onf? omrefum&Sefum vkyfIr&? udpP trsm;tjym;yif trSeftwdkif; jzpfae&ef vdktyfonf?

EdkifiHwckESihfwckvnf; xdkvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfyHkcsif; jcm;em;=uonf?
uHaumif;axmufronfrSm 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
tjrifus,fvmatmif ulnDfay;aeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sd=uonf? xdktzGJ@rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
udk axmufcH=uonf? tef*sDtdk todkif;t0dkif;wGif tcsKd@onf rnfonfhae&mrS tcsufusus v_yf&Sm;v#if
tpdk;&tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifonfudk aumif;aumif;od=uonf? tef*sDtdkrsm;onf tvkyform;wdk@.
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jrSihfwifay;=uonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk wdkufzsuf=uonf? ESdyfpuf!if;yef;cH
&olwdk@udk,fpm; ulnDaxmufcHay;=uonf? vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf
taxmuftyHh ay;=uonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif jzpfxGef;aeaom 'Drdkua&pD wefzdk;rsm;udk jrSifhwifay;=uonf?
odk@r[kwfvnf; ydyuQrsm; jidrf;csrf;pGm tqHk;owfa&;ESifh ydyuQrsm;wGif =um;0ifndSEd_if;a&;udk &SmazG
vkyfaqmif=uonf?
tu,fI 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;pm;ay; pdwf0ifpm;zdk@aumif;onf[k tef*sDtdkwdk@u,lq
v#if olwdk@onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom tultnDudk ay;=uayvdrfhrnf? xdktef*sDtdkwdk@u r[mAsL[m
vkyfief;pOfwckudk wnfaqmuf taumiftxnfazmfay;rnfjzpfjyD; tultnD&oltzdk@ olwdk@vrf;n$efonfh
twdkif; tqHk;tpr&Sd &_yfaxG;aom &Hk;cef;rsm;udk 0if&xGuf&/ tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyifqif& wuf&jzifh raerem;
tvkyfrsm;aezG,f &dSayvdrfhrnf?
tpdk;&rsm;uJhodk@yif tef*sDtdkrsm;onfvnf; tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; ar#mfudk;=uonf? twdkuftcH
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@onf xdkodk@rcsOf;uyfrD tef*sDtdkwdk@u rnfonfudkpdwf0ifpm;onf/ olwdk@.enf;vrf;rsm;u
rnfodk@&Sdonfudk &Edkifoavmuf odxm;oifhonf? ta&;=uD;onfrSm rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udk xdcdkufaprnfh
udkf,fusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; rawmif;rd&ef vdktyfouJhodk@ jynfolwdk@twGuf tusKd;,kwfaprnfh tusKd;pD;yGm;
tultnDrsKd;udk rawmif;rd&efvnf; vdktyfonf?
xdk@jyif tef*sDtdkwck.tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rdrd.vlr_todkif;t0dkif;u ray;pGrf;Edkifv#ifvnf;
tultnD &Edkifrnf r[kwfyg? vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckonf ckcHtm;usqif;aoma&m*g (attdkif'Dtufpf)
jzpfyGm;r_E_ef;jrifhrm;aejyD; vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;r_udk rxdef;csKyfEdkifonfhtjyif qif;&JEGrf;yg;ae&onf qdkygpdk@? tqdkyg
todkif;t0dkif;rS v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u tef*sDtdkwdk@. tultnDudk vdkufvH&SmazGaomtcg cav;arG;zGm;r_udk
rnfonfhenf;vrf;jzifhrqdk xdef;csKyfjcif;tm; qef@usifonfh tef*sDtdkxHrS tultnD&&ef u;yrf;rnfqdkv#if
csOf;uyfonfh vrf;a=umif; ododomom rSm;,Gif;aernfomjzpfonf?
tef*sDtdkwckESifh'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olwdk@t=um; xda&mufpGmqufpyfEdkif&ef tusKd;pD;yGm;csif;
o[Zmw jzpf&ygrnf? tjyeftvSef av;pm;=u&ygrnf? &dk;om;pGm qufqHEdkif&ygrnf? tjyeftvSef
av;pm;r_ESifhywfoufI tef*sDtdkonff tcsdefudkwefzdk;xm;a=umif; tjynfht0 em;vnfxm;oifhonf?
tpnf;ta0;wckudk aumif;rGefusepGm jyifqifxm;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm; axmufyHhjcif;/ tjcm;arwWm&yfcHvmonfrsm;udk tcsdefrDwkef@jyefjcif; ponfwdk@rSm tqifhjrifh
u|rf;usifr_&Sdonf/ vkyfief;tay:av;pm;r_&Sdonfudk azmfjyaeonf? &dk;om;r_onfvnf; tvGef ta&;}uD;
onf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@jzpfonf[k udk,fpm;yxm;onfhtwdkif; tultnDay;aom tef*sDtdkESifh
&dk;om;pGmyif qufqHoifhonf? qufqHa&;wnfaqmufjyD;rS xdktzGJ@onf vufeufudkiftzGJ@jzpfaea=umif;
odoGm;v#if tef*sDtdktwGuf rvdkvm;tyfaomudpPrsm; jzpfay:aponf?
tef*sDtdkwdk@rSm wdusaom&nfrSef;csufjzifh tusKd;pD;yGm;udk azmfaqmifae=uonfjzpf&m
v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@rsm;onf olwdk@xHrS tultnD,loifhonf? Oyrmqdkv#if trsKd;orD;tzGJ@/ tvkyform;or*~/
EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ owif;axmufrsm;toif;ESifh tjcm;tqifhjrifhu|rf;usifr_&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@onf
tef*sDtdkwdk@. tultnD&v#if EdkifiH&yfjcm;&SdtzGJ@rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvmEdkifjcif;jzifh ydkItiftm;aumif;
122

vmum xda&mufatmif v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? v_yf&mS ;r_wcku tm;aumif;aejcif;&Sdr&Sdudk xdkv_yf&Sm;r_

wGifyg0ifaom tzGJ@rsm;rSwqifhodEdkifonf? yg0ifaomtzGJ@rsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;vmonfESifhtr# v_yf&Sm;r_
wckvHk;vnf; tm;aumif;vmrnfjzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;aeonfhtzGJ@rsm;onf rdrw
d dk@tzGJ@wnf&SdaerSef;udk tef*sDtdkwdk@u
odxm;&Hkoufoufxuf rdrdwdk@tzGJ@ESifh tef*sDtdktvSL&Sifwdk@t=um; qufqHa&;wnfaqmuf&ef/ vdktyf
onfhtcg axmufcHr_&&ef u;yrf;=uonf? xdkudpPrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifydkif;u wdkuf&dkufyg0if&ef vdktyfcsifrS
vdktyfygvdrfhrnf?
tvSL&Sifrsm;u olwdk@tultnDonf rnfr#txd xda&mufr_&Sdaea=umif; rSwfwrf;wif&rnf
jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI uGif;qif;avhvm=unfhonfhtcg jy\emr&SdyJ &nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; tvkyfjzpfaea=umif;
awG@&ouJhodk@ jy\emrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfonf? r=umc%awG@=uHK&aom jy\emwckrSm &nfrSef;csuftwdkif;
axmufyHhxm;onfEiS fh xGufay:vmaom&v'frSm uGm[aeonfudk awG@&jcif;yifjzpfonf? xdktcg
tef*sDtdkwdk@u a&S@tpDtpOfudk qHk;jzwfrnf jzpfonf?
tef*sDtdku tzGJ@udk axmufyHhulnDaeaomfvnf; xdktzGJ@rS v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u t=uD;tus,f
qif;&JEGrf;yg;vmv#if tzGJ@twGuf tultnDtcsKd@udk av#mhcsvdkufjyD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;olwdk@ touf&Sif
&yfwnfEdkif&ef pm;p&m/ aep&mESifh ae@pOf v_yf&Sm;oGm;vma&;wdk@twGuf axmufyHhay;onfhyHkpHvnf; &Sdonf?
tef*sDtdku xdkodk@axmufyHhonfhyHkpHrSm vdktyfoludk tvdktavsmuf ay;urf;aejcif; (Charity) r[kwfyg?
ta=umif;rSm axmufyHhvdkufor# jyef&&ef ar#mfvifhrxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdkodk@aomyHkpHudk
vufcH&,lonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u em;vnf&efvdktyfonf? twnfyjyD; axmufyHa&;tpDtpOfudk
w&m;0ifoabmwlnDcsuf (Contract) tjzpf,lqoihfonf?
w&m;0ifoabmwlnDcsuf qdkonffrSm tvSL&Sifu axmufyHhjcif;twGuf tjyeftvSef
tm;jzifh vufcH&,lolu oabmwlxm;onfhtwdkif; vkyfay;&jcif;jzpfonf? tef*sDtdkESifh oabmwljyD;
vkyfay;&onfhtvkyfrsm;wGif Oyrmtm;jzifh tzGJ@0ifta&twGufudk wdk;jrSifh&jcif;/ ydk@aqmifqufoG,fa&;pepf
rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&jcif;/ avhusifha&;tpDtpOfrsm; pDr&H jcif;/ pmtkyfpmwrf;wdk@udk yHkESdyfjzef@a0&jcif;
tp&Sdonfh tef*sDtdk. &nfrSef;csuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm; yg0ifonf?
owfrSwfxm;onfh oufwrf;ukefqHk;csdefwGif oabmwlnDcsuf. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jynfhrD
(odk@) ausmfvGefoGm;v#if xdktzGJ@tpnf;onf aemufw=udrftultnDtwGuf oufwrf;wdk;cGifh&onf?
odk@aomf oabmwlxm;onfhtwdkif; rvkyfaqmifEdkifv#if tvSL&Sifu xdktzGJ@ESifh qufqHa&;udk &yfqdkif;
vdkufonf? tef*sDtdk todkif;t0dkif;twGif; axmufyHh&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;onf tef*sDtdku vkyfay;EdkifpGrf;
&Sdonfxuf tqrsm;pGm ydkaeavh&Sdonf? vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; r&SdonfhtzGJ@udk tusKd;r&SdyJ qufvuftm;jznfh
ay;avmufatmif tef*sDtdkwdk@u csrf;om=uonfr[kwfay?

jynfy rD'D,m
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;aeaomtzGJ@rsm;onf axmufcHtm;ay;r_ &&Sdatmif EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;/
tef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;wnfaqmuf&ouJhodk@ EdkifiHjcm;rD'D,mESifhvnf; csdwfqufxm;&onf? EdkifiHjcm;
rD'D,m. axmufcHr_r&v#if EdkfifiHwumjynfolwdk@. axmufcHr_&zdk@ jzpfEdkifrnfr[kwfay? 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
v_yf&Sm;aeyHkrsm;ta=umif;udk EdkifiHwumvlxku us,fus,fjyefjy@ef@od&SdrS EdkifiHwum axmufcHtm;ay;
ulnDr_rsm; &vmrnfjzpfonf? xdkrSwqifh tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk t&Sdef&vmaponf? taxmuftul
yvmEdkifonf?

123

v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u rD'D,mqufqHa&;rsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;&efvdkonf? rD'D,mavmuwGif

u|rf;usifydkifEdkifpGm xkwfjyefjzef@csdEdkifaom w&m;0ifowif;rsm;&Sdonf? odk@rSom rD'D,mavmuudk tajccHI
wnfaqmufxm;aom r[mAsL[mjzifh t=urf;rzuf v_y&f Sm;Edkifonf? xdk@jyif owif;axmuf/ t,f'Dwm
wdk@omru pme,fZif;/ &kyfjrifoH=um;/ a&'D,dkwdk@rS tjcm; t"du vlxkqufoG,fa&;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJ
tvkyfvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk em;vnfEdkifonf? rnfonfhowif;Xmersm;wGif rnfodk@aom
t"duy&dowfrsm;&Sdaeonfudkvnf; od&efvdkonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh Washington Post ESifh Washington Times wGif t"duy&dowfrsm;rSm
oD;jcm;pD &Sdae=ujyD; New York Times ESifh Wall Street Journal wdk@wGifvnf; tvm;wl&Sdae=uonf
qdkaom A[kokwrsm;jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif; tao;pdwf owif;vdkufaeonfh owif;orm;rsm;
ta=umif;udk odxm;v#if toHk;0ifygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHrsm;pGmwGif EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;toif; (Foreign
CorrespondentsClub) rsm;&Sd=uonf? toif;0ifrsm;onf owif;Xme=uD;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudkifae=ujyD;
vGwfvyfaomowif;orm;rsm; (odk@) pmayjzef@csda&; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@rS tcsdefydkif; owif;orm;rsm;ESifhvnf;
odu|rf;ae=uonf? olwdk@.emrnfrsm;udk odxm;&efvdkonf? olwdk@.u|rf;usifr_ taxmuftxm;
vufrSwfrsm;ta=umif; pHkprf;od&Sdxm;&efvdkonf? tifwmeufay:wGif &Sm=unfhv#ifjzpfEdkifonf? xdkodk@
odxm;aomtcg olwdk@xJrS u|rf;usifolwdk@ESifh rD'D,mqufqHa&;udk eD;uyfpGmwnfaqmufEdkifojzifh tusKd;
jzpfxGef;ayvdrfhrnf?
owif;orm;wdk@rSm owif;udk pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? wae&mxJrS yHkESdyfjzef@csdonfhowif;
(odk@) toHv$ifhonhf owif;udk ydkESpfoufonf? olwdk@onf owif;wyk'fudk pmzwfolwdk@ udk;um;Edkif&ef
aemufcHta=umif;t&mrsm;/ owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;jzifh ta&;ygatmif/ zwfcsifpzG,fjzpfatmif a&;om;
=uonf? ta&;=uD;aomtcsuftaejzifh odxm;&efrSm owif;orm;wdk@onf tjzpftysufwckrpwifrD
olwdk@tm; today;Edk;aqmfjcif;udk vdkcsif=uonf? xdkodk@jzpfEdkif&eftwGuf tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfr_ &Sdxm;
&ygrnf? owif;orm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olwdk@. qufqHa&;aumif;v#if vlxkESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;
v_yf&Sm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;. qufqHa&;rSm aumif;rGefwdk;wufvmEdkifonf?
tawG@t=uHK &ifhusufvmaom owif;axmufwdk@rSmrl owif;wdkif;udk tjynfht0 r,kH
=uay? owif;ESifhqdkifonfholrsm;rSm olwdk@jzpfapcsifovdk ajymqdkwwfonfudk owif;axmufwdk@u odaejyD;
jzpfI twnfryEdkifaom owif;tjzpfESifhom owif;vufcH,lwwf=uonf? twnfryEdkifaom owif;
jzpfaeaoma=umifh xdkodk@aom owif;&,lyHk enf;vrf;udk roHk;&[k rqdkvdkyg? owif;axmufwOD;twGuf
v_yf&Sm;r_owif;rsm;udk udk,fwdkif&,l&ef tcGifhta&;rsm; ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif r&v#if owif;xkwfjyefcsuf xGufvm
+yD;rS owif;aemuf vdkufae&ojzifh tcsdefukefcH&usKd;eyfrnf r[kwfay?
vlxku &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;rsm;udk ydkrdk=unfh&_em;axmifvm=uonf? "gwfyHk-AD'D,dk
pme,fZif;avmuxuf &kyfjrifoH=um;u y&dowftwGuf ydkta&;ygvmonf? trnfazmfjyvdkjcif;r&Sdaom
owif;orm;-y&dk*sLqmwOD;u tDvufxa&mepfrD'D,m(Electronic media). tcef;uudk tjrifhqHk;
toHk;csEdkifatmif ol.rsm;jym;vSaom tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk tajccHIf Oya'o (10)csufudk azmfjyay;cJhzl;&m
rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vSonf?

Oya'o(1)
rD'D,mrSxGufor#udk vpfvsLr&_yJ wck(odk@)ESpfckudk todtrSwfy&ef tm;xkwfyg? tqdkyg
wck/ ESpfckonf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pOf;pm;Edkdifp&m jzpf&ygrnf? csufcsif; oabmaygufEdkif
&ygrnf? owif;axmuf-y&dk*sLqm wdk@xHcsO;f uyfI qufqHa&; wnfaqmufEdkif&ygrnf?
124

xdkolwdk@tm; bD,mjzpfjzpf aumfzDjzpfjzpf 0,fwdkufvdkufyg? ydkaumif;aev#ifawmh

ae@vnfpm ac:au|;oifhonf?

Oya'o(2)
&vdkufaomowif;u oifhtjrifudk wdkuf&dkuftaxmuftul ycsifrSyrnf? odk@jzpfonfh
wdkifatmif olwdk@tm; au|;arG;vdkufonfhtwGuf trSefwu,f toHk;0ifvmrnfh owif;
rsm;&EdkifrS ukef&usKd;eyfayrnf? olwdk@tay: oif,Hk=unfa=umif;/ owif;.wefzdk;udk
oifrnfodk@qHk;jzwfwwfa=umif;/ olwdk@tm; oifpdwf0ifpm;a=umif;ESifh oifhtm; tcsdefra&G;
qufoG,fEdkfifa=umif; ponfwdk@udk olwdk@odaeatmif oifu &nf&G,fxm;&rnf? olwdk@ESihf
yHkrSeftquftoG,f&Sdxm;&rnf? odk@aomf olwdk@xHrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; owif;&Edkifp&m
ta=umif;r&Sdv#if c%c% qufoG,faejcif;jzifh olwdk@tm; pdwftaESmifht,Suf rjzpfap
oifhyg?

Oya'o(3)

oifhtm; qufoG,fEdkifatmif vkyfxm;yg? rD'D,mavmurS oifhtm;qufoG,fEdkifatmif

tm;ay;yg? oifhzkef;eHygwfESihf tD;ar;vfudk jzef@xm;yg? qufoG,fvmor#udkvnf; csufcsif;
wkef@jyefay;&ygrnf? Oya'o(2)udk vkdufemv#if oifodxm;wmudk rD'D,mtodkif;t0dkif;u
ar;vmrnf/ odk@r[kwf oifhxHrS xifjrift=uHay;csufrsm;udk awmif;vmrnfjzpfonf?
trSefyif owdxm;jyD; oifajymqdk&ygrnf? odk@aomf oifhaemufudk rD'D,mu vdkufaejyD
qdkv#if oifhtwGuf tcGifhaumif;yifjzpfonf?

Oya'o(4)

pdwf0ifpm;vm&Hk/ vlxkod&Hkoufouf &nf&G,fjyD; rD'D,myGJrsm; rusif;yygESifh? ta&;ygaom

owif;tppftrSefrsm;r&SdyJ rD'D,mudk rzdwfac:ygESifh? txufygvdktyfcsufudk trSefwu,f
vkyfEdkifjyDqdkrSom rD'D,myGJudk pDpOfusif;yoifhonf? xdkyJo
G nf rD'D,mtjrif/ rD'D,m
cHpm;yHkudk tjrifhqHk;jzpfaponfh ta=umif;t&mjzpfae&rnf? oifhawmfonhftajctaewGif
y&dk*sLqmwdk@u tqifajyatmif tcsdefuef@owfoGm;rnfjzpfonf?

Oya'o(5)
oifudk,fwdkifyg0ifrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif;udk ta&;ygatmif(odk@) owif;jzpfavmuf
atmif &Sif;vif;Edkifrnf[k ,kH=unfjyD; rD'D,myGGJudk usif;y&ef pDpOfayvdrfhrnf? xdkyGJ
usif;yrnfhtcsdefudk owif;avmutm; jzpfEdkifor# aemuftusqHk; uwif ta=umif;
=um;xm;yg? rD'D,m.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ukd avxJwGif aysmufuG,froGm;ygapESifh? pmjzifh
a&;om; ta=umif;=um;jcif;udk tm;rudk;ygESifh? vludk,fwdkifvkyfEdkifor# zkef;jzifh udk,fwdkif
qufoG,f&ygrnf? rnfonfhudpPjzpfrnf/ tcsdef/ ae&m/ ta=umif;&if;/ yg0ifrnfhol tp&Sd
ojzifh twdtus/ tjynfhtpHk/ vdk&if;wdk&Sif;jzifh tao;pdwfazmfjy&ygrnf? rD'D,myGJrsm;wGif
pdwf0ifpm;zdk@ r&SdEdkifonfh tzGJ@.pDrHcef@cJaG &;qdkif&m omrefta=umif;rsm;udk =um;ae&
wwfonf? udk,fwdkifu bmrSef;rodyJ ajymaerdonfvnf;&Sdonf? xdkudpPrsm;rSm vufcHEdkif
p&m r&SdvSojzifh a&Smif=uOf&ygrnf? txl;ojzifh &kyfjrifoH=um;&dkuful;aeolrsm;twGuf
vufcHEdkifonfhudpP r[kwfyg? oifhawmfrnfqdkygu rD'D,mtm; OD;aqmifay;&ef/ aemufcH
tusOf;csKyf wifjyay;&efESifh t"duxif&Sm;olrsm;udk vlawG@ar;jref;&ef awmif;qdk&ygrnf?

125

Oya'o(6)
rD'D,mESifhawG@v#if oifhtvkyfudk oifowd&yg? oihftvkyfrmS oifwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh
atmifyGJrsm;udkomru oifhydifzufu bmvkyfaeonfudkyg rD'D,m pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif
vkyf&jcif;jzpfonf? ydifzuftpdk;& pDpOfvkyfaqmifaeonfrsm;udk oif.v_yf&Sm;r_u rnfokd@
od&Sdxm;a=umif; rD'D,mtm; ajymjy&ygrnf? xdktcsufudk rD'D,mu pdwf0ifpm;ayvdrfhrnf?
tcsdeftcgoifhwdkif;vnf; ajymqdkay;ae&ygrnf? odk@aomf oifhvHkcHa&;ESifh trnfazmfxkwf
ray;Edkifaom owif;tpudk tvdkuftxdkuf umuG,fxm;&ef vdkygrnf?

Oya'o(7)
rD'D,modk@ay;vdkufaomowif;udk owif;axmufESifh y&dk*sLqmwdk@u vkyfpm;(Sell)Edkdif
onfudk owd&Sdyg? xdkolwdk@u tvkyfESifhywfoufonfh ar#mfvifhcsufudk tajccHI
&vmaomowif;udk txufodk@ wifjyrnfjzpfonf? olwdk@.wifjycsufrsm;wGif Oyrm
tm;jzifh aemufcHta=umif;/ jzpf&yf.ywf0ef;usiftajctae/ tquftpyfrsm; odk@r[kwf
aemufqufwGJjzpf&yfrsm;udk olwdk@rodonfvnf; xnhfoGif;zG,f&SdEdkifrnf/ trSef wu,f
xufydkjyD; pdwf0ifpm;atmifvnf; wifjyzG,f&SdEdkifrnf? wenf;tm;jzifh trSeftwdkif;xuf
ydkaeonfrsm;/ avsmhaeonfrsm;&SdEdkifonf? okd@jzpfI xdkjzpf&yfudk &dkuful;xm;aom
AD'D,dktacGudkygay;&ef wwfEdkifv#ifawmh taxmuftxm; ydkrdkcdkifvHkayvdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif
t"duvlodrsm;olwdk@. udk,fa&;&mZ0if tao;pdwfESifh qufpyfr_rsm;udk oif odaumif;o
aernfjzpfonf? ydkIta&;ygatmifvkyf&rnfh bma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; qufpyfr_rsm;udk oif
odcsifodEdkifonf? odxm;or#trSefudk ay;I taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkzdk@udk OD;pm;ay;xm;
oifhonf?

Oya'o(8)
owif;orm;rsm;odk@ay;vdkufaom AD'D,dk &dkuful;xm;onfh tacGrSefor# trSeftwdkif;
jzpfae&ef owdxm;yg? jzpf&yf. ae@&uf/ tcsdefESifh ta=umif;t&mwdk@udk tao;pdwf
twdtus jynfhpHkatmif ay;&ygrnf? w&m;0ifvkyfydkifcGifht& xdkodk@ay;jcif; jzpf&ygrnf?
&kyfjrifoH=um;wGif xkdAD'D,dkudk jyefjyaomtcg &dkuful;pOfu yg0ifaeolrsm;. *k%foduQm/
vHkcHr_ tp&Sdonfwdk@ rxdcdkufapzdk@vdkonf? oifhtm; w&m;jyefpGJEdkif avmufatmif azmfjy
xm;ay;jcif;rsKd; r&Sd&yg?

Oya'o(9)
owif;orm;tm; rnfonfhtcgrS rvSnfhpm;ygESifh (odfk@) rrSefaomowif;/ &_yfaxG;oGm;
ap&ef wrifwum &nf&G,fxm;aom owif;wdk@udk ray;&yg? oifhtwGuf c%wm
tm;jzifh tusKd;jzpfxGef;Edkifaomfvnf; a&&Snw
f Gif cHvdkuf&onfh xdcdkufr_u rwefwq
jzpfaewwfonf?

Oya'o(10)
tifwmeufowif;Xme/ rD'D,mtzGJ@tpnf;/ owif;0efaqmifr_vkyfief; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@onf
olwdk@. y&dowftrsKd;rsKd;udk owif;ay;ae=uonf? owif;v$ifhonfhyHkpHESifhrl trsKd;rsKd;
&Sdonf? y&dwfowfbufrSvnf; owif;&,lyHk enf;ynmvdktyfcsuf pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;
&dSaeonf? Ttcsufudk oif owd&ae&ygrnf? omrefjzpfaeusr[kwfyJ tvGefxl;jcm;
aeaomtajctae/ ta&;w=uD; tvsiftjref jzpfysufcJhonfh tajctaersKd;rSvJGI
txufygtcsufrsm;onf oifhtay:rlwnfaeonf? owif;axmufwOD;u pmvHk;a&
126

(1500)cef@jzifh a&;Edkifaomowif;wyk'fudk &kyfjrifoH=um; wdkuf&dkuf

owif;orm; wOD;twGuf wifjycsufu trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf?

toHv$ifhol

tESpfcsKyf
tef*sDtdkwdk@.tultnD (odk@) rD'D,mudk ynmom;ygyg xdxda&mufa&muf toHk;csjcif;jzifh jyify
y&dowfrsm;udk =oZm$rf;rdk;Edkifygu t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf tvGefta&;ygEdkifonf?
xdkodk@aom jyifytiftm;pkrsm;ESifh twlwGJIvkyfEdkifv#if rdrdv_yf&Sm;r_rSm w&m;0if todtrSwfycH&onf?
tiftm;aumif;vmonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm; wdk;yGm;vmonf? rD'D,mu pdwf0ifpm;vmonf? odk@aomf
olwdk@owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD tuef@towfabmiftwGif;rS rjzpfjzpfatmif jyefvkyfay;ae&onf?
--------- 000---------

127

tcef; (14)
wdkifyifjcif;ESifh avhusifhjcif;
AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk vufeufudkifvrf;pOf. tjcm;enf;vrf;cGJwck
(Alternative)tjzpf toHk;cs&ef aumif;avrvm;[k pdwf0ifpm;olrsm; &Sdwwfonf? w=udrfwcgomruyg?
t=uddrfaygif;rsm;pGmyif pdwf0ifpm;aewwf=uonf? xdkdodk@jzpfwwfaomtcsdefrSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
ratmifjrifonfhtcg (odk@) vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzifh atmifyGJ&Edkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; tcsdef,l pOf;pm;
oHk;oyfjyD;onfhtcg jzpfonf? vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;qdkonfrSm qifEJw
$ dkif;vnf; atmifjrifonf
r[kwfyg? ratmifjrif&jcif;rSm uHraumif;vSaomudpPwck jzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@wGif trSefwu,f
jzpfysufwwfaomtajctae jzpfonf?
vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wck atmifjrifa&;udk vaygif;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmomru q,fpkESpf
rsm;yif wdkifvmonfxd tcsdef&if;ESD;+yD; qifEJ&$ onf? ratmifjrifao;oa&G@ ar#mfvifhcsufukefqHk;zdk@ wGef;tm;
ay;cHae&onf? tqHk;t&H;awGu tvGefrsm;onf? t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_ qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkif(awmh)onfh
enf;vrf;ygwum;[k r0Hhr&J0efcHrnfudk em;vnfEdkifygonf? yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olwdk@ trSefwu,f tpGrf;tp
&SdEdkifygonf? odk@wdkifatmif ratmifjrif&jcif;rSm olwdk@.trSm;a=umifhawmh [kwf[efrwl? olwdk@xdef;csKyfEdkif
onfu enf;enf;/ &ifqdkif&onfu tqrsm;pGm ydk=uD;rm;aeaomtiftm;pkrsm; jzpfaeaoma=umifh[kom
qdk&ygrnf?
,ae@acwfum; ppfat;acwfvGef umvjzpfonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; qef@usifaom
vufeufudkif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ratmifjrifawmhaom tcsdeftcg jzpfonf? onfhtwGufvnf; tHhtm;oifh
raeoihfawmh? ppfat;acwf (Cold War)u 'kwd,urBmppftjyD; 1947ckESpfrS 1991'DZifbm(25)&ufxd
=umjrifhcJhonf? xdkumvtwGif; ppfa&;r[mrdwfwdk@. tiftm;udk,fpDjzihf urBmhtiftm;=uD; tkyfpkESpfck
jzpfaom uGefjrLepf qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh taemuftkypf kwdk@t=um; a'oEW& EdkifiHa&;/ oabmw&m;a&;&mESifh
pD;yGm;a&;wdk@ tjyif;txef ydifqdkifcJh=uonf?
xdk@aemuf ppfat;acwf ukefqHk;oGm;cJhjcif;ESifhtwl tiftm;=uD;EdkifiHrsm;Y qef@usifbuf
tkyfpk.&efudk pdk;&ddrfp&mrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? ppfat;acwftwGif;uqdkv#if EdkifiH=uD;rsm;u
taxmuftyHhESifh tumtuG,fay;+yD; vufatmufcHEdkifiHi,frsm; (Client States)rsm;udk arG;xm;&onf?
xdkvufatmufcH EdkifiHrsm;uwzef EdkifiH=uD;rsm;.udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf qef@usif v_yf&Sm;ay;aecJh&onf?
ppfat;acwfvGefwGif xdktajctaersm; qufvuftoHk;cs&ef rvdktyfawmhay? EdkifiHrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;
wnfjidrfaom ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&; aumif;oxufaumif;vm&efom ydkrdktm&Hkpdkufvsuf &Sdae
=uonf?
acwfopftpdk;&wdk@rSm A[dkrS tm%mcsKyfudkifr_ ydkrsm;vmonf? acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;udk
toHk;csjyD; qef@usifbuftkyfpkrsm;udk xdef;csKyfonf/ zdESdyfonf? erlemay;&v#if vlxkqufoG,fa&;/
vlpkvla0;xdef;csKyfr_/ owif;axmufvSrf;a&;/ tjcm;jcdrf;ajcmuft=uyfudkifr_rsm; jzpfonf? xdkodk@ xdef;csKyf
zdESdyfr_rsm;a=umifh tpdk;&udk qef@usifaeaomtzGJ@rsm;tzdk@ touf&=uyfoGm;&onf? avhusifh&ef cufcJ
vmonf? v_yf&Sm;&efrvG,fulyJ jzpfvmonf? tpdk;&udkqef@usifrnfh vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm; csxm;a&;wGif
t=uyftwnf;rsm; =uHKvmonf?
'Drdkua&pDvl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGif; t=urf;zufr_wdkufzsufa&;(War on Terrorism)u
acwfpm;aeonf? t&ifurvkyfz;l onfh umuG,fwm;qD;a&;rsm;udk vkyfvmonf? vlwOD;csif;tm;
xdef;csKyf&ef/ axmufvSrf;&ef qdkonfrSm ,cifESpftenf;i,fcef@u rpOf;pm;zl;cJhonfrsm; jzpfonf?
tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@twGufum; t=urf;zufr_wdkufzsufa&;onf olwdk@twGuf tcGifhaumif;=uD; jzpfoGm;
128

onf? qef@usifolrsm;udk ydkrdkESdyfuGyf&ef wHcg;yGifhoGm;onf? tm%m&Sifwdk@u 'Drdkua&pD axmufcHolrsm;udk

t=urf;zuf[k pGyfpJ&G aomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;url xdkokd@r,lq/ avoHyifr[? odk@aomf tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&wdk@u qef@usifolvlxkudk tpdk;&t=urf;zufrsm;[k wzufoyfpGyfpJGum tEdkifusifhae=uawmhonf?
txufygtcsufrsm;u
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;udk
vufeufudkifvrf;pOfjzifh
v_yf&Sm;&ef rjzpfEdkifoavmuf &Sdvma=umif; azmfjyaeonf? odk@aomf vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;olwdk@uvnf;
tajctaeudk aumif;pGmoHk;oyfrdonfhtavsmuf olwdk@.r[mAsL[mudk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;jzifh rnfodk@
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfvm+yD qdkonfh taetxm;odk@ vrf;a=umif;ajymif;cJh=u+yD;
jzpfonf?
w,fvDzkef;toHk;yyHk erlemwck wifjyygrnf? ,ae@acwfwGiftcsdefwdkif;Y zkef;tm;vHk;udk
=um;jzwfem; axmif&ef jzpfEdkifaeonf? qJvfzkef;(mobilephoneorcellularcellphone)rS bufx&Dudk
zwfxm;rSom pdwfcs&aom taetxm;wGif &dSaeawmhonf? wurBmvHk; wGifwGifus,fus,f toHk;y
aeaom uGefjyLwmrsm;qdkv#ifvnf; rormolwdk@u cdk;0if=unfh&_Edkif=uonf? odk@jzpf&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;tm; vHk;0rxm;&Sdvdkv#if ,if;wdk@udk CDRom, DVDRom wGif odrf;qnf;&ef/ tm;aumif;aom
v#yfppfoHvdkuf"gwfjzifh Hard Disk udk xdawG@zsufqD;&efrSvGJI tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhyg? vufESpfzuf
udkif&onfhwljzifh Hard Disk udk xk&dkufzsufqD;onfhwdkifatmif uGefjyLwmu|rf;usifolu Data rsm;udk
xkwf,lI &r& tmr rcHEdkif? Delete vkyfonfrSm uGefjyLwmoHk;ol.jrifuGif;rS azsmufypfvdkufjcif;omjzpfjyD;
rormaom tpdk;& axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;twGufrl vG,fulonfh udpP&yfrsm;om jzpfonf? Cookies udk
Disabling vkyfxm;v#ifawmh &Edkifonf? xdk@twl pum;0Sufjzifh ay;ydk@vufcHaeonfudk =um;jzwfI
zsufqD;jyifqifcdk;,l r&atmifvnf; vkyfEdkifonf? odk@aomf apmifh=unfhaeolu odoGm;Edkifojzifh rdrdtay:
ydkI r,HkouFm jzpfvmEdkifonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m pmtkyftrsm;tjym; xGufaejyDjzpfonf? tqdkygpmtkyfrsm;
ESifhtwl &kyf&Sifzvifrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;/ vufurf;pm&Gufrsm; pojzifh trsKd;pHkpGm&Sdaeonf? tm;vHk;onf
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk toHk;cs&ef avhvmolwdk@twGuf tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;wck
jzpfygvdrfhrnf? xdkr#omru vuf&Sd t=urf;rzuf wdkufyJ0G ifaeqJoltwGuf xyfrH jznfhpGufay;Edkifonfh
t&if;tjrpfvnf;jzpfonf?
tcsdefonf &v'fwckjzpfay:apa&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufr_ay;onf? tcsdefudk
aumif;pGm toHk;csEdkif&rnfhacwfwGif todw&m; A[kokwrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm&&SdEdkif&ef vdktyfaeonf?
u|rf;usifatmifvkyfwwf&ef/ avhusifhEdkif&ef ta&;w=uD;vdktyfaeonf? xdk@a=umifh twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfrsm;/
tawG@t=uHK&Sd oifwef;q&mrsm;udk &SmazGxm;oihfonf? olwdk@tm; arwWm&yfcHoihfonf? olwdk@taejzifh
xdkarwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;udk vufcHvdkufonfrSm wu,fhtvkyfudk wm0ef,l vdkufjcif;yifjzpfawmhonf?
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;rnfholwdk@onf wdkifyifjcif;ESifh avhusifhjcif;twGuf atmufygtcsuf
(4) csufudk txl;*&kyoifhonf?
tpGrf;xufatmif avhusifhEdkifa&;twGuf vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukeftoHk;csjcif;

ta&;ygaom A[kokwrsm;udk pHE_ef; owfrSwfjcif;

wwfodu|rf;usifr_rsm;udk &Edkifoavmuf azmfxkwf&,ljcif;
xda&mufatmif oifwef;ydk@csjcif;
129

tpGrf;xufatmif avhusifhEdkifa&;twGuf vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukef

toHk;csjcif;
qdkaom&kyf&Sifum;wum;&Sdonf? ydk+yD; tm;aumif;aom
tiftm;wck [k t"dy`m,f&onf? 1999ckESpfwGif pwifjyo onf? SteveYork u a&;om; &dkuful;onf?
urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif; wifjyxm;onf? qkaygif; (10)ck &&Sdxm;+yD;
jzpfonf? y&dowf oef;aygif;rsm;pGm =unhfjzpfatmif qGJaqmifEdkifcJhonf? xdk&kyf&Sifum;. ta&;=uD;qHk;aom
pdwful;-&nf&G,fcsufonf y&dowf.&ifxJwGif ESpftawmf=um &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm pGJjrJvsuf&Sdonf?
vlwdk@onf tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf v_y&f Sm;&mwGif t=urf;zufenf;vrf;jzifh v_yf&Sm;=uonf?
tvdktavsmuf tnHhcHonfhenf;vrf;jzifhvnf; v_yf&Sm;=uonf? ESprf sKd;pvHk;wGif tuef@towf rsm;jzifh
ydwfqdk@cHae&a=umif; r=umr=um owdxm;rdvm=uonf? odk@aomf xkdESpfrsKd;pvHk;rSmyif tjcm;ajymif;vJEdkif
p&m enf;vrf;aumif;wcku &Sdaeonf? Tum; xdk&kyf&SifrS ay;vdkufEdkifaom todw&m;jzpfonf?
A Force More Powerful

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk vlxku rsm;aomtm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? pdwf0ifpm;ol

rsm;oxufrsm;vmonf? olwdk@odvdkonfrsm;udk pHkprf;ar;jref;r_rsm; wae@wjcm;wdk;yGm;aeonf? zdESdyfaom
tpdk;&udkqef@usif&ef t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_udktoHk;cszdk@ ydkrdkavhusifhvm=uonf? okd@aomf rnfonfh
tzGJ@tpnf;rS t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;n$efcsuf tukefvHk;udk avhusifh&ef t&if;tjrpf pGrf;tm;rsm;
r&Sd=uyg? &Edkifor#jzifh vufvSrf;rD&mrsm;udk avhusifhjyifqifae&jcif; jzpfonf?
tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. r[mAsL[mvdktyfcsufrsm;twdkif; ydkrdk
u|rf;usifatmif vkyf=uonf? tcsK@du enf;AsL[mESifh enf;pepfydkif;udk tm&Hkpdkuf=uonf? tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;
url t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwGif wm0ef&Sdolwkd@udk,fpm; aqmif&Gufol (Under
represented) wdk@udk vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ay;I tajccH vlxkvlwef;pm;tqifh pnf;&Hk;a&;udk txl;u;yrf;
vkyfaqmif=uonf?
'Drdkua&pD &&Sda&;twGuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;vdk=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh
avhusifha&;oifwef;rsm; (Trainings)/ tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; (Workshops) ESifh tqifhjrifh w&ufESpf&ufwm aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; (Seminars)udk vdktyfygu urBmwv$m;wGif xdkt=urf;rzuf enf;vrf;rsm;tm;
jrSihfwifay;aeonfh rnfonfhtzGJ@udkrqdk t=uHOm%f awmif;cHjcif;rsm;udk w&m;0if awmif;qdkv#if &Edkifp&m
&Sdonf?

ta&;ygaom A[kokwrsm;udk pHE_ef; owfrSwfjcif;

oDtdk&Dt& t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@onf ta&;ygonfhA[kokwrsm; jznfhqnf;&onf/
ta&;ygonfrsm;udk u|rf;usifatmifavhusifh&onf/ A[kokw&dSjyD;om;/ avhusifhjyD;om; tiftm;pk(Core
Package) jzpfatmif vkyf&onf? odk@jzpf&m tcsKd@trsKd;tpm;Y rnfr#txd wwfodu|rf;usifzdk@vdka=umif;
pHowfrSwfE_ef;rsm; &Sd-r&Sd qdkaom ar;cGef;udk ar;p&m &Sdvmyg+yD?
Oyrmtm;jzifh vpmaiGwdk;a&; oydwfarSmuf&ef pDpOf&mwGifjzpfap/ vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufrr_ sm;udk qef@usif&mwGifjzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;toGifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;rnfh
tpDtpOfwGifjzpfap toHk;csEdkifaom t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;&Sda=umif; od&Sd=uonf?
xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ,Ofaus;r_tvdkuf/ EdkifiHtvdkuf toHk;csonfudkvnf; od&Sd=uonf? ppfa&;qdkif&m
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wurBmvHk;u toHk;csouJhodk@yif? oDtdk&Du rnfodk@yif&Sdap ydyuQjzpfaeonfh 0ef;usif
tajctae (ya,m*)ay:rlwnfI xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufawG@toHk;csoGm;onfomjzpfonf?
130

rnfr#xd awG;ac:ajrmfjrifEdkifpGrf;&SdrS jzpfrnfqdkaom owfrSwfcsuft0ef;t0dkif;udk rdrdwdk@

ywf0ef;usif-a'o-EdkifiH-vlrsKd;tvdkuf pHerlemtjzpf zefwD;xm;&Sdoifhonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh
ywfoufaeaomta=umif;rsm; tm;vHk;r[kwfonhfwdkif trsm;pkudk xdkt0ef;t0dkif;rSaeI pOf;pm;awG;ac:
Edkifonf? A[kok&dSjyD;om;/ avhusifhjyD;om; tiftm;pktaejzifh xdkodk@aom t0ef;t0dkif;udk zefwD;EdkifpGrf;
&Sdonf?
ta&;ygaom A[kokwrsm;wGif atmufyg (6)csuf yg0ifEdkifonf?
ta&;ygaom A[kokw (6)csuf
aemufqHk;ESifh tv,ftvwftqifh&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&ef ta&;ygyHk
trsm;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%m/ EdkifiHa&;tm%m.rlvZpfjrpfESifh axmufwdkifrsm;
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk us,fjyef@pGmodae&ef ta&;ygyHk
ta=umufw&m;ESifh ,if;udk z,f&mS ;yHk
todynmay; v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;a&;rsm;
t=urf;rzufv_yf&mS ;r_. tzsuftqD;rsm;

(1) aemufqHk;ESifh tv,ftvwftqifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&ef ta&;ygyHk

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@u &nf&G,fcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&Sdxm;v#if
olwdk@onf t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;rsm;udk ydkrdk &SmazGtoHk;csvmEdkifonf? OD;pm;ay;&rnfh
udpPudk qHk;jzwfay;Edkifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wGif vlxkyg0ifvmatmif &Sif;jyay;Edkif&Hkru
v_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif; acgif;aqmifydkif;u xda&mufatmif v_yf&Sm;aejcif; &Sdr&Sdudkvnf;
odEdkifonf?

(2) trsm;ydkifEdkifiHa&;tm%m/ EdkifiHa&;tm%m.rlvZpfjrpfESifh axmufwdkifrsm;

trsm;ydkif EdkifiHa&;tm%m.yHkpH/ EdkifiHa&;tm%m.rlvZpfjrpf/ taxmuftuly
axmufwdkifrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;rvnfyJ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. r[mAsL[m
ta=umif; pOf;pm;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? taxmuftuly axmufwdkifrsm; tm;aumif;ae
onfvm;/ tm;enf;aeonfvm;qdkonfudk csufcsif;odjrifEdkifonfh enf;vrf;tcsKd@udk
oifwef;rsm;wGif qufvufavhvmEdkifonf? twdkifyifcHrsm;xHrSvnf; od&SdEdkifonf?
xdkenf;wl v_yf&Sm;&eftpDtpOftm; ydkrdktao;pdwf pdppfoHk;oyfxm;yHkudkvnf; avhvmod&Sd
Edkifonf? (tcef; 1 ESifh 2)

(3) t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk us,fjyef@pGm odae&ef ta&;ygyHk

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u enf;vrf;wckr[kwf tjcm;wckudk
ajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif; odvmaponf? xdk@jyif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf
131

qifhuJqifhuJ qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xuf ydkIus,fjyef@a=umif; aumif;aumif; oabmaygu

aponf? (tcef; 4)

(4) ta=umufw&m;ESifh ,if;udk z,f&Sm;yHk

vlxktm; t=urf;zufyrljcif;onf tm%m&Sifoufqdk;&Snfa&;twGuf enf;vrf;
aumif;w&yf jzpfaeonf? tm%m&Sif. ESdyfuGyfr_a=umifh vl@todkif;t0dkif;rSm rv_yfr&Sm;
EdkifjzpfoGm;&onf? a=umufwwfoGm;onf? wpkwpnf;wnf;r&SdawmhyJ zdcGJcHvdkuf&onf?
a=umufpdwfudkz,f&Sm;Edkif&ef tcsKd@enf;vrf;rsm;rSm tvGeftoHk;usonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm
ra=umufwwfatmif vkyfay;zdk@r[kwfyg? ra=umufyJ raeoifhaompdwfjzifhf v_yf&Sm;ae
atmif ulnDay;zdk@omjzpfonf? (tcef; 10)

(5) todynmay; v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;a&;rsm;

ta&;ygaom ta=umif;t&mjzpfonf? rnfol@udk v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;/
rnfonfhtodynmudk jzef@jzL;v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;/ rnfolu v_H@aqmfay;rnfenf;/
v_H@aqmfr_udk rnfr#xd oabmayguf cH,El dkif=uoenf; ponfwdk@u pOf;pm;&ef
t0ef;t0dkif;udk zefwD;ay;ayvdrfhrnf? (tcef; 8)

(6) t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tzsuftqD;rsm;

tEW&m,ffjzpfavmufatmif jcdrf;ajcmufcH&aoma=umifh t=urf;zufyrlwwfonf?

txD;usef z,fusOfcH&aomtcg qdk;qdk;0g;0g; yrlwwfonf? tqdkyg tytrl
ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk acgif;aqmif [laom todw&m;jzifh vkyfaqmifvmv#if qdk;qdk;0g;0g;
ysufpD;awmhonf?

vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif tv$mtoD;oD;rS axmufcHvmatmif

&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zdtm;ay;I vkyfaqmif&onf?

tdwfESifhqef@or#aom ypPnf;udkom xnfhydk; o,faqmifEdkifonf? r[mAsL[mjzihf

vkyfaqmif&ef &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk wckjyD;wck csrSwfaeIr&? pdwful;om&SdjyD;
pGrf;tm;r&Sdoa&G@ v_yf&Sm;I r&Edkif? &SdjyD;om; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk uef@owfEkdi
zdk@u ta&;=uD;onf?

trSefwu,fyif jynfyrS vma&mufoltcsKd@wdk@. tEW&m,fu &Sdaeonf?

v_yf&Sm;oltcsif;csif; roihfrwifhjzpfI uGJ=ujyJ=uojzifh v_yf&Sm;Edkifaom pGrf;tm;

rsm;udk zef;wD;ypf&ma&mufonf? tzGJ@rsm;uGJ=uojzifh tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk
atmifEdkifap&ef tm;ay;ulnDaeouJhodk@ jzpfapvdrfhrnf?

v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ratmifjrif&onfh ta=umif;&if;wckrSm rawmfavmbpdwf &Sdae

=uaom tcsKd@acgif;aqmifrsm;u 'Drdkua&pDatmifyJrG cHrD apmpD;pGmuyif tm%m
cGJa0a&;udpPudk 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xuf ydkrdk pdk;&drfylyefaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

tjcm;tzsuftqD;wckrSm 'Drdkua&pD tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; (Democratic

Institution) &SdrS 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk qifEJE
$ dkifonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm awG;ac:ae
jcif; jzpfonf?
132

,ckv_yf&Sm;aeonfrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&mS ;r_jzpfonf? odk@aomf t=urf;rzuf

aom ppfyJG jzpfonf?

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif acgif;aqmifr_ jywfom;&onf? pnf;urf;wdus&onf?

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf omref jzpf&k;d jzpfpOf tjzpftysufwckudk zefwD;ae

onfr[kwfyg? tm%m&Sifpepfudk csKyfjidrf;ap&ef taotcsmpDpOfjyD; r[mAsL[m
jzihf taumiftxnfazmfaom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? (tcef; 12)

wwfodu|rf;usifr_rsm;udk &Edkifoavmuf azmfxkwf&,ljcif;

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0if&efpOf;pm;aeol (odk@)yg0ifv_yf&Sm;aeolwdk@tm; twwfynm/
todynm/ avhusifhu|rf;usifr_wdk@ &Sdaeap&ef tm;ay;oihfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ e,fy,fcsJ@xGifEdkifa&;udkvnf;
tm;ay;oihfonf?
pDpOfxm;onfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tvkyform;wdk@u axmufcHay;&ef pnf;&Hk;aomtcg
tvkyform;or*~rS tawG@t=uHK&Sdaom pnf;&Hk;a&;r;wdk@rSm toifhavsmfqHk; (t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;) jzpfae
onfudk AsL[mr;wdk@u awG@rnfjzpfonf? xdkpnf;&Hk;a&;r;wdk@rSmvnf; pnf;&Hk;a&; e,fy,frsm; (Oyrmv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;/ pufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;/ 0efaqmifr_vkyfief; tp&Sdonfwdk@)rS jzpfoihfonf? 0efaqmifr_
vkyfief;wGifyg0ifaom aps;onfwOD;onf pnf;&Hk;a&;r;aumif;wOD; jzpfvm&ef vrf;prsm; &SdaeouJhodk@
jzpfonf? tvkyform;wOD;onfvnf; rddrdpuf&HktwGif;ESifh ywf0ef;usif puf&Hkrsm;twGuf tpGrf;xufaom
pnf;&Hk;a&;r;wOD; jzpfvmEdkifonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif;udk jynfov
l lxktm; todynm jzef@jzL;pnf;&Hk;&mwGif
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh rD'D,mwdk@u tvGefta&;ygonf? odk@jzpfI tawG@t=uHK&SdjyD; u|rf;usifolrsm;/
atmifjrifae=uaom vlxkqufqHa&; twdkifyifcHrsm;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfoifhonf? &kyf&Sif-*DwavmurS
atmifjrifaeolwOD;wGif y&dowfrsm;pGm &Sdaernfjzpf&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh
taxmuftul yaernfjzpfonf? pma&;q&mwOD;. uavmifpGrf;onfvnf; pmzwfy&dwfowf rsm;pGm
twGuf tusKd;&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdayonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_Y t"dutusqHk;rSm vljzpfonf? vlom;t&if;tjrpfudk &Edkif
oavmuf azmfxkwf pkaqmif;&onf? trsKd;orD;xku vl@pGrf;tm;rsm;w0ufcef@udk udk,fpm;yaeonf?
vlaer_tzGJ@tpnf;tcsK@drS trsKd;orD;wdk@rSm taxGaxGtvkyform; tiftm;pkwGif ta&;rygao;yJ jzpfae
onf? ,Ofaus;r_tpOftvm eD;pyfwlnDonfh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;cJholwdk@. tawG@t=uHK
rsm;udk jyefvnfazmufonfcsapjyD; v_yf&Sm;r_. ta&;ygaom tcef;ursm;Y trsKd;orD;wdk@ yg0ifaea=umif;
todynmay;pnf;&Hk;ygu jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf?
vli,fxkudk txl;tm&HkpdkufjyD; todynmjzef@jzL;I pnf;&Hk;&ygrnf? ppfa&;ydyuQuJhodk@yif
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGifvnf; a&S@wef;rSyg0ifolwdk@rSm vli,fxkomjzpfonf? vli,fwdk@onf vlr_a&;yHkpH
ajymif;vJ&mwGif tjrJwrf; acgif;aqmifv_yf&Sm;wwf=uonf? odk@aomf vli,fwdk@ odxm;&eftcsufrsm;pGm
usef&Sdaeao;onf? v_yf&Sm;r_ a&S@ydkif;umvrsm;wGif odxm;&efvdkaeonfrsm; &Sdonf? enf;AsL[mydkif;ESifh
acgif;aqmifydkif;wdk@ta=umif; a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk zwf&_avhvmoifhonf? tvkyf&Hk
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifoihfonf? xdkr#omru tjcm;ydyuQrsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhzl;ol vli,fwdk@EiS fh
awG@qHkum tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk ar;jref;od&SdapEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk azmfxkwfoihfonf? udk,fydkif
tawG@t=uHKu rdrdtwGuf q&maumif;wOD; jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;olwdk@.tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk od&SdrSwfom;
&onfrSm t&if;tESD; oddyfrpdkuf&aom aocsmayguf tjrwfwck jzpfonf?
133

v_yf&Sm;olwdk@taejzifh wwfodu|rf;usifr_qdkfif&m taumif;qHk; t&nftaoG;jynfh0ol

wdk@udk &Edkifoavmuf rsm;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfjyD; oifwef;ay;apzdk@/ t=uHay;apzdk@ OD;pm;ay; arwWm&yfcH&rnf
jzpfonf? ,cif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifcJhzl;wdkif;vnf; tawmfqHk; oifwef;q&m/ twdkifyifcH yk*~dKvf
rsm; jzpf&rnf[k tjrJwrf;rajymEdkifyg?

xda&mufatmif oifwef;ydk@csjcif;
oifwef;q&mESifhtwdkifyifcHwdk@wGif arwWm&yfcHvmonfudk wke@f jyefEdkifavmufaom
t&nftaoG;rsm; &Sdae=uonfhwdkifatmif olwdk@taejzifh xda&mufatmif oifwef;ydk@csay;Edkifa&;twGuf
t&nftcsif;/ u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk pOf;pm; oifhonf? tcsK@dukd azmfjyygrnf?

(1) aumif;aumif;emaxmif/ aumif;aumif; avhvmrSwfom;wwf&rnf?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;onfh/ ,lonhfudpPudk oifwef;q&mwdk@u
tav;teuf xm;&ygrnf? odk@rSom tcsdefuke&f usK;deyfrnf? odk@jzpfI oifwef;q&mwdk@onf
rnfonfhA[kokwu rddrdoifwef;om;wdk@twGuf ydkta&;=uD;onfudk odxm;&ygrnf?
oifwef;om;wkd@ ar#mfvifhaeonfrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;ay;&ygrnf? xdk@jyif rdrdwdk@oif=um;ydk@cs
or#udk oifwef;om;wdk@u rnfr#xd oabmayguf cH,lEdkif=uonfudkvnf; qef;ppfEdkif&ygrnf?
oifwef;q&m/ twdkifyifcHwdk@wGif tawG@t=uHK&Sdygu oifwef;om;wdk@.
udk,fvuf trlt&m/ rsufvHk;t"dy`m,fwdk@udk od&Sdem;vnfEdkif=uonf? oifwef;em;csdefrsm;wGif
oifwef;om;rsm; rnfodk@a0zef=uonf/ rnfodk@vdktyfonf/ rnfonfwdk@udk vdkcsifonfudk
odEdkif&ef tjcm;ulnDolwOD;OD;rS owif;pkaqmif;&&SdEdkifv#if tusKd;&Sdonf? oifwef;q&mwdk@u
wcsdefvHk; 'dkifcHoifwef;ydk@cs&ef rvdktyfyg? tcsdeftenf;i,fcef@ em;em;ay;jyD; oifwef;om;
wdk@tm; pum;ajymcGifhay;xm;v#if/ oifcef;pmrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;cGifh&aev#if oifwef;ydk@cs
vdkufonfxufyif ydkItusKd;jzpfxGef;Ekdifonf?
rnfonfhA[kokwu rddrdoifwef;om;wdk@twGuf ydkta&;=uD;onfudk odxm;&rnf
qdkonfhtcsufESifhywfoufI wifjyygrnf? 1992 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;avmufu jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyf
rmeJyavma'o&Sd awmwGif; XmecsKyfpcef;rsm;rS jrefrm twdkuftcHrsm;xH a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu
oGm;a&mufvnfywffcJhonf? oifwef;wckwGif AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.
oabmw&m;rsm; ydk@csay;aevsuf&Sdonfudk awG@&onf? xdkoifwef;Y aumvdyfq&mwOD;
qdkolESifh a'gufwm*sif;&Syfudk rdwfqufay;onf? oifwef;om;wdk@tm; a'gufwm*sif;&SyfEiS fh
acwWc%r# tvmyovmy ajymqdkcGifhy&rnfhtpm; xdkq&monf csufcsif;yif oifwef;ydk@csae
ygawmhonf? olu a'gufwm*sif;&Syf a&;om;cJhaom twGJoHk;wGJygonfh t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;aom EdkifiHa&; pmtkyfrS tcsufrsm;udk ydk@csaejcif;jzpfonf? xdkq&monf tqdkyg
pmtkyfudk vGefcJhaomwESpfausmfuyif zwfcJhjyD;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? oifwef;om;wdk@twGuf
um; wefzdk;&Sdaom tawG@t=uHKwck vufv$wfvdkuf&awmhonf?
twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfwOD;taejzifh arwWm&yfcHjcif;udk vufcHcsdefrSpI t=uHray;rDtcsdef
t=um; uwifjyifqifxm;oihfaomudpP tawmfrsm;rsm; &SdEdkifonf? ol@taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_
tzGJ@wzGJ@/ ESpfzJ@G ponfwdk@u wifjyaom vuf&Sdtajctae oHk;oyfcsufwdk@udk odxm;&ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrsm;wGif ydkaumif;atmif vkyfEdkifonfrsm; (OBEovertaken by events) &Sdaewwf
onf? odk@jzpf&m twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvftaejzifh rnfonfht&mu ydkaumif;oGm;Edkifonfudk t=uHay;
Edkifzdk@ jyifqifxm;oifhonf? xdk@jyif rnfonfhudpPu ta&;=uD;qHk; jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm
134

odxm;rSom t=uHaumif;rsm; ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfonf txufygtcsuf

rsm;udk oHk;oyfI ajymjyEdkifrnfhtcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfjyD;aemuf t=uHyrnfhudpPwckvHk;udk
jyefpOf;pm;&ygrnf? xdk@aemuf arwWm&yfcHxm;onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh
t=uHay;csufrsm;udk jyifqifa&;om;&ygrnf?
twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfonf rddrd.t=uHay;csufudk pm&Gufpmwrf;tjzpf arwWm&yfcHaom
tzGJ@tm; ay;tyf&onf? ta=umif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;twGuf twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvftrsKd;rsKd; &Sdrnf
jzpfa=umif;ajymjyjyD; rnfonfhae&mrS oufqdkif&m u|rf;usifoludk &Edkifa=umif;vnf;
qufvuf t=uHay;oihfonf?

(2) ,Ofaus;r_csif; a&m,Suf qufEG,faeonfudk odxm;&rnf?

oifwef;q&mtm;vHk; em;vnfoifhaom tajccHtcsufrsm;&Sdonf? oifwef;om;
rsm;rSm b0aygif;pkHrS vltrsKd;rsKd; jzpf=uonf? odk@jzpfI olwdk@onf oifwef;ydk@cscsufrsm;udk
udk,fydkifcHpm;csufjzihfom aqG;aEG;=urnf jzpfonf? tu,fI ydk@cscsufwckrS erlemonf
olwdk@cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh qufEG,fI xdcdkufp&mrsm; &SdEdkifv#if jrefjrefyif ydk@csoGm;oihfonf?
oifwef;wGif bmomjyefoludkxm;&onfhtcg tu,fI xdkolonf ydk@csonfh
ta=umif; rodoavmuf jzpfv#if oifwef;q&m ydk@csonfxuf ydkrdk bmomrjyefap&ef uwif
rSm=um;xm;+yD; wdwdusus vdkufemap&ef vdktyfonf? wcgu jzpfcJhzl;wmwck &Sdonf?
oifwef;q&mrSm oifwef;om;wdk@. bmompum;udk tawmftwef u|rf;usifwwfajrmuf
aomfvnf; xdkta=umif;udk bmomjyefoltm; xkwfrajymyJxm;jyD; bmomjyefaponf?
bmomjyefolrSm ydk@csaomta=umif;t&mudk aumif;aumif; Edkifeif;yHk&onf? odk@jzpfI olonf
oifwef;q&m. ydk@cscsufudk bmomjyefraeawmhyJ ol@oabmjzifhom jyef&Sif;jyaeawmhonf?
r=umyg? ol@udk tpm;xdk; vdkuf&onf?

(3)
ydk@cs&efjyifqifxm;aom
oifcef;pmwckcsif;xufausmfI
ta=umif;t&m wckvHk;udk odae&rnf?

ydk@csrnfh

oifwef;q&monf ar;cGef;rsm;udk jyefajz&mwGifjzpfap/ oifwef;ydk@csaom

&nfrSef;csufudk wGef;ydk@&mwGif jzpfap txufygtcsufu r&Sdrjzpf ta&;=uD;onf? ,ck
oifwef;onf aemufaemif jyefvnf oifwef;ydk@csrnfh olrsm;udk avhusifhydk@csaeaomoifwef;
(TrainthetrainerProgram) jzpfonf? ,ckoifwef;q&mu ydk@csrnfh ta=umif;t&m
wckvHk;udk odxm;&ygrnf? odrxm;v#if ,ckoifwef;. pdk;&drf&aom [muGuf=uD; jzpfae
ayawmhrnf? oifwef;om;wdk@u oifcef;pmxuf ausmfvGefjyD; pdwf0ifwpm; ar;wwf=uonf?
oifwef;q&mwdk@onf ESpf=udrf oHk;=udrf oifwef;ydk@csjyD;I xdkuJhodk@ tar;cH&aomtcg c%c%
yif aumif;pGm jyefrajzEdkif=uonfudk awG@zl;onf?
odk@jzpfI ydk@csrnfhoifcef;pmygta=umif;udk oifwef;ay;olu aumif;pGmodxm;&ygrnf?
xdkta=umif;udk u|rf;usifpGm bmomjyefjyD;om;/ prf;oyfppfaq;jyD;om; jzpfae&ygrnf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ,ckoifwef;udk
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;wckuJhodk@ oabmxm;I
atmufyg pum;wdk@udk rajymqdkrdatmif tm;xkwf&ygrnf?
tJ'Dar;cGef;udk usaemf rajzwwfyg
tJ'Dta=umif; usaemf pOf;pm;jyD;rS jyefajymyg&ap
135

(4) oifwef;udk rnfodk@ydk@cs&rnfudk em;vnfae&rnf?

pmzwfonfhtcg/ em;axmifonfhtcg odvm&aom ta=umif;t&mtcsKd@udk
rSefuefonf[k twnfryEdkifyJ jzpfaewwfonf? xdktcg vufawG@todESifh,SOfI qHk;jzwf
vdkufonfomjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh jzpfwwfonfhoabmudk pl;prf;qifjcifqHk;jzwf
Edkifonfhpdwf (Common Sense) jzifh twnfyvdkufonf? pmodESifh vufawG@tod rwlyg?
em;rvnfao;aom topftqef;rsm;ygaeonfh pmwtkyfudk zwf=unfhaomtcg udk,fwdkif
vufawG@ odcJhzl;aomtodudk tajccHI em;vnfatmif zwfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf? a[majymyGJ
rsm;wGifvnf; xdktwdkif;yif jzpfonf? rddrd em;rvnfaom/ rodao;ao;aom t&mrsm;udk
=um;&onfhtcg rddrdudk,fydkif qifjcifwHkw&m;jzifh tm;jznfhI em;axmifwwfonfomjzpfonf?
odk@jzpfI oifwef;q&mu rdrdoifwef;wGif erlemyHkpH/ &kyf&Sifqvdkuf/ um;csyf tp&Sdonfwdk@jzifh
tm;jznfhI ydk@csay;zdk@vdkonf? vufawG@avhusifhcef;rsm;udkvnf; tcsdeftcgay;wdkif; pDpOf
ay;&efvdkonf?
ppfa&;avhusifhcef; oifwef;q&mwdk@tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom vufoHk;pum;
wcGef; &SdcJhonf? a[mif;awmh a[mif;ae+yDjzpfonf? odk@aomf aumif;aeqJ? tpOftquf
jyefoifay;ae&qJ jzpfonf?
olwdk@udk rif;bmajymawmhrvJqdkwm ajymcsvdkuf/ ajymomajymypfvdkufuG/ +yD;&if
olwdk@udk rif;bmajymvdkufvJ qdkwm ajymvdkufOD; a[h
twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfwOD;taejzifh t=uH^m%fvmawmif;aomtzGJ@. ta=umif;udk uwif
odxm;oifhonfomru xdktzGJ@onf v_yf&Sm;r_. rnfonfhae&mwGif oifhawmfpGm v_yf&Sm;Edkifonfudkvnf;
cef@rSef;EdkifpGrf; &Sdoifhonf? wenf;tm;jzifh xdktzGJ@u vmawmif;aom t=uH^m%fonf v_yf&Sm;r_rS
cGJxGufa&;twGufvm; odk@r[kwf twdkuftcHwdk@. n$ef@aygif; tzGJ@csKyf=uD; wckvHk;twGufvm; qdkonfudk
odxm;&ayrnf? Todk@aomudpPrsKd;Y v_yf&Sm;r_=uD;. tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifwdk@u w&m;0if twnfyjyD;
udk,fwdkifaxmufcHay;ygu tvGefaumif;ayvdrfhrnf?
tu,fI tpnf;ta0;wckudk pDpOfay;Edkifv#if twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfu AsL[majrmuf
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ wckvHk;udk ,if;.oDtdk&DESifh tjcm;ydyuQrsm;rS aumif;Edk;&m&mrsm;tygt0if cHiHk
oHk;oyfay;Edkifayvdrfhrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifa&;wGif oHo,jzpfp&mrsm; usefaeonfqdkygu tprf;oabm
(PilotProject ) v_yf&Sm;&ef t=uHay;oifhonf? odk@rSom v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;rS rnfol@ n$ef=um;csuf
udk tzGJ@0ifrnfolwdk@u av;pm;=ua=umif; wGufcsufqHk;jzwfEdkifonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf a&G;cs,fxm;onfhenf;vrf;jzpfonf[k acgif;aqmifydkif;u
vufcHEdkifzdk@ vdkonf? olwdk@vufrcHv#if &HyHkaiGaxmufyHha&;ESifh t&nftcsif;&Sdolrsm; ponfh t&if;tjrpf
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atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfonf?
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t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf
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oHk;oyfjyD; a&S;OD;avhusifhxm;aom tzGJ@0if (au'g)rsm;udk vlodrcHyJ xm;oihfonf? xdkenf;wl
oifwef;q&mtzdk@vnf; rnfonfhtajctaeyifjzpfapumrl oifwef;om;wdk@. trnfrsm;udk od&efrvdkyg?
oifwef;odk@a&mufaeonfhwdkif ausmif;om;wdk@onf trnf0Sufrsm;jzifhom rdwfquf=uonfrSm tcsKd@
tajctaersm;wGif tvGeftajrmftjrif=uD;vSonf? oifwef;q&muvnf; olwdk@udk rodEdkif/ t&ifu
rodcJhzl;aom oifwef;om; tcsif;csif;vnf; wOD;ESihfwOD; b,folb,f0g[k tppftrSefrodEdkif=uay? Snake
136

killer trnf&Sd

ae&mwckwGif oifwef;ydk@csay;cJhonfudk pma&;ol trSwf&aerdonf? oifwef;om;wdk@onf

emrnf&if;udk roHk;=uyJ Othello, Bright, Zulu, Romeo, John Kennedy [kom tcsif;csif;
ac:a0:=uonf?
oifwef;q&m/ twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfwdk@twGuf tajctaeay;v#if oifwef;om;rsm;/
tzGJ@rsm;ESifhtwlwuG pcef;cs aexdkifoihfonf? okd@rSom oifwef;ydk@cscsdef jyifywGif vlr_a&;t& &if;ESD;
cifrif=urnfjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkv#if oifwef;om;wdk@u oifwef;q&mtm; ydkrdk vG,fulpmG
qufoG,fEdkif=uonf? wm0efcsdefr[kwfv#if wcgw&H odor# A[kokwESihf tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk jyefvnf
azmufonfcs&onfrSm tawmfxda&mufvSonf?
--------- 000---------

(jyD;)

a&mbwf t,fvf [JvfAD

jrefrmbmomjyef - vGifatmifpdk;
rl&if;? OnStrategicNonviolentConflict:ThinkingabouttheFundamentals
byRobertL.Helvey
Email:einstein@igc.orgWebsite:www.aeinstein.org
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations1c31.html(Freedownload)

(rl&if; t*Fvdyfpmudk txufyg 0ufbfqdkufwGif zwf&_Edkifygonf?)

137

aemufqHk; trSmpm
vlr_a&;udpPrsm;wGif tqifajyatmif vkyfaqmifwwf=uonfrmS vlr_a&; u|rf;usifaom
a=umifhjzpfonf? pmpum;jzifhqdkv#if vlr_a&;ESifhqdkifaom pGrf;tm;oDtdk&Dudk tajccHusus ydkifEdkifpGm toHk;cs
Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vlr_a&;u|rf;usifatmif rnfodk@vkyf&onfudk rnfolr# v#Kd@0Sufrxm;/ wwfEdkif
or# today;vrf;nGefvdkuf=uonfyif?
xdkenf;wl AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk qifE$J&ef pOf;pm;awG;ac:yHkrsm;udkvnf;
v#Kd@0Sufxm;&onfr[kwfyg? rdrdu pdwfcs,Hk=unfolavmufudkom today; zGifh[ajymqdkoifhonfhudpPvnf;
r[kwfyg? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfh AsL[ma&;qGJyHk/ AsL[mtwdkif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;yHkwdk@udk odvdkol
rnfol@udkrqdk odatmiftodynmay;&rnfom jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk
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owfrw
S fxm;&ygrnf? odoluvnf; xdktwwfynmudk r#a0ay;&rnf jzpfouJhodk@ vkdcsifoluvnf; tywf
wukwf u;pm;avhvm&ygrnf?
jynfolvlxku odxm;&rnfh tcsufESpfcsuf&Sdonf? yxrtcsufrSm tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&u
jynfolwdk@udk zdESdyfcsKyfEdkifonfh EdkifiHa&; tm%mZpfjrpf qdkonfrSm jynfolu ydkifqdkifxm;aom tm%mZpfjrpf
rsm; jzpfonf? tkyfpdk;olwdk@u jynfol@xHrS vk,l+yD; ig;=uif;qDESifh ig;=uif;ausmfaejcif;om jzpfonf? 'kwd,
tcsuftaejzifh jynfolvlxku pkpnf;nDnmpGmjzifh xdktm%mZpfjrpfrsm;udk tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&xHrS jyef,lxm;
Edkifv#if xdktpdk;& bmrSrvkyfEdkifawmhojzifh jynfolwdk@vGwfajrmufvmEdkifonfudk odxm;&ygrnf?
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onfh oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm;udk pmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onf? odk@aomf txl;tm&Hkpdkufapvdkonhf oGifjyif
vuQ%mwckudk wrifwum&nf&G,fI azmfjyxm;onf? ,if;rSm tajctaeudk tjynfht0 em;vnfrSom
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t=urf;rzuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? xdktcg ydifzufjzpfolrSm olwdk@avhusifh pDpOf
xm;onfESifhrwlaom tajctaeudk &ifqdkif&awmhrnf jzpfonf? rnfonfht=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rqdk t&H;
tEdkifudk qHk;jzwfay;EdkifonfrSm r[mAsL[mESifh acgif;aqmifydkif; aumif;raumif;tay: rlwnfonf?
(pma&;ol)
138

aemufqufwJG (1)

t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ a0g[m&rsm;

(rSwfcsuf? ta&;ygaom a0g[m&rsm;om azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf? t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;. tuQ&mpOftwdkif;
pDpOfxm;onf?)
(1) Accommodation :
tvdkuftxdkuf vdkufavsmjcif;jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh ydifzuftpdk;&u tvdkuftxdkuf
ajz&Sif;ay;vm&onfh EdkifiHa&;tm%m ajymif;vJonfh vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf? xdktcsdefwGif tpdk;&taejzifh
a&G;cs,fp&m vrf;p&SdaeqJjzpfonf? ajymif;omjyifomonfh taetxm;&Sdonf? jy\emajz&Sif;a&;twGuf
ESpfbufpvHk;u tenf;i,fpDav#mhI jy\emajyvnfatmifvkyf=u&eff oabmwl=uonf? t=urf;rzuf
qef@usifolrsm;. awmif;qdkcsuftcsK@dudk vdkufavsmay;onf? ydifzuftpdk;&onf tvdkuftxdkuf ajymif;vJ
ay;aomfvnf; ol.cH,lcsufudkrl rajymif;yg? v_yf&Sm;olwdk@. t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh t=uyfudkifjcif;
udkvnf; vufrcHyg? odk@aomf ESpfbufpvHk;u tenf;i,fpDav#mhI ajz&Sif;jcif;tm;jzifh jy\emajyvnf
oGm;Edkif&Hkavmufudkom tpdk;&u qEN&Sdonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&u ,Hk=unfvufcH+yD; vdkufavsmay;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;
tm%majymif;vJjcif;/ jy\emajyvnf&Hkavmuf tvdkuftxdkuf EdkifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJjcif;/ v_yf&Sm;ol
wdk@. t=uyfudkifonfh'%fudk rcHEdkifI EdkifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJjcif;ESifh aemufqHk; tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I
EdkifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJjcif;[lI tqifh (4)rsKd;&Sd+yD; 'kwd,ajrmuf vkyfief;pOf trsKd;tpm;jzpfonf?
(2) Authority :
=oZmwduUr/ tm%mydkifjcif;/ tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh&Sdol. pD&ifcsuf/ qHk;jzwfcsuf/ axmufcH
csuf/ trdef@wdk@udk vlwOD;csif;ESifh vlr_taqmufttHkwdk@u tvdktavsmuf vufcHay;&onf/ ulnD,dkif;yif;
ay;&onf? Todk@jzifh tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh&Sdol.qENudk taumiftxnfazmfonf?
tm%mydkifjcif; onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mwGif t"duusaom tm%mZpfjrpf wrsKd;jzpfonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHa&;
tm%mESifh tm%mydkifjcif;rSm xyfwlnDjcif; r&Sdyg?
(3) Boycott :
oydwf/ oydwfarSmufjcif; jzpfonf? vlr_a&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& ulnD,dkif;yif;r_
ray;aom tytrl jzpfonf?
(4) Civic abstention :
rjyqdkif&m wm0ef/ pnf;rsOf;wdk@udk wrifwum rvkyfyJaejcif;/ rvdkufemyJaejcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;t&
ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ ryaom tytrlrsm; jzpfonf?
(5) Civic action :
EdkdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf?

139

(6) Civic defiance :

EdkdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ,Hk=unfr_ cdkifrmpGm t=urf;rzuf qef@usif/ tmcH (odk@) 0ifa&mufpGufzufaom
tytrlrsm; jzpfonf?
(7) Civic resistence :
EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufjzifh t=urf;rzuf tmcHjcif; jzpfonf?
(8) Civic strike :
tvkyform;/ 0efxrf;tp&Sdolwdk@yg0ifaom (pD;yGm;a&;)oydwf jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifh
pD;yGm;a&; &yfqdkif;atmifvkyfjcif; jzpfonf? tvkyform;wdk@uom oydwfarSmufjcif;r[kwfyJ ausmif;om;/
wwfodfu|rf;usifaomynm&Sif/ aps;a&mif;ol/ &Hk;0efxrf; (tpdk;&tr_xrf;tygt0if)ESihf pD;yGm;a&;
todkif;t0dkif;uyg ydkrdktav;teufxm;jyD; yg0if=uzG,f&Sdonf?
(9) Civil disobedience :
jidrf;csrf;pGm tm%mzDqefjcif; jzpfonf? azmufjyefonf/ rr#rwjzpfonf (odk@) tEdkifusifhonf[k rsm;aom
tm;jzifh tajccHusus ,lqxm;onfh tcsKd@aomOya'/ tjrifhqHk;tm%mydkifu xkwfjyefaomtrdef@
(Oya'uJhodk@ tm%mwnfaomtrdef@(0g) wcsufv$wftrdef@) / tpdk;& n$ef=um;csuf/ rjytkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m
trdef@/ ppfwyf(odk@) &J wdk@.n$ef=um;csufESifh tvm;wl wm;jrpfydwfyifcsufrsm;udk jidrf;csrf;pGmjzifh wrifwum
azmufzsufjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif tpdk;&.rl0g'rsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ qef@usifa=umif; trSwftom;wck
taejzifh xdkodk@aom trdef@tm%mwdk@rS odyfrjyif;xefonfrsm;udkvnf; wcgw&H qef@usifonf?
(10) Conversion :
,Hk=unfvufcHjyD; ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsm
ay;&ef ydifzuftpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJjcif; jzpfonf? tpdk;&u t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;olwdk@.
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vufcHxdkufonf[k ,Hk=unfoGm;onf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh EdkfifiHa&;tm%m
ajymif;vJ&ef vkyfief;pOf (4)ckteufrS yxr trsKd;tpm;jzpfonf?
(11) Disintegration :
tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tpdk;&tm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_
ray;awmhjcif;ESifh qef@usiftHwkjcif;wdk@u tifwdkut
f m;wdkufjzifh t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vGef;aeaomtcg
ydifzuftpdk;&onf vHk;0t=uyfudkifcHae&onfh'%fudk cHEdkif&nf r&Sdawmhyg? xdk@aemuf tpdk;&. ,EW&m;/ pepf
(odk@) tpdk;&tzGJ@ udk,fwdkifu vHk;0yduJo
G Gm;onf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif EdkfifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJ&ef
pwkwvkyfief;pOf jzpfonf? jynfolvlxkxHrS ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ r&awmhaoma=umifh tpdk;&onf EdkifiHa&;
tm%mZpfjrpfrsm; uef@owf jzwfawmufcHvdkuf&onf? ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_rsm; r&awmhonfh aemufqHk;wGif
tpdk;&. ,EW&m;/ pepf (odk@) tpdk;&tzGJ@udk tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I EdkifiHa&;tm%m ajymif;vJay;&jcif;jzpfonf?
(12) Economic shut-down :
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk ,m,D&yfqdkif;atmifvkyfjcif; jzpfonf? tpdk;&udk taxmuftulyaeaom
pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;udk bHk;bHk;vJ &yfqdkif;oGm;aponfh taetxm;odk@ pdwfcsvufcs a&muf&SdEdkif&ef r&Gma'o
140

(odk@) EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk ,m,D&yfqdkif;jcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmif&onfh ta=umif;&if;

rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufonf?
taxGaxGoydwf=uD;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfolrsm;/ ukefoG,folrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pDrH
cef@cGJr_rsm;ESifhwuG aps;qdkifi,frsm;rusef ukefoG,f-pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;ydwfyifxm;vdkufojzifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm; ,m,D&yfqdkif;oGm;zG,f&Sdonf? /
(13) Freedom (political) :
vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdjcif; jzpfonf? vlwOD;csif;twGuf vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,faqmif&GufEdkifaom EdkifiHa&;tajctae
wckjzpfonf? xdk@jyif vlwOD;csif;ESihf tzGJ@rsm;u vl@todkif;t0dkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif yg0ifqHk;jzwf vkyfaqmif
EdkifcGifh &Sd&onfh EdkifiHa&;tajctaevnf;jzpfonf?
(14) Grand strategy :
yifrv_yf&Sm;r_=uD;wckvHk;. r[mAsL[m/ xdyfwef;r[mAsL[m jzpfonf? a&G;cs,fowfrSwfvdkufonffh
v_yf&Sm;r_yHkpHjzifh &nfrSef;csufudk rnfodk@&&SdEdkifonfudk tus,fjyef@qHk; em;vnfxm;onf? v_yf&Sm;r_=uD;
wckvHk;. &nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifEdkif&ef xdyfwef;r[mAsL[mwGif oifhawmfaom vl/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
pm&dwW tp&Sdonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk &oavmuf aygif;pyfpkpnf;jyD; owfrSwfxm;onfhyHkpHjzifh vkyfaqmif
Edkifrnfh vrf;n$efcsuf jzpfonf? yifrv_yf&Sm;r_=uD;wckvHk;. tqihfqifhwGif&Sdaeaom txl;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
atmifjrifEdkif&ef tjcm;r[mAsL[mrsm; tuef@towfjzifh yg0ifEdkifzG,f&Sdonf?
(15) Grievance group :
ydyuQwGif tpdk;&tm; qef@usifaoma=umifh epfemqHk;&H;&olrsm; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@u
xdkepfemqHk;&H;r_rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; azmfxkwfay;=uonf? epfemqHk;&H;&olwdk@tm; umuG,fay;=uonf?
olwdk@. cH,lcsufrsm;udk axmufcH=uonf? olwdk@. &ydkifcGifhrsm; twGuf v_yf&Sm;=uonf?
(16) Human resources :
vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfonf? Tae&mwGif toHk;yrnfh a0g[m&.t"dy`m,frSm (EdkifiHwckrS) tkyfpdk;ol.
trdef@udkemcHonhf vlESifhtzGGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfonf? ,if;wdk@onf tkyfpdk;oludk yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufay;onf/
odk@r[kwf tkyfpdk;ol.qENudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef ,dkif;yif;ulnDay;onf? xdkolwdk@onf jynfolvlxk
w&yfvHk;. tcsKd;tpm;wckjzpfjyD; jynfolxJrS jynfolomjzpfonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;Edkifr_/ zGJ@pnf;
xm;Edkifr_ESifh &yfwnfEdkifr_wdk@onfvnf; vlom;t&if;tjrpfwGif yg0ifonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf wck
jzpfaom xdkvlom;t&if;tjrpfa=umifh tkyfpdk;ol.tm%m wnf&Sdonf?
(17) Material resources :
&kyf0wK t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf wckjzpfonf? ydkifqdik fr_ypPnf;rsm;/ obm0o,H
Zmwrsm;/ bma&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf/ qufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
enf;vrf;rsm;udk &nfn$ef;onf? ,if;wdk@udk tkypf dk;olu xdef;csKyfEdkifv#if qufvufI tm%mwnfjrJaejyD;/
rxdef;csKyfEdkifv#if tm%muef@owfcH&onf?

141

(18) Mechanisms of change :

tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef tqifhqifh vkyfaqmif&aom vkyfief;pOfrsm; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
wqifhjyD;wqifh atmifjrifvmaomtcg tpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;tm%m ajymif;vJay;vm&onf? xdkodk@ jzpfvm
EdkifpGrf;&Sdaomvkyfief;pOfrsm; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufudk ,Hk=unf vufcHjyD;
ajymif;vJjcif; vkyfief;pOf/ tvdkuftxdkufajymif;vJjcif; vkyfief;pOf/ t=uyfudkifcH&jyD; ajymif;vJjcif;
vkyfief;pOfESifh tuif;rJhzsufodrf;I ajymif;vJjcif; vkyfief;pOf [lIav;rsKd;&Sdonf?
(19) Methods :
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk u|rf;usifydkifEdkifpGm qifE$JEdkif&ef owfowfrSwfrSwf &Sdxm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;
jzpfonf? ,cktcsdefxd enf;vrf;aygif; (198)ck &SdjyDjzpfonf? trsKd;tpm;(3)ckcGJxm;onf? (1) t=urf;rzuf
uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rdrdbufygatmif qGJaqmifaomenf;vrf;rsm; (2) ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ ryonfh enf;vrf;
rsm; (vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;) Sifh (3) t=urf;rzuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
(20) Noncooperation :
ulnD,dkif;yifr_ ryjcif; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;rsm;. =uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom trsKd;tpm;
jzpfonf? ESpfoufvufcHEdkifp&mr&Sdaom vl/ v_yf&Sm;r_/ vlr_taqmufttHk (okd@) tpdk;& ponfwdk@ESifh
ywfoufI ,if;wdk@. vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; (odk@) xdktm;vHk;wGif ryg0ifawmh&ef wrifwum pdwfydkif;
jzwfI uef@owfvdkufjcif;/ rywfoufawmhjcif; (odk@) r&rcsif; jiif;qefaejcif; jzpfonf? ulnD,dkif;yif;r_
ryonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;rsKd;xyfcJGxm;onf? (1) vlr_a&;t& ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ ryjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&
ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ ryjcif; (pD;yGm;a&;oydwfESifh tvkyform; qENjyyGJ)ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ ryjcif;wdk@
jzpfonf?
(21) Nonviolence (religious or ethical) :
bmoma&; (odk@) udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mESifh ywfoufonfh t=urf;rzufjcif; jzpfonf? udpP tawmfrsm;rsm;
wdk@udk t=urf;ywrf; ryrl&efwm;jrpfxm;onf? tcsKd@bmoma&;wGif udk,ftm;jzifh/ E_wftm;jzifh/ pdwftm;
jzifh t=urf;zufjypfrSm;jcif;r&Sdatmif wm;jrpfxm;onf? tcsKd@bmoma&;wGif rddrdydifzuftay: taumif;jrif
wwf&ef/ apwemxm;&ef vrf;n$efcsufrsm;&SdouJhodk@ &efolta=umif; eJeJrS rpOf;pm;&ef wm;jrpfxm;onfh
&efoludk vl&mroGif;xm;onfh bmoma&;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0if=uolwdk@rSm
bmomaygif;pHkrS jzpfonf? vufawG@jzpfysufaeaom tajctae. ta=umif;&if;rsm;t& yg0ifv_yf&Sm;
vm=uolrsm;jzpfjyD; txufygtwdkif; ,Hk=unfaeolvnf;&Sd/ r,Hk=unfolvnf; &Sdaernfjzpfonf?
(22) Nonviolent action :
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh um,uHajrmuf t=urf;zufjcif; r&SdyJ uef@uGufqEN
jyjcif;/ qef@usiftHwkjcif;ESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;wdk@udk u|rf;usifydkifEdkifpGm v_yf&Sm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@
v_yf&Sm;yHk oHk;rsKd;&Sdonf?
(u) tpdk;&. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;a=umifh rdrdwdk@ cgwdkif;vkyfaeusrsm;udk rvkyf&awmhojzifh t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvm=uonhf v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifv#if olwdk@onf cgwdkif;
vdkyif jyefvnfvkyfydkifcGifh&rnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;=uonf? (odk@) xdkvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk Oya' pnf;rsOf;
rsm;jzifh tcdkiftrm jyXmef;ay;apvdk=uonf?
142

(c) tpdk;&. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;a=umifh rdrdwdk@cgwdkif;rvkyfzl;onfrsm;udk vkyfae&olwdk@u t=urf;rzuf

v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvm=uonhf v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifv#if olwdk@onf ,ckuJhodk@
vkyfae&jcif;rsKd;udk pGef@v$wf&awmhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;=uonf? (odk@) ,ckuJhodk@vkyfae&jcif;rsK;d
r&Sdap&eff Oya' pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh tcdkiftrmjyXmef;ay;apvdk=uonf?
(8) txufygESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh v_yf&Sm;yHk jzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk u|rf;usifydkifEdkifpGmqifE$JEdkif&ef owfowfrSwfrSwf&Sdxm;aom enf;vrf;
aygif;(198)ck &SdjyDjzpfonf? ,if;wdk@udk oHk;rsKd; cGJxm;onf? (1) t=urf;rzuf uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rdrdbuf
ygatmifqJaG qmifaomenf;vrf;rsm; (2) ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ryonfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh (3) t=urf;rzuf
0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm; wdk@jzpfonf?
(23) Nonviolent coercion :
t=urf;rzuf t=uyfudkifjcif; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh EdkfifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJay;Edkifonfh
vkyfief;pOf wckjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olwdk@u ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_ryjcif;ESifh qef@usiftHwkjcif;wkd@udk
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;a=umifh tpdk;&u tajctaeudk xda&mufatmif rxdef;csKyfEdkifawmhyJ
v_yf&Sm;olwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsmay;vdkufonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&onf w&m;0if &yfwnf
aeqJyif&Sdaeonf? tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSmvnf; yduGJjcif; r&Sdao;ay?
(24) Nonviolent insurrection :
t=urf;rzuf tHkujcif; jzpfonf? zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,fonf[k ,lqcH&aom tpdk;&udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ,dkif;yif;
ulnDr_ryjcif;/ qef@usiftHwkjcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;t& vlxktHkujcif; jzpfonf?
(25) Nonviolent intervention :
t=urf;rzuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;rsm;. =uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom
trsKd;tpm;wckjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufaomenf;vrf;jzifh ydifzuf.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ ydifzufEdkifiHa&;pepf.
ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf+yD; qef@usiftHwkaom tajctaejzpfonf? TtrsKd;
tpm;. enf;vrf;rsm;rSm xif&Sm;onfhwckckudk &nf&G,f+yD; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ rdrdbufygatmif
qGJaqmifjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;onf? ydifzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk wm;qD;&ef 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rSm rsm;aom
tm;jzifh udk,fxdvufa&muf v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf (Oyrm- xdkifoydwf)? odk@aomf ydifzufudk pdwf"gwfppfqif
a&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfvnf; &Sdonf? xdk@jyif ydifzuf. vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
[ef@wm;&efvnf; t=urf;rzuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjyD; v_yf&Sm;wwf=uonf?
(26) Nonviolent protest and persuation :
t=urf;rzuf uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rdrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif; jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
enf;vrf;rsm;. =uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom trsKd;tpm;wck jzpfonf? xif&Sm;onfhwckckudk &nf&G,f+yD;
twdkuftcHwdk@. xifjrif,lqcsuf (odk@) tpdk;&tm; ajzmifhzs&ef u;yrf;jcif; (Oyrm-rD;xGef;I txdrf;trSwf
jyojcif;/ csDwufvrf;av#mufyGJrsm;/ oydwfwm;jcif; ponf)wdk@udk azmfjyonfh enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
Tenf;vrf;jzifh v_yf&Sm;&mwGif rdrdwdk@xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk ydkydkomom xkwfazmfajymqdkwwf=uonf?
ulnD,dkif;yifr_ ryaomenf;vrf; (Oyrm-oydwfarSmufjcif;)ESifh t=urf;rzuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufaom
enf;vrf; (Oyrm- xdkifoydwf)wdk@wGifrl xdkr#avmuf xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif; r&Sd=uay?
143

(27) Nonviolent struggle :

t=urf;rzuf qifE$Jaomv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk qHk;jzwfcsufcsjyD; tiftm;
aumif;aumif;jzifh qifE$Jjcif; jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;aumif;+yD; wif;cHaeaom tpdk;&u
t=urf;zuf ESdrfESif;zdcGJvmrnfudk odvsufESifhqifE$Jjcif; jzpfonf?
(28) Nonviolent weapons :
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ vufeufrsm; jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;&mwGif toHk;csrnf[k
taotcsm jyifqif owfrSwfxm;aom enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
(29) Pillars of support :
taxmuftuly axmufwdkifrsm; jzpfonf? tpdk;&w&yf wnf&SdEdkifa&;rSm EdkifiHa&; tm%mZpfjrpf(6rsKd;)udk
xdef;odrf;Edkif&efESifh tm%mpufus,fjyef@ap&ef vdktyfonf? ,if;twGuf axmufyHh ulnDay;aeaom vlr_
taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh tcef;ursm; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk taxmuftulyonfhaxmufwdkif
(9)ckrSm &JwyfzJ@G / ppfwyf/ t&yfzuf0efxrf;/ rD'D,m/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;/ vli,f/ tvkyform;/ bmoma&;
toif;tzGJ@/ tef*sDtdkwdk@jzpfonf?
erlemrsm;rSm (1) ydwfqdk@jypf'%fjcif;udk taxmuftulyaom &J/ axmifESifh ppfwyf (2) tm%mydkif
jzpfjcif; (w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh&jcif;)udk taxmuftulyaom bmoma&;ESifh vlr_a&; toif;tzGJ@
acgif;aqmifrsm; (3) pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk taxmuftulyaeaom pD;yGm;a&;avmuESifh toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;qdkif&mrsm;/ &if;ESD;ryfESHolrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;ryfESHaiGrsm; (4) EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk taxmuftul
yaeonfh txufwGif azmfjyouJhodk@aom tjcm;axmufwdkifrsm; jzpfonf?
(30) Political defiance :
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk tuif;rJh zsufodrf;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh tpm;xdk;&ef
r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;jcif; jzpfonf?
zdESdyfcH&ol jynfol@xHrS vlxktiftm;udk pkpnf;I zdESdyfoltpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yif;ulnDr_rsm; &yfqdkif;
oGm;atmif pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfay;&onf? qef@usiftHwk&onf? odk@rSom tm%m&Sif. EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf
rsm;udk uef@owf jzwfawmufEdkifrnf jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk taxmuftulyonfhaxmufwdkifrsm;udk
wm;qD;ydwfqdk@Edkifrnf jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udk atmifjrifpGm toHk;csEdkifaomtcg vuf&Sd tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&jzpfap/ aemifwufvmrnfh tm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfap rnfolrS wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg?
tem*wfwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepftm; xdcdkufvmEdkifonfrsm;udkvnf; z,f&Sm;wwfvmygrnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepf
udkvnf; a&&SnfwnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;Edkifygrnf?
(31) Political jiu-jitsu :
ydifzufjzpfoltm; t&ifOD;pGm e,fu|HoGm;atmifvkyf+yD; ol@trSm;ESifhol cH&ap&ef toHk;csaom EdkifiHa&;
enf;vrf;wrsKd; jzpfonf? *sL*spfqkrSm *syef&dk;&m ukd,fcHynmjzpfonf? t&Sdeft[kefaumif;aumif;jzifh pwif
wdkufcdkufvmaom ydifzufudk OD;pGm a&Smif&Sm;jcif;tm;jzifh t&SdefvGefI [efcsufysufap+yD;rS ydifzuf rv_yfEdkif
atmif enf;pepfu|rf;usifpGmjzifh jyefvnfwdkufcdkufjcif;tay: t"dutajccHonfh tm;upm;wrsKd;jzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%majymif;vJ&ef t=urf;rzufvkyfaqmifaom txl;vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkrSm
t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfaom tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& wefjyefqdk;usKd; oufa&mufapjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&
144

uom tm%musqif;oGm;jyD; ESdyfuGyfcH&ol t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;olrsm;tzdk@rSmrl EdkifiHa&;t& ydkrdk

tm;aumif;oGm;onf?
t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;tHwkolwkd@u aemufrqkwfyJ v_yf&Sm;vmonhftcg tpdk;&u &ufpufpGm t=urf;zuf
ESdrfESif;zdcJw
G wfonf? xdk@a=umifh t=urf;rzuf qef@usiftHwkv_yf&Sm;olrsm;bufwGif tenf;ESifhtrsm; xdcdkuf
qHk;&H;&onf? xdkodk@aom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom t=urf;zuf ESdrfESif;zdcJrG _udk jynfolvlxku rsuf0g;xifxif
awG@jrifvm&onf? xdk@jyif tm%m&Sifa=umifh epfemqHk;&H;&olrsm;omru tm%m&Siftm; yHkrSefaxmufcH
aeolrsm;uyif tpdk;&. tqdkygvkyf&yfudk vlrqefaom tqdk;0g;qHk;vkyf&yftjzpf oabmxm;vdkuf=u
awmhonf?
xdktcg tpdk;&tay: ydkrkdjypfwif&_H@csvm=uonf? tpdk;&twGif; twdkuftcHrsm;ay:xGufvmonf? tpdk;&
tm; qef@usiftHwkr_rsm; wdk;yGm;vmonf? tpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yifulnDr_rsm;/ trdef@emcHr_rsm; avsmhenf;
aysmufuG,foGm;onf? ta&;ygaom ajymif;vJr_=uD;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? tqdkyg ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh
EdkifiHa&;tm%monf wcgw&H t=urf;rzufvy_ f&Sm;olrsm;bufwGif tav;omoGm;onf?
EdkifiHa&; *sL*spfqkudk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. jzpfpOfwdkif;wGif toHk;rcsyg? tpdk;&tm; ,dkif;yif;ulnDray;
a&;twGuf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ xda&mufatmif v_yf&Sm;EdkifaeonfhtcgrsKd;wGif EdkifiHa&; *sL*spfqkudk
toHk;cs&ef vdktyfrnf r[kwfay?
(32) Political power :
EdkifiHa&;tm%m jzpfonf? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;u vdkufemusifh=uH&rnfh rl0g'rsm;udk w&m;0if qHk;jzwf
taumiftxnf azmfEdkifavmufonfh tvHk;pkHaom =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk tpdk;&
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u toHk;csEdkifzG,f&Sdayvdrfhrnf? odk@r[kwf xdktpdk;&udk qef@usif&ef twdkuftcHtkyfpkESifh
tzGJ@rsm;uvnf; EdkifiHa&; tm%mudk toHk;csvmEdkifzG,f &Sdayrnf? EdkifiHa&;ydyuQwGifvnf; wdkuf&dkuf
toHk;csEdkifzG,f&Sdonf? odk@r[kwf aemifwcsdef toHk;cs&ef t&eftiftm;tjzpfvnf; xdef;odrf;xm;zG,f&Sdrnf?
(33) Sanctions :
ydwfqdk@jypf'%fcwfjcif; jzpfonf? tpdk;&. vufwkef@jyef jypf'%fcwfjcif; jzpfonf? tpdk;&u qEN&Sd ar#mfvifh
xm;onfhtwdkif; vlxku vdkufrvkyfaomtcg (okd@) tpdk;& rar#mfvifhonfudk wm;jrpfxm;onfudk vlxu
k
vkyfvdkufaomtcg t=urf;zufonfjzpfap/ t=urf;rzufonfjzpfap vufwkef@jyef jypf'%fcwfjcif; jzpfonf?
trdef@remcHoltm; t=urf;rzufyJ tjypfay;yHku t=urf;zuf+yD; tjypfay;yHkavmuf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&SdvS
aomfvnf; wrifwum&nf&G,f tjypf'%fay;vdkonfrSm ydkrdkxif&Sm;onf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf (6rsKd;)
wGif wcktygt0ifjzpfonf?
(34) Self-reliance :
rdrdukd,fudk tm;udk;jcif; jzpfonf? udk,fhjy\em udk,f&Sif;Edkifonf qdkjcif;rSm rdrdtwGufqdkv#if udk,fwdkif
qHk;jzwfEdkif/ olwyg; taxmuftyHhr,lyJ udk,fwdkif&yfwnfEdkifpGrf; &Sdjcif; jzpfonf? tzGJ@twGufqdkv#if
xdktzGJ@onf vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdonf/ udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcGifh&Sdfonf/ rdrdtiftm;jzifhom &yfwnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k
qdkvdkonf?
(35) Skills and knowledge :
wwfodu|rf;usifr_ jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpf (6rsKd;)wGif wcktygt0ifjzpfonf? u|rf;usifr_ESifh
A[kokwtjyif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wGif&Sdaom vlwOD;csif;ESifh tzGJ@rsm; (wenf;tm;jzifh vlom;t&if;tjrpf).
t&nftaoG;rsm;a=umifh tkyfpkd;olwGif tm%m&Sdae&jcif; jzpfonf?
145

(36) Sources of power :

EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;rSm (1) =oZmwduUr (2) jynfolvlxk (3)
wwfodu|rf;usifr_ (4) oabmw&m;a&;&m (5)&kyf0wKt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh (6) jypf'%fwdk@ jzpfonf? ,if;
wdk@onf wckESifhwck eD;uyfpGm qufpyfaeonf? jynfolvlxkESifh vlr_taqmufttHkrsm;u vufcHay;onfh
tay:/ yl;aygif;ay;Edkifonftay:/ trdef@udkvdkufemay;Edkifonfhtay: rlwnfI tm;aumif;vm&onf?
EdkifiHa&; tm%mZpfjrpfrsm;u tm;aumif;v#if tkyfpdk;ol tm;aumif;onf? odk@r[kwfv#if tkyfpdk;olonf
tm;enf;vmjyD; yduGJysufqD;oGm;onf?
(37) Strategic nonviolent struggle :
r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? &nfrSef;csufjzifh r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJjyifqifjyD;rSom
AsL[mtwdkif; t=urf;rzufv_y&f Sm;r_udk u|rf;usifpGmqifE$JEdkifonf?
r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ qdkonfrSm tpdk;&ESifh jynfolwdk@t=um; ydyuQjzpfaeaom
tajctaeudk ydkif;jcm;pdppfoHk;oyfI ESpfzufpvHk;.tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.
obm0/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;ESifh u|rf;usifpGmv_yf&mS ;Edkif&ef vdktyfcsufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh v_yf&Sm;&ef
owfrSwfxm;aom trsKd;tpm;. r[mAsL[mqdkif&m pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk tajccHI =udKwifpDpOf+yD;rS v_yf&Sm;
&aom t=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf?
(v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. xdyfwef;r[mAsL[m/ r[mAsL[m/ enf;AsL[mESifh enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf;=unhfyg?)
(38) Strategy :
r[mAsL[m jzpfonf? trSefpifppf tajccHpdwful;om jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. xdyfwef;r[mAsL[m
twGif; &Sdaeaom t"du tqifhwqifhudk v_yf&Sm;rnfhf tpDtpOfjzpfonf? r[mAsL[m qdkonfrSm owfrSwf
xm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk rnfodk@taumiftxnfazmfrnf/ &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifa&;twGuf tusKd;&Sd
EdkifqHk; toHk;csEdkifrnfh oD;jcm;tydkif;rsm;udk rnfodk@pkpnf;aygif;pyfrnf qdkonfh tajccHpdwful; jzpfonf?
xdkr[mAsL[mudk v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. xdyfwef;r[mAsL[m abmiftwGi;f rSaeI vkyfaqmif&onf? wzef
r[mAsL[m abmiftwGif;wGif rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfqdkonfh enf;AsL[mrsm;/ txl;enf;vrf;rsm;
yg0ifonf? tqdkyg enf;AsL[mrsm;/ txl;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh owfrSwfxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_twGufom
txdkuftavsmuf vdktyfonfhtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;onf?
(39) Strike :
qENjyjcif; jzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvkyfudk wrifwum uef@owfjcif; (odk@) ,m,D &yfqdkif;jcif;jzifh
tvkyfvkyfol (tvkyform;/ &Hk;0efxrf; tp&Sdol)wdk@u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ydkif&Sif jzpfolxH rdrdwdk@tvkyfESifh
ywfoufonfh &ydkifcGifhrsm;twGuf zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkjcif; jzpfonf? wcgw&H EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csuf
twGufvnf; awmif;qdk wwfonf?
(40) Tactic :
enf;AsL[m jzpfonf? tuef@towf&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf jzpfonf? ydyuQwck. uef@owfxm;aom
tqifhwqifhwGif xdktqifh.&nfreS f;csuf atmifjrifa&;twGuf &Edkifor# v_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk rnfodk@
xda&mufatmif toHk;csrnfqdkonfh oabmw&m;ay:wGif tajccHonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. tqifhwqifh
wGifoHk;onfh r[mAsL[mudk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf tqdkyg enf;AsL[mrsm;udk toHk;cs&ef &nf&G,f
jcif;jzpfonf?
146

(41) Violence :
t=urf;zufjcif; jzpfonf? tjcm;vlrsm; '%f&m&atmif/ aoqHk;atmif udk,fxdvufa&muf t=urf;zufjcif;
jzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpfrnf[k jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;onfvnf; t=urf;zufjcif; jzpfonf? xdk@jyif xdkodk@jzpfapjcif;/
jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;wdk@tay:rlwnfaom tytrlrSefor#onfvnf; t=urf;zufjcif;jzpfonf?
tcsKd@bmoma&;ESifh vlr_usifh0wfrsm;wGif t=urf;zufonfh t"rR. t"dy`m,fudk aumif;aumif;
em;vnfatmif ydkrdkus,fjyef@pGm pOf;pm;awG;ac: oHk;oyfay;xm;onf? odk@aomf "rRudk axmufcHolwdk@
rSmvnf; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif vufawG@usus yg0ifae=uaom tjcm;olwdk@ESifh twlwuG vufwGJ
v_yf&Sm;&ef jzpfEdkifygonf?
--------- 000---------

147

aemufqufwJG (2)

t=urf;rJh wdkufenf;rsm;
t=urf;rzufqifE$Ja&;
enf;vrf;rsm;
uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh
rddrdbufygatmifqGJaqmifjcif;

,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

0ifa&mufpu
G fzufjcif;

vlra_ &;t&
,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

pD;yGm;a&;t&
,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

EdkifiHa&;t&
,dkif;yif;ulnDray;jcif;

(t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onfh EdkifiHa&; pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*sif;&Syf azmfjyxm;aom t=urf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_

enf;AsLaygif;(198)rsKd; jzpfygonf? acwfydif*sme,frS xkwfa0onfh tm%m&Sipf epfrS 'Dru
kd a&pDo@kd
pmtkyfwGif yg&Sdonfh bmomjyefrl&if;twdkif; jyefvnfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf?)

t=urf;rJhuef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifhrdrdbufygatmif qGJaqmifaomenf;vrf;rsm;
pnf;urf;wus a=ujimxkwfjyefcsufrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

vlxka[majymyGJrsm;
uef@uGufpmrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;
toif;tzGJ@rsm;. xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;
jynfolvlxku vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;rsm;
ta&;,lrnf/ w&m;pGJrnf[k a=ujimcsufrsm;
vlpkvltkyfESifhcsDjyD; wifoGif;aom toem;cHpmrsm;/ yef=um;v$mrsm;

vltrsm;=um;a&muf&Sdatmif qufoG,fa&;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

oHcsyf/ &kyfajymifESifh oauFw trSwftom;rsm;

tvHrsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;ESifh vltrsm;jrifavmufatmif pmwrf;rsm; jyoxm;jcif;
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ pm&Gufrsm;
pme,fZif;/ owif;pmrsm;
"mwfjym;rsm;/ a&'D,dkESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;
aumif;uifwGif pmwrf;rsm;a&;aom rdk;ysHa=umfjimESifh ajrjyifa=umfjimrsm;

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tvdkuf udk,fpm;yjcif;
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

udk,fpm;vS,fv$wfjcif;
jyuf&,fy qkay;yGJrsm;
tzGJ@ESifh rJqG,fjcif;
oydwfwm;jcif;
jyuf&,fy a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
148

vlxkt=um; [eftrlt&mESifh o&kyfazmfjcif;rsm;

(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)

tvHrsm;xljcif;/ ta&miftaoG;rsm;ESifhjyojcif;
t0wftpm;ESifh vuQ%mrsm; jyojcif;
qkawmif;0wfyr_rsm;
oauFwtrSwftom;rsm;ygonfh ypPnf;rsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;
ouFe;f c|wf qENjyyGJrsm;
udk,fydkifypPnf;rsm; zsufqD;jcif;
rD;xGef;I txdrf;trSwf jyojcif;
&kyfyHkum;csyfrsm; cif;usif;jyojcif;
aq;okwfjyD; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;
trSwftom;opfrsm;/ emrnfopfrsm; xkwfjyefjcif;
oauFwrsm;ygonfhtoHrsm; vkyfjcif;
jyefvnfodrf;ydkufr_jyonfh vuQ%mrsm;
&dkdif;ysonfh ajc[efvuf[efrsm;

vlyk*~dKvftvdkuf taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)

tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk pdwfajcmufjcm;vmatmifvkyfjcif;
tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk rcHcsdrcHomjzpfatmifvkyfjcif;
&if;ESD;pGm taygif;toif;vkyfjcif;
Edk;=um;pGmaexdkifjcif;

jyZmwfESifh tqdktwD;
(35)
(36)
(37)

[mojyZmwfESifh tajymiftysufyGJrsm;
jyZmwfESifh wD;vHk;rsm;
oDcsif;qdkr_rsm;

pDwef;vSnfhvnfr_rsm;
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)

csDwufvrf;av#mufyGJrsm;
pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;
bmoma&; pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;
bk&m;zl;oGm;jcif;
armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh pDwef;vSnfhvnf armif;ESifjcif;

uG,fvGefolrsm;tm; *k%fyjcif;
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)

EdkifiHa&; 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_ jyojcif;

jyuf&,fy tokbrsm;
qENjyonfh tokbrsm;
ok\efodk@oGm;a&mufI tav;yjcif;

vljrifuGif;rsm;wGif pk&Hk;=ujcif;
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)

uef@uGufr_twGuf odk@r[kwf axmufcHr_twGuf pka0;jcif;

uef@uGufa&; pnf;a0;yGJrsm;
&kyfzsufI qef@usifqENjy pnf;a0;yGJrsm;
oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;
149

aemufqkwfjcif;ESifh pGef@v$wfjcif;rsm;
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)

xGufcGmqENjyjcif;rsm;
wHk%dbma0 qdwfqdwfaejcif;rsm;
*k%fxl; bGJ@wHqdyfrsm; jyefvnftyfESHjcif;ESifh pGef@v$wfjcif;
aemufausmcdkif;xm;jcif;

vlra_ &;t& ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ rvkyfyJ xm;Edkifonfhenf;rsm;

(u) vlr_a&;t&
rvdkvm;rESpfoufolrsm;udk 0dkif;y,fjcif;
(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)
(59)

oma&;ema&;oydwf
uGufusm; vlr_a&;oydwf
tzsuform;rsm;udk vufydkuf=unfhaejcif;
tquftoG,fjzwfawmufjcif;
bmoma&;udpPrsm;udk ausmcdkif;jcif;

&yf&GmudpP/ vlr_a&;udpP/ bk&m;yGJ/ w&m;yGJ/ "avhxHk;pHESifh tzGJ@tpnf; ponfwdk@udk tultnD

ray;bJ xm;vdkufjcif;enf;rsm;
(60)
(61)
(62)
(63)
(64)

&yf&GmwGif; aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;ESihf tm;upm;yGJrsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm;vdkufjcif;

&yf&GmudpPrsm;udk oydwfarSmufxm;vdkufjcif;
ausmif;om;oydwf
vlr_a&;ESifh ywfoufonhf pnf;urf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;
taysmfxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS E_wfxGufjcif;

vlr_a&;yHkpHrS xGufjcif;
(65)
(66)
(67)
(68)
(69)
(70)

udk,fhtdrfxJrSmaejcif;
udk,fxdvufa&muf bmr#tultnDay;r_ ryjcif;
tvkyform;rsm; tkyfpkvdkuf tvkyfrS xGufcGmjcif;
ab;rJhcdkvH_jcif;
tpkvdkuftyHvdkuf udk,fa,mifazsmufjcif;
qENjyI jynfajy;vkyfvdkufjcif; (Hijrat)

(c) pD;yGm;a&;t&
pD;yGm;a&;oydwf (Economic boycott)
pm;oHk;olrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_
(71)
(72)
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
(77)

pm;oHk;oloydwf
oydwfarSmufxm;onfhypPnf;rsm;udk roHk;yJaejcif;
cd;jcHac|wmjcif;
tdrfvcray;yJxm;jcif;
tddrfriSm;yJaejcif;
wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk; pm;oHk;oloydwf
EdkifiHwum pm;oHk;olrsm;oydwf

150

tvkyform;ESifh ukefxkwfvyk folrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_

(78)
(79)

tvkyform;oydwf
ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;oydwf

yGJpm;rsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_
(80)

ukefay;oGif;olrsm;ESifh ukefwifukefcsvkyfolrsm;. oydwf

ydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh tkycf sKyfr_wdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_

(81)
(82)
(83)
(84)
(85)

ukefonfoydwf
aps;ra&mif;yJxm;jcif;/ ypPnf;rsm; tdrfrsm;ra&mif;jcif;
qdkifaomhydwfxm;jcif;
pufr_vufr_ tultnDrsm;ray;jcif;
aps;onfrsm;. taxGaxGoydwf

bmaiG t&if;tESD;axmufyHholrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_
(86)
(87)
(88)
(89)
(90)
(91)

b%fYoGif;xm;aomaiGrsm;udk xkwf,ljcif;
tzdk;tcrsm;/ tau;rsm;/ wef&mwefzdk;rsm;ray;yJxm;jcif;
tau;rqyfyJae/ twdk;ray;yJaejcif;
axmufyHha=u;rsm;&yfpJ/ tau;ray;yJaejcif;
tcGeftaumufay;&ef jiif;qefjcif;
tpdk;&aiGrsm;udk vufrcHjcif;

tpdk;&rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_
(92)
(93)
(94)
(95)
(96)

jynfwGif;ukefoG,fa&; &yfpJjcif;
ukefonfrsm;tm; emrnfysufpm&if;oGif;jcif;
EdkifiHwumrS a&mif;csolrsm;u ta&mif;t0,f&yfqdkif;jcif;
EdkfifiHwumrS 0,f,lolrsm;u ta&mif;t0,f&yfqdkif;jcif;
EdkifiHwumrS ukefoG,fr_ &yfqdkif;jcif;

pD;yGm;a&;t& ulnD,dkif;yif;r_ rjyKonfh enf;vrf;rsm; - oydwf (Strike)

txdrf;trSwf oydwfrsm;
(97)
(98)

uef@uGufqENjyyGJrsm;
wr[kwfcsif; qENjy tvkyfcGifrSxGufoGm;jcif;

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;oydwfrsm;
(99)
(100)

v,form;oydwf/ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;oydwf
v,f,mpdkufysKd;olrsm;oydwf

oD;oef@tkyfpkrsm;.oydwf
(101)
(102)
(103)
(104)

tvkyfu|rf;usifolrsm;.oydwf
tusOf;om;oydwf
vufr_ynm&Sifrsm;oydwf
ynm&Sdvkyfom;rsm;oydwf

151

omrefpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;oydwf
(105)
(106)
(107)

tvkyf&Sifoydwf
pufr_vufr_oydwf
qENjyr_tm; pmemaxmufcHtm;ay;onfhtaejzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;

tuef@towfxm;jyD; arSmufonfhoydwfrsm;
(108)
(109)
(110)
(111)
(112)
(113)
(114)
(115)

wdwdusus arSmufaomoydwf/ tao;pdwfpOf;pm;jyD; arSmufaomoydwf

taESmifht,Sufjzpf&Hk arSmufaomoydwf
tvkyfaESmifhaES;atmif arSmufaomoydwf
ajyma&;qdkcGifh&atmifom tvkyf0ifaea=umif;jyojcif;
aeraumif;I tvkyfrvm[k ajymqdkjcif;
tvkyfxGufpmwifjcif;
tuef@towfxm;jyD; oydwfarSmufjcif;
udk,fhpdwfuuftvdkuf =unfhjyD; arSmufonfhoydwf

taxGaxGpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;oydwf
(116)
(117)

c|if;csufxm;jyD; oydwfarSmufjcif;
jynfvHk;u|wf taxGaxGoydwf

oydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;ydwf ESpfckaygif;v_yf&Sm;jcif;

(118)
(119)

tvkyf&yfpJjcif;
pD;yGm;a&; um;vdyfcsjcif;

(8) EdkifiHa&;t&

=oZmtm%mudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;
(120)
(121)
(122)

opPmcHrvkyfbJaejcif;
vlxkaxmufcHr_udk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;
twdkuftcHbufudk a&S@aevdkufonfh pm&Gufpmwrfrsm;/ a[majymyGJrsm;

jynfolwdk@u tpdk;&udk tultnDray;yJaejcif;

(123)
(124)
(125)
(126)
(127)
(128)
(129)
(130)
(131)
(132)

Oya'ytzGJ@udk oydwfarSmufjcif;
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;
tpdk;&tvkyf/ tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;
tpdk;&Xmersm;/ XmecGJrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;
tpdk;&ynma&;/ ausmif;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS E_wfxGufjcif;
tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH toif;tzGJ@rsm;rS E_wfxGufjcif;
Oya'udk cdkifvHkwif;=uyfatmif vkyfaeonfh&Hk;rsm;udk tultnDray;yJxm;jcif;
udk,fh&mxl;trSwftom;/ ae&mtrSwftom;rsm;udk y,fzsufypfjcif;
cef@xm;vdkufonfh t&m&Sdrsm;udk vufrcH[kjiif;qefjcif;
vuf&SdXme toif;tzGJ@ponfwdk@udk &kyfodrf;cdkif;v#if jiif;qefjcif;

jynfolwdk@u wrsKd;wrnf trdef@udk zDqefjcif;

(133)
(134)
(135)

tvkyfudk rvkyfcsifvkyfcsif vkyfjcif;/ ajz;ajz;vkyfjcif;

wdkuf&dkuf=uD;=uyfrnfholr&Sdaomtcg trdef@udk remcHyJaejcif;
trsm;ESifha&mjyD; trdef@udk qef@usifjcif;
152

(136)
(137)
(138)
(139)
(140)
(141)

pum;em;raxmifcsif[efaqmifjcif;
pk&Hk;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;udk vlpck JcG dkif;v#if em;raxmifyJaejcif;
xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;
ac|;wyfqGJv#if rvdkufjcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;v#if ta&;rpdkufjcif;
ykef;atmif;aejcif;/ xGufajy;jcif;/ emrnfajymif;/ vdyfpmajymif;/ trSefrsm;ray;yJaejcif;
w&m;r0ifonfh Oya'rsm;udk zDqefjcif;

tpdfk;&tvkyform;rsm;/v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
(142)
(143)
(144)
(145)
(146)
(147)
(148)

tpdk;&uay;onfh axmufyHhcsuftcsKd@udk jiif;y,fjcif;

txufucsrSwfonfhtrdef@/ owif;ponfwdk@udk ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;
tvkyfrsm;wef@xm;jcif;/ aESmifhaES;atmifvkyfxm;jcif;
taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; rulnDjcif;
w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifr_rjyKjcif;
tvkyf=uD;=uyfolrsm;u wrifoufouf tvkyfrvkyfwwfonfh[efaqmifaejcif;/ tultnD
ray;yJ aeoifhonhf udpPrsm;udk rsufESmv$Jaejcif;
ykefuefjcif;

jynfwGif;tpdk;&v_yf&Sm;r_
(149)
(150)

tmywfvGwfonfhenf;jzifh tvkyfudka&Smifjcif;/ tvkyftcsdefqJGxm;jcif;

tpdk;&XmecGJrsm;u tultnD&yfpJjcif;

EdkifiHwumtpdk;&.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
(151)
(152)
(153)
(154)
(155)
(156)
(157)

oHwref/ udk,fpm;vS,fponfwdk@udk ajymif;vJjcif;

oHwreftcrf;tem;rsmudk qdkif;iHhHxm;jcif;/ zsufypfvdkufjcif;
oHwreftodtrSwf rjyKjcif;
oHwrefqufoG,fa&;jzwfjcif;
EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xGufjcif;
EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufcGifhudk jiif;y,fjcif;
EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfy,fypfjcif;

t=urf;rJh 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifonfhenf;rsm;
pdwf"gwftm;jzifh taESmifht,Sufay;jyD; pGufzufjcif;
(158)
(159)

(160)
(161)

aeylxJ&yf/ rdk;&GmxJae? tat;cHqEMjyjcif;

oDvaqmufwnfjcif;
(u) pdwftvdkudk rvdkufyJaejcif;
(c) tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;
(*) trSefw&m;udk vufudkifxm;jyD; oDvaqmufwnfjcif;
ajymif;jyef ppfaq;prf;oyfjcif;
t=urf;rJh taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;

udk,fxdvufa&muf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;
(162)
(163)
(164)

xdkifoydwf
&yfoydwf
twif;um;0ifpD;jcif;

153

(165)
(166)
(167)
(168)
(169)
(170)
(171)
(172)
(173)

wdk;jyD;0ifa&mufjcif;
taygif;tazmfwpkESifh twif;0ifa&mufjcif;
0ifa&mufqkawmif;jcif;
t=urf;rzufyJ 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;
t=urf;rzufyJ av,mOfysHESifh 0ifa&mufjcdrf;ajcmufjcif;
t=urf;rzufyJ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;
t=urf;rzufyJ atmf[pfjcif;
t=urf;rzufyJ ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;
t=urf;rzufyJ odrf;ydkuf tydkifpD;xm;jcif;

vlr_a&;&m 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;
(174)
(175)
(176)
(177)
(178)
(179)
(180)

aygif;oif;qufqHa&;yHkpHopfudk wnfaqmufjcif;
a&rD;ponfh trsm;oHk;ypPnf;rsm;udk tqrwefoHk;jcif;
twif;0ifa&mufydwfqdk@jcif;
twif;pum;0ifajymjcif;
ajymufusm;ZmwfyGJ usif;yjcif;
tzGJ@tpnf;opfwrsKd;xlaxmifjcif;
qufoG,fa&;pepfwrsKd;xGifjcif;

pD;yGm;a&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;
(181)
(182)
(183)
(184)
(185)
(186)
(187)
(188)
(189)
(190)
(191)
(192)

wefjyefoydwf
tvkyfcGifwGif; xdkifoydwf
t=urf;rzufonfh ajr,modrf;,ljcif;
ydwfqdk@xm;onfwdk@udk z,fypfjcif;
EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfaqmif&onfrsm;udk twkta,mifyvkyfjcif;
ypPnf;rsm;udk uwif0,f,lodkavSmifxm;jcif;
&ydkifcGihfypPnf;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;jcif;
v$ifhypfjcif;
tydkifpD;oifhonfwdk@udk tydkifpD;jcif;
aps;uGufwrsKd;xGifjcif;
o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfwrsKd; wnfaxmifjcif;
pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;wrsKd; ajymif;jyD;xm;jcif;

EdkifiHa&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_
(193)
(194)
(195)
(196)
(197)
(198)

tkyfcsKyfa&; pDrHcef@cGJr_pepfudk rEdkifreif;jzpfvmatmif vkyfay;jcif;

v#dK@0SufaxmufvSrf;a&; at;*sifhrsm; rnfolrnf0gjzpfa=umif; azmfxkwfjyojcif;
axmifuscHjcif;
bufrvdkufonfh Oya'rsm;udk zDqefjcif;
vkyfcdkif;onfrsm;udk rvkyfyJ udk,fvkyfcsif&mrsm;udkom qufvkyfjcif;
pifydiftpdk;&axmifjcif;/ pifydifbk&iftm; eef;xdkifapjcif;
--------- 000---------

154

aemufqufwJG (3)

t=uHay;tzGJ@. avhvmoHk;oyfwifjyyHkudk toHk;jyKI jy\emajz&Sif;yHk

(erlem)
1992ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;avmufwGif jrefrmtwdkuftcHrsm;pkpnf;I zGJ@pnf;cJhaom EdkifiHa&;
tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ aumfrwDrS wifoGif;cJhonfh t=uHypmwrf;jzpfonf? r[mAsL[ma&;qGJ&mwGif =uHKawG@&aom
rl0g'qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mY erlemaumif; wcktjzpf azmfjyvdkufygonf?
(bmomjyefol.rSwfcsuf? qDavsmfpGm bmomjyefxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? rl&if;ESifh uGJvJrG _&SdEdkifygonf?)

jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ aumfrwD

t=uHjyKpmwrf;
(1) jy\em&yf
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf vlxkpGrf;tm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfh txda&mufqHk;
enf;vrf;udk azmfjy&ef jzpfonf?
(2) xifjrif,lqcsuf
jrefrmEdkifiHom;trsm;pku EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;a&;aumifpD (e0w). tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usif=uonf?
(3)

tcsuftvufrsm;

(u) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aexdkif=uol cef@rSef;ajctm;jzifh (44)oef;&Sdonf?

(c) jrefrmhwyfrawmfwGif ppfonftiftm;(4)odef;cef@&SdjyD;/ 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHaom vufeufudkifrsm;.
tiftm;rSm (1) aomif; cef@&Sdonf? (,ck av;axmif atmufwGifom &Sdonf?)
(8) e0wrS 'Drdkua&pD axmufcHaom vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmuf
t=uyfudkifjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif; (okd@) jynfyodk@xGufcGmatmif zdtm;ay;jcif; ponfwdk@udk yvkyfI
z,f&Sm;aeonf?
(C) vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkudk vufeufwyfqif/ avhusifhay;&ef (aiGa=u;
tp&Sdaom) t&if;tjrpfrsm;r&&SdEdkif?
(i)

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;& (NCGUB)onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;Y 'Drdkua&pD

v_yf&Sm;r_udk jrSifhwifay;&ef wOD;wnf; rvkyfaqmifEdkif? NCGUB wGif (EdkifiHa&;) tajccH wnfaqmufr
rsm;r&Sd (odk@) r[mAsL[mt& v_yf&Sm;r_udk pDpOf&ef/ zGJ@pnf;&efESifh pDrH&ef avhusifhxm;olrsm;r&Sd?

(p) e0wonf qef@usifv_yf&Sm;vmrnfh jrefrmvlxktay: ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tiftm; tompD;

&aejcif;udk xdef;odrf;xm;vsuf&Sdonf?
(q) vGefcJhaom q,fESpftwGif; EdkifiHa&; tHwkqef@usifr_rsm;onf EdkifiHrsm;pGmY qifE$JatmifjrifcJh=uonf?
xdkEdkifiHrsm;rSm tZmbdkif*sef/ b*Fvm'uf&Sf/ zdvpfydkif/ &k&Sm;/ ydkvef/ ta&S@*smreD/ a*smf*sD,m/
vpfolat;eD;,m;/ tufpfwdk;eD;,m;/ vwfAD;,m; / a[wD ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdk@jzpfonf?
(Z) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft[kefaumif;vmv#if EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rS pdwf0ifpm;jyD; xda&mufatmif
vkyfay;vmEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?

155

(4)

tcsuftvufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;

(u) jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;vlOD;a&. oHk;yHkwyHk&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;onf &mpkESpf w0ufeD;yg;r#

tpdk;&. ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; xdk;ppftrsKd;rsKd;udk cHae=u&onf? tpdk;&.&nf&G,fcsufrSm xif&Sm;aom
vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_wdk@udk zsufqD;&efjzpfonf? ppfwyfrS xdkodk@
q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umatmif &ufpufpGm wdkufcdkuf zsufqD;aer_rsm;udk usef&Sdaom jynfolvlxku
1988ckESpfa&mufrS pwifod&Sdvm=uonf? xdk@aemufwGif ppftm%m&Sif tpdk;&onf jrefrmESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. bHk&efoljzpfvmonf?
(c) tiftm;(4)odef;ausmf&Sdaom ppfwyfESifh &Jwdk@u jrefrmjynfol (44)oef; (2003ckESpfwGif oef; ig;q,f)
udk t=urf;zuf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvsuf&Sdonf? aemufwckazmfjy&efrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tusOf;om;(100)
&Sdwkdif; axmiftr_xrf; wa,mufE_ef; &Sdae&mrS 2003ckESpfwGif (125) tcsKd; (1) jzpfvmonf? tqdkyg
tcsufu tpdk;&onf t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_ESifh jcdrf;ajcmuft=uyfudkifr_rsm;udk pepfwus usL;vGefvsuf
&Sdaea=umif;/ 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHr_rsm;udk zdcGJaea=umif;azmfjyonf? xdk@jyif jynfolvlxkY acgif;aqmif
ESifh r[mAsL[mtpDtpOf &Sdraea=umif;vnf; azmfjyonf?
(8) tm%m&Siftpdk;&u t=urf;zufjcif;/ tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh ESdyfuGyfaejcif;a=umifh jrefrmhvlaer_
todkif;t0dkif;wGif 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHol acgif;aqmifrsm;/ 'kwd,ESifh wwd,tqifh acgif;aqmifrsm;
z,f&Sm;cHae&onf? 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHol tiftm;pkrsm;u acgif;aqmifxyfjznfh&efESifh v_yf&Sm;r_
twGuf acgif;aqmifavmif;rsm;udk avhusifharG;xkwfay;&ef vdktyfaeonf?
(C) t"due,fpyfukefoG,fa&;*dwfrsm;udk ppfwyfu odrf;ykdufxm;onf? Ttcsufu 'Drdkua&pD
axmufcHolrsm;twGuf vufeufESifh tjcm;axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm; 0,f,l&ef t=uD;tus,f
bma&; usqif;vsuf&Sda=umif;udk azmfjyonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHjcm; ppfa&; taxmuftyhHrsm;vnf;
r&&Sday? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ppftiftm;wdk;csJ@&ef t&if;tjrpfrsm; r&EdkifyJ jzpfae
onf? ydkIta&;=uD;aom aemufwcsufrSm &HyHkaiG&&SdI 'Drdkua&pDzufrS ppftiftm;udk wdk;csJ@
wnfaqmufonfhwdkif =uD;rm;I vufeufjynfhpHkpGm wyfqifxm;aom e0w. ppfwyfudk tEdkif,l
Edkif&efrSm vHk;0 rjzpfEdkifoavmufyif?
(i) 1990 arv a&G;aumufyGJwGif tpdk;&zGJ@&ef tm%m&&SdcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. udk,fpm;
NCGUB u (ta0;a&muf)tpdk;&zGJ@onf? rJay;cGifhr&Sdaomae&mrsm;(vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;)wGifyif
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. OD;aqmifr_udk vufcHae=uonf? odk@jzpfI NCGUB onf jrefrmjynfol
rsm;u todtrSwfyxm;aom OD;aqmifr_udk udk,fpm;yonf? NCUB . ulnDyHhydk;r_omr&dSv#if
NCGUB tm; ppfrSefaom pifydiftpdk;& trSefwu,fjzpfa=umif; urBmu ,kH=unfvufcHEdkifrnf
r[kwfay?
(p) e0wonf ppftiftm;omvGefjcif;/ jydKifzuf 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkwGif nDnGwfr_r&Sdjcif;wkd@a=umifh wdk@
vdktyfonhftcgwdkif; ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; xdk;ppfqifEdkifvsuf&o
Sd nf? ,cktcg twdkuftcH tkyfpk
tcsif;csif;ESifh tkyfpkrsm;twGif; nDnGwfr_rsm; xGufay:vmjyD; ,if;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkifv#if
'Drdkua&pD axmufcHolrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&; pwifv_yf&Sm;Edkifonf?
(q)

ppfwyfu tiftm;aumif;aumif;jzifh jynfolvlxkudk &ufpufpGm ESdyfuGyfaejcif;udk wkef@jyef&ef

t=urf;rzuf EdkifiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_udk vufawG@toHk;csEdkifa=umif; urBmhordkif;rS txl;ojzifh vGefcJhaom
q,fpkESpfwGif ay:aygufcJhaom t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;pGmwdk@u rSwfausmufwifvsuf &SdaeayjyD?
ppfa&;pGrf;&nfrsm;uJhodk@tvm;wl tpGrf;tpaumif;aom EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ (Political Defiance)udk
rnfonfhvlrsKd;rqdk/ ,Ofaus;r_xdef;odrf;vdkol rnfolrqdk (odk@) &ufpufpGm ESdyfuGyfcH&ol rnfolrqdk
vGwfvyfpGm toHk;yEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
156

(Z)

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1988 vlxktHkur_ aemufqHk;tqifhrsm;ESifh ppfwyfrS t=urf;zufzdcGJr_rsm;udk urBmh

owif;rsm;u azmfjycJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; =uD;rm;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifhom tjcm;EdkifiH
tpdk;&rsm;u ppftm%m&Sifwdk@tay: jypf'%fcwf ydwfqdk@ta&;,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf? jynfolvlxkom
ryg0ifcJhv#if EdkifiHwum zdtm;rsm;vnf; &Sdrnfr[kwfay?
(5)

tqHk;owfaumufcsufcsjcif;

(u) ppftpdk;&udk tEkdif&&Sd&efrSm jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf 1988 vlxktHkur_wGif u;yrf;cJh=uonfhtwdkif;

e0wudk qef@usifEdkifpGrf; &Sd&ygrnf? xdk@twGuf 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHaom ppfwyfESifh EdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;&ygrnf? &Edkifor#aom pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfxkwfI
r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJwnfaqmuf&ygrnf?
(c)

tu,fI e0wtm; qef@usifaom v_yf&Sm;r_wGif vlxkpGrf;tm;udk xda&mufpGm toHk;csEdkifv#if

tiftm; csdefcGifv#monf jynfolzufodk@ tav;omvmrnfjzpfonf?

(8) EdkifiHa&; nDnGwfr_udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef

&Sdae&ygrnf?

NCUB

ESifh

NCGUB

wdk@ tjyeftvSef axmufcHtm;ay;r_

(C) EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_onf ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh r[mAsL[majrmuf wdkufzsufEdkifpGrf;

&SdaejyD jzpfonf?
(6)
(u)

axmufcHcsufudk wifjyjcif;

NCGUB .

obmywdtzGJ@odk@ wdkuf&dkuf tpD&ifcH&ef EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ &Hk;cef;zGifhvSpf&ef?

tqdkyg&kH;rSaeI wm0ef,l&rnfrSm r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ&ef/ pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ ynmay;ESifh oifwef;rsm;udk =uD;=uyf&efESifh
r[mAsL[majrmuf vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;&efwdk@jzpfonf?
(c) EdkifiHwGif;odk@ jyefvnfapv$wfrnfh a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ oifcef;pmrsm;udk tjrefqHk;
pDpOfay;&ef?
odk@rSom jynfwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_udk taumiftxnfazmfay;Edkifrnfh
avhusifhjcif;ESifh pnf;&Hk; zGJ@pnf;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf?
(8)

vlolpkaqmif;jcif;/

EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ azmfaqmifonfh v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;wGif axmufcHtm;ay;a&;udk wnf&SdqJ ajratmuf

v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;tm; wm0efay;&efjzpfonf?
--------- 000---------

157

aemufqufwJG (4)

r[mAsL[mtwGuftcsufudk jyifqifa&;twGuf t=uHyyHkpH

tajctaeudk cef@rSe;f wGufcsufjcif;
1? a&S@vkyfief;pOf
2? v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;
(u) v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifatmif pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;
(1) v_yf&Sm;rnfha'o. 0daoovuQ%mrsm;
(1) ppfa&;qdkif&m yx0Dtaetxm;
(1) vuf&Sdajrjyiftaetxm;
(2) jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkif taetxm;
(3) rdk;av0o
(2) o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
(3) qufoG,fa&;
(4) EdkifiHa&;
(2) wdkufyJ0G if pGrf;tm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;
(1) ydifzufppfwyf
(1) tiftm;
(2) wdkufyJt
G pDtpOf
(3) wnfae&mESifh wyfpGJjcif;
(4) wyfuljznfhjcif;
(5) ydk@aqmifaxmufyHha&;
(6) wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nf
(7) ppfwyf. &mZ0iftusOf;csKyf
(2) rdrdzufrS&yfwnfrnfh ppfwyf (txufygtwdkif;)
(3) ydifzuf. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_
(1) tpGrf;tprsm;
(2) tm;enf;csufrsm;
(3) axmufwdkifrsm;
(4) vlOD;a&ppfwrf;
158

1/

vlOD;a&xlxyfr_

2/

aumvdyftqifhynmwwfrsm;udk arG;xkwfjcif;

3/

a'otvdkuf pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;

4/

vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;.yg0ifE_ef;ESifh bmomw&mudk;uG,fr_twdkif;tq

5/

a'otvdkuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;
(5) EdkifiHa&;t& qHk;jzwfay;olrsm;
1/

tvdktavsmuf&yfwnfay;aeaom r[mrdwf

2/

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

3/

EdkifiHa&;tufuGJa=umif;rsm;

(6) vHkcHa&;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfjcif;

1/ wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;udk xda&mufatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;
2/ vlopfpkaqmif;jcif;jzifh &SdjyD;om;rsm;udk xdcdkufqHk;&H_;rcHEdkifjcif;
3/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m ppfaq;=uyfrwfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;
4/ qufoG,fa&;
5/ owif;ESifhrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; vHkcHKa&;
(4) rdrdzufrS EdkifiHa&;tHwkEdkifr_ (txufygtwdkif;)
(3) xifjrif,lqjcif;
(c) ydifzuf.vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;
(*) udk,fydkif v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;
3? t[ef@twm;rsm;udk taotcsm pdppfoHk;oyfjcif;
4? tusKd;tjypfrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;
5? qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;
--------- 000---------

159