Fire-Pt3 4 Print 2

Active Fire Safety Systems
9/29/2011
DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY PARTS 3 and 4
ACTIVE SYSTEMS And ACCESS for FIRE FIGHTING and RESCUE

A re-visit to the interpretations and applications of the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Ar Chong Lee Siong
APAM MIFireE MMIArbs with
Ir Wong See Foong

FIEM MIFireE PEng CEng PJB
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 is a
PRESCRIPTIVE BUILDING CODE

Compliance with this code is a requirement by law Sets rules and regulations on the application of the code Provides pre-determined prescriptions
The prescriptions are absolute : no smaller than.. no bigger than.. no shorter than no longer than or no less than and no more than.
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CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY
1
2 3 4
EVACUATION
PASSIVE CONTAINMENT ACTIVE INTERVENTION ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING AND RESCUE
NATURE OF FIRE Temperature / size
Flashover
Untenable condition
Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Ignition & growth development Stage 3 Full fire Stage 4 Decay
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Active systems for..

EVACUATION
Detection and
Alarm Communication Smoke control Portable fire extinguishers
Temperature / size
Available Safe Egress Time detection alarm
ASET Untenable condition
movement
Total evacuation
Time Factor of safety:
ignition
Required Safe Egress Time RSET
RSET < 0.75 ASET
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detection
Very Early
early detection detection detection
Manual
alarm
Automatic Pre
alarm / manual
Local
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FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM

System objective are: To detect outbreak of fire and warn occupants To activate fire safety systems To inform Fire Brigade To monitor fire safety equipment
RELEVANT BY-LAWS
Under UBBL 237, fire alarm systems are required for buildings defined under the 10th Schedule Under UBBL 238, a fire command center is required for all buildings above 30.5 meters or exceeding 9,290 sq. meters in gross area.
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MAIN FIRE ALARM PANEL

Main fire alarm panel comprises: Alarm, fault and isolation indication for each zone. Indicator lights to monitor status of power supply and fire safety systems such as fire pumps, smoke control equipment, carbon dioxide systems, fire tank water levels, etc. Mimic panel to identify location of each zone. Battery with charger to provide power supply for the whole system.
FIRE DETECTION DEVICES

Manual break
manually. Heat detectors to detect heat intensive fires automatically for spaces up to 9 meters high. Smoke detectors to detect smoke intensive fires automatically for spaces up to 10 meters high. Beam (smoke) detectors for high spaces such as atriums up to 25 meters high. Flame (IR or UV) detectors
glass for occupants to activate
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Heat ..or Smoke?

Smoke
rooms. Heat detectors for general areas. Smoke detectors for areas where rapid heat development is normal for the function of the space, or where combustibles may burn with high release of smoke Heat detectors for areas where smoke may be a common presence in the space, or where combustibles may burn rapidly and efficiently
detectors for electrical rooms and store
VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

To
guide the occupants in an orderly manner during evacuation upon detection of fire. the firemen to communicate with one another during fire fighting operations.
For
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RELEVANT BY-LAW
Under UBBL 239, two voice communication system is required for all large buildings and high rise buildings and they are:
Public Fire
address system, and
brigade intercommunication system
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Intended for use by the occupants during the early stages of the fire
Under UBBL 227, portable fire extinguishers are required for first aid use.
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CLASSES OF FIRES
Class
A: Combustible solids like paper, wood Class B: Inflammable Liquids like kerosene, diesel Class C: Flammable gases Class D: Reactive metals like sodium, potassium, Class E: Ignition of an electrical nature Class F: Cooking oil fires
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS
Water type for Class A fires Dry powder type for Class A, B, C and F fires Carbon Dioxide type for Class E fires Foam type for Class B fires
Dry powder type of 6 kg for general use. Carbon Dioxide type for electrical rooms
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LOCATION AND SPACING

Beside
exit and staircase doors located within 20 meters of any potential
Generally
hazard

COMPARTMENTATION
Smoke
Control Extinquishment
Manual Automatic
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SMOKE CONTROL
TYPES
Pressurization system
to prevent entry of smoke by pressurizing the compartment with air. Space depressurization system to prevent the spread of smoke by extraction. Smoke dilution system to remove the smoke by extraction and make-up of air.
DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS
Typical application are multi-storey office buildings.
Floor
on fire is maintained under negative pressure by extracting the smoke laden air. floors above and below are maintained at positive pressure by supplying air to these floors.
Immediate
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DILUTION SYSTEMS
Typical application are basement car parks and shopping complexes.
Smoke
is extracted from zone on fire. air is provided to zones adjacent to area
Make-up
on fire.
HOSE REELS
Intended for the occupants to use during early stages of the fire
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Near All No
exit and staircase doors
spaces to be within 36 meters of a hose reel.
restriction on location of hose reel pumps and tanks.
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SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Intended to detect and extinguish a fire and warn the occupants to evacuate.
Under UBBL 226, automatic sprinkler systems are required for storage and other types of occupancies where automatic extinguishing system is necessary.
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Wet
pipe system where pipe work is charged with water at all times. Dry pipe system where pipe is charged with water only after the sprinkler head is activated. Pre-action system where system is charged with water after fire is detected but before the sprinkler head is activated. Deluge system where water is discharged simultaneously from all sprinkler heads upon activation.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
Light
Hazard e.g. apartments, schools Ordinary Hazards: OH Group I : Offices, restaurants OH Group II : Laundries, bakeries OH Group III : Departmental Stores, Car parks OH Group IV : Film and television studios High Hazards: Process risks High piled storage risks
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SPRINKLER TANKS
Typical
location at ground or first basement although no restriction on the location except for distance from pump.
AREAS EXEMPTED
Transformer Rooms; Switch
gear Rooms; Lift Motor Rooms; and Toilets;
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INSTALLATION CONTROL VALVE

Water supply to sprinklers feed from Installation control valve with alarm gong and shut-off valves. For life safety systems, Sprinklers are grouped such that each zone does not have more than 200 sprinkler heads with its own flow switch.
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SPRINKLER PIPE WORK

The
height between the lowest and highest sprinkler within one stage not to exceed 45 m. For buildings exceeding 45 m., multiple stages are required. Express risers are permitted to bypass lower stgages and serve the upper stage.
8. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM

System using carbon dioxide to extinguish a fire by excluding oxygen from the fire and commonly used for electrical rooms where water may not be suitable. The by-law relevant to this system is UBBL 235.
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Total Flooding System uses CO2 to displace oxygen within entire room. Application creates envelope around fire and exclude oxygen around the fire only.
Local
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AUTOMATIC ACTIVATION
Heat
and smoke detectors installed to detect fire. Activation of one detector initiates alarm but not gas discharge. Activation of any two detectors initiates gas discharge. Time delay of 30 sec. before gas discharge.
MANUAL ACTIVATION
Manual activation by pull station in event of failure of automatic activation. Pull station to be outside of room protected. Audio and visual warning activated upon gas discharge to warn occupants from entering.
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FIRE
FIGHTING and RESCUE
Lifts Risers Hydrants
FIRE LIFT Intended to assist the firemen to reach the floors on fire rapidly. Under UBBL 243, any building exceeding 18.5 meters high shall be provided with firemens lift.
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Not
more than 61 meters from the furthermost point of the floor. more than 61 meters from the main entrance of the building or the fire control room whichever is nearer.
Not
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Lift
capacity to be able to carry 550kg. min. Lift car platform size to be not less than 1.45 sq. meters. Lift car door to be min. 800 mm clear in width. Lift to serve all occupied floors.
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FIRE MODE OF OPERATION

Lift
to be provided with emergency power for operation during power failure. Lift to return to main landing upon detection of power failure and remain inoperable until firemen arrive. Fire switch to be provided at main landing for firemen to activate the lift for their use.
DRY RISER SYSTEMS

Intended for the firemen to pump water up to the floors on fire. Under UBBL 230, dry risers required for all buildings with topmost floor above 18.3 meters from fire appliance access level
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Landing
valves located within fire access lobbies.
Provided
on every upper floor such that all spaces are within 45 m from a landing valve. inlet to be no more than 18 m. from fire appliance access road and not more than 30 meters from nearest outdoor hydrant.
Breeching
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DRY RISER PIPE WORK

Dry
riser to be 100 mm dia. If highest outlet is no more than 23 m. above breeching inlet. riser to be 150 mm dia. If highest outlet is more than 23 m. above breeching inlet.
Dry
5. WET RISER SYSTEMS

Intended to supply water up to the floors on fire for the firemen to use. Under UBBL 231, wet risers required for all buildings with topmost floor above 30.5m. From the fire appliance access level.
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Landing
valves located within fire access lobbies. Provided on every upper floor such that all spaces are within 45 m from a landing valve. Distance between landing valves on the same floor not to exceed 60 m. Breeching inlet to be no more than 18 m. from fire appliance access road and not more than 30 meters from nearest outdoor hydrant.
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PUMPS AND PIPE WORK

Each
stack not to exceed 60 m or 71 m if approved by the Director General of Fire and Rescue Dept. Stack height is defined as the height from the wet riser pump to the topmost floor protected.
WET RISER PUMPS AND TANKS

Location
of wet riser pumps and tanks restricted to ground, first or second basement. basement may not be premitted due to possibility of flooding.
Lowest
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6. DOWNCOMER SYSTEMS
Intended to provide water from roof fire tank to the floors on fire using static head available. Only permitted for private residential buildings where the topmost floor is no higher than 60 m. above fire appliance access level.
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Landing
valves located within fire access lobbies
Provided
on every upper floor such that all spaces are within 45 m from a landing valve. inlet to be no more than 18 m. from fire appliance access road and not more than 30 meters from nearest outdoor hydrant.
Breeching
DOWNCOMER TANKS
Tanks
located on roof of building for maximum pressure.
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Protection of stairs and lobbies

UBBL
196, 197 - smoke lobbies, protected lobbies 198, 199, 200, 201 ventilation of stairs 229 fire fighting lobbies
Protection of stairs and lobbies

Protected Smoke
Lobby : protected lobby separated or
isolated from fire and smoke infiltration
Lobby : a protected lobby primarily to lobby : protected/smoke lobby by
isolate staircases from smoke infiltration

ventilated Fire
means of natural ventilation from outside lobby designed for fire fighting access
Fighting Access Lobby : a protected
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SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

To control the spread of smoke from the source of fire to other occupied spaces and maintain visibility as much as possible during evacuation.
RELEVANT BY-LAWS
Under UBBL clauses 196 and 197 requires fire fighting access lobbies and smoke lobbies to be pressurized if natural ventilation cannot be provided.
Under UBBL clauses 200, 201 and 202 requires escape staircases to be pressurized if natural ventilation cannot be provided.
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STAIRCASE PRESSURIZATION
Entire Air
staircase pressurized with air.
pressure within staircase is controlled to permit opening of exit doors without the need of excessive force.
LIFT LOBBY PRESSURIZATION

Lift Air
lobbies are individually pressurized with air.
pressure within lift lobbies is controlled to permit opening of exit doors without the need of excessive force.
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External wall
Ventilation opening
No protected lobby required
Protected lobby requirement for building > 18m (By-Law 197)
Protected lobby requirement
Building more than 18m above ground level
Ventilated opening
Omission of protected lobby for pressurised staircase for buildings below 45m
Staircase pressurised
For building above 18m but below 45m
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Ventilation opening
Protected lobby requirement for building > 45m [By-Law 197(2)]

Protected lobby to be pressurised
Above 18m, need PROTECTION Above 45m, need protection with PRESSURISATION
PROTECTED / PRESSURISED
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UBBL 229
EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS

System of Pipe work connected to public water mains to provide water for the pumps in the fire engine.
For industrial plants, fire pumps have to be provided where flow is unreliable or pressure is inadequate
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RELEVANT BY-LAWS Under UBBL 225, every building shall be provided with at least one fire hydrant.
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Hydrants should be located: i) away from obstructions such as street furniture (benches), phone booths, etc. ii) not less than 2,000mm from adjacent buildings and overhangs.
iii) between 610mm to 2,400mm from Fire Appliance Access.

iv) away from risks of vehicular damage. v) not more than 90m apart from each other (in new buildings adjacent to existing developments, a new hydrant within 45m radius of the new building).
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Building
No overhangs over hydrants
Pavement Verandah Hydrant
Access
EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY
Intended to provide emergency power to operate all fire safety systems.

Under UBBL 253, emergency power is to be provided for fire pumps, fire lifts, fire alarm, smoke control, emergency lighting, voice communication, firemen intercom, etc.
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SOURCES OF EMERGENCY POWER

Standby
electrical generator with changeover switch activated upon power failure;
Battery
banks with charger to maintain them in charged condition.
LOCATION
Generator
to be located at ground or first basement for easy access by firemen. air required to cool diesel engines
Outdoor
radiator.
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INTEGRATION WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS Under UBBL clauses 136, limits of dimensions for compartmentation can be doubled with the provision of automatic sprinkler system.
INTEGRATION WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS Under UBBL clause 202, escape staircases have to be pressurized if inadequate natural ventilation is provided. Likewise under UBBL clause 196(5), smoke lobbies have to be pressurized or ventilated if natural ventilation is inadequate.
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INTEGRATION WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS Under UBBL clauses 250 for smoke venting, mechanically operated smoke vents have to be provided if there are inadequate openings for smoke venting.
INTERFACE WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS Under UBBL clauses 164(3), fire doors can be held open provided the device incorporates a heat activated mechanism to release the door.
However, this cannot be used for doors to protected corridors or staircases.
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INTERFACE WITH PASSIVE SYSTEMS
Fire shutters to meet compartmentation requirements can be left open until activated by fire alarm. Glass curtain walls can be utilized to contain smoke and fire if water spray or water curtain is provided to cool the glass.
FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS

Refers to an area Access Way specifically allocated for the parking of Bomba appliances during fire fighting and rescue operations. UBBL 140 Access Way (street, road or open space) is to be provided as a proportion of the perimeter of the building, with reference to the volume of the building.
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EXTERNAL ACCESS Access for emergency and rescue vehicles, equipment and personnel Roads Pavements Parking Availability of water : Hydrants Storage tanks Lakes, rivers, ponds And access to fire fighting systems in the premises
AT THE PREMISES Clarity of : Type of building and function Configuration of building Location of fire control panel Location of breaching inlets and pump rooms Access into the building Protected passage Protected stairs Firemens lift Fire fighting lobby
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Pressurised Hydrant System
Sprinkler System
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Dry Riser system
Wet Riser System
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External source of water Hydrants Lakes, Ponds, Pools, rivers Fire Tenders
Fire Fighting Appliance Breaching Inlet on Access Way
Internal Systems Sprinklers Hose reels Dry/Wet Risers
Vehicles in use by JBPM : Motorcycle Terrain buggy Rapid Fire Rescue Tender Fire Rescue Tender Turntable ladder Hydraulic platform Hazmat
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Rapid response motorcycles
Terrain buggy
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Rapid Fire Rescue Tender
Fire Rescue Tender (medium)
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Fire Rescue Tender (light)
HAZMAT tender
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Turntable ladders
Pump tanker
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Hydraulic platforms
Fire appliance access level and Access Way
Access Way at upper ground level
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13,000 m3 (1/6)
Access way at upper ground level
Access road / ramp
8,600m3 (1/6)
36,000m3 (1/4)
Access road / ramp
Access way at appliance access level
Building volume 7,001 cu m to 28,000 cu m

D
C X Fire appliance access
Isolated site/location with no adjacent property/building.
X => 1/6 (A+B+C+D)

Note: Turning provision required for fire appliances if dead end access exceeds 18 m. Turning provision can be in the form of hammer-head or turning circle
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City/Built up location with adjacent buildings D
6m back lane
Pavement
Accessible perimeter of building
Main road used for appliance access if not less than 12m wide
C => 1/6 (A+B+C+D)

Appliance access from main road is sufficient if the building volume does not exceed 28,000 m3. In the event the 6 m back lane is accessible by fire fighting appliances and the building volume exceeds 28,000 m3 but is less than 56,000 m3, then,
A + C => 1/4 (A+B+C+D)
min. 6m A
D C Fire appliance access
Access road > 18m Access road 12m
B + C => 1/2 (A+B+C+D)
6m back lane accessible to fire appliance
B Pavement Access road 12m
A + C => 1/2 (A+B+C+D)
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D
Fire appliance access minimum 6m width

B
Access road
12m
A+B+C
3/4 (A+B+C+D)

D
C Access road 12m
B + C + D => 3/4 (A+B+C+D)
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Building volume above 112,000 cu m

Minimum 6m width Fire appliance access D
Access road
12m
The minimum permissible width of a Fire Appliance Access is 6.0m. The minimum turning radius around corners of buildings shall be provided as follows:
L(13m) min. 6m W1
d1
W2 (min 6m)
d2
L(13m)
W = unobstructed width of Appliance Access L = length of largest Fire Appliance (currently 13m) d - cut-back distance is obtained by intersecting the imaginary corner of a building with line A - C
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Thank you !
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Active Fire Safety Systems

DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY PARTS 3 and 4

ACTIVE SYSTEMS And ACCESS for FIRE FIGHTING and RESCUE

Ir Wong See Foong

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 is a

PRESCRIPTIVE BUILDING CODE

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY

NATURE OF FIRE Temperature / size

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

Active systems for..

Alarm Communication Smoke control Portable fire extinguishers

Available Safe Egress Time detection alarm

ASET Untenable condition

Required Safe Egress Time RSET

RSET < 0.75 ASET

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

early detection detection detection

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

MAIN FIRE ALARM PANEL

FIRE DETECTION DEVICES

glass for occupants to activate

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

Heat ..or Smoke?

detectors for electrical rooms and store

VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

address system, and

brigade intercommunication system

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

LOCATION AND SPACING

exit and staircase doors located within 20 meters of any potential

Active systems for..

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

is extracted from zone on fire. air is provided to zones adjacent to area

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

LOCATION AND SPACING

exit and staircase doors

spaces to be within 36 meters of a hose reel.

restriction on location of hose reel pumps and tanks.

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems

chong lee siong

Active Fire Safety Systems