AP Physics

Physics B Exam - 1998 SOLUTION

Solutions to Multiple Choice

BASIC IDEA #1. #2 #3. v = at + vi P=W t

Cons. of momentum

ANSWER B C E

The acceleration of all object near the earth surface and in a vacuum is the same, that is 9.8 m/s2
. P = W = 700N 8m = 560 W t 10s

mv + M(0) = (m + M) vf vf = mmv M +

p = mv #4.

Cons. of momentum

Refering to the "rain plus car" system, there is no external force in the x direction so momentum in that direction is conserved. We have an increasing mass and therefore a decreasing velocity. Joule J Watt = second but kilowatt.hr = 1000s . 3600s = 3 600 000 J This last is a unit of work nor of power. L = (4m)(2kg)(3m/s) = 24 kg.m2 s

p = mv

#5.

W P= t

#6. #7.

L = r p

E A

Newton's 1st Law F

=0a =0

Choice I expresses this fact. No other restrictions apply U + K = constant K = constant - U = constant - 2 kx2 This should be recognized as having a graph that is a parabola and that is concave downward.
1

#8.

Cons. of Energy U=
1 2

kx2

#9.

F = 0 a F = N P = Fv

=0

Applied force must be equal in magnitude to the friction. P = Nv = mgv The energy step from the 1st level to the next is the largest Same principal quantum number would be a low energy difference.

#10.

X-rays have high energy. Diffraction is a wave phenomenon Cons. of charge F E =q

#11. #12.

Both other experiments involve the particle nature of the electron. B There is no principle of conservation of protons or nucleii

#13.

F = qE If the field is uniform, the net force on the sphere reqardless of the distribution of charge will be zero. Vo Eo = d o now E = 2Vo
1 d 5 o

#14.

V = Ed

= 10 Eo E = 10(2,000) = 20000N C

#15.

Rseries = R1+R2 1 1 1 Rll = R1 + R2 V = IR

For top branch: R = 1 + 3 = 4. Then top and bottom 1 1 1 3 1 in parallel gives: Rll = 4 + 2 = 4 or R = 13 The same potential difference is applied across the top and bottom branches. Because the lower branch has a smaller resistance, the current through that branch will be greater. The field at P caused by the +Q at the upper left will be downward, and the field at P caused by the +Q at the lower right will be to the left. The vector sum gives a result that is downward to the left. Potential is a scalar so the result is the simple sum. V=
1 4 o

#16.

#17.

F E =q

#18.

q V= 1 r 4 o U = qV

Q 1 Q 2 Q 2 qQ d + 4 o d = 4 o d then U = 4 o d C D

#19. #20.

B = BA P = IV W P= t right hand rule

B =(2T)(.05m)(.08m) = 8 10-3 T/m2 P = 4A(120V) = 480 W = 0.48 kW. W = Pt = 0.48kW(2hrs) =.96 kW.hrs @10/kW.hr = 9.6 "fingers of the right hand in the direction of motion of the positive charge, then bent in direction of B field. Extended thumb points in direction of the force."
v (for positve charg B F

#21.

#22. #23. #24. #25.

W = PV PV = nRT U = Q - Wby or U = Q + Won Q = cmT Q = mL R f= 2

Area under the curve represent the work. Greatest Temperature for the greatest product PV. U = 400J - 100J = 300J (Wby means work done by the gas. Won is the work done on the gas.) Three processes: warm to melting point then melt the warm to final temperature. Q = cim(273 - T1) + mL + cwm(T2 - 273) Q = m[ci (273 - T1) + L + cw(T2 - 273)] Because of the great distance the image is almost at the focal 1m length. f = 2 = .5m

A A C B

#26.

#27.

n1 v2 n2 = v1 f = v 1 1 1 p +q =f hi q M = ho = -p reflection at a fixed boundary speed depends on the medium energy conservation 1 1 1 p +q =f hi q ho = -p n1sin1 = n2sin2

Index of ref. of water is > index of ref. for air vw <vair Because the frequency must remain the same a smaller velocity implies a shorter wavelength. 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 6 +q =9 q = 9 - 6 = 18 -18cm M = - +6cm = 3 q = -18cm

#28.

#29.

Wave changes phase, that is it is "flipped over" Speed stays the same. Amplitude decreases as the result of dissipation. Cannot gain energy.

#30.

1 1 1 3f 1.5f + q = f q = 3f (real) and hi = - 1.5f ho = -2ho (larger) D

#31.

Apply Snell's law to the two surfaces n1sin1 = n2sin2 = n3sin3 since the ray in 1 in parallel to the ray in 3, 1 = 3 and we have n1sin1 = n3sin1 and n1= n3 One half of the substance has decayed in the first half hour. Two further half-lives will bring it to 500 counts per minute.

#32.

half-life
A A Z X = Z+1

#33.

is an electromagnetc emission h =p Rutherford Scattering half-life h =p f = v

?+

214 82

+ That the new nucleus is Bi is not required to answer Beta decay involves the decay of a neutron into a proton. Gamma decay involves the change in energy of the nucleus. Pb = h 1 = p1 h h 1 2 = p2 = 2p1 = 2 1

214 83 ?

#34. #35.

B A

Rutherford scattering involves the detection of the nucleus by bombardment with alpa particles. Collisions and electrostatic repulsion are involve but not quantum theory. time period in which one half of a sample has decayed

#36. #37.

c from the second equation we get = f and substituting this into A c h the first gives f = p and the f is proportional to the momentum. 3.0kg(10m/s2) = k(0.12m) k = 250 N/m U = 4(10)h by conservation of energy this will become the U of spring as the spring reaches max. elongation, that is when the
1 kinetic energy is zero, 4(10)h = 2 250(h)2 h = 0.32m = 32 cm

#38.

F = kx U = mgh 1 U = 2 kx2
cons. of energy

#39. #40.

Mm F=G 2 r Mm F=G 2 r F = ma v2 ac = r 1 k = 2 mv2

Mm Mm 1 W=G 2 W2 = G = 16 W 2 R (4R) 2 Mm v Mm Mm G 2 = ma = m R then mv2 = G R and K = 1 G R 2 R

E B

#41. #42. #43.

cons. of momentum n1sin1 = n2sin2

pyi = 0 = pyf = m1v1 + m2v2 As the indices of refract become closer the refraction becomes less (approaching zero) for all colors constant mass, so momentum increases if and only if velocity increases. Slope and therefore velocity increases in III, not inI or II.

A E B

p = mv

slope of a d vs. t graph represents velocity #44. #45. #46. F

=0a =0

=-

t W = W = Fdcos

Since a must be zero the velocity must be constant. In I and II the slope is constant.

D is the only choice which doesn't involve a change of flux D W = Fdcos The force is always perpendicular to the motion A therefore no work is done. The force of a constant magnetic field on a moving charge is always perpendicular to the instantaneous displacement. The magnetic field supplies the centripetal force on the protons. Setting the two equal and solving for v gives qBr (1.6 10-19)(0.1)(0.1) equals approx 106 v= m = (1.67 10-27) C

#47.

F = qvB v2 F=m r

#48.

Lenz's Law

Field out of the page is decreasing. The induced current will D try to maintain the flux. The right hand rule would give a counter clockwise current to produce a field out of the page. An apparent increase in frequency occurs when the source approaches and listener. A decrease occurs when the source is receding from the listener. C

#49.

Doppler Effect

#50.

Do= -Di

The image of the each part of the arrow will be the same distance D behind the mirror as that part is in front, and each part will appear directly opposite itself in the mirror. (ray tracing will demonstrate this last point) 1st order constructive interference therefore n = 1. Solve for d
0.12m = 0.20 m you have d = sin = 3 /5

#51.

= d sin n

#52.

isothermal PV = nRT M =B
P1 P2 = T1 T2

Isothermal means T1 = T3. From the graph at point 2 P is the same as at 1, and V is greater so the product PV is greater and the temperature must be higher at point 2 than it is at point 1. T2 > T1 Changing the temperature doesn't change the mass and the volume is given as constant, so the density doesn't change. Doubling the temperature will double the pressure.

#53.

#54.

Avogadro's Number or diameter of an atom is 0.1nm

Clearly the mass of the entire pin head is less than one mole. B This eliminates all but choices A) and B). Choice A) is far too small to be reasonable. It is almost countable. A more certain answer can be arrived at if the student is aware of the Bohr radius and can therefore estimate the diameter of an atom: Area of the pinhead = rp2 and the area of an atom is about ra2, therefore the approximate number of atoms that would fit rp2 (0.510-3 m)2 (0.510-3 m)2 = = 1014 on the top is 2 = ra (0.0510-9m)2 (0.510-10m)2 Less kinetic energy implies photon has a lower frequency, that is a increased wavelength. To have more electrons ejected more photons must hit, therefore the light must be of greater intensity. This is simply the period of the mathematical function. The impulse is Ft and equals the change in momentum. p = 0.4kg(5.0m/s) - 0 = 2 kgm/s or 2 Ns B

#55.

photoelectric effect E = hf f = c 2 T= Ft = p = 0 = r F sin

#56. #57. #58.

D C C

taking counterclockwise as positive

= RMgsin 150

= -R2Mgsin 90 2Mg

= Rmgsin 90 Mg mg

= 0 RMgsin150 + Rmgsin90 + -R2Mgsin90 = 0 0.5M + m -2M = 0 m = 1.5M = 3M

2

#59. #60.

y = vit + 2 at 2 K
1 =2

h=

1 2

gt 2 then t =

mv2

1 K = Khoriz + Kv = 2 1 K = 2 mvo2 + mgh

2h g 1 mvo2 +2 m( 02 + 2gh)

E D

vf2 = vi2 +2ay #61. #62. ideal gas model K = 2 kT K = 2 mv2

1 3

Collisions are taken as elastic.

1 combining the two equations: 2 mv22 = 2 kT2 ; 3 1 2

D mv12 = 2 kT1
3

dividing the first by the second gives:

v22 T2 600 = T2 = 300 = 2 2 v1

#63. #64.

cons. of momentum A C = d Q C=V L R = A

v2 taking the root gives v1 = 2 pi = 0 = pf = p1 + p2 p1 = -p2 and |p1| = |p2| By doubling d, the capacitance is halved. V = E and is constant so if C is halved the second equation, say the charge must also be halved. The same wire, so the cross sectional area of the wire is the same and so is the resistivity, . The outer loop has twice the radius so the circumference, that is the length is double, and it follows from the equation that the resistance is doubled. The flux surrounded by the two loops is the same, (note the area is the area of the flux region) so as B changes, the rate of change of the flux through the loops will be the same. pi = pf the initial momentum was zero therefore pf = 0 The two momentum vectors given add up (by pythagorean therorem) to be 2(mV)2 = 2 mV and it is at 45 toward the upper right. To get 0, the momentum of the third piece must be of this magnitude and at 45 to the lower left. Its mass is 3m, 2V so we have (3m)v = mV 2 and v = 3

#65.

#66.

= BA cos E = - t

#67.

cons. of momentum

#68. #69.

= rF sin Pauli Excl. Prin.

Given torque is = LF sin and it must equal the new torque. LFsin = rFsin 90 = rF. Solving for r gives r = Lsin . No two electrons in an atom can occupy the same exact quantum state. Because one can have spin up and an other spin down we can have two in the same energy state. W= 2 (4 10-6)(100) 2 = 2 102 J
1

A B

#70.

W = 2 CV2