Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

(Study Programs of Engineering Physics & Nuclear Engineering)

Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281, (+62 274) 580882, http://www.tf.ugm.ac.id/
The First Law of
Thermodynamics
THD
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P
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First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
It can change forms

2
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P
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S
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P
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Energy Balances
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
energy system
total in the Change
System the Leaving
Energy Total
System the Entering
Energy Total
E E E
out in
A =
How can energy get into or out of a system?
Heat, Work and Energy Transfer with Mass
1 2
E E =
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P
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S
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P
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Lets Look at Closed Systems First
There is no mass transfer into a closed system
The only way energy can get into or out of a
closed system is by heat transfer or work
4
E W Q A = +
out net, in net,
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P
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What is AE equal to?
Since

5
p k
E E U E + + =
p k
E E U E A + A + A = A
Usually we dont need to worry about kinetic
energy or potential energy
p k out in
E E U W Q A + A + A = +
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P
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How to solve problems
Draw a picture
List the data you know
Identify the goal (What do you want to solve for)
List the equations you know
Draw a Process Diagram
Solve for the unknowns


6
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Do some homework problems
We have covered all the material you need to do
any of the problems in the book, up through 4-55.
Do the homework problems for Wednesday.
Do as many additional problems as you need to
do to feel comfortable
7
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Now we can move on to Control Volumes
How are control volumes different from closed
systems?
What effect does this have on the energy
balance?
8
Energy can flow in with the matter
We are interested in rates
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Total Energy of a flowing fluid
9
gz
c
u e e u e
p k
+ + = + + =

2
2
The fluid possesses an additional form of
energy the flow energy (flow work)
p k
e e u pv e pv + + + = + = u
Methalpy
Remember
this from
last
chapter?
p k
e e h + + =
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We can rewrite the energy balance
10
cv
e
e
e
e
i
i
i i
E gz
c
h m W gz
c
h m Q
-

- -

- -
A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

2 2
2 2
This work represents everything but
the flow work
The flow work
is included in
the enthapy
term
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This is getting pretty complicated !
Lets look at a special case
The Steady flow process
o A process during which a fluid flows through a control
volume steadily
o Steady means no change with time
11
0
0
= A
= A
-
-
cv
cv
E
m
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- -
=
out in
m m
0
2 2
2 2
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

-
-

-
-
e
e
e
e
net
i
i
i i
net
gz
c
h m gz
c
h m
W Q

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = +

-

-
- -
i
i
i i e
e
e
e
gz
c
h m gz
c
h m
net net
W Q
2 2
2 2
Steady Equation
12
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Some common steady flow devices
13
Only one in and one out
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Nozzles
Diffusers
Turbines
Compressors
Throttling Valve
14
( )
(
(
(

+ = +

- - -
i e
i e
i e
z z g
c c
h h m W Q
2
2 2
Often the change in kinetic energy
of the fluid is small, and the
change in potential energy of the
fluid is small
Single Stream Steady Flow System
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Nozzles and Diffusers
15
A nozzle is a device that
increases the velocity of a
fluid at the expense of
pressure
A diffuser is a device that
slows a fluid down
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16
( )
(
(
(

+ = +

- - -
i e
i e
i e
z z g
c c
h h m W Q
2
2 2
Is there work in this system?
NO
Is there heat transfer?
Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change
elevation?
NO
What happened to the m?
It divided out
Nozzles and Diffusers
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( )
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =

2
0
2 2
i e
i e
c c
h h
How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?
e
e e
i
i i
v
A c
v
A c
m

-
= =
In a nozzle, enthalpy is converted into
kinetic energy
17
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Turbines and Compressors
18
A turbine is a device that
produces work at the
expense of temperature
and pressure
A compressor is a device
that increases the pressure
of a fluid by adding work
to the system
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( )
(
(
(

+ = +

- - -
i e
i e
i e
z z g
c c
h h m W Q
2
2 2
19
Is there work in this system?
Yes!
Is there heat transfer?
Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation?
NO
Does the kinetic energy change?
Usually it can be ignored
Turbines and Compressors
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Turbines and Compressors
20
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S
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Throttling Valve
21
A throttling valve reduces
the fluid pressure
For example, the water
that comes into your house
goes through a throttling
valve, so it doesnt have
excessive pressure in your
home.
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a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

( )
(
(
(

+ = +

- - -
i e
i e
i e
z z g
c c
h h m W Q
2
2 2
22
Is there work in this system?
NO
Is there heat transfer?
Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation?
NO
What happened to the m?
It divided out
Does the fluid change velocity?
Usually it can be ignored
Throttling Valve
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Throttling Valves
h
in
= h
out
p
in
> p
out

For gases that are not ideal, the temperature
goes down in a throttling valve
23
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Throttling Valves
What happens if the gas is ideal?
For ideal gases
o Ah = C
p
AT
o But Ah = 0
o So AT = 0
o The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same!!!
24
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Throttling Valve
25
For an ideal gas, the temperature does not
change in a throttling valve!!!
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Mixing Chamber
26
Mixing two or more fluids
is a common engineering
process
Mixing
Chamber
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Mixing Chamber
27

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = +

-

-
- -
i
i
i i e
e
e
e
gz
c
h m gz
c
h m
net net
W Q
2 2
2 2
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream
Is there any work done?
No
Is there any heat transferred?
No
Is there a velocity change?
No
Is there an elevation change?
No
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Mixing Chamber
Material Balance

28

- -
=
i
e
m m
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Mixing Chamber
29
3 3 2 2 1 1
h m h m h m
- - -
= +
3 2 1
m m m
- - -
= +
Energy
Balance
Material
Balance
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Heat Exchanger
30
A heat exchanger is a
device where two
moving fluids
exchange heat
without mixing.
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Heat Exchangers
31
Your analysis approach will depend on how you
define your system
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Heat Exchangers
Energy balance is the same as a mixing chamber,
but
o Two inlets
o Two outlets
Material Balance
o Divide into two separate streams with equal inlet and
outlet flow rates
32
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Pipe Flow
33
A steady flow model
is usually a good
approximation
Q
W
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Pipe Flow
34
.
Theres work going into
the pump
Theres an elevation
change
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

( )
(
(
(

+ = +

- - -
i e
i e
i e
z z g
c c
h h m W Q
2
2 2
Pipe Flow
35
Is there work in this system?
Sometimes
Is there heat transfer?
Usually
Does the fluid change elevation?
Sometimes
Does the kinetic energy change?
Not usually
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

For example..
36
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

We need to make some assumptions
Uniform flow
o The system can change with time, but the inlet
conditions are constant
o Everything in the system is in the same state
o Fluid exiting the system is at the same state as the
system
37
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

We need to look at our balances again
38
m m m m m
system exit in 1 2
= A =

cv
e
e
e e i
i
i i
E gz
c
h m W gz
c
h m Q A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +


2 2
2 2
We arent using the rate form of the
balances here. Why?
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

cv
e
e
e e i
i
i i
E gz
c
h m W gz
c
h m Q A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +


2 2
2 2
p k
E E U E + + =
p k
E E U E A + A + A = A
This is the kinetic energy of
the system
This is the potential
energy of the system
Usually, they both equal 0
39
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

cv
e
e
e e i
i
i i
E gz
c
h m W gz
c
h m Q A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +


2 2
2 2
Usually both the kinetic energy and potential energy of
the fluid are zero too
1 1 2 2
u m u m h m h m W Q
e e i i
= + +
Time 1 and time 2 Inlet and Exit conditions,
assuming only a single
inlet and a single exit
stream
40
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Consider a bottle filling problem
What happens to the temperature when you fill an
empty tank with air?

41
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

Consider a bottle filling problem
What happens to the temperature when you fill an
empty tank with air?
o The air gets hot
o Why?
o It takes energy to push the air into the tank (flow work).
That energy is converted into internal energy
42
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
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P
h
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s
i
c
s
,

F
a
c
u
l
t
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o
f

E
n
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i
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r
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S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
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r
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m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
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e
r
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P
h
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s
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s

&

N
u
c
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r

E
n
g
i
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r
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For our bottle filling problem
43
1 1 2 2
u m u m h m h m W Q
e e i i
= + +
2
m m
i
=
2
u h
i
=
h
i
is bigger than u
i
,
so
u
2
is bigger than u
i

That means the
temperature in the tank
is higher than the inlet
temperature
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
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m
e
n
t

o
f

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n
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i
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P
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i
c
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,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

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n
g
i
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e
e
r
i
n
g

What if
How would we handle inlet or exit conditions that
change with time?
The best we can do at this point is to take the
average
If we knew more, we could integrate over time
44
UGM
D
e
p
a
r
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m
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f

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n
g
i
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r
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P
h
y
s
i
c
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,

F
a
c
u
l
t
y

o
f

E
n
g
i
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e
e
r
i
n
g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

o
f

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

P
h
y
s
i
c
s

&

N
u
c
l
e
a
r

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

For example
What happens to the temperature when you use
a bottle of canned air?
The bottle gets cold.
Why?
It takes energy to push the air out of the can (flow
work)
o That energy comes from the energy of the air that
remains in the can
45
UGM
D
e
p
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f

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,

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o
f

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r
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g


S
t
u
d
y

P
r
o
g
r
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m
s

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f

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r
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g

P
h
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&

N
u
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a
r

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n
g
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n
e
e
r
i
n
g

But.
The air coming out of the can gets colder with
time
That means the exit conditions are not constant
46
1 1 2 2
u m u m h m h m W Q
e e i i
= + +
What conditions should you
use for h
e
?
2
1 2
h h
h
ave
+
=