Imagining Risk, Competiveness & Sustainability in the Context of The Indian City

Imagining Risk, Competiveness & Sustainability in the Context of The Indian City

Risk, Competiveness & Sustainability in the Context of

RISK

ECONOMICS OF LAND IN BANGALORE

PER ANNUM INCOME IN BANGALORE
Average per capita (Rs.) 74,709 Average household size 4.13 Average household income(Rs.) 3,08,548

Q1 (bottom) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (top)

5.4% 9.6% 14.5% 21.8% 48.7%

Source: How India Earns, Spends & Saves Results of the Max New York Life-NCAER India Financial Protection Survey (2007)

ECONOMICS OF LAND IN BANGALORE

PER ANNUM INCOME IN BANGALORE
Average per capita (Rs.) 85,000 Average household size 4.13 Average household income(Rs.) 3,51,050

Lowest 3 quintiles 41,792

1,72,600 31,758

Lowest 2 quintiles 31,875 1,31,644 24,222

INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Q1 (bottom) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (top) 5.4% 9.6% 14.5% 21.8% 48.7%

EXPENDITURE PATTERN
Food Health Transport Education Clothing Durables TOTAL 45.4% 4.6% 11.1% 8.7% 6.8% 5.0% 81.6%

Source: How India Earns, Spends & Saves Results of the Max New York Life-NCAER India Financial Protection Survey (2007)

ECONOMICS OF LAND IN BANGALORE

Smallest site in new BDA Layouts: 54 sq.m. This is the smallest parcel of land recognised in the land use plan Cost from BDA: Rs. 56,700 Lock-in period: 10 years Time limit for completing construction: 5 years Eligibility: Income below Rs. 11,800 per annum Assume 225 sq.ft. unit at Rs. 500 per sq.ft. costing Rs. 1,12,500 Total expense = Rs. 1,69,200

ECONOMICS OF LAND IN BANGALORE

54 sq. m. (581 sq.ft.)
LOCATION LAND RATE (Rs./sq.ft.) 10,000 LAND VALUE (Rs.) 58,72,560 34,87,536 11,62,512 4,06,879

EMI @ 8% Over 20 Years

48,619 29,172 9,724 3,403

CBD Inner Ring Road

ANNUAL EXPENDITUR E 5,83,428 3,50,064 1,16,688 40,386

6,000
2,000 700

Outer Ring Road

Periphery

ECONOMICS OF LAND IN BANGALORE

54,000 sq. m. (581 sq.ft.) (13.34 acres)

FAR: 3.25 FAR Area: 18,89,082 sq.ft. Area per family: 400 sq.ft. No. of families: 4723 Land Rate: Rs. 1,350 / sq.ft. Total Land Value: Rs. 2,55,02,60,700 Land Value per Family: Rs. 5,40,000 Construction Rate: Rs. 800 / sq.ft. Construction Cost per Family: Rs. 3,20,000 Total Cost per Family: Rs. 8,60,000 EMI: Rs. 7,194 Annual Expenditure: 86,328

FLATTENING THE SUPPLY CURVE ON LAND

PRICE S

P2 P1 D1

D1
Q1 Q2 QUANTITY

FLATTENING THE SUPPLY CURVE ON LAND

PRICE

P2 P1

Q1Q2

QUANTITY

Legal complexity and lack of transparency in land title and building permissions Disaggregation of publicly owned and unutilised land

SURVIVAL OF THE POOR IN THE INDIAN CITY

History of master planning is recent, and there are large quantities of building stock that predate master planning Penetration and enforcement of master planning is weak, so there is ample space for informal systems of tenure to operate Advantages of informality: slums of hope and slums of despair

SURVIVAL OF THE POOR IN THE INDIAN CITY

Michel de Certeau

STRATEGIES

The practice of those in power Based on space Postulates a place that can be delimited as its own from which relations with an exteriority can be ordered and managed Such places posited as the natural order of the city A set of proper places, either spatial or institutional, that represents political, economic and scientific rationalities The art of the weak A way of operating without a proper place, and so depend on time. Depend on seized opportunities, cleverly chosen movements and incursions into space, and on the rapidity of movements that can change the organisation of a space. Counterpractices to officially sanctioned urbanisms

TACTICS

THE MATHEMATICS OF DEMOCRACY (John Allen Paolos)

Example of gun control in the US: Several opinion polls show that up to 80% of the public support some form of gun control Yet no politician will touch it Of the 20% who oppose it, 75% of them are so fanatical that they will make a voting decision based on this one issue Of the 80% majority, only 5% of them (who may be victims of violent crime) will base their voting decision solely on this issue. 75% of 20% is 15% of the electorate 5% of 80% is 4% of the electorate This 11% differential will swing any election and the politicians know it. Democracies do not like diffuse majorities, they prefer fanatical minorities.

If you cant afford to stay in Delhi, go elsewhere!

Supreme Court Justice Ruma Pal, while passing judgment on the demolition of Nangla Machi Basti which made way for the Commonwealth Games Village on the banks of the Yamuna, after having been there for close to 40 years.

WHY DO WE SO EASILY ACCEPT SUCH PARTIAL IMAGINATIONS OF THE CITY?

THE CITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

While we take human rights for granted, its history is actually very recent. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948 International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural Rights: 1976 Rights by themselves remain abstract without a spatial entity that enforces them The nation state as the primary spatial entity for the enforcement of rights The nation state must imagine itself as a nonhierarchical, inclusive and ethical community (this is a choice that must be taken) The nation state is too broad and heterogeneous a level for rights to be integrated into daily routine. It can only deal with rights once they are violated For integrating rights into daily routine the city (and the village) must imagine itself as a non-hierarchical, inclusive and ethical community

Spaces devoid of time

Spaces differentiated by time

Spaces fixed in time

RETHINKING SPACE AS ALWAYS IN TIME

COMPETITIVENESS

WHAT KIND OF A PROBLEM IS A CITY?

While cities have existed since time immemorial, they have received specific attention only since the late 19th century. First writings on the city: The German School (Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Oswald Spengler), The Chicago School (Robert Park, Louis Wirth, Robert Redfield) The cosmopolitan character of the city: freedom from the stifling gaze of tradition Simmel: The urban monk Park: The role of the city is to foreground the moral range of deviant behavior

WHAT KIND OF A PROBLEM IS A CITY?

Jane Jacobs Warren Weaver: Three Kinds of Scientific Problems Organised Simplicity: Newtonian Mechanics Disorganised Complexity: Quantum Mechanics Self-Organising Complexity: Biological Systems

THE TERMITES NEST: DESIGN THROUGH EMERGENCE

THE CONDITIONS OF EMERGENCE

High-synchrony frequent interaction Always leave traces of actions Impulse toward pattern recognition in the traces High levels of information symmetry All information is public domain Low preoccupation with grand designs, focus is on immediate experience Iterative evolutionary spirals

Anna Lee Saxenian: Limits of Autarky

1975 - 1990

SILICON VALLEY, CA
150,000 new tech jobs

ROUTE 128, MA
50,000 new tech jobs $ 4.8 billion in tech exports 4 of nations 100 fastest growing electronics companies

$ 11 billion in tech exports

39 of nations 100 fastest growing electronics companies

Rethinking Civic Space

(The Bazaar)

CIVIC SPACE

(The Mall)

PUBLIC SPACE

Engagement Integrated

Spectacle Introverted Gated

Open
Slowness

Speed

THIRD PLACE (Ray Oldenburg)

First Place: Second Place: Home, Family Work

Third Place:

Community
(Coffee House, Tavern, Club, Park, Piazza, Chowk, Street, Church, Mosque)

SCALES OF GOVERNANCE
Initially no constitutional recognition of local government 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution (1992) Poor implementation of amendments, particularly in municipalities The Gram Sabha in rural areas The Ward Committee and the Area Sabha

People come to cities to strategically leverage economies of: Scale Density Association Extension

ALIGN STRATEGIES

SUSTAINABILITY

THE PROBLEM IN INITIATING SUSTAINABILITY

Rational persuasion is difficult Science of climate and nature is emergent and non-linear Cause-effect relationships between macro level system behaviour and individual behaviour are difficult to establish Connections can only be inferred statistically, which requires sophisticated understanding The first mile problem Shift from rational understanding to network

NATURE AS WILDERNESS

THE CITY AS FALLEN AWAY FROM NATURE

THE CITY AS FORTIFIED TERRITORY

THE CITY AS A SPONGE

AUTOPOEISIS

HAVANA, CUBA

1995: 26,600 garden parcels Size range: 10 sq.m. to 3 hectares Organic fertiliser based: cow manure, food/leaf compost, vermiculture Multilayer crops: for example cassava (providing shade), sweet potato (ground cover) and beans (fixating soil with nitrogen) Porches and balconies also brought into food production Facilitated by green networks 50% of food produced within the citys boundaries Ratio of energy inputs into the food system, relative to calories ingested is in the region of 12:1 in the developing world. In subsistence economies where food is grown close to where it is ingested, the ratio is closer to 1:1

WATER IN THE SPONGE CITY

Take as an example a 60 by 40 (223 sq.m.) plot in Bangalore housing a family of five. Average rainfall per year: 978 mm Rain falling on plot in a year: 223 x 0.978 = 2,18,094 litres NBC 2005 consumption standard: 135 lpcd Yearly consumption for family: 135 x 5 x 365 = 2,46,375 litres

STUDIES BY URBAN MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY, CSTB, PARIS, FRANCE

STUDIES BY URBAN MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY, CSTB, PARIS, FRANCE

STUDIES BY URBAN MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY, CSTB, PARIS, FRANCE

SUSTAINABLE (EMERGENT) SYSTEMS

Experience based rather than Intellect based Multi-scalar, working from the bottom up The Principle of Subsidiarity: The bottom level does the maximum it can, and whatever it cannot do it delegates upwards

It is not enough to be sustainable. If you were to ask someone about how their relationship with their spouse was and they answered sustainable it is not very hopeful!
William McDonough
Quoted by Hasan-Udin Khan (from a conversation with McDonough) in Life, the Universe and Everything: Stewardship, Change and the Built Environment, Keynote address, 4th International Conference on Vernacular Settlements, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, February 2008

CONCLUSION

RETHINKING THE SOCIAL CONTRACT

STATE

CITIZEN

STATE

CITIZEN

STATE

CITIZEN

CITIZEN

STATE

CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN

STATE

CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN

STATE

CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN CITIZEN

THE PANCHASHILA OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Cities should be:
Economically Dynamic Culturally Vibrant Socially Just Environmentally Sustainable

Politically Inclusive & Participatory