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LEARNING OUTCOMES

TOPIC 2 ANALYSIS OF SECTIONS

At the end of this topic, students should be able to: Understand the relationship between stressstrain. Understand the failure criteria; under reinforced, balanced, over reinforced design Understand the application of stress block in the design of beams Apply the stress block analysis to determine the ultimate moment of resistance of RC beams

Stress-strain relationship
When load is applied to a structure, the deformation occurred on the element will produce stress and strain. Since RC is a combination of concrete and steel, therefore the stress-strain relationship of both materials needs to be understood.

Maximum stress

Concrete

Concrete fails at ultimate strain of 0.0035

Design strength

Steel

Beam behaviour in bending

Modulus of elasticity

Simply supported beam

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Beam behaviour in bending

Failure modes/criteria
There are 3 types of failure modes that could occur in beam design: 1. Under reinforced 2. Balanced 3. Over reinforced

Continuous beam

Under reinforced
Area of steel reinforcement is very small as compared to the area of concrete Steel will reach its yield strength earlier than concrete

Balanced
Steel will reach its yield strength at the same time as concrete Ideal design

Over reinforced
This is strictly not allowed Concrete will reach its maximum strength earlier than steel Failure occurs caused by early failure of concrete in compression Failure happens without warning (abrupt of sudden failure)

Stress-strain of a section

cc st x

= maximum stress of concrete in compression = maximum stress of steel in tension = depth from compression face to neutral axis

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Stress block
3 phase: 1. Triangular stress block
When the stresses are very nearly proportional to the strains, which occurs at the loading levels encountered under working conditions. Used at serviceability limit state.

STRESS BLOCK ANALYSIS (BEAMS)

2. Parabolic rectangular stress block

When the compressive strains are within the plastic range. Used for the design the ultimate limit state.

3. Rectangular stress block

A simplified alternative to the rectangular-parabolic distribution.

TYPES OF BEAMS
RECTANGULAR FLANGED

Design of rectangular section

There are two types of rectangular sections: 1. Singly reinforced

NEUTRAL AXIS BELOW FLANGE

Consist only tension reinforcement, As The top reinforcements are hanger bars (used to produce a cage-like arrangement)

As

SINGLY REINFORCED

DOUBLY REINFORCED

NEUTRAL AXIS IN FLANGE

2. Doubly reinforced
Consist of both tension, As and compression reinforcement, As

As As

SINGLY REINFORCED

DOUBLY REINFORCED

SINGLY REINFORCED

DOUBLY REINFORCED

Arrangement of reinforcements

Singly reinforced rectangular section

0.85fck/c = 0.567 fck 0.4x h As Fst = 0.87 fyk As d 0.8x Fcc = 0.45 fck b x z = d 0.4x x Neutral axis

Cage-like arrangement

For equilibrium, total force in the section is taken as zero Fst Fcc = 0 Fst = Fcc 0.87 fyk As = (0.567fck) (0.8x) (b) = 0.45 fck b x x = 0.87 fyk As / 0.45 fck b

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By taking moment about Fcc or Fst, moment of resistance for the section can be calculated as follows: Moment about Fcc M = Fst . Z = (0.87 fyk As) (d-0.4x) or Moment about Fst M = Fcc . Z = (0.45 fck b x) (d-0.4 x) This equation will be used to determine the moment of resistance that can be resisted by the section with specified area of reinforcement.

To avoid over reinforced section, EC2 has limit x to be not more than 0.45d Ultimate moment of resistance for a singly reinforced rectangular section can be calculated by substituting x = 0.45d into the moment equation. Mu = 0.167 fckbd2 Mu = (Kbal)fckbd2 The limiting value for a singly reinforced section is Kbal = 0.167. K = M/bd2fck NOTE: If K Kbal = only tension reinforcement is required (singly reinforced) If K > Kbal = both tension and compression reinforcement is required (doubly reinforced)

Higher reinforcement higher capacity to resist larger moment

The lever arm between the resusltant forces Fcc and Fst z = d 0.8x/2

Doubly reinforced rectangular section

0.567 fck d 0.4x As h As b Fst = 0.87 fyk As d Fsc = 0.87 fyk As Fcc = 0.45 fck b x z1 = d d z = d 0.45x Neutral axis

Rearranging the equations and substituting with M and K,

z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)]

Area of tension reinforcement for singly reinforced section: M = Fst . z = (0.87 fyk As) (z) As = M / 0.87 fyk z

In equilibrium, Fst = Fcc + Fsc x = (0.87 fyk As 0.87 fyk As) / 0.45 fck b Moment about Fst M = Fsc . z1 + Fcc . z Ultimate moment of resistance at x = 0.45d for doubly reinf. section M = 0.87fyk As (d-d) + Mu

Area of compression reinforcement: As = (M Mu) /((0.87 fyk (d-d))

Design flow chart for bending

Analysis to determine the design moments (M) Determine K and compare with Kbal Kbal = 0.167

As = (K-Kbal) fck b d2 / 0.87 fyk (d-d)

Area of tension reinforcement: As = ((0.167 fck b d2) / 0.87 fyk z) + As

As = (Kbal fck bd2 / 0.87 fyk z) + As

Yes
Beam is under reinforced compression steel is not required (singly reinforced section)

Is K Kbal ?

No
Beam is over reinforced compression steel is required (doubly reinforced section)

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Singly reinforced design procedure

Calculate lever arm, z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)] 0.95 d Calculate area of tension reinforcement required:

Doubly reinforced design procedure

zbal = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 Kbal / 1.134)] = 0.82d Check d/d 0.171 => The compression steel will have yielded Calculate area of compression reinforcement required:

K Kbal

K > Kbal

If d/d > 0.171 Area of tension reinforcement:

x

Check min & max reinforcement requirements: Calculate area of tension reinforcement required:

Check minimum spacing between reinforcements: Check min & max reinforcement requirements k1 = 1 mm , k2 = 5 mm Check maximum spacing between reinforcements Check minimum spacing between reinforcements Check maximum spacing between reinforcements

EC2 : Page 152

EC2 : Page 29 (Table 3.1)

EC2 : Page 131

EXAMPLE 2.1
Design the main reinforcement of the rectangular beam & sketch the arrangement of the reinforcements.
Design data: Width, b = 200 mm Effective depth, d = 450 mm Overall depth, h = 500 mm Design moment, M = 150 kNm Concrete: Class 25/30 Type of steel = High yield steel
h As b d

UK NA : Use recommended value

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Table of reinforcement
Number of bars Bar Size (mm) 1 6 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 28 79 113 201 314 491 804 1257 2 57 157 226 402 628 982 1608 2513 3 85 236 339 603 942 1473 2413 3770 4 113 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027 5 141 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283 6 170 471 679 1206 1885 2945 4825 7540 7 198 550 792 1407 2199 3436 5630 8796 8 226 628 905 1608 2513 3927 6434 10053

Example 2.2
Design the main reinforcement for the beam and sketch the arrangement of the reinforcement.
Design data: Width, b = 250 mm Effective depth, d = 700 mm Effective depth (comp reinf.), d = 60 mm Overall depth, h = 750 mm Design moment, M = 880 kNm fck = 30 N/mm2 fyk = 500 N/mm2

d h

As d As b