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LECTURE 30 and 31
Deflecion of Beam
Inodcion:
I a acica egieeig aicai, he e e he diffee ce, a e hae
eae he ihi he ceai ii i.e. he cai ae aced he eface ad behai f
he ce. F iace e a ha he aica ce i ed eae ihi hi
ae f e ad he defeci f he ce hd eceed bed a aica ae.
I e be he ai e hee, a be a ic eee cdii b hee a be
he defeci hich i he e igid cdii de eai. I i bi heefe d he
ehd b hich e ca edic he defeci f ebe de aea ad aee ad, ice
i i hi f f adig hich i geea dce he geae defeci f bea.
Ampion: The fig ai ae deae i de deie a diffeeia eai f eaic
ce f he aded bea
1. Se i ia ai i.e. h a aie. Th, he eai i aid f
bea ha ae eed bed he eaic ii.
2. The cae i aa a.
3. A defeci eig f he hea defai f he aeia hea ee i
egeced.
I ca be h ha he defeci de hea defai ae a a ad hece ca be
iged.
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Consider a beam AB which is initially straight and horizontal when unloaded. If under the action of loads
the beam deflect to a position A'B' under load or infact we say that the axis of the beam bends to a shape
A'B'. It is customary to call A'B' the curved axis of the beam as the elastic line or deflection curve.
In the case of a beam bent by transverse loads acting in a plane of symmetry, the bending moment M
varies along the length of the beam and we represent the variation of bending moment in B.M diagram.
Futher, it is assumed that the simple bending theory equation holds good.
If we look at the elastic line or the deflection curve, this is obvious that the curvature at every point is
different; hence the slope is different at different points.
To express the deflected shape of the beam in rectangular co-ordinates let us take two axes x and y, x-
axis coincide with the original straight axis of the beam and the y axis shows the deflection.
Futher,let us consider an element ds of the deflected beam. At the ends of this element let us construct the
normal which intersect at point O denoting the angle between these two normal be di
But for the deflected shape of the beam the slope i at any point C is defined,
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Thi i he diffeeia eai f he eaic ie f a bea bjeced bedig i he ae f
e. I i = f() defie he hae f he eaic ie he defeci ce a i i
fee caed.
Relationship beteen shear force, bending moment and deflection: The eaihi ag hea
fce,bedig e ad defeci f he bea a be baied a
Diffeeiaig he eai a deied
Theefe, he abe eei eee he hea fce heea ae f iei f adig ca a
be fd b diffeeiaig he eei f hea fce
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Methods for finding the deflection: The deflection of the loaded beam can be obtained various
methods.The one of the method for finding the deflection of the beam is the direct integration method, i.e.
the method using the differential equation which we have derived.
Direct integration method: The governing differential equation is defined as
Where A and B are constants of integration to be evaluated from the known conditions of slope and
deflections for the particular value of x.
Illustrative eamples : let us consider few illustrative examples to have a familiarty with the direct
integration method
Case 1: Cantilever Beam with Concentrated Load at the end:- A cantilever beam is subjected to a
concentrated load W at the free end, it is required to determine the deflection of the beam
n order to solve this problem, consider any X-section X-X located at a distance x from the left end or the
reference, and write down the expressions for the shear force abd the bending moment
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The constants A and B are required to be found out b utiliing the boundar conditions as defined belo
i.e at = L ; = 0 -------------------- (1)
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i.e a = L ; = 0 -------------------- (1)
a = L ; d/d = 0 -------------------- (2)
Uiliing he econd condiion, he ale of conan A i obained a
Cae 2: A Canilee ih Unifoml diibed Load:- In hi cae he canilee beam i bjeced o
U.d.l ih ae of ineni aing / lengh.The ame pocede can alo be adoped in hi cae
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Bonda condiion elean o he poblem ae a follo:
1. A = L; = 0
2. A = L; d/d = 0
The econd bonda condiion ield
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Cae 3: Simpl Sppoed beam ih nifoml diibed Load:- In hi cae a impl ppoed beam
i bjeced o a nifoml diibed load hoe ae of ineni aie a / lengh.
In ode o ie don he epeion fo bending momen conide an co-ecion a diance of
mee fom lef end ppo.
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Bda cdii hich ae eea i hi cae ae ha he defeci a each be e.
i.e. a = 0; = 0 : a = ; = 0
e a hee bda cdii eai (1) becae he bda cdii ae ,
Thi ied B = 0.
Fhe
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I hi cae he ai defeci i cc a he cee f he bea hee = L/2 [ i.e. a he ii
hee he ad i beig aied ].S if e bie he ae f = L/2
Cci
(i) The ae f he e a he ii hee he defeci i ai d be e.
(ii) Theae f ai defeci d be a he cee i.e. a = L/2.
The fia eai hich i ge he defeci f he aded bea i hi cae i
B cceie diffeeiai e ca fid he eai f e, bedig e, hea fce ad ae
f adig.
Deflection ()
Slope (d/d)
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Bending Moment
So he bending momen diagam old be
Shear Force
Shea foce i obained b aking
hid deiaie.
Rate of intensit of loading
Case 4: The diec inegaion mehod ma become moe inoled if he epeion fo enie beam i no
alid fo he enie beam.Le conide a deflecion of a impl ppoed beam hich i bjeced o a
concenaed load W acing a a diance 'a' fom he lef end.
Le R
1
& R
2
be he eacion hen,
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Let R
1
& R
2
be the reactions then,
These two equations can be integrated in the usual way to find y' but this will result in four constants of
integration two for each equation. To evaluate the four constants of integration, four independent
boundary conditions will be needed since the deflection of each support must be zero, hence the
boundary conditions (a) and (b) can be realized.
Further, since the deflection curve is smooth, the deflection equations for the same slope and deflection at
the point of application of load i.e. at x = a. Therefore four conditions required to evaluate these constants
may be defined as follows:
(a) at x = 0; y = 0 in the portion AB i.e. 0 x a
(b) at x = l; y = 0 in the portion BC i.e. a x l
(c) at x = a; dy/dx, the slope is same for both portion
(d) at x = a; y, the deflection is same for both portion
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(d) at = a; , the deflection is same for both portion
B smmetr, the reaction R
1
is obtained as
Using condition (c) in equation (3) and (4) shos that these constants should be equal, hence letting
K
1
= K
2
= K
Hence
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No lastl k
3
is found out using condition (d) in equation (5) and equation (6), the condition (d) is that,
At = a; ; the deflection is the same for both portion
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ALERNAE MEHOD: There is also an alternative wa to attempt this problem in a more simpler wa.
Let us considering the origin at the point of application of the load,
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Bonda condiion elean fo hi cae ae a follo
(i) a = 0; d/d= 0
hence, A = 0
(ii) a = l/2; = 0 (becae no l / 2 i on he lef end o igh end ppo ince e hae
aken he oigin a he cene)
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Hence the integration method ma be bit cumbersome in some of the case. Another limitation of the
method would be that if the beam is of non uniform cross section,
i.e. it is having different cross-section then this method also fails.
So there are other methods b which we find the deflection like
1. Macaula's method in which we can write the different equation for bending moment for
different sections.
2. Area moment methods
3. Energ principle methods
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