Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference

Post-9/11 Era West Wing

Crisis Committee

Elena Girardi Chairperson

 Letter from the Chair Dear Delegates,

Welcome to Hofstra Model United Nations, and the West Wing Crisis Committee. My name is Elena Girardi, and I will be your crisis chair. After attending the University of Pennsylvania conference last year, I was very excited and intrigued to see the West Wing as a crisis topic. I was devastated when The West Wing went off the air six years ago, so I decided to borrow the idea for Hofstras first ever Crisis Committee. As part of this committee, it will be your job to guide the slightly fictional President George W. Bush through his first term in office. You will be dealing with a nation in crisis after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, a looming conflict in the Middle East, and a second-term campaign strategy. Lots of work is ahead, delegates. I am currently a senior at Hofstra University, majoring in political science and journalism. My 2012 class resurrected Hofstras Model U.N. Club, and Ive been a member since my first year at Hofstra. Ive attended several conferences at Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, and New Yorks National Model United Nations. In my final year, I am honored to be one of HMUNs co-presidents. I spent last semester interning for a law firm in Washington, D.C., and plan to return there for graduate school. In my spare time I enjoy watching CNN and Boston sports (particularly when they are beating New York). I also enjoy running, writing and Ben & Jerrys! I am very excited to be serving as committee chair. I never had the opportunity to be a part of MUN in high school, so I am eager and excited to welcome you to this conference. What a great experience! I am looking forward to a great weekend, jam-packed with equal parts of work and play, and to meeting you all in person. I know you have plenty of other school work to do, so I tried to make your background guide as concise and comprehensible as possible. Please feel free to do your own research or email me of you need any information. Best of luck, delegates; youll be in the Oval Office in no time. Sincerely, Elena Girardi egirar1@pride.hofstra.edu

Introduction to the Committee Welcome back to the White House. I hope you spent your recess relaxing and resting up because we have a lot of work to do over the next few days. The information we will discuss is highly classified. Thus, we will be meeting exclusively in the Oval Office for the entirety of the conference. Please make sure to receive the location of the office from a Secret Service member. Our time is limited and precious. Dont be late. Our first Oval Office meeting will take place on ____ at_____

The West Wing

Duties of the Body and Voting Policies and Procedures You are all vital members of President George W, Bushs Senior Staff and Cabinet. It is almost two years after the September 11th terrorist attacks that shook up this very staff and the entire nation. Your swift and dramatic political and military changes in policy and strategy are being both praised and criticized by fellow government officials and the international community. Due to the enormity and importance of upcoming decisions, the President has decided to more heavily consider your opinions and rely more on your advice. While the President may overrule your decisions based on compelling arguments and the opposition may shape the debate on rare occasion, most Presidential decisions will be determined by a majority vote of his inner circle. So, please speak and vote wisely. The President and this body will also be able to consult and discuss with members outside the cabinet, Republican Party, and American Government. The body and outside

 members have the ability to influence Administration policy within the confines of the legal functions of the Executive Branch given to it by the Constitution as well as influence the American people through the power of the bully pulpit.1

Character List Secretary of State- Colin Powell Secretary of Defense- Donald Rumsfeld National Security Advisor- Condoleezza Rice Vice President- Richard Cheney FBI Director- Robert Mueller III CIA Director- George Tenet White House Chief of Staff- Andrew H. Card Jr. Deputy Secretary of Defense- Paul Wolfowitz 9/11 Commission Director- Philip D. Zelikow Senator-Russell Feingold Senator- Edward Ted Kennedy UN Weapons Inspector-Scott Ritter

Setting the Scene: United States of America 18 months after the September 11th terrorist attacks.

Background: On September 11, 2001 an event that would fundamentally alter United States policy played out before millions of Americans. In a terrorist plot designed by Al

 Qaeda mastermind, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, two planes flew into New York Citys Twin Towers, one hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and one, missing its intended target, went down in a rural Pennsylvania field. These attacks killed thousands of Americans and constitute the singular deadliest terrorist attack in history.2 These attacks instilled fear throughout the United States and its government, including the intelligence and security agencies that had seldom see foreign attacks on American soil and did not detect this one. The President of the United States at the time, George W. Bush, along

with members of his cabinet and Congress immediately responded to this attack with vast changes to the legal, defense and foreign policy agencies responsible for securing America. Because of the nature of wartime legislation, most of the post September 11th documents and military decisions were drafted and passed with little opposition or scrutiny.3

Potential Conflicts Opponents of the Bush administration both domestically and internationally are challenging the constitutionality and wisdom of the major changes made to the US government following the attacks. The criticisms are mostly surrounding the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the polar shift in US foreign policy, the declaration of war on a non-state actor and the drafting and passage of the Patriot Act.

War on Terror: One of the most immediate responses to the September 11th attacks was the declaration of an international war on terror by the Secretary of State Colin Powell and President George W. Bush. Instead of a one-time response, the U.S. reaction to the

 9/11 attacks would be an ongoing mission to combat global terrorism.4 This unprecedented declaration of a war on ideas instead of on a nation-state initially saw great support. Allies of the United States immediately condemned Al Qaeda and vowed

to help combat religious extremism. Supporters argue that immediate and severe action is the only way to prevent future attacks like 9/11 and that the changing political landscape warrants a war on ideas as well as nations. Opponents argue that trying to fight an ideology is far too loose a directive and would result in unnecessary loss of life and become a long drawn out battle with no clear cut victor or mission success.5

New National Security Strategy: Declaring a new national security strategy is common following an attack or disaster. After all, many would argue the former security strategy was inadequate and that its weaknesses were in part to blame for allowing the attack. A main component of the new National Security Strategy is establishing a legal precedent for preemption, arguing that international law recognizes "nations need not suffer an attack before they can lawfully take action to defend themselves against forces that present an imminent danger of attack.6 The National Security Strategy states desire to work alongside other nations, but makes very clear that the United States will not hesitate to act unilaterally (alone) to prevent future attacks. The Bush Administration argues that 9/11 was an attack on freedom deliberately targeting the United States. This warrants a response with or without other nations support. Though immediately following 9/11 the majority of the international community supported the US, international governments are worried by the boldness of the United States unilateral approach and if it goes unchecked, foresee full-blown Middle East warfare on the horizon.7

Passage of the Patriot Act: USA PATRIOT is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. This act was passed with little discussion or opposition in Congress just 43 days after the September 11th attacks.8 Supporters of the Patriot Act argue that in a time of war it is necessary to have greater access to more information and that any privacy compromised is only done to ensure safety. They state that increased access to information has lead to numerous interceptions of terrorist plots and is necessary to keep our country safe. Opponents say that the Patriot Act is a major violation of personal privacy and that the broad powers the law gives the government allow it to spy on its own people in a way that threatens individual liberty.9

Expansion of Federal Government Agencies and Powers: As a reaction to 9/11, the Bush Administration implemented a number of changes to government agencies responsible for security and expanded the powers of others. First, the Homeland Security Act a monumental piece of legislation was sped through Congress just months after the September 11th terrorist attacks and signed into law in November 2002. In an attempt to remove barriers between government organizations that often prevent the flow of valuable information, the Homeland Security Act consolidated more than 20 government organizations into one large Homeland Security Department the single biggest change to government structure since the creation of the Defense Department in 1947.10 Some of the most recognizable agencies now under the DHS are FEMA, U.S. Secret Service, the U.S. Customs Service, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the U.S. Coast Guard and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Supporters of the creation

 of the DHS argue valuable information was either lost or kept secret prior to 9/11 and

bringing together such agencies could create a more efficient and effective way to protect the homeland. However, critics of DHS have pointed to the redundancies within the agency that have impeded efficiency gains. Moreover, there have at least a few instances where agencies within DHS have potentially infringed upon civil liberties.11 Along with the creation DHS, the 9/11 attacks prompted some reorganization of the U.S. intelligence agencies. One of the critical problems that allowed 9/11 to happen was the inability and, at times, unwillingness of federal intelligence agencies to share information with each other. In 2004, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act created the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The Office of the DNI is the principle federal agency charged with integrating and disseminating intelligence collected by the myriad federal intelligence agencies (e.g., CIA, FBI, Defense Intelligence Agency) with the hope of preventing the type of intelligence failure that led to 9/11. Along with the creation or reorganization of government agencies to combat terrorism, the George W. Bush administration gave some new powers to existing government agencies. For example, in the wake of 9/11 the National Security Agency which focuses on electronic surveillance was authorized to eavesdrop on American citizens communications with persons overseas. Argued to be necessary by the administration, critics saw this case as a violation of the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and a clear abuse of American citizens personal liberty in the name of combatting terrorism.12

 Scenario 1: Opposition to the PATRIOT ACT

A movement that started with a group of college students on a New York campus is gaining momentum and sweeping across the country, catching the attention of the American public and government officials alike. The movement, known as Occupy Hofstra was spurred after a student was arrested, detained and wrongly accused of providing information to Al Qaeda networks in Yemen. The students phone calls were tapped and his computer hacked under the new provisions in the PATRIOT Act, causing the uproar. While the government eventually admitted their mistake they are reluctant to scale down communication monitoring as several big leads have recently entered the oval office. You will be briefed on these leads at the onset of the conference. It will be your job to find the delicate balance of communicating to the public that the PATRIOT Act is justified without disclosing pertinent national security information. The Occupy Hofstra and subsequent movements are trying to convince the media that the aforementioned actions are both unconstitutional and dangerous to America and our allies abroad. The Bush administration must act quickly to defend these decisions before they lose legitimacy in the eyes of the people and international community.

 Scenario 2: Attacks Abroad The terrorist attacks of September 11th sent a shockwave across America. Previously, terrorism was a foreign concept to many Americans who believed their

country to be secure. After the attacks terrorism was on everyones radar and fear halted air travel, foreign vacations and public transportation. As the dust settled and the American people began to return to life as normal, President Bush received a top-secret message that plans for another Al Qaeda attack, this time on a vital US embassy, was intercepted by US intelligence. The location of the embassy in danger is not yet known, but the President and his cabinet now have to worry about attacks both home and abroad and need to consider increasing cooperation with the international community. It is important for you as Bushs most trusted political and military advisors to decide how or if the American people should be notified of this new threat. Should the plot be kept secret so as not to cause additional fear to an already traumatized nation? Or, should Americans have the right to know about both domestic and international threats to security? You also have to consider, depending on the location of the embassy, how the war on terror is framed. If it is a cell in an allied country drone strikes and bombings are not feasible. If this embassy were located outside the Middle East it would mean spreading troops on multiple continents and expanding the scope of war tremendously. Consider these and any additional concerns with the threat of embassy attacks and try to plan the best route forward in this time of fear and uncertainty.

 Character Description and General Positions

10

Richard Cheney, Vice President of the United States: Born on January 40th 1941, Cheney made his start in politics in 1968. He briefly worked in the administration of Richard Nixon, and after a short break from politics, he returned in 1973. Here he took the position of deputy assistant to Pres. Gerald Ford in 1974. He was promoted to Fords chief of staff from 1975 to 1977. In 1978 he was elected to serve in the House of Representatives for the state of Wyoming. In his six terms there he rose to Republican whip. In the House, Cheney took conservative positions on abortion, gun control, and environmental regulation, among other issues. From 1989 to 1993 he served as secretary of defense for President George H.W. Bush, presiding over military reductions following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Cheney also oversaw the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989 and the 1991 Persian Gulf War. After serving the first President Bush, Cheney became a fellow at conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute. In 1995 he became the chairman and chief executive officer of the Halliburton Company, a supplier of technology and services to the oil and gas industries. After George W. Bush secured the Republican nomination for President in 2000, he selected Cheney as his Vice Presidential running mate. As Vice President, Cheney is generally quiet in internal debates but is very active behind the scenes. He has used his tremendous influence within the administration to shape energy policy, Middle Eastern policy and led the arguments for intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq.13

 Colin Powell, Secretary of State: Born in 1937 in Harlem, New York, Powell attended

11

City College in New York where he joined the ROTC. After graduating, Powell saw two tours in Vietnam and was awarded the Purple Heart, Bronze Star and Soldiers Medal for his bravery. While rising through the ranks of the military, in 1987 Powell became President Regans National Security Advisor. In 1991, George H.W. Bush selected then General Powell to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In that position, he played a critical role in during the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq. After retiring from active military service, Powell was chosen by George W. Bush to be Secretary of State in 2000.14 Powell played a key role in initially articulating the U.S. response to 9/11 as well as the administrations justifications for invading Iraq in 2003.

Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense: Born in Chicago in 1932, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University and then went on to serve in the Navy. Rumsfeld served eight years in the House of Representatives before becoming an assistant to President Nixon and then chief of staff and Defense Secretary for President Ford. Rumsfeld then took a break from politics and became the COO of a pharmaceutical firm. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed him as Defense Secretary, making Rumsfeld both the youngest (under Ford) and oldest (under Bush) serving Secretary of Defense. Rumsfeld, a powerful voice in in military decisions by virtue of his position, is a very influential member of the Bush Cabinet and make strong cases for the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq in the aftermath of 9/11.15

 Condoleezza Rice, National Security Advisor: Was born November 14, 1954, in

12

Birmingham, Alabama. Despite being from a segregated town Rice earned her bachelors, masters, and PhD in political science. She started as a political science professor at Stanford in 1981 and 1993 she he became the first woman and first African American to serve as provost at Stanford. In the mid-1980s Rice spent some time in Washington serving as a fellow of international affairs and in 1989 became George Bushs Director of Soviet and Eastern European Affairs, followed by serving on the Referral Advisory Committee on Gender-Integrated training in the military. George W. Bush appointed her as National Security Advisor in 2001. Rice has become a very close confidant of President Bush. As such, she is now a vital player in shaping foreign policy.16

Robert S. Mueller III, FBI Director: Robert Mueller was born and raised in New York City and received a masters degree in international relations from New York University. He served as a Marine Corps officer for three years and received many medals of honor, including the Purple Heart, for his service in Vietnam. After his military service, Mueller earned a law degree and worked in various positions in California. He was named United States Attorney in San Francisco and had that title until he was appointed in 2001 to director of the FBI. Here he has seen the FBI go from a criminal investigation agency to a key player in the nations global fight on terrorism.17

George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence: Born and raised in Queens, New York, Tenet graduated from Georgetown University in 1976 with a degree in foreign service and received a Master of International Affairs degree from Columbia University in 1978.

 After an extensive career working as a staffer in the Senate, including on the Select Committee on Intelligence, President Clinton appointed Tenet to the National Security Council (NSC). After his NSC service, he became Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agencies (CIA) in 1997. In 1997, Tenet was made Director of Central

13

Intelligence (head of the CIA) and served in this position until 2004. As al Qaeda grew in to a significant terrorist organization with global reach in the 1990s, it was Tenet who first put forward a plan to deal with al Qaeda and selected new leaders for the CIAs counterterrorism center. But with these efforts having failed to prevent the attacks, Tenet and the CIA have attracted significant and sustain criticism since 9/11. Tenet is now in the process of repairing his reputation and the credibility of the CIA.18

Andrew H. Card Jr., White House Chief of Staff: A Massachusetts native, Card received his bachelors degree from the University of South Carolina in 1971 and started a career as an engineer. His political career started when President Regan sought him out to be his Special Assistant for Intergovernmental Affairs. He worked a few positions under President George H.W. Bush and was eventually named Secretary of Transportation, holding this position until the end of the Bush administration. He took a short break from government serving as CEO of the American Automobile Manufacturers and worked for General Motors. He returned to politics when George W. Bush was elected and became his first White House Chief of Staff.19

Paul Wolfowitz, Under Secretary of Defense: Born in New York, Wolfowitz attended Cornell University for a degree in mathematics and earned his PhD in politics at the

 University of Chicago. He briefly taught politics at Yale before becoming the U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the U.S. defense department in 1977 and became the director of policy planning under President Regan. He then worked as Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs and the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia. From 1989 to 1993, Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H.W. Bush as Dick Cheneys Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. After briefly leaving politics during the Clinton administration, Wolfowitz returned to serve as influential Deputy Secretary of Defense under Donald Rumsfeld in the George W. Bush Administration.20

14

Philip D. Zelikow, 9/11 Commission Director: Zelikow received his undergraduate degree in political science before moving on to get a law degree at Houston Law School and a PhD in international law and diplomacy from Tufts University. After working for the Department of State as a Foreign Service officer, Zelikow joined George H.W. Bushs National Security Council in 1989. He took a break from politics until 2000 when he served on Bushs transition team. A very close associate of National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, Zelikow played a key role in writing the 2002 National Security Strategy. In 2003, Zelikow was appointed the Director of the 9/11 Commission. Because of these positions and close personal contact with other key administration officials, Zelikow has had significant influence on post-9/11 foreign policy.

Russell Feingold, United States Senator (D-Wisconsin): Born in Wisconsin, Feingold attended University of Wisconsin-Madison for his undergraduate degree and a graduate

 degree at Oxford University. Upon returning to the United States, he received a law

15

degree from Harvard University. In 1982 Feingold was elected to the Wisconsin Senate where he served for ten years. He then went on to serve in the United States Senate. In the Senate, Feingold championed fair-trade policies, multilateral and active foreign policy, healthcare reform, environmental conservation, and elimination of the death penalty. He also served in key positions on the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the Select Committee on Intelligence. As a fierce critic of the Bush Administrations post-9/11 policies, Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the USA PATRIOT Act and also cast a vote in 2002 against the impending invasion of Iraq.21

Edward Ted Kennedy, United States Senator (D-Massachusetts): Born in Boston Massachusetts in 1932 to a wealthy and political powerful family, attended Harvard University briefly before enlisting the United States Army. After serving, he re-enrolled at Harvard and received his undergraduate degree. Kennedy then went on to the University of Virginia Law School. Kennedy was surrounded by a family of politicians and decided to run for the Senate seat his brother John gave up to serve as President. Ted won the election against George Cabot Lodge and in 1962 he was sworn in to the Senate. Over his incredibly long service in the Senate, Kennedy devoted much of his effort to immigration, AIDS research, healthcare, education reform, and childrens health insurance.22 He was also a long-time member of the Senate Committee on Armed Services. One of the most prominent members of the Senate throughout the 1990s and

16

2000s, Kennedy was a liberal lion and often clashed with the Bush Administration on counterterrorism policies in the post-9/11 era.

Scott Ritter, Former UN Weapons Inspector / Anti-War Activist: Born in 1961 to a military family in Gainesville Florida, Ritter received his Bachelors degree from Franklin and Marshall in Pennsylvania. Upon graduation Ritter served in the US Army as a Private. In 1984 Ritter was commissioned to be an intelligence officer for the Marine Corps and stayed in this position for 12 years and went on to serve as a military analyst for Fox News. From 1991-1998 he served as a United Nations Weapons inspector (UNSCOM) in Iraq, which was commissioned to find and destroy any and all weapons there. Ritter resigned from UNSCOM in 1998 after Iraq failed to cooperate with weapons inspector but continued to speak about Iraqs WMD capabilities. He warned that Iraq had the potential to become a dangerous force, but advocated diplomatic efforts rather than war to address the danger. As such, he became a staunch critic of the Bush Administrations post-9/11 policies. He wrote a book and directed a movie on the Iraqi WMD subject.23

Portfolio Powers: Please note that specific portfolio powers are not assigned to the members of the West Wing. Constantly worrying whether a directive, motion or other plan of action is under your specific purview hinders progression and stifles debate. However, members of the West Wing should stay true to their character and their specialties. Keep things reasonable, professional and logical but do not worry yourself too much with your specific powers.

 Senior Staff Protocols

17

Briefing the Press: As members of President Bushs senior staff, you are expected to brief the White House Press Corps on a regular basis when urgent or important information should be conveyed to the public. Briefings should be short statements giving most but not necessarily all relevant information on a given topic or discussion.

Media Appearances: You are the face of the Bush Administration and it is your responsibility to successfully promote your Presidents policies and decisions on political talk shows, newspaper articles, and debating with the talking heads of the Media. It is especially important to promote the administrations agenda given the expected opposition from liberals and potential criticisms from international bodies. As such, the President may ask you to appear on such a show or write a journalistic piece.

Documents and Internal/External Communication: All documents, notes, letters and written forms of communication are on the record. The government has the authority to subpoena any piece of paper passed in the White House. Communication outside the Oval Office is not normally subject to search, but remember the Patriot Act is one of our discussions this session.

How to Prepare Yourself This committee moves very quickly from topic to topic, so it would not be a wise use of your time to delve too deeply into one topic. Do not for instance read all 500 plus pages of the Homeland Security Act. A general knowledge of a wide array of subjects

 should be enough to debate intelligently. Though it is not necessary to compete well in this committee, below is a list of a few good books and articles you may want to look over for more information:

18

* Gaddis, John Lewis, A Grand Strategy of Transformation. Foreign Policy November 1, 2002. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2002/11/01/a_grand_strategy_of_transformation * Jervis, Robert, Understanding the Bush Doctrine. Political Science Quarterly Vol. 113, No. 3 (Fall 2003). http://www.psqonline.org/?redir=%2F99_article.php3%3Fbyear%3D2003%26bmonth%3 Dfall%26a%3D01free *Suskind, Ron, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside Americas Pursuit of Its Enemies since 9/11 (New York Simon & Shuster, 2006). *Woodward, Bob. Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).

19

Please note that due to the nature of this committee, not every piece of information in this guide is historically accurate. Weve tried to provide you with as much proper and correct background information as possible, but it is necessary to alter some information to fit the simulation. It is often the duty of crisis committee members to change the course of history or act out hypothetical futuristic scenarios. In this committee you have no knowledge past late 2002 and have the ability to shape and alter the politics from that point forward. If you have any questions regarding information please contact me and I would be happy to help you.
2

Wedgewood, Ruth, Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Commissions, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 96, No. 2 (Apr., 2002): pp. 328-337.
3 4

Burke, Jason, Al Qaeda Foreign Policy, No. 142 (May - Jun., 2004): pp. 18-26.

Birkland, Thomas A., "The World Changed Today: Agenda-Setting And Policy Change In The Wake Of The September 11 Terrorist Attacks." Review Of Policy Research 21.2 (2004): 179-200.
5

Hetherington, Marc, and Elizabeth Suhay, "Authoritarianism, Threat, And Americans' Support For The War On Terror." American Journal Of Political Science 55.3 (2011): pp. 546-560.
6

Bush, George W., National Security Strategy of the United States, 2002. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/
7

Patman, Robert G., "Globalisation, The New US Exceptionalism And The War On Terror." Third World Quarterly 27.6 (2006): pp. 963-986.
8

Rothkopf, David J., "Inside the Committee that Runs the World." Foreign Policy, Issue 147 (2005): pp. 30-40.
9

Garlinger, Patrick P. "Privacy, Free Speech, And The Patriot Act: First And Fourth Amendment Limits On National Security Letters." New York University Law Review 84.4 (2009): 1105-1147.
10

Banks, Christopher P., "Security And Freedom After September 11." Public Integrity 13.1 (2010): pp. 5-24.
11

DHS Discontinues Anti-terror Data-Mining Project. NPR News September 5, 2007. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14181932
12

Godoy, Maria, NSA Wiretapping: The Legal Debate. NPR News. http://www.npr.org/news/specials/nsawiretap/legality.html

20

13 "Dick Cheney." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 09:11 http://www.biography.com/people/dick-cheney-9246063

14

"Colin Powell." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 05:14 http://www.biography.com/people/colin-powell-9445708

15

Donald Rumsfeld. 2012. Biograhphy.com 30 Jan 2012 http://www.biography.com/people/donald-rumsfeld-9466907

16

"Condoleezza Rice." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 09:13 http://www.biography.com/people/condoleezza-rice-9456857

17

"Robert Swan Mueller III." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 09:14 http://www.biography.com/people/robert-mueller-241110
18

"George Tenet." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 09:16 http://www.biography.com/people/george-tenet-244622

19

"Andrew H. Card, Jr." The Robinson Library. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/america/unitedstates/1961/biography/card.htm
20

"Paul Dundes Wolfowitz." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 09:18 http://www.biography.com/people/paul-wolfowitz-40390

21

Senator Russ Feingold. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sen-russ-feingold

22

"Ted Kennedy." 2012. Biography.com 30 Jan 2012, 09:21 http://www.biography.com/people/ted-kennedy-9362890

23

Wallis, David, "Ex-weapons Inspector Berates War Plans." San Francisco Chronicle September 14, 2002. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/14/MN81272.DTL