WASTE MANAGEMENT WHAT IS WASTE?

any unwanted material or substance resulting from human activity which is not needed by the owner, producer, or processor. Basel Convention Definition of Wastes substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be dispaosed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law TYPES OF RESIDUES AND WASTES FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES 1. Human body wastes: urine and feces (waste water) 2. Excess materials and foods: trash and garbage 3. Yard wastes: grass clippings and tree branches 4. Construction and manufacturing wastes: scrap wood and metal, contaminated water, solvents, excess heat and noise 5. Agricultural wastes: animal dung, runoff from feedlot operations, crop residues, and animal carcasses 6. Transportation wastes: carbon monoxide, gaseous pollutants, and used motor oil 7. Energy production wastes: mining wastes, electrical power (combustion of coal) wastes, and nuclear power (radioactive) wastes 8. Defense wastes: weapons production (radioactive) wastes Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others) Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes - substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines. Non-hazardous - substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines. Factors contributing to an ever-increasing number of environmental hazards are: (1) urbanization, (2) industrialization, (3) human population growth, and (4) the production and use of disposable products and containers Sources of Solid Waste Households Agriculture Commerce and Industry Fisheries Waste Generation in the Philippines In Metro Manila: 3 It is estimated that 25 million m of acid and alkaline liquid waste is disposed of annually from the electronics industry. 3 Almost 2,000 m of solvents and 22,000 tonnes of heavy metals, infectious wastes, biological sludges, lubricants and intractable wastes are disposed of on land or into water courses. 4,000 tonnes of solid wastes are generated daily. Of these, only about 3,400 tonnes are collected and transported to existing sites. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Minimize amount generated Recover and recycle waste materials Dispose safely and effectively Handling of municipal solid waste can be divided into two steps: Collection - passage of a waste material from the source of production to either the point of treatment or final disposal. Disposal - any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses. METHODS OF DISPOSAL 1) Sanitary landfills waste disposal sites on land suited for this purpose and upon which waste is spread in thin layers, compacted, and covered with a fresh layer of clay or plastic foam each day. Advantages: Disadvantages: volume can increase with little addition of people/equipment filled land can be reused for other community completed landfill areas can settle and requires maintenance requires proper planning, design, and operation

purposes 2) Incineration (combustion) burning of wastes. Advantages:

Disadvantages:

requires minimum land expensive to build and operate can be operated in any weather high energy requirement produces stable odor-free residue requires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance refuse volume is reduced by half unsightly - smell, waste, vermin 3) Recycling the collection and reprocessing of a resource after use so it can be reused for the same or another purpose. Advantages: Disadvantages: key to providing a liviable environment for the future expensive some wastes cannot be recycled technological push needed separation of useful material from waste difficult

Composting the natural, aerobic biodegradation of organic plant and animal matter to compost. 4) Source Reduction a waste management approach involving the reduction or elimination of the use of materials that produce an accumulation of solid waste. 5) Segregation of waste minimizes the amount of waste by generating a solid waste stream which can be easily, safely, and costeffectively managed through recycling or composting. 5) Energy Recovery - it works by recycling some forms of waste into a fuel source for heating, cooking and powering turbines. Effects of Waste if not managed wisely: Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate Tips for Reducing Solid Waste REDUCE 1. Reduce the amount of unnecessary packaging. 2. Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity. REUSE 3. Consider reusable products. 4. Maintain and repair durable products. 5. Reuse bags, containers, and other items. 6. Borrow, rent, or share items used infrequently. 7. Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them out. RECYCLE 8. Choose recyclable products and containers and recycle them. 9. Select products made from recycled materials. 10. Compost yard trimmings and some food scraps. RESPOND 11. Educate others on source reduction and recycling practices. Make your preferences known to manufacturers, merchants, and community leaders. 12. Be creative find new ways to reduce waste quantity and toxicity. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. Secured landfill a double-lined landfill located above a flood plain and away from a fault zone, equipped with monitoring pipes for seepage, used primarily for hazardous waste. 2. Deep well injection consists of pumping the hazardous waste, by way of lined wells far below drinking water aquifers into layers of permeable rock that are surrounded by impermeable rock. 3. Incineration of hazardous waste consists of burning the wastes at very high temperatures. 4. Hazardous waste recycling hazardous waste created by one process becomes the raw material for another. 5. Neutralization of hazardous waste small amounts of certain types of hazardous waste can be neutralized by physical, chemical, or biological processes.

6. Source Reduction SEWAGE DISPOSAL the disposal of human excreta and other waterborne waste products from houses, streets, and factories to protect public health and prevent disease. the ultimate return of used water to the environment. Disposal points distribute the used water either to aquatic bodies such as oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, or lagoons or to land by absorption systems, groundwater recharge, and irrigation. Wastewaters must be mixed, diluted, and absorbed so that receiving environments retain their beneficial use, be it for drinking, bathing, recreation, aquaculture, irrigation, groundwater recharge, or industry. Wastewater treatment removes remove compounds and microorganisms that affect water quality and use. It lowers the numbers of disease-causing microbes such as bacteria,viruses, and protozoa to levels that are deemed to be acceptable from a health standpoint. Wastewater treatment is typically a multi-stage process to renovate wastewater before it re-enters a body of water, is applied to the land, or is reused. The goal is to reduce or remove organic matter, solids, nutrients, disease-causing organisms, and other pollutants from wastewater.

1. Preliminary treatment Upon arrival via the sewer system, the wastewater is sent through a bar screen, which removes large solid objects such as sticks and rags. Leaving the bar screen, the wastewater flow is slowed down entering the grit tank. This allows sand, gravel, and other heavy material that was small enough not to be caught by the bar screen to settle to the bottom. All the collected debris from the grit tank and bar screen is disposed of at a sanitary landfill or recycled. 2. Primary treatment Primary treatment it allows for the physical separation of solids and greases from the wastewater. The screened wastewater flows into a primary settling tank where it is held for several hours. This allows solid particles to settle to the bottom of the tank and oils and greases to float to the top. 3. Secondary treatment Secondary treatment is a biological treatment process that removes dissolved organic material from wastewater. The partially treated wastewater from the settling tank flows by gravity into an aeration tank. Here it is mixed with solids containing microorganisms that use oxygen to consume the remaining organic matter in the wastewater as their food supply. The aeration tank uses air bubbles to provide the mixing and the oxygen, both of which are needed for the micro-organisms to multiply. From here the liquid mixture, composed of solids with micro-organisms and water, is sent to the final clarifier. Here the solids settle to the bottom where some of the material is sent to the solids handling process, and some is recirculated to replenish the population of micro-organisms in the aeration tank to treat incoming wastewater. 4. Final treatment Wastewater that remains is disinfected to kill harmful micro-organisms before being released into receiving waters. Although there are many methods available to kill these micro-organisms, chlorine and ultraviolet disinfection are the most widely used. Dechlorination occurs in the final wastewater treatment step. A solution of sodium bisulfite is added to the chlorinated effluent to remove residual chlorine. Following disinfection and dechlorination, the treated wastewater (now called final effluent) can be returned to the receiving waters from which it came. The flow is conveyed to an outfall and discharged through a series of diffusers into a surface water body or stream. 5. Solids processing Primary solids from the primary settling tank and secondary solids from the clarifier are sent to the digester. During this process, micro-organisms use the organic material present in the solids as a food source and convert it to by-products such as methane gas and water. Digestion results in a 90% reduction in pathogens and the production of a wet soil-like material called biosolids that contain 95-97% water. To remove some of this water and reduce the volume, mechanical equipment such as filter presses or centrifuges are used to squeeze water from the biosolids. The biosolids are then sent to landfills, incinerated, or beneficially used as a fertilizer or soil amendment. SOURCES: th Kotecki, J., McKenzie, J. & Pinger, R. (2008). An Introduction to Community Health 6 Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. th Kotecki, J., McKenzie, J. & Pinger, R. (2008). An Introduction to Community Health 4 Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. nd Burton, L. & Smith, H. (1975). Public Health and Community Medicine 2 Edition. The Williams & Wilkins Company. McKenzie, J. & Pinger, R. (1995). An Introduction to Community Health. RR Donnelley & Sons Company. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5015051_methods-waste-disposal.html http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/disposal.html http://portal1.doh.gov.ph/files/Health_Care_Waste_Management_Manual.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-waste-management.htm http://www.scribd.com/doc/30574247/Solid-Waste-and-Waste-Management http://www.scribd.com/doc/30597505/Lecture-24-Notes-Solid-Waste-and-Waste-Management-4-27-10 http://www.scribd.com/doc/21679213/Solid-Waste-Management http://www.regulatorystaff.sc.gov/orscontent.asp?pageid=654 http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sewage+disposal