Properties of Matter

Chemical Properties Reactivity - ability to readily interact chemically with other substances - ex: rusting, giving off odors, changing color, new substance formed, formation of gas/fumes or precipitate, absorption/release of heat Flamability - ability to produce a flame Physical Properties Density - amount of matter in the volume of a substance - intensive property Melting Point - the temp. at which a solid turns into a liquid - intensive property Boiling Point - the temp. at which a liquid turns into a gas - intensive property Thermal and Electrical Conductivity - metals with high conductivity are conductors, those with low conductivity are insulators Malleability - the ability to be morphed without breaking/flattened into thins sheets Ductility - the ability to be stretched into wires or threads - intensive property Intensive Properties - dont depend on the size/amount of the substance - Boiling Point, Melting Point, Density, Taste, Color, Luster, Ductility Extensive Properties - depends on the size/amount of the substance - Mass, volume, length

Separation Techniques
Physical manipulation - manually separating/sorting - Ex: Separating iron nails and screws

Filtration - use of a filtering material that will let only same components through Decantation - separating of the components that form distinct layers (immiscible) - Ex: Pouring one layer out of an oil+water mixture Simple Distillation - components are separated due to the differences in their boiling points - let water evaporate then let it condense Fractional Distillation - special process used for the preparation of fuel and other petroleum products Evaporation - involves heating the mixture to separate the solid residue from the liquid - to get the solute from a solution Use of Magnet Paper Chromatography

Changes in Matter
Physical Change - the molecules of the material undergoing physical change retain their identity. No new substance is formed. The change is only in SIZE, SHAPE, or PHASE of the material Chemical Change - the molecules of the substance involved in a chemical reaction change their identity because a.) the atoms that constitute the molecules may be rearranged, b.) atoms may be removed from the molecule, or c.) atoms may be added to those in the molecule. Hence, a new substance or substances are formed, but the atoms RETAIN their identity.

Atomic Models and Scientists

Democritus
- came up with the word atom or atomos, which means indivisible in Greek - proposed that: Atoms can be in any shape Atoms are infinite and constantly moving Atoms can combine with other atoms Atoms are indivisible

John Dalton
- first atomic theory: 1. Matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of a particular element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements have different masses. 4. Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds.

J.J Thompson
- discovered the electron - concluded that there must be particles within the atom even without confirmation of their existence - proposed the plum pudding model > atoms contain smaller sub-atomic particles (Trivia: Quarks)

Ernest Rutherford
- discovered the nucleus > protons > called the area, nucleus > the atom is mostly empty space > the nucleus may be tiny, but contains 99.99% of the atoms mass

Niels Bohr
- came up with the planetary model of the atom > each electron in an atom has a fixed amount of energy > energy keeps an electron moving around the nucleus within a specific region called energy levels

James Chadwick
- discovered the neutron > nucleus contains neutrons > neutrons have same mass as protons but neutrons have no electrical charge > electrons move constantly around the nucleus

Erwin Schrdinger
- came up with the quantum mechanical model of the atom/Electron Cloud model

Atomic Anatomy
- an atom has 3 basic particles: 1. Proton (nucleus), 2. Neutron (nucleus), and 3. Electron (outside the nucleus) - atomic number = # of protons = * # of electrons (* if atom is neutral) - most atoms are neutral (+ = -), but some atoms gain or lose an electron. When this happens, the atom becomes charged; ION Ex: Fluorine atom + 1 electron FSodium atom 1 electron Na + - mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons - # of neutrons = Mass number Atomic number Element Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Atomic # 1 6 8 Mass # 1 12 16 # of Protons 1 6 8 # of Electrons 1 6 8 # of Neutrons 0 6 8

Atomic Anatomy
- an atom has 3 basic particles: 1. Proton (nucleus), 2. Neutron (nucleus), and 3. Electron (outside the nucleus) - atomic number = # of protons = * # of electrons (* if atom is neutral)

- most atoms are neutral (+ = -), but some atoms gain or lose an electron. When this happens, the atom becomes charged; ION Ex: Fluorine atom + 1 electron FSodium atom 1 electron Na + - mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons - # of neutrons = Mass number Atomic number Element Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Atomic # 1 6 8 Mass # 1 12 16 # of Protons 1 6 8 # of Electrons 1 6 8 # of Neutrons 0 6 8

* atomic number determines the type of element

Isotopes
- atoms of an element with different number of neutrons AND different masses Ex: Hydrogen 1 (protium) 1 proton, 0 neutrons Hydrogen 2 (deuterium) 1 proton, 1 neutron Hydrogen 3 (tritium) 1 proton, 2 neutrons * neutron = 1.009 amu electron = 0.0005 proton = 1.007 amu

- unstable atoms/isotopes are radioactive: their nuclei decay (nuclear decay) - uses of Isotopes: Bone scans, Medicine (Chromium, Iodine, etc.)

Ions
* cations positive ions (protons > electrons) anions negative ions (protons < electrons) * only electrons can transfer from one atom to another. Ionic compounds are formed by cations and anions.

Ex: O-2 x = number of protons, x + 2 = number of electrons

- when an atom loses or gains an electron, it becomes charged; IONS

Atomic Mass [ (% abundance of isotope) (mass of isotope) + (% abundance of isotope) (mass of isotope) + ]

Ex: Chlorine. Give the abundance of Chlorines Isotopes. Given: Cl 35 34.969 amu, Cl 37 36.966 amu, Atomic Mass = 35.453 amu 35.453 = [ (x) (34.969) + (1-x) (36.966) ] 35.453 = 34.969x + 36.966 36.966x 36.966 35.453 = 36.966x 34.969x 1.513 = 1.997x X = 1.513 / 1.997 X = 0.7576364 * Sig. Figs! X = 75.76%, 1-X = 24.24% Cl 35 s abundance is 75.76% while Cl 37 s abundance is 24.24%.

Laws of Motion
Force
- push or pull exerted on an object - can move objects - can stop the motion of an object - can change the direction of motion - can change the shape or form of an object - Sl Unit Newton (N) Some terms Sir mentioned: - elastic limit - yield strength - normal force (cancels out the gravitational force) * an object will not change its motion by itself, an external force is required to cause this change. Unless it is in motion with constant velocity Aristotle - scientist from Ancient Greece - believed that, except for heavenly bodies, the natural state of things was a state of rest, a force was required to keep objects in motion. Galileo Galilei - scientist from Italy - inferred that, an object in motion would tend to keep on moving if there was no retarding force acting on it.

- gave the term Inertia to this tendency of an object to keep moving - was able to see what would happen in the absence of friction Isaac Newton - picked up where Galileo left of - formulated 3 Laws of Motion: Inertia, Acceleration, and Action-Reaction

Newtons 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia

- refinement of Galileos ideas - An object at rest tends to remain at rest. If in motion, it will tend to move at constant speed in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced external force. * an objects mass is a measure of its Inertia - m = Inertia, m = Inertia - hefting shaking two objects to see which is heavier *Inertia is the property of an object to resist changes in its state of motion or rest * Net Force = 0 if at rest, V=0 if in motion, at constant velocity

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration

- An objects acceleration is directly proportional to the Net Force acting on it and is inversely proportional to the objects mass. The object always accelerates in the direction of the Net Force. * F = ma F Net Force in N, m Mass in kg, a Acceleration in m/s2 - F = A, F = A, M = A, M = A

Newtons 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Interaction/Action-Reaction

- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. - forces in Nature always come in pairs - action-reaction forces act on different objects

Force
Can make objects move, speed up, slow down, or simply change its direction A push or a pull

Objects that are not in motion doesnt necessarily mean they are not acted upon by forces. For stationary objects, the forces are balanced, so there is no motion.

Contact Forces
Exerted between objects that are in close contact. Examples: Friction, Force that makes huge ships float, Force that enables airplanes to fly

Noncontact Forces
Exerted between objects that arent even touching Examples: Gravity, Magnetism, Strong Force, Weak Force

The Fundamental Forces

Gravitational Force
Formulated by Isaac Newton Affects anything that has mass An attraction, or pull between objects The strength of the force depends on the masses of the objects and their separation Always attractive Dependence on Mass Ones weight is just our planets gravitational force on that him If ones mass changes, his weight changes as well Any attraction (gravitational) between you is negligible. If one gets close enough to a really large mass (like a planet), you will get stuck to it Dependence on Distance The closer two objects are, the greater the gravitational force is. But as the separation decreases, the gravitational force quickly decreases There are billions of objects in our universe that are more massive than our own planet, but due to their immense distance, the force they exert on us is negligible

Electromagnetic Force
Electric and magnetic forces are very closely related and are unified into one force, the electromagnetic force For charged objects, the rule is that like charges (both positive ot both negative) repel, and unlike changes (positive and negative) attract This force can be more than a billion times stronger than gravity. It is dependent on the amount of charge possessed by objects. It also shows a dependence on distance. But unlike gravity, this force can be either repulsive or attractive

Examples: Plastic comb attracting your hair, Electrons revolving around the nucleus We never touch anything. We merely experience electromagnetic forces of repulsion

Weak Force
Not the weakest of the four fundamental forces. Its actually stronger than gravity. Only active at distances less than 10-18 Exerted between a class of particles called leptons and hadrons

An electron is an example of a lepton, and the proton and neutron are examples of hadrons Tends to cause nuclei and elementary particles to break up or became unstable; beta decay

Strong Force
Strongest of all fundamental forces Only effective at very short distances (10-25) At great distances, this force is negligible Without this force, the protons would quickly fly apart and the atom would disintegrate It takes a tremendous force to overcome the strong force. But if it is overcomes, it results in the splitting of nuclei to form lighter nuclei. This process, known as nuclear fission, releases tremendous amounts of energy. This is what causes the immense power of the atomic bomb.

Living Things
Levels of Organization 1. Atoms Smallest part of matter 2. Molecules 2 or more bonded atoms Form compounds 3. Macromolecule

Very large molecules Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, DNA, nucleic acids 4. Organelles Tiny organs Made of macromolecules 5. Cell Made up of organelles Basic unit of structure & function 6. Tissue The same kind of cell working together 7. Organs Tissues that work together 8. Systems (Organ Systems) Organs that work together 9. Organism Entire living things Usually made of systems May be a single cell 10. Population Same types of organisms living together

11. Community Several populations living together Population interact 12. Ecosystem Biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features 13. Biome Similar ecosystems on earth together 14. Biosphere Whole living layer around the globe Includes abiotic features

7 Characteristics of Living Things

1. Made of Cells * unicellular-- living things with only one cell. Examples: Amoeba, Bacteria, etc. multicellular-- living things with many cells. Examples: Hydrilla plant, Elodea plant 2. Need Food as Energy Source - all organisms acquire energy and use energy * autotrophs (use sun's energy) heterotrophs (take energy from other living things, like food) * helps produce ATP (immediate source of energy for performing activities) 3. Grow and Develop - occurs through cell division and cell enlargement - some organisms grow, while some go through a cycle of change (like mosquitoes and butterflies) 4. Respond to Stimuli - vital to any organism - helps: escape predators, find food, move to light, survival Stimulus - anything that incites living things to action - more observable in animals than plants - Ex: Touching a hot metal lid makes us pull our hand away. - kinds of stimuli: Phototropism (light), Geotropism (gravity), Hydrotropism (water), Thigmotropism (touch) 5. Reproduce * organisms produce offspring like themselves - asexual reproduction (binary fission), or sexual reproduction 6. Perpetuate their kind through the Genetic Material * living things have the capability to maintain the identity of their kind through a chemical compound known as DNA - closest that living things can get to 'immortality'

7. Evolution - one characteristic that distinguishes living things from nonliving things - undergo genetic changes through time

Cells
- basic unit of structure of living things - unit of function - generally microscopic - all actions we do are combined responses of millions of cells

2 Kinds of Cells: 1 Animal Cell and 2 Plant Cell 3 main parts of the cell: Cell Membrane - controls what goes in and out of the cell - like the shell of an egg Cytoplasm - gel-like materials where all organelles are suspended in - like the egg whites Nucleus - controls all the activities of the cell - like the egg yolk Other Organelles: - Mitochondrion (produces energy; POWERHOUSE) - Ribosomes (produces proteins) - Endoplasmic Reticulum (enables movement from one part of the cell to another; TRAMSPORT SYSTEM) * Rough ER contains Ribosomes - Golgi Bodies (stores and packages chemicals; FINAL PRODUCT) - Lysosomes (breaks down worn out cell parts; removes wastes) - Vacuoles (stores food, water, and other materials; RAW MATERIALS) - Nucleolus (synthesizes proteins that are stored as RNA) - Nucleoplasm (contains fibers made up of DNA) Organelles in Animal Cells that aren't found in Plant Cells 1 Lysosomes (breaks down worn out cell parts; removes wastes. Usually not evident in Plant cells) Organelles in Plant Cells that aren't found in Animal Cells 1 Cell Wall (for support and protection) 2 Chloroplasts (stores sun light for photosynthesis) 3 Large Vacuole (stores the food, water, and etc. Some Animal cells contain small contractile vacuoles) Plant cells contain plastids (Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts)

Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Dont have a membrane-bound nucleus Unicellular Examples: Bacteria, etc.

Have a membrane-bound nucleus/well defined nuclei - Unicellular OR multicellular Examples: Animal cells, Plant cells, etc.

Cell Theory; Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Characteristics Prokaryotes Nuclear Membrane DNA Absent Single loop

Eukaryotes

Present Multiple loops arranged into chromosomes Present Present only in plant cells Present When present(in plant cells), it is contained in plant cells Present

Cell Membrane Cell Wall Ribosomes Chlorophyll

Present Present Present When present, it is not contained in chloroplast Absent

Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. All basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out in the cell. 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells.

Generalizations about Cells 1. Cells are ALIVE They take in energy and building materials so that they can reproduce and repair themselves. 2. The characteristic needs of an organism are the characteristic needs of its cells.

Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi bodies, vacuoles

1665 Robert Hooke was the first to call spaces in cork cells.

1839 Theodor Schwann discovered that animals are made up of cells.

1590 Hans and Zacharias Janssen produced first

1680s Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living things through simple

1838 Matthias Schleiden discovered that plants are made up of cells.

1855 Rudolph Virchow stated that living cells come from other living cells.

SOURCE: GOOGLE IMAGES, SIR FABELLOS HANDOUTS