HOLOGRAPHIC FUTURE

M.V.SATYANARAYANA 4/4 ECE R.NO:08131A0470

HOLOGRAPHIC FUTURE
This explains about holography and its applications in near future. If you want to see a hologram, you don't have to look much farther than your wallet. There are holograms on most driver's licenses, ID cards and credit cards. If you're not old enough to drive or use credit, you can still find holograms around your home. They're part of CD, DVD and software packaging, as well as just about everything sold as "official merchandise." Holography is the science of producing holograms. It was invented in 1948 by Dennis Gabor for use in electron microscopy, before the invention of the laser. It really was not until the Movie Industry started making 3D Movies that the general public really became excited about it. Many remakes in 3D enjoyed another round at the Box Office, as it is the experience, not only the movie. It got more uses after mass production of low-cost solid-state lasers . The technique of holography can also be used to store, retrieve, and process information optically. It is an advanced form of photography that allows an image to be recorded in three dimensions. The image changes as the position and orientation of the viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the object were still present, thus making the image appear three-dimensional. Unlike ordinary photographs, holograms record both phase and amplitude information. Because phase is a relative property, construction of a hologram requires a reference beam in addition to the light reflected from an objects surface.

Additional requirements include a powerful, coherent, monochromatic light source a vibration-free flat surface; some common optical devices; and photographic plates, chemicals, and a darkroom. A hologram can be made by exposing a photographic plate to the interference pattern made by the reference and object beams. The plate is then developed and dried. When illuminated by a reference beam similar to the original one, it recreates a three dimensional picture of the object. Photography Vs Holography

When we take a picture with a film camera, four basic steps happen in an instant: A shutter opens. Light passes through a lens and hits the photographic emulsion on a piece of film. A light-sensitive compound called silver halide reacts with the light, recording its amplitude, or intensity, as it reflects off of the scene in front of you. The shutter closes. We can make lots of changes to this process, like how far the shutter opens, how much the lens magnifies the scene and how much extra light you add to the mix. But no matter what changes we make, the four basic steps are

still the same. In addition, regardless of changes to the setup, the resulting picture is still simply a recording of the intensity of reflected light. When we develop the film and make a print of the picture, your eyes and brain interpret the light that reflects from the picture as a representation of the original image. Like photographs, holograms are recordings of reflected light. Making them requires steps that are similar to what it takes to make a photograph: A shutter opens or moves out of the path of a laser. (In some setups, a pulsed laser fires a single pulse of light, eliminating the need for a shutter.) The light from the object beam reflects off of an object. The light from the reference beam bypasses the object entirely. The light from both beams comes into contact with the photographic emulsion, where light-sensitive compounds react to it. The shutter closes, blocking the light.

In holography, light passes through a shutter and lenses before striking a light-sensitive piece of holographic film. Just like with a photograph, the result of this process is a piece of film that has recorded the incoming light. However, when we develop the holographic plate and look at it, what we see is a little unusual. Developed film from a camera shows us a negative view of the original scene -- areas that were light are dark, and vice versa. When we look at the negative, we can still get a sense of what the original scene looked like. But when we look at a developed piece of film used to make a hologram, we don't see anything that looks like the original scene. Instead, we might see a dark frame of film or a random pattern of lines and swirls. Turning this frame of film into an image requires the right illumination.

Types: Transmission holograms are viewed by shining laser light through them and looking at the reconstructed image from the side of the hologram opposite the source A later refinement, the "rainbow transmission" hologram, allows more convenient illumination by white light rather than by lasers. Rainbow holograms are commonly seen today on credit cards as a security feature and on product packaging. Rainbow transmission hologram are commonly formed as surface relief patterns in a plastic film, and they incorporate a reflective aluminum coating that provides the light from "behind" to reconstruct their imagery Another kind of common hologram, the reflection hologram, is capable of multicolor image reproduction, using a white-light illumination source on the same side of the hologram as the viewer. Properties: Holograms have other surprising traits as well. If you cut one in half, each half contains whole views of the entire holographic image. The same is true if you cut out a small piece --- even a tiny fragment will still contain the whole picture. On top of that, if you make a hologram of a magnifying glass, the holographic version will magnify the other objects in the hologram, just like a real one. If you look at these holograms from different angles, you see objects from different perspectives, just like you would if you were looking at a real object. Some holograms even appear to move as you walk past them and look

at them from different angles. Others change colors or include views of completely different objects, depending on how you look at them.

Making a Hologram:
It doesn't take very many tools to make a hologram. We can make one with: A laser: Red lasers, usually helium-neon (HeNe) lasers, are common in holography. Some home holography experiments rely on the diodes from red laser pointers, but the light from a laser pointer tends to be less coherent and less stable, which can make it hard to get a good image. Some types of holograms use lasers that produce different colors of light as well. Depending on the type of laser we're using, we may also need a shutter to control the exposure. Lenses: Holography is often referred to as "lensless photography," but holography does require lenses. However, a camera's lens focuses light, while the lenses used in holography cause the beam to spread out. A beam splitter: This is a device that uses mirrors and prisms to split one beam of light into two beams. Mirrors: These direct the beams of light to the correct locations. Along with the lenses and beam splitter, the mirrors have to be absolutely clean. Dirt and smudges can degrade the final image. Holographic film: Holographic film can record light at a very high resolution, which is necessary for creating a hologram. It's a layer of lightsensitive compounds on a transparent surface, like photographic film. The difference between holographic and photographic film is that holographic film

has to be able to record very small changes in light that take place over microscopic distances. In other words, it needs to have a very fine grain. In some cases, holograms that use a red laser rely on emulsions that respond most strongly to red light. There are lots of different ways to arrange these tools. The laser points at the beam splitter, which divides the beam of light into two parts. Mirrors direct the paths of these two beams so that they hit their intended targets. Each of the two beams passes through a diverging lens and becomes a wide swath of light rather than a narrow beam. One beam, the object beam, reflects off of the object and onto the photographic emulsion. The other beam, the reference beam, hits the emulsion without reflecting off of anything other than a mirror. We need the right light source to see a hologram because it records the light's phase and amplitude like a code. Rather than recording a simple pattern of reflected light from a scene, it records the interference between the reference beam and the object beam. It does this as a pattern of tiny interference fringes. Each fringe can be smaller than one wavelength of the light used to create them. Decoding these interference fringes requires a key -that key is the right kind of light.

Working

Reconstruction

Applications:
Education, Communication, Entertainment and Military etc, all need the next generation of Holographic Imagining Sciences. Some of them are, I. Authentication: Today we see Holographic Images on our ATM and Credit Cards or Microsoft Software as proof of authenticity and thus preventing counterfeiting or piracy Security: NASCAR Driver Training at 200 mph with Future Technology of Holographic Projection; the projected image would be ahead of the car to allow the driver to get use to setting up the corner and turns and drafting and driving next to other cars. The wall could also be projected so they could practice driving close to it This might also be used to project virtual shadows for protection to prevent burglars or provide an image that can be seen through the window from the street, which would prevent a thief from taking advantage of an opportunity when no one was home - Endless possibilities Save Endangered Species with Virtual Reality Holographic Projection, so even if we lose the species we can still study it forever. When we are away perhaps the virtual assistant will sit at the table and make our pets feel at home.

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III. Education: Modeling Holographic Projection to Study Hurricanes, projecting these in classrooms and for weather modification scientists to study. We can learn a lot from studying airflows in natural vortexes. Training Teachers with a virtual classroom of little monsters fooling around; Teacher Training in Virtual Holographic Classrooms could help the new teachers adapt to a real problematic classroom Public Speaking Fears Defeated in Virtual Reality, project the crowd in front of them, getting use to talking in front of very large groups Holographic Projection and Accident Recreation in Virtual Reality to determine what happened and to prevent it in the future and allow engineers to see the accident and parts failures to determine prevention methods in the future designs. IV. Communication: New Cell Phone Holographic Projection technologies have a market value of 500 million to 1.5 Billion Dollars in the first 18 months to two years and that is just the Introduction. Presidential Debates in Holographic Future Virtual Reality, this way the debates could be done without the participants meeting together. High-tech video conferencing could be a very good thing for curbing pollution (namely Global Warming) as more people use these communication tools, there will be less traffic and business travel. Great, great grandchildren will be about to meet their past ancestors and watch a holographic video.

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Defense : Martial Arts Holographic Sparring Partners, to prevent injury and practice for countless hours alone, thus developing reflex in defensive tactics. Holographic Art for the Lazy Modeler, instead of building models of concept cars, designs and what not, simply make them in the virtual world, save them and allow one to make modifications, saving the original, via 3D cad cam program - also good for a Holographic Super Computer Wind Tunnel Testing for aircraft model design. Holographic Big Game Hunting of Endangered Species, hunt hologram projected imaging without killing the actual animal - make it so the holographic animal is the same in every way. Holographic Husband Soldier Companionship, when men go off to war the women can have a holographic husband to serve as a companion, to keep them feeling good.

VI. Medical : By using holography Doctors can study more details about diseases. Can attend surgeries from different parts of world. VII. Entertainment : Viewing a tattoo, before you put it on permanent, should be relatively simple to do and would certainly help people make a better choice or none at all. With High Definition TV on a large screen plasma TV it will be so real, we will literally feel as if we were there.

 Virtual friends come alive and a virtual holographic assistant to help us prepare a meal in the kitchen. People can play sports like cricket, soccer, etc. virtually through holography.

Conclusion :
Holographic Technology and Spectral Imagining has endless applications, as far as the human mind can imagine. These technologies are indeed available and getting more robust in abilities each year. Holographic Technologies are not just about art or business communication, they are about safety, security, education, planning and the strength of our civilization here and beyond. From entertainment to data visualization we can see a bright future for Holographic Projection and the bending and manipulation of light. Those areas of society which most often bring about research and development funding in technology are present amongst the many potential applications for this science. It therefore stands to reason and makes common sense that Holographic Technologies and Spectral Imaging will become a very integral part of human societies and civilizations in the future. We are certain of that.