VISUAL VOCABULARY BUILDER

INVICTUS
THE STORY OF MANDELA AND PIENAAR

apartheid confluence compulsory heritage invictus
ominous onerous proponent scrum thwart


AWESOME STORIES
Apartheid* racial separation, enforced by law
Apartheid noun
Apartheid, as it was implemented in South Africa,
meant that only white people were allowed to use
a particular section of Durban Beach.

Apartheid adjective
Apartheid laws, requiring the separation of races,
were enforced in South Africa until that way of
life was no longer legal.

Apartheid adjective
Apartheid tendencies, at work in other parts of
the world, are also under attack as inappropriate ways to govern.


*Apartheid See Chapter 4 (Mandela and Apartheid)
NOTE: Slgn dlsluyed durlng SouLh Afrlcus uurLheld-era, at Durban Beach.

Confluence* flowing together, especially bodies of
water
Confluence noun
AL Amerlcus Crund Cunyon Lhere ls u confluence
of two rivers the Green and the Colorado.

Confluence noun
The confluence of the Green and Colorado Rivers,
at the Grand Canyon, provides a good visual of two
separate bodies of water joining together.

Confluence noun
Sometimes it is possible to have a confluence of
events - such us u PerfecL SLorm - during which
dlfferenL weuLher uLLerns cun |oln LogeLher Lo form u monsLer hurrlcune


* Confluence See Chapter 2 (Apartheid in South Africa) Note: Photo of the Green
and Colorado River confluence by Anders and Barbara Lock. Copyright, Anders/Barbara Lock, all rights reserved.
Provided here as fair use for educational purposes.


Compulsory* required by law; forcing someone to do something they
may otherwise not do


Compulsory adjective
Sometimes the law of a country requires a person
to undergo compulsory treatment, resulting in a
C1O shorL for Comulsory 1reuLmenL Order

Compulsory adjective
Lurlng SouLh Afrlcus uurLheld-era, compulsory
segregation of races meant that people of color
were required to live in areas where whites did
not live.


*Compulsory See Chapter 4 (Mandela and Apartheid)

Note This cartoon was produced by the government of Scotland to help people understand compulsory treatment
programs.

Heritage* family lineage a line of
descendants


Heritage noun
The heritage of Henry VIII the famous British
king wus 1he House of 1udor

Heritage noun
Members of a royal family can trace both their
heritage and their royal standing by looking at
a picture of their family tree.



* Heritage See Chapter 3 (Nelson Mandela)

Invictus invincible* incapable of being
defeated
Invictus noun
Invictus a Latin word meuns lnvlnclble
Gandalf, ultimately unconquerable in The
Lord of the Rings, displays Invictus while
fighting against overwhelming odds.

Invincibly adverb
Despite a massive force, lined-up against him,
Gandalf invincibly overcomes his opposition.

Invincibility noun
Gandalf displays his invincibility as he leads the charge.

*Invictus See Chapter 1 (Story Preface - Invictus) Note: Photo of Gandalf, from The
Lord of the Rings trilogy, copyright Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc., all rights reserved. Provided here as fair use for
educational purposes.



Ominous* (1) displaying signs of harmfulness; (2) a
foreshadowing of something evil



Ominous adjective (first meaning)
Lightning, in the night sky, revealed the presence
of an ominous tornado.

Ominously adverb (first meaning)
The swirling tornado moved ominously close
to a nearby village.

Ominous adjective (second meaning)
When racially motivated laws were passed, in
several different countries, the future seemed
ominous for those whose rights were denied.



*Ominous See Chapter 1 (Story Preface Invictus)



Onerous* difficult, or unpleasant, to do
Onerous adjective
All the students agreed: The lengthy multiple-choice
exam was the most onerous of the year.

Onerously adverb
Even though they prepared long and hard for the
test, the students found it onerously complicated.

Onerousness noun
The onerousness of test-taking is visibly evident
among the students during this time of year.


*Onerous See Chapter 2 (Apartheid in South Africa)


Proponent* a person who argues in favor of something; an
advocate

Proponent noun
This proponent of political reform argues that
world condlLlons wlll lmrove ufLer we geL Lhe
money ouL of ollLlcs

Proponents noun, plural
ln Lhe Occuy Wull SLreeL movemenL roonenLs
of reform urge ollLlcluns Lo lgnore Lhe money from seclul lnLeresL grous

*Proponent See Chapter 4 (Mandela and Apartheid)
Note: Photo - taken October 8, 2011 - by 1he WhlsLllng Monkey onllne vlu Flickr. Copyright, The Whistling Monkey, all
rights reserved. Provided here as fair use for educational purposes.

Scrum* (1) a tight formation, in a rugby match, where opposing forwards use
their feet to possess the ball; (2) a tightly packed crowd of people



Scrum noun
When the rugby ball is dropped into the middle of
u scrum Lhere lsnL much room Lo move uround

Scrummage intransitive verb
It takes great skill to scrummage successfully.

Scrummage noun
1he word scrummage ln rugby ls un ulLernuLlve
Lo Lhe word scrlmmuge ln Amerlcun fooLbull

Scrum noun (second meaning)
A scrum of people packed the mall during the sale.

*Scrum See Chapter 12 (The Game that Made a Nation)


Thwart* successfully oppose

Thwarted verb
Michael Jordan thwarted Antawn 1umlsons shoL

Thwarted adjective
1umlsons LhwurLed shoL resulLed ln zero olnLs

Thwart verb
1orduns efforL Lo LhwurL 1umlsons shoL wus
successful.




*Thwart See Chapter 5 (Mandela at Robben Island)
Note Reuters photo of Michael Jordan (playing for the Wizards) and Antawn Jamison (for the Golden State Warriors) in
March of 2003 . Copyright, Reuters, all rights reserved. Provided here as fair use for educational purposes.