TOUR V:

WORLD TOURISM

Unit 1: Introduction to the Geography of Travel and Tourism

What is Tourism? The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations and the facilities created to cater to their needs. 3 Common Elements: *movement of people between 2 or more places (origin & destination) *length of time of movement (temporary) *purpose In 1963, the United Nations divided visitors into 2 categories: 1. Tourists- temporary visitors staying over 24hours in the country visited, whose journey falls in one of the following categories: leisure, recreation, holiday, sport, health, study, religion or business, family, friends, mission, and meetings. 2. Excursionists- temporary visitors staying less than 24hours in the country visited, including cruise passengers. 3 Factors influencing Tourism: *Leisure time- an increase of the amount of time free from actual labor. *Affluence- the better standard of living of the population. *Mobility- the range of available transportation. Geography of Travel and Tourism 3 KEY CONCEPTS to be considered: 1. Spatial Scale 2. The geographical components of the tourism system 3. Spatial interaction between the components of the tourist system a. SPATIAL SCALE Geographers study the spatial expression of tourism as a human activity, focusing on both touristgenerating and tourist-receiving areas as well as the links between them. This study can be undertaken at a variety of scales, ranging from the world distribution of climatic zones, through the regional assessment of tourist resources, to the local landscape of resorts.

b. GEOGRAPHICAL COMPONENTS OF THE TOURISM SYSTEM 3 Major Components: (Leiper,1979) *the places of origin of tourist or generating areas- represents the home of tourists, where journey begins and end. *the tourist destinations or receiving areas- attracts tourist to stay temporarily and will have features and attractions that may not be found in the generating areas. *the routes traveled between these two sets of locations or transit routes- link these 2 types of area and are a key element in the system.

Tourism Flow Tourism flows are a form of spatial interaction between 2 areas with the common destinations which are containing a surplus of commodity (tourist attractions, for example) and the generating area having a deficit or demand for that commodity. PUSH and PULL FACTORS Push factors are mainly concerned with the stage of economic development in the generating area and will include such factors as levels of affluence, mobility and holiday entitlement.

Pull factors include accessibility, and the attractions and amenities of the destination areas. The relative cost of the visit is also important, as is the marketing and promotion of the receiving area.

FORMS OF TOURISM: 1. 2. 3. 4. Types of destination The characteristics of the tourism system The market The distance traveled

TYPES OF DESTINATION: *Domestic Tourism *International Tourism Inbound Tourism Outbound Tourism

CHARACTERISTICS of the TOURISM SYSTEM Form of tourism can be considered based dominantly on the destination visited, and also where the destination visited will influence the other components of the tourism system- the market and its motivation to travel, and the means and forms of transport used. The MARKET Can be considered in terms of the purpose of visit of the tourist: *holiday tourism *common-interest tourism *business and professional tourism DISTANCE TRAVELED Final basis for a classification of tourism by the distance traveled: *Long-haul tourism *Short-haul tourism

Unit 2: Geography and Tourism

Geography and Tourism: A. Physical Geography *Landforms 1. Continents- the major landmasses of the earth. 7 continents: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and Antartica. 2.Island- a landmark that is smaller than continent and surrounded by water. The most popular groupings are found in the Caribbean, in the Mediterranean and throughout the Pacific. 3.Cays- also called keys, are sandy coral island that are low and small. Examples are the Cayman Islands and the Florida Keys, Atolls are also small coral islands but theyre usually ringlike and partially or totally enclose a lagoon. 4.Peninsulas and Capes- they are projections of land into the water. Peninsulas are longer than capes. The popular peninsulas are Gaspe, Quebec; Beja, Mexico, Iberia and Florida. Important capes are Cape Cod, Cape Canaveral, Florida. 5. Panhandles- a narrow portion of a country or a state that stick out into another. For example, Alaskas panhandle extends southward into Canada and Floridas panhandles westward into Alabama. 6. Reefs- are ridges of land that rise to or near the surface of water. Theyre often found just offshore. Major reef diving and snorkeling areas lie off Australias northeast coast; of the east coast of Africa and Brazil and throughout the Caribbean, the South Pacific, Indonesia and the Philippines. 7. Mountains- rockies in the North America; Alps in Europe, Andes in South America and Himalaya in Asia. 8. Plateau- is a broad, flat area that rise above the surrounding land and because of its elevation, typically has cooler weather.

*Bodies of Water 1. Gulf- are large areas of ocean that penetrate into land, for example, the Gulf of Mexico. 2. Bays- are similar to gulf, but smaller and less enclosed by land. 3. Fjords- are inlets from the ocean or the sea; they are usually long, narrow and lined with steep cliffs. The most dramatic ones notch into the coastlines of Norway, New Zealand, Chile and Argentina. 4. River- Mississippi in North America, Rhine and Danube in Europe, Nile in Africa and Amazona in South America. a.Glacier- is a river of near-solid ice and compacted snow that flows very slowly down from high, cold places. 5. Waterfalls- Niagara Falls in America, Rhine Falls in Germany, Iguacu Falls in South America and Victoria Fall in Africa. 6. Seas- Mediterranean Sea 7. Lakes- are smaller than seas, are usually fresh and mostly or fully encircled by land. They often feature resort and recreation facilities. A few large saltwater lakes are Caspian Sea and Dead Sea. 8. Lagoons- are shallow bodies of water, generally separated from the ocean by reefs or barrier islands. 9. Bayous- are marshy or swampy areas. 10. Deltas- are the low, V-shaped area at the mouth of rivers. 11. Geysers- are jets of steaming water that shoot high into the air. New Zealand, Iceland and Yellowstone National Park in the US. 12. Springs- occur where water flows naturally to the earths surface. OCEAN Three factors that determine ocean water temperature are: season, latitude (the nearer the ocean, the warmer the ocean is likely to be) and ocean currents. Coriolis effect refers to The deflective effect of the earths rotation on the free-moving objects, including the atmosphere and oceans. To the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere. The resulting currents enable water to pick up heat at the equator and carry it along, in the polar regions, the currents chill down and carry cold water away for some distance. A significant variation: The shape of the North Atlantic permits warm water to flow along a Gulf Stream from near the equator all the way to Great Britain. Generally, ocean water on the east coast of the continent tends to be warmer than ocean water on the west coast of the same continent. For example, the water off, Australians eastern Gold Coast area is much warmer than off Perth. The water temperature of the Mediterranean are governed by seasons. Its water is chilly in winter, but sunlight heats it up in summer. Two Factors worth knowing: 1. Seacoast locations have fewer extremes of temperature than those farther inland

2. Regions that border cool oceans currents (California) tend to have a drier climate than those along warmer ocean (Florida) *Winds The Wetserlies are winds that tend to blow around the glove from west to east in temperate areas between 30 to 60 degrees latitude, both in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. How do the Wetserlies affect travel? 1. The high-altitude, high velocity core of these westerlies, the jet stream is responsible for making east-to-west flights take longer. 2. Western coastal regions, mostly within a 40-to-60 degree belts tend to be rainier than eastern coastal regions, esp. where mountains are involved. Terrain, ocean temperatures, seasons and many other factors conspire to create many exceptions to the above. The Trade Winds are humid breezes that tend to flow from east to west. These winds are most pronounced in the tropical band between 25 degrees north and 25 degrees south. North of equator, trade winds often come from the southeast. When tropical island is mountainous, the western coasts is almost always leeward and therefore drier. *Storms Hurricanes are among the earths most violent storms, usually born near the equator, hurricanes migrate in rather unpredictable patterns. When theyre born near the Caribbean or Mexico, theyre called Hurricanes; when they originate in the western Pacific, theyre called typhoons. The southward heading ones around Australia and in the Indian Ocean are called cyclones. *Monsoons Each year around summertime in certain parts of the world, winds reverse in such a way as to cause a lengthy, distinct and heavy rainy season. India has torrential monsoon rains from June to September; Chinas less intense season comes from May to September, and Korea sees quite a bit of rain in July and August. Northern Australia, Indonesia and Singapore have monsoon-like conditions from December through March, whereas the south-facing parts of West Africa have a monsoon weather pattern from May to October. *Cloudbursts Cloudbursts are heavy showers that occur suddenly. Theyre a major factor in the tropics. A typical pattern is for the morning to be sunny, the afternoon to be partly cloudy, and a heavy downpour to occur in the late afternoon or early evening. Visitors to tropical destinations should be warned to start the day as early as possible if they want to avoid the possibility of getting wet.

OTHER ASPECTS OF CLIMATE Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get. Weather refers to whats going on in the atmosphere at a given time and place. Climate refers to the weather that prevails typically in a region at a certain time of the year. THREE FACTORS THAT YOU SHOULD KEEP IN MIND: 1. The higher a destination is, the cooler it will be. 2. The windier it is, the colder it will feel. 3. When arranging a flight in which a stop or connection is involved, consider what the climate at the stopover city will be. TWO OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT DETERMINING THE CLIMATE: 1. Carefully study the climate tables or graphs you use. 2. Make sure you find out if temperatures are measured in Fahrenheit (used in US) or in Celsius (used in most other countries). To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply Celsius number by 9, divide by 5 and add 32. Or simply remember: 30*C is hot (86*F) 22*C is pleasant (72*F) 15*C is chilly (59*F) 0*C is freezing (32*F)

B. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY One odd factor that affects tourism profoundly: the event effect. An event- either positive or negative- can create a strong, often disproportionate impact over a wide geographic area, and for a long time. Negative events produce the most dramatic (and often irrational) effects: The 1991 Gulf War, the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. Positive events: The Olympics, Super Bowl Similar to the event effect is the power of imagery to affect destination choice. The tragic sight of jets flying into the World Trade Center Towers in 2001 made New York City, in one poll, the city that travelers would most want to avoid. THE KINDS OF MAPS *Flat maps *Flat maps/ Mercator Projection *Route Map *Globe *Locator Maps

OTHER MAPS CONSIDERATIONS: *Hemispheres Everything north of the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere, and everything south, the Southern Hemisphere. Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere are familiar to us: January comes winter, and July in summer. But in the Southern Hemisphere, January has summer weather, July, winter weather. When selling travelers a Southern Hemisphere destination, keep these reversal seasons in mind. Remember that the world is also often divided into a Western Hemisphere (North and South America) and an Eastern Hemisphere (everything else). *Latitudes Latitude is the distance measured north and south of the equator. The farther away from the equator your destination, the greater the variation will be between seasonal temperatures and between hours of night and day. *Longitude Longitude is the distance east and west of an arbitrary, called the prime meridian which passes through the Old Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Longitude lines are measured in degrees. Time zones tend to parallel longitude lines (also known as meridians).