DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government.

Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

NOTICE
" -

-_

This report was prepared as an account of-work sponsored by an agency of the United States Governfnent. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty,,expressed or im- plied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product or.process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights.

.q -

I
r(

NUREG/CR-0649 SAND77-1371 R-3

;i . i

.t

SPENT FUEL HEATUP FOLLOWING LOSS OF WATER DURING STORAGE

Allan S. Benjamin David J. McCloskey Dana A. Powers Stephen A. Dupree

Date Published:

March 1979

Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 operated by Sandia Corporation for the U.S. Department of Energy

NTE OI C

Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Washington, DC 20555 Under Interagency Agreement DOE 40-550-75 NRC FIN No. A2050

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank Mr. R. E. L. Stanford, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, for his assistance and perceptive review of the manuscript, and Dr. D. E. Bennett, Sandia Laboratories, for his contribution in defining the decay heat characteristics of the spent fuel.

ABSTRACT

n a l y s i s o f s p e n t f u e l h e a t u p f o l l o w i n g a hyp t h e t i c a l

accident invplving drainage of t h e s t o r a g e pool i s presented. Computations based upon a new computer code c a l l e d SFUEL have been performed t o assess t h e e f f e c t of d e c a y t i m e , f u e l e l e m e n t d e s i g n , s t o r a g e r a c k d e s i g n , p a c k i n g d e n s i t y , room v e n t i l a t i o n , d r a i n a g e l e v e l , and o t h e r v a r i a b l e s on t h e h e a t u p c h a r a c t e r i s -

t i c s of t h e s p e n t f u e l and t o p r e d i c t t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r which c l a d f a i l u r e w i l l o c c u r . Possible s t o r a g e pool design m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d / o r o n s i t e emergency a c t i o n have a l s o been

considered.
I t has been found t h a t t h e l i k e l i h o o d of c l a d

f a i l u r e due t o r u p t u r e o r m e l t i n g f o l l o w i n g a complete d r a i n a g e

i s e x t r e m e l y d e p e n d e n t on t h e s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n and t h e
s p e n t f u e l d e c a y p e r i o d , and t h a t t h e minimum p r e r e q u i s i t e d e c a y t i m e t o p r e c l u d e c l a d f a i l u r e may v a r y from l e s s t h a n
1 0 d a y s f o r some s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t o s e v e r a l y e a r s f o r

others.

The p o t e n t i a l f o r r e d u c i n g t h i s c r i t i c a l d e c a y t i m e

e i t h e r by making r e a s o n a b l e d e s i g n m o d i f i c a t i o n s o r by p r o v i d i n g e f f e c t i v e emergency c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s h a s been found t o be

significant.

CONTENTS
c 3

Section 1

Page

1 1 INTRODUCTION 15 DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS 2 15 2.1 Pool Configurations 16 2.2 Storage Rack Configurations 20 2.3 Fuel Subassemblies 23 HEAT TRANSFER MODELS 3 23 3.1 Decay Heat Generation 31 3.2 Clad Oxidation 35 3.3 Heat Transfer Within Spent Fuel Pool 41 3.4 Heat Removal from Containment Building 45 4 RESULTS 45 4.1 Perfect Ventilation 61 4.2 Imperfect Ventilation 73 OTHER CONS IDERATIONS 5 73 5.1 Effect of Incomplete Drainage 78 5.2 Effect of Surface Crud 79 5.3 Emergency Water Spray 85 6 CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX A -- MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN THE COMPUTER CODE 91 SFUEL APPENDIX B -- APPROXIMATE ANALYSES ASSOCIATED WITH SPENT 109 FUEL HEATUP CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX C
c

---

RADIATION DOSE FROM A DRAINED SPENT FUEL POOL SFUEL INPUT, OUTPUT, AND PROGRAM LISTING

123 135

APPENDIX D

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1
2

Page Spent Fuel Storage Pool at G.E. Morris Operation, Morris, Illinois Spent Fuel Storage Racks Considered in Drained Pool Analysis Cross Sectional Dimensions of Spent Fuel Holders Shown in Figi-re 2 Typical PWR and BWR Fuel Assemblies Normalized Decay Power versus Decay Time for PWR Spent Fuel Reaction Rate Correlation for Air Oxidation of Zircaloy Schematic of Spent Fuel Storage Configuration and Natural Convection Flows Following a Complete Drainage Identification of Heat Transfer Modes Considered in the Pool Region Identification of Solution Procedures Used in Spent Fuel Heatup Problem Heat Transfer Modes for the Containment Building and Outside Atmosphere Typical Variation of Clad Temperature with Normalized Distance, Measured from Lowest End of Fuel Rod Effect of Baseplate Hole Size on Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room Typical Partitioning of Heat for a Drained Spent Fuel Pool in a Perfectly Ventilated Room Effect of Storage Rack Configuration on Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room Effect of Minimum Decay Time, Burnup, and Subassembly Type on Heatup of PWR spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room Effect of Fuel Loading and Control Rod Removal on Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel in High Density Configuration, Well-Ventilated Room Summary of Heatup Results for PWR Spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room Effect of Baseplate Hole Size and Minimum Decay Time on Heatup of BWR Spent Fuel, WellVentilated Room
17

18
20 21 27

4
5

6
7

33

36
37

9
10

38 43

11

46 48

12
13

49
51

14

15

52

16

54
55

17

18

57

ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Fisure

19 20 21

Page Effect of Storage Configuration on Heatup of BWR Spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room Summary of Heatup Results for BWR Spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room Effect of Ventilation Rate on Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel in Reactor Storage and Away-fromReactor Storage Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel with Complete Ventilation Failure in an Away-from-Reactor Storage Facility, One Year Minimum Decay Time Partitioning of Heat for a Drained Away-fromReactor Spent Fuel Pool without Room Ventilation Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel with Complete Ventilation Failure in an Away-from-Reactor Storage Facility, Three Year Minimum Decay Time Effect of Ventilation Rate on Heatup of BWR Spent Fuel in Reactor Storage and Away-fromReactor Storage Estimated Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel with Residual Water Sufficient to Block Flow Inlets, Well-Ventilated Room Effect of Emergency Water Spray in Retarding Spent Fuel Heatup in a Drained Storage Pool
58 59

65

22

67

23

68

24

69

25

71

26

77 82

27

TABLES

Table I I1 I11

IV V

Design Properties of Fuel Assemblies Used in the Analysis Reported Fuel Burnups Achieved in Operating Practice Thermal Decay Power of PWR Spent Fuel as a Function of Decay Time and Discharge Cycle Thermal Decay Power of BWR Spent Fuel as a Function of Decay Time and Discharge Cycle Typical Fuel Loadings Assumed for Spent Fuel s t 6 r a K at Reactor

21 24 25 28 30

TABLES (Continued) Table VI Page Reductions in Critical Decay Time Achievable by Modification of Storage Rack Design, WellVentilated Room Estimates of Forced Air Ventilation Rates or Door/Chimney Hole Sizes Required to Keep Room Temperature Rise Below 150C Estimates of Heat Removal Capability in an Incompletely Drained Pool, One Year Decay Time Water Spray Rate Required to Insure Spent Fuel Coolability in Various Situations

60

VI1

62
75

VI11
IX

81

10

1.

INTRODUCTION

With t h e c u r r e n t U.S.

moratorium on s p e n t f u e l r e p r o c e s s -

i n g , high p r i o r i t y i s being given t o t h e expansion of f a c i l i t i e s

t h a t s t o r e s p e n t f u e l under water i n a r e t r i e v a b l e c o n f i g u r a -

tion.

To accomodate t h e growing q u a n t i t i e s of u s e d f u e l I n t h e p r o c e s s , s t o r a g e racks T h i s has

b u n d l e s , e x i s t i n g s t o r a g e p o o l s are b e i n g e n l a r g e d and a d a p t e d t o higher storage d e n s i t i e s . have e v o l v e d from w i d e l y s p a c e d , open frame s t r u c t u r e s t o t i g h t l y packed, c l o s e d frame s t e e l c o n t a i n e r s . fuel storage f a c i l i t i e s .
To assess t h e s a f e t y o f s u c h f a c i l i t i e s , a r a n g e o f

n e c e s s i t a t e d r e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e s a f e t y d e s i g n b a s i s of s p e n t

p o s t u l a t e d a c c i d e n t s may be c o n s i d e r e d , and p r e d i c t i o n s of t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of o c c u r r e n c e of t h e s e a c c i d e n t s and t h e r e s u l t i n g consequences may be made. the facility. Such a p r o c e s s can p r o v i d e p e r s p e c t i v e c o n c e r n i n g t h e o v e r a l l p u b l i c r i s k c a u s e d by o p e r a t i o n of
The process i s u s e f u l n o t only f o r d e l i n e a t i n g
t h e s a f e t y bounds o f t h e system b u t also f o r s u g g e s t i n g d e s i g n

o r o p e r a t i o n a l changes which may broaden t h e s e bounds.

T h i s s t u d y a d d r e s s e s t h e most s e v e r e t y p e of s p e n t f u e l

s t o r a g e a c c i d e n t t h a t has --?en h y p o t h e s i z e d , one t h a t l e a d s t o

a c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e o f t h e w a t e r from t h e p o o l .

The o b j e c t i v e

i s t o a n a l y z e t h e t h e r m a l - h y d r a u l i c phenomena i n v o l v e d when
t h e s t o r a g e racks and t h e i r c o n t e n t s become exposed t o a i r , and t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n d i t i o n s which c o u l d l e a d t o c l a d f a i l u r e due t o o v e r h e a t i n g . A c c i d e n t i n i t i a t i o n mechanisms,
t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of o c c u r r e n c e , t h e magnitude of r a d i o a c t i v e

release, o r t h e p u b l i c consequences are n o t a d d r e s s e d .

11

The l i k e l i h o o d o f a s e v e r e s p e n t f u e l p o o l d r a i n a g e a c c i d e n t i s judged t o be e x t r e m e l y low.* Many s p e n t f u e l Nup o o l s are c o n s t r u c t e d below g r a d e , e s s e n t i a l l y p r e c l u d i n g complete d r a i n a g e of t h e p o o l due t o s t r u c t u r a l f a i l u r e . merous d e s i g n f e a t u r e s are i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a l l f a c i l i t i e s t o minimize t h e l i k e l i h o o d of a loss o f p o o l water, i n c l u d i n g
(1) t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e d e s i g n p h i l o s o p h y of b u i l d i n g the c o n c r e t e

s t r u c t u r e , racks, c o o l i n g s y s t e m , and s u p p o r t s t r u c t u r e s t o w i t h s t a n d t h e f o r c e s t h a t might r e s u l t from a l a r g e e a r t h q u a k e o r tornado, tion, ( 2 ) d e s i g n o f t h e r a c k s t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e geometry of s t o r e d s p e n t f u e l i s maintained i n a s u b c r i t i c a l configura( 3 ) l o c a t i o n of p o o l p e n e t r a t i o n s t o p r e v e n t d r a i n i n g

o r s i p h o n i n g of water t h r o u g h a s s o c i a t e d p i p i n g s y s t e m s , ( 4 ) i n c l u s i o n of m e c h a n i c a l i n t e r l o c k s and o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s t o p r e v e n t t h e c r a n e from p a s s i n g o v e r t h e p o o l w i t h heavy l o a d s , and ( 5 ) p r o v i s i o n of m u l t i p l e w a t e r l e v e l , w a t e r tempera t u r e , and r a d i o a c t i v i t y m o n i t o r s which a c t u a t e alarms i n t h e S t r i n g e n t s e c u r i t y measures are e n f o r c e d t o A complete d r a i n a g e o f a s p e n t f u e l p o o l , prevent sabotage. t h e r e f o r e , h a s t o be c o n s i d e r e d a s an e x t r e m e l y u n l i k e l y o c c u r c o n t r o l room. rence. P o s t u l a t i n g a c o m p l e t e p o o l d r a i n a g e , however, t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s w i l l h e a t up, t e n d i n g t o r e a c h a s t e a d y - s t a t e tempera t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n when t h e t h e r m a l power produced by r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y i s b a l a n c e d by t h a t removed by n a t u r a l convect i o n , t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n , and o t h e r means. U n d e s i r a b l e re-

leases of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s w i l l o c c u r o n l y i f t h e maximum
a t t a i n e d t e m p e r a t u r e i s h i g h enough a t some l o c a t i o n i n t h e p o o l t o c a u s e t h e Z i r c a l o y c l a d t o r u p t u r e as a r e s u l t o f i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e , o r t o undergo r a p i d e x o t h e r m i c o x i d a t i o n l e a d i n g t o clad melting. ( C o i n c i d e n t a l l y , t h e best a v a i l a b l e

*The R e a c t o r S a f e t y Study e v a l u a t e d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y as t o lo p e r y e a r ; Handling o r being i n t h e range of s t o r a g e of s p e n t f u e l w a s n o t found t o be a s i g n i f i c a n t cont r i b u t o r t o t h e o v e r a l l p u b l i c r i s k c a u s e d by n u c l e a r power p l a n t operations.

12

estimate f o r c l a d r u p t u r e t e m p e r a t u r e 2 ' 3 i s q u i t e c l o s e t o t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e a t which t h e a i r o x i d a t i o n r e a c t i o n becomes s e l f s u s t a i n i n g , b o t h b e i n g i n t h e neighborhood of 850

950" C,)

The l i k e l i h o o d of r e a c h i n g a d e l e t e r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i e s

i n v e r s e l y w i t h t h e amount o f t i m e t h a t h a s e l a p s e d s i n c e s h u t down o f f i s s i o n power ( i . e . , t h e decay t i m e ) , s i n c e l o n g e r

t i m e s imply r e d u c e d decay h e a t s .
A method o f p r e d i c t i n g t h e s p e n t f u e l h e a t u p f o l l o w i n g

d r a i n a g e of t h e pool h a s been f o r m u l a t e d 4'5

A and D ) .

and implemented

w i t h i n a computer code c a l l e d SFUEL (documented i n Appendices Computations have been performed t o assess t h e
e f f e c t of d e c a y t i m e , f u e l e l e m e n t d e s i g n , s t o r a g e rack d e s i g n ,

p a c k i n g d e n s i t y , room v e n t i l a t i o n , and o t h e r v a r i a b l e s on t h e h e a t u p c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s p e n t f u e l , and t o i n v e s t i g a t e s u c h i s s u e s a s c o m p l i c a t i o n s c a u s e d by i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e , p o s s i b l e d e s i g n m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o promote h e a t removal, and emergency a c t i o n t h a t can be u n d e r t a k e n t o m a i n t a i n c o o l a b i l i t y a f t e r t h e a c c i d e n t has o c c u r r e d .

The problems c o n s i d e r e d ,

methods u s e d , and r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d are d e s c r i b e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t , w i t h m a t h e m a t i c a l d e t a i l s and a program l i s t i n g being included i n t h e appendices.

2.

D E S I G N CHARACTERISTICS

2.1

Pool C o n f i g u r a t i o n s
E x c e p t i n g c a p a c i t y and t h e d e s i g n o f t h e r a c k s , t h e con-

f i g u r a t i o n of s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e p o o l s i s s i m i l a r f o r m o s t n u c l e a r reactor and away-from-reactor (AFR) s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s . The p o o l s are r e c t a n g u l a r i n cross s e c t i o n and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 f e e t deep. F u e l a s s e m b l i e s are p l a c e d v e r t i c a l l y i n s t o r a g e
racks which m a i n t a i n a n a d e q u a t e s p a c i n g t o p r e v e n t c r i t i c a l i t y

and t o promote n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i v e c o o l i n g i n a water medium.

The p o o l s t h e m s e l v e s are c o n s t r u c t e d of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e

w i t h s u f f i c i e n t t h i c k n e s s t o m e e t r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d i n g and s t r u c t u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , and are l i n e d w i t h s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p l a t e s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 / 4 - i n c h t h i c k n e s s t o i n s u r e a l e a k t i g h t system. B o i l i n g w a t e r reactors (BWRs) a r e d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e p o o l w i t h i n t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n t a i n m e n t . O Mark n I and I1 plants, t h e b o t t o m of t h e pool is usually e l e v a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 f e e t above ground l e v e l , which p l a c e s t h e t o p of t h e p o o l a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e o p e r a t i n g f l o o r . More r e c e n t BWR d e s i g n s , however, c a l l f o r a g r o u n d - l e v e l s t o r a g e p o o l t o r e d u c e seismic loads. P r e s s u r i z e d water reactors (PWRs) u s e a g r o u n d - l e v e l s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e p o o l which i s e x t e r i o r t o t h e reactor b u i l d ing, i n the auxiliary building.
Both BWR and PWR reactor

p o o l s t y p i c a l l y r a n g e from 30 t o 6 0 f e e t i n l e n g t h and 2 0 t o
4 0 f e e t i n w i d t h , w i t h a s p e n t f u e l c a p a c i t y o f between 1 and

2 cores.

15

Away-from-reactor

(AFR) s t o r a g e p o o l s g e n e r a l l y have

l a r g e r c a p a c i t y than r e a c t o r pools.

The G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c

f a c i l i t y a t M o r r i s , I l l i n o i s , f o r example, h a s t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o s t o r e 750 metric t o n s , which i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f a b o u t

.

f i v e BWR c o r e s o r e i g h t PWR c o r e s , and h a s a p p l i e d ' f o r a u t h o r i z a t i o n t o double t h a t c a p a c i t y .

A p h o t o g r a p h of t h e G.E.

M o r r i s s t o r a g e p o o l i s shown i n F i g . 1. I n t h e a n a l y s i s t o be d e s c r i b e d ( S e c t i o n 3 ) , it was assumed t h a t t h e w a l l s and f l o o r o f t h e p o o l w e r e c o m p r i s e d o f t h i c k r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e and l i n e d w i t h a 1 / 4 - i n c h s t a i n -

less s t e e l l i n e r .
2.2

S t o r a g e Rack C o n f i g u r a t i o n s
The d e s i g n o f s t o r a g e r a c k s and f u e l e l e m e n t h o l d e r con-

f i g u r a t i o n s v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y from f a c i l i t y t o f a c i l i t y , b o t h i n g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e and i n d e t a i l s . F i g . 2 shows a s a m p l i n g of t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s of r a c k s c u r r e n t l y i n u s e .

e a r l i e r s t o r a g e r a c k d e s i g n f o r PWR s p e n t f u e l ( e . g . , o r i g i n a l Sequoyah and Savannah R i v e r d e s i g n s ) c o n s i s t s o f an open frame a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h a 21-inch c e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r s p a c i n g ( F i g . 2 a ) . The r a c k s a r e made of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l and a r e
An

approximately 1 4 f e e t high. b o r a t i n g of t h e w a t e r .

C r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l i s provided

by t h e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e f u e l e l e m e n t s p a c i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h

S u b s e q u e n t PWR r a c k d e s i g n s employ s o l i d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l holder w a l l s t o provide t h e neutron shielding required f o r a h i g h e r d e n s i t y s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( F i g s . 2b t h r o u g h 2 d ) . The c y l i n d r i c a l " b a s k e t s " shown i n F i g . 2b a r e u s e d i n t h e
G.E.

M o r r i s f a c i l i t y , f o r example, and p r o v i d e a 1 2 . 7 5 - i n c h f u e l element spacing. The i n l e t f o r water Morris i s provided

center-to-center

c i r c u l a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e s e e l e m e n t s a t G.E. the baseplate.

by a 1 . 5 - i n c h d i a m e t e r h o l e , d r i l l e d t h r o u g h e a c h b a s k e t n e a r

16

Figure 1.

Spent Fuel Storage Pool at G.E. Morris Operation, Morris, Illinois

17

a 1 OPEN FRAME ( PWR 1

b 1 CYLINDRICAL ( PWR 1

c 1 SQUARE ( PWR 1

.
2

12.75

( d ) H I G H D E N S l T Y ( PWR)

(e)DIRECTIONAL( BWR)

f 1 CYLINDRICAL ( BWR 1

11.

B4 C I C NEUTRON

8.5

\ 4

4
I

F i g u r e 2.

S p e n t F u e l Storage Racks C o n s i d e r e d i n D r a i n e d Pool A n a l y s i s

ia

The s q u a r e - s h a p e d r a c k c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n F i g . 2c i s u s e d o r h a s been p r o p o s e d ( w i t h s o m e v a r i a t i o n s ) f o r t h e Sequoyah, Oconee, and H.

B.

Robinson PWR power p l a n t s , among o t h e r s . fuel

These r a c k s i n c l u d e a 13- t o 1 4 - i n c h c e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r
c

e l e m e n t s p a c i n g and p r o v i d e f o r w a t e r f l o w t h r o u g h a b a s e p l a t e
c

h o l e o f v a r y i n g d i a m e t e r ( 3 . 0 i n c h e s f o r H.B.

Robinson).

The h i g h d e n s i t y r a c k s shown i n F i g . 2d, b e i n g used a t t h e P a l i s a d e s Nuclear Generating S t a t i o n as w e l l as b e i n g considered f o r o t h e r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , provide a 10.25-inch center-to-center spacing. Neutron a b s o r p t i o n i s a c c o m p l i s h e d s t a i n l e s s steel a b s o r b e r p l a t e made o f by h o l d e r w a l l s which c o n s i s t o f t w o 1 / 8 - i n c h p l a t e s sandwiched around a l / 4 - i n c h

50 p e r c e n t boron c a r b i d e (by volume) i n a c a r b o n m a t r i x . A 5.0-inch b a s e p l a t e h o l e i s i n c l u d e d f o r w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n . T y p i c a l BWR s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e r a c k s are shown i n F i g s .

2 e and 2 f .

The e a r l i e r BWR r a c k d e s i g n shown i n F i g . 2 e ( e . g . , The f u e l e l e m e n t

o r i g i n a l Peach Bottom r e a c t o r d e s i g n ) i s made o f aluminum and h o l d s 2 0 f u e l a s s e m b l i e s i n t w o r o w s of 1 0 . center-to-center and 1 1 . 5 i n c h e s across t h e r o w s . spacing i s 6.0 inches i n t h e long d i r e c t i o n The c y l i n d r i c a l " b a s k e t "

a r r a n g e m e n t shown i n F i g . 2f i s made o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , p r o v i d e s a 8 . 5 - i n c h c e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r s p a c i n g , and i s u s e d , f o r example, a t G . E . Morris and a t t h e Brunswick S t e a m E l e c t r i c Plant. The water i n l e t a t G . E . Morris c o n s i s t s o f a 1 . 5 - i n c h h o l e d r i l l e d i n t o t h e b o t t o m p a r t o f t h e b a s k e t , whereas Brunswick u s e s a 3.625-inch b a s e p l a t e h o l e . S i n c e i t w a s found d u r i n g t h e s t u d y t h a t r a c k c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s an i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e i n t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r problem f o r a d r a i n e d p o o l , e a c h o f t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s shown i n F i g .
2 w a s analyzed separately.

Schematics o f t h e s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s
It was

t o g e t h e r w i t h d i m e n s i o n s u s e d are shown i n F i g . 3 .

assumed i n most cases t h a t a 1 6 - i n c h open s p a c e i s m a i n t a i n e d

19

( a 1 OPEN FRAME ( PWR 1

b 1 CYLINDRICAL ( PWR 1

0.13" SS
0.25"
r--y
I

ss-

3.5" OPEN

r-I

i
I

(dI

HIGH DENSITY ( PWR I

e I DIRECTIONAL ( BWR I

1 f I CYLINDRICAL BWR I

0.25" 5s + 0.
5.3" OPEN

0.13" SS-

Figure 3.

C r o s s S e c t i o n a l Dimensions of S p e n t Fuel Holders

Shown in Fig. 2. between the baseplate and the bottom of the pool and between the sidewalls and the outermost basket or holder, allowing a low resistance path for air flow from above the pool to below the fuel elements. This assumption is generally valid, since most storage rack configurations do provide a 1 to 1-1/2 foot allowance around the sides of the pool and over the bottom. The high density storage configuration (Fig. 2d), however, is an exception in that the design allows racks to be placed within 1/2 inch of the walls of the pool. Special calculations were made for this case to investigate possible flow constrictions that might occur from full utilization of the racks.
2.3

Fuel Subassemblies

Schematics of PWR and BWR fuel assemblies are shown in Fig. 4 and quantitative details are given in Table I. The PWR subassemblies considered in this analysis consisted of 15 x 15 and 17 x 17 fuel pin arrays, characteristic of older

20

( a ) PWR ASSEMBLY

(b1

BWR ASSEMBLY

\,FUEL CLADDING

FUEL ROD INTERIM SPACER FINGER SPRING ( TYPICAL OF 4 )

FUEL CHANNEL

Figure 4.

Typical PWR and BWR Fuel Assemblies

Table I Design Properties of Fuel Assemblies Used in the Analysis

Older PWR Rod array Number of fuel rods per assembly Number of non-fuel rods per assembly Active fuel height (In.) Rod center-to-center pitch (In.) Fuel rod outside diameter (In.1 Clad thickness (In.) Channel thickness (In.) Metric tons uranium per assembly (MTU) Number of assemblies per core, 15 x 15 208 17 144 0.558 0.420 0.026

Newer PWR 17 x 17 264 25 144 0.496 0.374 0.023

Older BWR

Newer BWR 8 x 8 63

7 x 7
49 0 144 0.738 0.563 0.032 0.08 0.195 764

1
148 0.640 0.493 0.034 0.12 0.189 732

0.456 177

0.461 193

21

and newer f u e l e l e m e n t d e s i g n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Heatup c h a r a c -

t e r i s t i c s w e r e computed b o t h w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e c o n t r o l r o d s . The BWR s u b a s s e m b l i e s w e r e comprised of 7 x 7 and 8 x 8 f u e l

p i n a r r a y s , and t h e c o m p u t a t i o n s w e r e performed b o t h w i t h and without the Zircaloy channel w a l l s . many f a c i l i t i e s ( e . g . , universal.
G.E.

Standard p r a c t i c e a t

M o r r i s ) i s t o remove c o n t r o l r o d s

and c h a n n e l w a l l s b e f o r e s t o r a g e , b u t t h e s e p r a c t i c e s are n o t

22

3.

HEAT TRANSFER MODELS

3.1

Decay Heat G e n e r a t i o n Decay h e a t produced by s p e n t f u e l e l e m e n t s v a r i e s s t r o n g l y

w i t h t i m e s i n c e removal from t h e c o r e as w e l l a s t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s and burnup e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e core.7

For t h e d e c a y

t i m e s of i n t e r e s t here, namely 1 0 d a y s t o s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e
e f f e c t o f reactor e x p e r i e n c e and, i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e burnup

are of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , a review of o p e r a t i n g These

p r a c t i c e w a s made and new d e c a y power c o m p u t a t i o n s were u n d e r taken t o account for realistic operating conditions. c o m p u t a t i o n s w e r e a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h a S a n d i a v e r s i o n of t h e
ORIGEN c o d e , 8 9 t h e S a n d i a v e r s i o n h a v i n g been u p d a t e d w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t h e cross s e c t i o n d a t a and i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e n e u t r o n a b s o r p t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 133Cs, which i s an i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t o r f o r t h e l o n g e r decay t i m e s . During p e r s o n a l comm u n i c a t i o n s w i t h T a l England a t LASL ( J a n u a r y 1 9 7 8 ) , it w a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t r e s u l t s from t h e S a n d i a and Los A l a m o s v e r s i o n s
of ORIGEN are s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n a g r e e m e n t .

Burnups a c h i e v e d i n o p e r a t i n g p r a c t i c e f o r P R f u e l i n W Zion u n i t s 1 and 2 and f o r BWR f u e l i n Dresden u n i t s 2 and 3 and Quad C i t i e s u n i t s 1 and 2 are shown i n T a b l e 11, t h e s e d a t a h a v i n g been o b t a i n e d f r o m p e r s o n a l communications w i t h Bruce Momsen a t Commonwealth E d i s o n of I l l i n o i s ( F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 8 ) .
I t may be n o t e d t h a t f o r t h e PWR f u e l i n Zion u n i t 1, t h e

p r o j e c t e d e q u i l i b r i u m burnup i s i n t h e r a n g e o f 31,000

33,000

MWD/MTU*, d e p e n d i n g on l o c a t i o n i n t h e core, and t h a t t h e p r o j e c t e d burnup a f t e r C y c l e 3 i s c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n *Megawatt-days p e r metric t o n of uranium

23

t h e equilibrium value.

F o r t h i s r e a s o n , two o p e r a t i n g h i s t o -

ries w e r e c o n s i d e r e d f o r t h e PWR, t h e f i r s t ( s t a n d a r d case)

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a 3 3 , 0 0 0 MWD/MTU burnup and t h e second ( p e r t u r b e d c a s e ) c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a 3 6 , 9 0 0 MWD/MTU b u r n u p , b o t h i n v o l v i n g three c y c l e s of o p e r a t i o n .

T a b l e 11. Reported F u e l Burnups Achieved i n O p e r a t i n g P r a c t i c e

Reactor

Type/ Pin Array

Cycle

Ac tua 1/ Projected

Average Burnup (MWD/MTU )

Peak Burnup (MWD/MTU 1

Zion Unit 1

PWR (15 x 15)

1 2

Ac tua 1 Actual Projected Projected Actual Projected

18 343 30,310 35,550 31,000 19,470 29,020 21,429 18,255 19,310 17,662

19 I 290 32,185 38,700 33,000 20,540 30,200 22,813 19,369 20,689 19,139

Zion Unit 2

3
Equil.

I
Dresden Unit 2 Dresden Unit 3 Quad Cities Unit 1 Quad Cities Unit 2 BWR (7 x 7) 5 4 3 2

Actual Actual Actual Actual

The r e s u l t s for t o t a l decay h e a t o b t a i n e d from ORIGEN f o r t h e PWR c a s e s are shown i n T a b l e 111. These r e s u l t s

24

I)

8b

TABLE I11
Thermal Decay Power o f PWR Spent F u e l a s a F u n c t i o n of Decay T i m e and D i s c h a r g e C y c l e

\
Decay
Time

30d

9O d

180d

1 yr

2 yr

3 yr

5 yr

10 yr

C ys c h aof e Di cle rg

(1) S t a n d a r d C a s e :

3 c y c l e s @ 3.3% w t . e n r i c h m e n t . O p e r a t i n g power = 37.3 MW/MTU. Total 30-day down t i m e between c y c l e s , 35-day burnup = 33,000 MWD/MTU. down t i m e w i t h i n c y c l e s , 295 o p e r . d a y s p e r c y c l e . 43.4 48.6 53.2 21.3 26.0 30.0 11.4 15.6 19.2 5.05 8.20 11.0 2.22 4.07 5.90 1.25 2.46 3.76 0.607 1.30 2.12 0.368 0.779 1.28

1 2 3

75.4* 81.1 86.6

(2) P e r t u r b e d C a s e :

S a m e as above e x c e p t t o t a l burnup = 36,900 MWD/MTU. 30-day down t i m e between c y c l e s , no down t i m e w i t h i n c y c l e s , 330 o p e r . d a y s p e r cycle.

1 2
3

79.5 86.3 92.9

46.7 52.8 58.3

23.4 28.9 33.7

12.6 17.5 21.8

5.68 9.35 12.7

2.52 4.69 6.88

1.42 2.84 4.41

0.689

0.414 0.888 1.49

1.50
2.50

(3) R e f e r e n c e C a s e ( N o n - p r a c t i c a b l e ) : C o n t i n u o u s o p e r a t i o n f o r 1 1 0 0 d a y s @ 3.3% w t . e n r i c h m e n t . O p e r a t i n g power = 30 MW/MTU. T o t a l burnup = 33,000 MWD/MTU.

75.5

47.9

27.9

18.2

10.7

5.83

3.68

2.10

1.27

* U n i t s of d e c a y power i n t h i s t a b l e a r e KW/MTU

include heating contributions from fission products, actinides, and structural components, the first of these being the most important for the decay times being considered. For purposes of determining decay heats in the event of a whole core discharge, the values presented include decay heats for early discharges (i.e., discharges occurring after the completion of an intermediate cycle) as well as the normal discharge after three cycles. A reference case involving continuous operation at an 80 percent power level with a 3 3 , 0 0 0 MWD/MTU burnup is included for comparison. A comparison of decay heating characteristics for PWR spent fuel assemblies after various cycles of discharge is shown in Fig. 5. The specification refueling cycle for BWR's is somewhat more complicated than for PWR's, some of the fuel assemblies being utilized for four cycles and others for three. The fuel in a typical BWR core of 7 4 8 assemblies is divided into 5 categories, each having different amounts of burnup ranging from 2 4 , 6 0 0 to 3 0 , 6 0 0 MWD/MTU, owing to differences in operating power, number of cycles, or percent enrichment.l o Table IV shows the decay heating power as a function of decay time and cycle of discharge for each of these five categories of BWR fuel assemblies. For the drained pool heatup calculations, both whole core discharges and normal discharges were considered. For reactor storage, it was assumed that the pool had a capacity of 1 . 7 5 cores, with full loading as shown in Table V. In a typical calculation, the hottest fuel elements would comprise about 2 0 percent of the total fuel load, with elements of progressively lower radioactivity comprising the remainder. The same proportions of fuel element loading as were used for reactor storage were typically assumed to apply for away-fromreactor storage as well, although parametric variations of the fuel loading proportions were also considered in that case.

Figure 5.

Normalized Decay Power Versus Decay Time f o r PWR Spent Fuel

27

h )

a ,

TABLE I V

T h e r m a l Decay P o w e r of BWR Spent F u e l a s a F u n c t i o n of Decay Time and Discharge C y c l e

\
1

Decay Time Cycle of Discharge

10d

30d

90d

180d

1 Yr

2 Yr

3 Yr

5 Yr

10 yr

Standard C a s e *

(1) 2 7 2 assemblies o u t of core: 4 cycles @ 2 . 8 3 % w t . e n r i c h m e n t . T o t a l burnup 30,600 O p e r a t i n g p o w e r , f i r s t cycle = 3 0 . 1 MW/MTU, second c y c l e = 2 9 . 0 , t h i r d MWD/MTU. c y c l e = 2 7 . 2 , f o u r t h cycle = 2 5 . 1 . 30-day down t i m e between cycles, 5 0 - d a y down t i m e w i t h i n cycles, 2 7 5 o p e r a t i n g d a y s p e r cycle.
= I

59.7** 61.4 60.9 59.5

33.8 36.2 36.9 36.9

16.3 19.1 20.6 21.5

8.71 11.4 13.1 14.3

3.82 5.92 7.43 8.58

1.67 2.92 3.94 4.80

0.940 1.76 2.51 3.19

0.459 0.942 1.44 1.94

0.284 0.586 0.907 1.24

2 3 4 (2)

2 7 2 assemblies o u t of core: Same as (1) except o p e r a t i n g power f o u r t h c y c l e = 1 2 . 6 Burnup = 2 7 , 2 0 0 MWD/MTU. MW/MTU.

1
2 3
4

Decay power f o r e a r l y d i s c h a r g e s s a m e as f o r (1) above

33.3

22.0

13.9

9.77

6.24

3.63

2.48

1.57

1.05

0
(3)

TABLE I V ( c o n t i n u e d )

96 a s s e m b l i e s o u t o f c o r e : 4 c y c l e s @ 2 . 6 6 % w t . e n r i c h m e n t . T o t a l burnup = 2 9 , 6 0 0 MWD/MTU. O p e r a t i n g power, f i r s t c y c l e = 2 9 . 1 MW/MTU, s e c o n d c y c l e = 2 7 . 9 , t h i r d 30-day down t i m e between c y c l e s , 50-day down cycle = 25.7, f o u r t h cycle = 25.1.

t i m e within cycles, 275 operating days p e r cycle.

1

57.6 59.1 57.5 59.1

32.6 34.8 34.9 36.6

15.8 18.4 19.5 21.2

8.41 11.0 12.4 14.0

3.70 5.72 7.07 8.39

1.62 2.83 3.75 4.67

0.911 1.70 2.39 3.09

0.444 0.907 1.37 1.87

0.274 0.564 0.863 1.20

2
3

4 (4)

96 a s s e m b l i e s o u t o f c o r e : Burnup = 2 6 , 2 0 0 MWD/MTU.

Same a s ( 3 ) e x c e p t o p e r a t i n g power f o u r t h c y c l e = 1 2 ! 6 .

1
2 3 4 33.0 21.6 13.6 9.51 6.04 3.50 2.39 1.50 1.01

Decay power f o r e a r l y d i s c h a r g e s same as f o r ( 3 ) above

( 5 ) Q12 assemblies o u t o f c o r e : 3 c y c l e s @ MWD/MTU. O p e r a t i n g power, f i r s t c y c l e = 30-day down t i m e between c y c l e = 29.5. operating days p e r cycle. 1
2
3

T o t a l burnup = 2 4 , 6 0 0 = 29.8, t h i r d within cycles, 275

59.7 63.0 65.9

33.7
37.1 39.8

16.3 19.6 22.2

8.72 11.7 14.1

3.84 6.10 7.99

1.69 3.02 4.23

0.949 1.82 2.69

0.462 0.967 1.53

0.284 0.598 0.954

W t u

*Each of t h e 5 c a t e g o r i e s l i s t e d c o r r e s p o n d s t o a p o r t i o n o f a BWR-6 d i s c h a r g e w i l l t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e e l e m e n t s from e a c h c a t e g o r y . * * U n i t s o f d e c a y power i n t h i s t a b l e are KW/MTU.

core.

A full core

TABLE V

T y p i c a l F u e l Loadings Assumed f o r S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e a t Reactor

64r5 4 3 2

2 3 4 5 *e6

Section of P o o l

Fraction of C o r e

Number of c y c l e s i n reactor

Burnup
(MND/MTU)

Decay Time

F u l l - C o r e PWR D i s c h a r g e

33,000 22,000
11,000 33,000

T
T T + 1 y r

33,000 33,000
N o r m a l PWR D i s c h a r g e

T T

+
T

2 yrs
3 yrs

33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000

T + l y r T + 2 yrs T + 3 yrs T + 4 yrs T + 5 yrs

Worst Case PWR Loading P a t t e r n

33,000 33,000 22,000 22,000 11,000 11,000
F u l l - C o r e BWR D i s c h a r g e

30,600 23,700 16,300 8,300 27,200 30,600

30

T T
T
m I

T+1,2,3 y r s

To c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e v a r i a t i o n o f d e c a y power a l o n g t h e a x i s of a f u e l r o d , a chopped s i n e d i s t r i b u t i o n h a v i n g a peakt o - a v e r a g e v a r i a t i o n o f 1 . 5 w a s assumed. Thus t h e d e c a y h e a t g e n e r a t i o n p e r u n i t l e n g t h , L, o f r o d w a s t a k e n t o b e

i

1 . 5 Wu P o ( t ) sin Q(z,t) = where P

L

~ ( +z .025L) 1.050L

i s t h e decay power p e r u n i t w e i g h t o f uranium d e t e r mined from ORIGEN and Wu i s t h e uranium w e i g h t p e r a s s e m b l y .

0

All r o d s i n a f u e l assembly were assumed t o have t h e same d e c a y power v a r i a t i o n . I t may be s e e n from E q u a t i o n (1) t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n of d e c a y h e a t i s symmetric a b o u t t h e m i d p o i n t ( z = 0.51;).
3.2

Clad O x i d a t i o n O x i d a t i o n of Z i r c a l o y c l a d a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s by

a i r o c c u r s p r i m a r i l y by t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a c t i o n
Zr

+. O2

+ Zr02
The

which l i b e r a t e s apprl x i m t e l y 2 6 2 K c a l p e r m o l e o f Z r .

r a t e o f r e a c t i o n depends upon w h e t h e r t h e r e a c t i o n i s r a t e l i m i t e d o r d i f f u s i o n - l i m i t e d , t h e l a t t e r case o c c u r r i n g when oxygen i s u n a b l e t o d i f f u s e t h r o u g h . n i t r o g e n t o t h e Z i r c a l o y s u r f a c e a t a f a s t enough r a t e t o s u s t a i n t h e k i n e t i c s o f t h e reaction.

For a r a t e - l i m i t e d

r e a c t i o n , t h e r a t e o f o x i d a t i o n is

assumed t o obey t h e p a r a b o l i c r a t e l a w :
2 w - dw dt

- Koexp (-Ea/RT)

where

31

w t Ea R T

2 = weight gain (mg O2 per cm )

= time (seconds)
= activation energy (cal) = gas constant = 1.987 cal/OK

= temperature

(OK)

As discussed elsewhere, the assumption of parabolic kinetics for air oxidation of zirconium is an approximation, since it is known that the oxidation process is more complex than would be indicated by parabolic kinetics. For the times and temperatures encountered in this calculation, however, the assumption of parabolic kinetics has no visible effect on the accuracy of the results.
The amount of data available for oxidation of Zircaloy in air is not as substantial as that available for oxidation in steam. Hayes and Roberson* measured corrosion depths for pure zirconium in moist air for a wide range of temperatures, but their data contain considerable uncertainties in regard to the reported temperatures, since the techniques for measuring temperatures.and maintaining isothermal conditions were not well refined at that time (1945). More recently (1967), White13 obtained some fairly accurate data for the oxidation of pure zirconium in .dry air, but the measurements were limited to high temperatures (above 1 2 0 0 O C ) . Probably the most reliable data for temperatures in the range of 900 to 1 2 0 0 OC were reported by Leistikow14 (1975), who exposed some Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes to an air environment for 5 to 10 minutes. The differences between Zircaloy-4 and pure zirconium are small .enough, from a chemical point of view, to assume that their oxidation characteristics will be very similar. The data of Hayes and Roberson, White, and Leistikow are shown in Fig. 6, together with the following suggested correlations:

32

0
n

+8

+6
+4

6.20 x

+2

lo4 exp (-29077IRn

c,

0
-2
-4

cu

cui
i

MONO-TETRA GONAL PHASE CHANGE OF Zr02

5.76 x

lo7 exp (-529901RTl

D

0 "

-6

-8
-c 1

SOLUTIONS
o LEI STI KOW (1975)

0 WHITE (1967)
-12

D HAYES AND ROBERSON (1945)

I 6

I 9

10

11

I 12

13

F i g u r e 6.

R e a c t i o n R a t e C o r r e l a t i o n For Air O x i d a t i o n of Z i r c a l o y

33

3 KO = 1 . 1 5 x 10 , Ea = 2 7 3 4 0 (T 5 9 2 0 C ) 7 KO = 5 . 7 6 x 10 , Ea = 5 2 9 9 0 ( 9 2 0 C < T f 1 1 5 5 C ) 4 = 6 . 2 0 x 1 0 , Ea = 2 9 0 7 7 ( T > 1 1 5 5 C )
KO

The low-temperature c o r r e l a t i o n i s i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t proposed

r e c e n t l y by Biederman e t . a1.15 f o r Z i r c a l o y o x i d a t i o n i n

steam, and t h e f a c t t h a t it a g r e e s w e l l w i t h L e i s t i k o w ' s d a t a a t 9 0 0 C and i s a lower bound t o Hayes and R o b e r s o n ' s d a t a below 9 0 0 C i n d i c a t e s a p o s s i b l e e q u i v a l e n c e between steam o x i d a t i o n and a i r o x i d a t i o n a t t h e lower t e m p e r a t u r e s . Above 900C, a i r o x i d a t i o n i s c l e a r l y more e f f i c i e n t t h a n steam o x i d a t i o n , j u d g i n g from t h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a , and s p e c i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s are r e q u i r e d . A t 1 1 5 5 " C , a change i n t h e r e a c t i o n r a t e i s assumed t o o c c u r . While t h i s d i s c o n t i n u i t y i s p r i m a r i l y i n t r o d u c e d t o e f f e c t a m a t c h i n g of t h e d a t a , there i s s o m e p h y s i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r s u c h a d i s c o n t i n u i t y t o o c c u r based on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e r e a c t i o n , namely Z r 0 2 , c h a n g e s p h a s e from m o n o c l i n i c t o t e t r a g o n a l a t a b o u t t h i s temperature. S i m i l a r l y , t h e s l o p e d i s c o n t i n u i t y a t 9 2 0 C may be r a t i o n a l i z e d i n terms o f t h e a+8 p h a s e change o f z i r c o n i u m oxygen s o l i d s o l u t i o n s .
When t h e r e a c t i o n i s l i m i t e d by t h e d i f f u s i o n of oxygen

t o t h e r e a c t i n g s u r f a c e , a d i f f e r e n t model i s r e q u i r e d . It i s assumed i n t h i s case t h a t t h e h e a t and mass t r a n s f e r a n a l o g y

i s a p p r o p r i a t e , whereby t h e l o c a l N u s s e l t number f o r m a s s t r a n s f e r i s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e l o c a l N u s s e l t number f o r h e a t
t r a n s f e r by s u b s t i t u t i n g Schmidt number f o r P r a n d t l number. Thus Num = Nuh ( R e , G r , S c )
(3)

where R e i s Reynolds number, G r i s G r a s h o f f number, and S c i s

Schmidt number, and

34

where pa i s t h e a i r d e n s i t y i n t h e stream, P

is the diffusion on c o e f f i c i e n t f o r oxygen i n n i t r o g e n , i s t h e m a s s f r a c t i o n of mO oxygen i n t h e s t e a m , and x i s t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e o r i g i n o f

t h e boundary l a y e r (which i s assumed t o be t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h i n Nu,). from Eqn. The r e a c t i o n i s d i f f u s i o n - l i m i t e d i f dw/dt from Eqn.
( 2 ) i s l e s s t h a n dw/dt

(4).

The c o r r e l a -

t i o n f o r N u s s e l t number i s d e s c r i b e d i n Appendix A. When t h e r e a c t i o n i s r a t e - l i m i t e d ,

t h e t o t a l amount o f

o x i d a t i o n o c c u r r i n g as a r e s u l t o f h e a t u p a f t e r t h e p o o l d r a i n a g e w i l l depend somewhat upon t h e i n i t i a l o x i d e t h i c k n e s s . According t o A. B. J o h n s o n , J r . , of B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Northwest L a b o r a t o r i e s ( p r i v a t e communication, J u n e 1 9 7 7 ) , t h e a v e r a g e u n i f o r m t h i c k n e s s o f m o n o c l i n i c Z r 0 2 e x i s t i n g on s p e n t f u e l

a f t e r r e a c t o r d i s c h a r g e i s a b o u t 1 5 - 2 0 m i c r o n s f o r PWR f u e l

and a b o u t 1 0 microns f o r BWR f u e l , b u t t h e l a t t e r i s much more v a r i a b l e t h a n t h e former, h a v i n g maximum l o c a l t h i c k n e s s e s

as much a s 1 0 0 m i c r o n s . The i n i t i a l o x i d e t h i c k n e s s w a s found t o be a p a r a m e t e r of s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e h e a t u p c a l c u l a t i o n s , and a c o n s e r v a t i v e v a l u e of 1 . 5 m i c r o n s w a s

used f o r m o s t cases.
3.3

H e a t T r a n s f e r Within Spent Fuel Pool

The h e a t removal p r o b l e m f o r t h e d r a i n e d s p e n t f u e l pool

i s considered i n t w o p a r t s : (1) t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r problem w i t h i n ' t h e c o n f i n e s o f t h e p o o l , and ( 2 ) t h e removal of h e a t from t h e containment b u i l d i n g . Section 3 . 3 discusses the
f i r s t o f these two h e a t t r a n s f e r problems and S e c t i o n 3 . 4

c o n s i d e r s t h e second.

M a t h e m a t i c a l d e t a i l s o f b o t h problems

a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix A.
Schematics of t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r problem f o r t h e s p e n t

f u e l pool are shown i n F i g s . 7 t h r o u g h 9 .

Heat produced by

d e c a y w i t h i n t h e s p e n t f u e l e l e m e n t s and by chemical o x i d a t i o n of t h e c l a d i s removed, i n p a r t , by buoyancy-driven a i r f l o w s

35

A. CONCRETE ENCASEMENT B. STEEL LINER

C. A I R FLOWS (TYP I CALI

D. BASKETlSAFETY CURTAIN
E. SUBASSEMBLY CHANNEL WALL (BWR) F. SPENT FUEL ELEMENT
I

A /

2NB
/

;1
#

1
D t

tj

I I I I I
I I

# /
0 0

0
0 0

il
-/B
F i g u r e 7. c i r c u l a t i n g i n well-defined channels (Fig. 7 ) .

t/
- i

Schematic of S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e C o n f i g u r a t i o n and N a t u r a l C o n v e c t i o n F l o w s F o l l o w i n g a Complete Drainage

T r a n s p o r t of

m a s s , momentum, and e n e r g y f o r t h e a i r f l o w s i s c a l c u l a t e d
w i t h i n t h e code SFUEL t h r o u g h a n i t e r a t i v e , f i n i t e - d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s , a v e r a g e d over the cross-sections. T r a n s i e n t c o n d u c t i o n e q u a t i o n s are Radias o l v e d i n t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e h e a t u p of t h e f u e l r o d s as a f u n c t i o n of t i m e and v e r t i c a l l o c a t i o n . t i o n between s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s ( i . e . , f u e l r o d s , subassembly c h a n n e l w a l l s i f p r e s e n t , t i e p l a t e s , h o l d e r s o r b a s k e t s , and p o o l l i n e r s ) i s a c c o u n t e d f o r , as i s t r a n s i e n t c o n d u c t i o n i n t o t h e c o n c r e t e encasement ( F i g s . 8 , 9 ) .

36

TDER
/
J

CHANNEL (IF PRESENT)

'ch

"2
'a2p
c

'hll

- q IlW

qha3

q a i1
= = = = =

9t2a4

LINER CONCRETE

'dec

DECAY HEAT INPUT TO FUEL RODS CHEMICALOXIDATION HEAT INPUT TO FUEL RODS AXIAL CONDUCTION I N FUEL RODS

'

qhll

qcond qrc

RADIATION FROM OUTERMOST HOLDER TO SIDEWALL LINER = CONVECTION FROM A I R STREAM 3 TO qa41 SIDEWALL LINER 911w CONDUCTION INTO CONCRETE SIDEWALL
=

RADIATION FROM RODS TO CHANNEL WALL CONVECTION FROM RODS TO AIR STREAM 1 CONVECTION FROM A I R STREAM 1TO CHANNEL WALL RADIATION FROM CHANNEL WALL TO HOLDER CONVECT ION FROM CHANNEL WALL TO A I R STREAM 2 CONVECTION FROM A I R STREAM 2 TO HOLDER RADIATION FROM HOLDER TO ADJACENT HOLDER

qtla
qt212

RADIATION FROM UPPER TIE PLATE RADIATION FROM LOWER TIE PLATE
TO FLOOR LINER

9
q

ra1
=

=
=

,lC
9,h
=

= =

qt2a4 qa I = 42 912' =

CONVECTION FROM LOWER TIE PLATE TO A IR STREAM 4 CONVECTION FROM A I R STREAM 4 TO FLOOR LINER CONDUCTION INTO CONCRETE FLOOR

'a2h
'hi

9 9,

CONVECTION FROM HOLDER TO A I R STREAM 3 CONVECT!ON FROM A I R STREAM 3 TO ADJACENT HOLDER

F i g u r e 8.

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Heat T r a n s f e r Modes C o n s i d e r e d i n t h e Pool Region

37

ITEMS FLOW PATHS

Ill
I..

SYMBOLS
4

'5

SOLUTION PROCEDURE, EACH TIME STEP SOLVE EQUATIONS OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY CONSERVATION, ONE DIMENSION, TO DETERMINE A I R TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY A S A FUNCTION OF POSITION. ITERATE UNTIL (1) M A S S OUTFLOW EQUALS M A S S INFLOW, (2) PRESSURES ON ALL SIDES OF JUNCTION ARE EQUAL, (3) ENTHALPY OUTFLOW EQUALS ENTHALPY INFLOW. SOLVE TRANSIENT 1-D CONDUCTION EQUATION, INCLUDING INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION. TO DETERMINE FUEL ROD TEMPERATURE A S A FUNCTION OF POSITION. APPLY TRANSIENT HEAT BALANCE EQUATION TO DETERMINE STRUCTURE TEMPERATURE A S A FUNCTION OF POSITION.

JUNCT IONS

FUEL RODS

1.1

:I'
Ill

ELEMENTS STRUCTURAL
I

1- k

APPLY HEAT AND MASS BALANCES TO DETERATMOSPHERE CoNTAINMENT(NoT BULK TEMPERATURE OF ROOM AIR. MINE

F i g u r e 9.

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of S o l u t i o n P r o c e d u r e s Used i n S p e n t F u e l Heatup Problem

The p r i m a r y a s s u m p t i o n s embodied i n t h e p o o l a n a l y s i s a r e

as f o l l o w s :
The water d r a i n s i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y , l e a v i n g t h e p o o l c o m p l e t e l y d e v o i d o f water. The geometry of t h e f u e l a s s e m b l i e s and r a c k s r e m a i n s undi s t o r t e d . Decay heat emanates from t h e f u e l r o d s o n l y , and n o t from t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s t r u c t u r e . Temperature v a r i a t i o n s a c r o s s t h e f u e l r o d s a r e negl e c t e d , and a l l rods i n a p a r t i c u l a r assembly have

t h e same v e r t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n .
The a i r f l o w p a t t e r n s are l o c a l l y o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l

and always o c c u r i n a v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l direct i o n , as shown i n F i g . 7 . R a d i a t i o n view f a c t o r s are based on p r o j e c t e d areas.

A l l r a d i a t i n g s u r f a c e s are g r a y b o d i e s .

The s p e n t f u e l p l a c e m e n t i s two d i m e n s i o n a l and s u c h

as t o have t h e h o t t e s t e l e m e n t s i n t h e middle o f t h e
p o o l and t h e cooler e l e m e n t s p r o g r e s s i v e l y t o w a r d t h e e n d s o f t h e p o o l (see T a b l e V) h o l d e r w a l l s , and l i n e r s .

Heat c o n d u c t i o n i s n e g l i g i b l e f o r c h a n n e l w a l l s ,

Conduction i n t h e v e r t i c a l

d i r e c t i o n is considered f o r f u e l rods only.

The spaces b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t b a s k e t w a l l s a r e a s s u m e d

t o b e c l o s e d t o a i r f l o w ( a s p e c i a l case o f F i g s .
7-9),

e x c e p t where s p e c i f i c a l l y n o t e d o t h e r w i s e .

The downcomer n e x t t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p o o l and t h e base r e g i o n b e n e a t h t h e racks are assumed t o be open

t o a i r flow.
i m p l i c a t i o n s o f these a s s u m p t i o n s are as f o l l o w s :
F i r s t , t h e assumption t h a t t h e p o o l d r a i n s completely i s n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y t h e most c o n s e r v a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t can b e made regarding t h e course of t h e accident.

I f t h e water ceased t o

d r a i n when i t r e a c h e d t h e l e v e l of t h e b a s e p l a t e s o r s l i g h t l y

39

below, and if a l l t h e f l o w i n l e t s t o t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s were a t o r n e a r t h e b a s e p l a t e , as t h e y are i n many o f t h e more r e c e n t s t o r a g e r a c k d e s i g n s , t h e n t h e r e s i d u a l water c o u l d c o n s t r i c t t h e f l o w o f a i r b e n e a t h t h e b a s e p l a t e and e s s e n t i a l l y block t h e i n f l o w t o t h e e l e m e n t s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , p o s s i b l e

h e a t t r a n s f e r a d v a n t a g e s t o be g a i n e d by c o n v e r t i n g d e c a y

h e a t t o b o i l i n g e n e r g y would be minimal, s i n c e t h e r e s i d u a l

w a t e r l e v e l would be f a r removed from t h e l o c a t i o n o f maximum heatup. The q u e s t i o n o f i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e i s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 5.1.

The a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e p o o l d r a i n s i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y i s

somewhat c o n s e r v a t i v e i n t h a t it d i s r e g a r d s t h e f a c t t h a t steam produced by b o i l i n g w i l l enhance t h e n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n owing

t o i t s h i g h heat c a p a c i t y .
The a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n s are n e g l i g i b l e

i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n a c r o s s any f u e l assembly h a s been found t o be q u i t e a d e q u a t e , i n view o f t h e e q u a l i z i n g e f f e c t o f t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n from one f u e l r o d t o a n o t h e r and t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e h e a t u p t i m e i s on t h e o r d e r of h o u r s .

Variations i n

t e m p e r a t u r e from r o d t o rod i n a n assembly m i g h t o c c u r a s a r e s u l t of v a r i a t i o n s i n d e c a y h e a t o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e o x i d e c o a t i n g , b u t these f a c t o r s are d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t and have n o t been a c c o u n t e d f o r .

T h e assumed a i r f l o w p a t t e r n s , shown i n F i g .

7 , and t h e

assumed s p e n t f u e l p l a c e m e n t , shown i n T a b l e V , r e p r e s e n t

somewhat a p p r o x i m a t e a t t e m p t s t o a c c o u n t f o r a complex s i t u a I t i s f e l t , however, t h a t t h e o m i s s i o n of t h e t h i r d tion.

dimension and t h e p l a c e m e n t of t h e h o t t e s t f u e l e l e m e n t s i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e p o o l are f a i r a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o what might b e a w o r s t case.
I t has been f o u n d , moreover, t h a t t h e

s p e n t f u e l h e a t u p i s more a f f e c t e d by t h e t o t a l d e c a y h e a t p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e p o o l and by t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of open s p a c e s f o r a i r f l o w s t h a n by t h e p r e c i s e p l a c e m e n t of t h e s p e n t f u e l .

40

O n e of t h e l a r g e r u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s

r e l a t e s t o t h e s t o r a g e rack o r h o l d e r d e s i g n , which h a s been found t o be d i f f i c u l t t o c h a r a c t e r i z e f o r l a c k o f d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n and t h e v a r i a b i l i t y from one f a c i l i t y t o a n o t h e r .

The a s s u m p t i o n t h a t c e r t a i n f l o w p a t h s are c l o s e d (Assumption

(9) above) i s p o s t u l a t e d a s a somewhat c o n s e r v a t i v e approxima-

tion to the f a c t t h a t the airflow is often retarded i n the inter-holder shown i n F i g . s p a c e s by s t r u c t u r a l o b s t r u c t i o n s s u c h a s t h o s e

2.

However, t h e amount of improvement t o be

The p h i l o s o p h y has been t o c o n s i d e r

g a i n e d by o p e n i n g a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e f l o w p a t h s h a s a l s o been studied (Section 4 . 1 ) . a f a i r l y wide v a r i a t i o n o f d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s so t h a t t h e r e s u l t s

w i l l s p a n a t l e a s t a m a j o r i t y of t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s c u r r e n t l y i n use.
The open frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n , F i g .

2 a , h a s been t r e a t e d

s p e c i a l l y because of the l a c k of defined channels f o r a i r flow. Appendix A , which p r o v i d e s m a t h e m a t i c a l d e t a i l s f o r

the cases involving well-defined channels, a l s o discusses t h e

more a p p r o x i m a t e modeling t e c h n i q u e s u s e d f o r t h e open f r a m e rack design.

3.4

Heat Removal From Containment B u i l d i n g

Removal o f heat from t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g u n d e r normal For o p e r a t i o n i s a c c o m p l i s h e d by a f o r c e d v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m . a t - r e a c t o r s p e n t f u e l p o o l s , ANS S t a n d a r d 5 7 . 2 (dated 1976) Under r e q u i r e s a minimum of two c o m p l e t e a i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r .

t h e a c c i d e n t c o n d i t i o n s produced by a p o o l d r a i n a g e , however, t h i s amount o f v e n t i l a t i o n w i l l g e n e r a l l y n o t be s u f f i c i e n t t o

remove a l l t h e decay heat i m p a r t e d t o t h e room a t m o s p h e r e by

t h e exposed s p e n t f u e l r o d s (see S e c t i o n 4 . 2 ) .
.

If the building

i s c l o s e d , t h e r e f o r e , it i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e room a i r t o h e a t

up s i g n i f i c a n t l y and t o a f f e c t t h e n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n p r o c e s s i n t h e d r a i n e d pool t h r o u g h a d e c a y h e a t f e e d b a c k p r o c e s s .
On

t h e o t h e r hand, it would be p o s s i b l e f o r t h e b u i l d i n g d e s i g n e r

41

t o c o u n t e r a c t t h i s e f f e c t by u t i l i z i n g t h e p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g t o open d o o r s a t ground l e v e l and i n t h e c e i l i n g , s o as t o p r o v i d e a s o - c a l l e d "chimney e f f e c t " .

Two s i t u a t i o n s have been c o n s i d e r e d . I n t h e f i r s t case,

it i s assumed t h a t v e n t i l a t i o n p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h a p o w e r f u l
f o r c e d a i r s y s t e m o r t h r o u g h a chimney e f f e c t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o keep t h e room a i r a t a m b i e n t c o n d i t i o n s ( i . e . , e q u a l t o t h e outside air conditions). I n t h e second case, it i s assumed t h a t no chimney e f f e c t e x i s t s and t h a t a s i d e f r o m a p r e s c r i b e d forced v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e , t h e d i r e c t i o n o f l e a k a g e i s always

from t h e i n s i d e of t h e b u i l d i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e . The f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n w i l l p e r t a i n t o t h e l a t t e r case, where t h e removal of h e a t from t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g becomes an i m p o r t a n t issue.

T o a c c o u n t f o r t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g , t h e SFUEL code

computes t h e amount o f h e a t t h a t i s removed by a c o m b i n a t i o n of forced v e n t i l a t i o n , leakage of a i r through t h e building s t r u c t u r e , h e a t s t o r a g e by t h e s t r u c t u r a l h e a t s i n k s , and r a d i a t i o n / n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n from t h e b u i l d i n g e x t e r i o r t o t h e o u t s i d e (see F i g . 1 0 ) . Because o f t h e l a r g e u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e n a t u r e o f t h e b u i l d i n g and t h e q u a n t i t y o f
h e a t s i n k s , t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e model i s n e c e s s a r i l y a p p r o x i -

mate i n n a t u r e .

The f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s are u t i l i z e d :

(1) The b u i l d i n g i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be c o n s t r u c t e d of

s h e e t metal h a v i n g t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f s t e e l w i t h an e m i s s i v i t y of 0 . 7 . The h e a t c a p a c i t y o f a l l t h e h e a t s i n k s i n t h e b u i l d i n g are a p p r o x i m a t e d by p r o v i d i n g a 1 / 8 - i n c h sheet m e t a l w a l l and c e i l i n g thickness. (2) The b u i l d i n g i s assumed t o be c a p a b l e o f w i t h s t a n d i n g an i n t e r n a l gage p r e s s u r e o f 2 . 0 p s i b e f o r e any l e a k i n g o c c u r s , and t h e n i s assumed t o l e a k a t t h e r a t e r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o keep t h e p r e s s u r e from

42

(3)

All l e a k a g e i s assumed t o o c c u r from t h e i n s i d e t o t h e o u t s i d e . The v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m i s assumed t o o p e r a t e w i t h a f i x e d volume r a t e o f f l o w whose v a l u e i s u n a f f e c t e d by i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e .

exceeding 2.0 p s i .
T h e room a i r i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e w e l l mixed ( i . e . ,

(4)

i s o t h e r m a l , i s o b a r i c , and homogeneous).
Mathematical d e t a i l s of t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g p o r t i o n of

t h e m o d e l are i n c l u d e d i n Appendix A.

HEAT TRANSFERRED FROM BUILDINGTO N OUTS1 DE ATMOSPHERE BY RADIATION AND NATURAL CONVECTION

~ ~ k
HEAT LOSS TO OUTS1 DE HEAT EXCHANGE HEAT TRANSFERRED TO w INOUTS I DE BY-. STRUCTURES FORCED VENTILATION BY RADIATION FROM SPENT FUEL UPPER TIE PLATES AND BY NATURAL CONVECTION FROM ROOM ATMOSPHERE HEAT TRANSFER FROM RADIATION SPENT FUEL TO ROOM
FROM UPPER ATMOSPHERE BY

II -

TIE PLATES,

NATURAL CONVECTION

Figure 10.

Heat T r a n s f e r Modes f o r t h e Containment B u i l d i n g and O u t s i d e Atmosphere

4 3 ,44

4.

RESULTS

4.1

Perfect V e n t i l a t i o n
The r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e

case where t h e a i r i n t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g i s k e p t a t a m b i e n t c o n d i t i o n s , t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f a high-powered v e n t i l a t i o n system o r a containment b u i l d i n g design f e a t u r e t h a t p r o d u c e s a chimney e f f e c t . S e c t i o n 4 . 2 t r e a t s t h e case of i m p e r f e c t v e n t i l a t i o n where s o m e o f t h e d e c a y h e a t released t o t h e a i r i s r e c y c l e d back i n t o t h e s p e n t f u e l p o o l .
Because of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l o a d i n g o f s p e n t f u e l i n t o
t h e s t o r a g e pool i s n o t uniform, w i t h f u e l o f v a r y i n g ages

a n d , h e n c e , v a r y i n g d e c a y powers b e i n g p r e s e n t a t t h e same

t i m e , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t e m p e r a t u r e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p o o l i s a l s o non-uniform. F i g u r e 1 shows t h e c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a 1
t i o n w i t h d i s t a n c e a l o n g t h e f u e l rod a t s i x d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s i n t h e p o o l f o r a t y p i c a l case, 5 h o u r s a f t e r t h e d r a i n a g e . The f i g u r e a l s o l i s t s t h e v e l o c i t i e s o f t h e upward a i r f l o w s t h r o u g h t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s f o r each l o c a t i o n i n t h e p o o l , and
shows t h e a i r f l o w t e m p e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n of d i s t a n c e up

t h e f u e l rods f o r the h o t t e s t location.

The p a r t i c u l a r case

c o n s i d e r e d c o r r e s p o n d s t o a f u l l core d i s c h a r g e ( T a b l e V P a r t A ) , 1 0 d a y s a f t e r reactor shutdown.

A s shown i n F i g u r e 11, t h e l o c a t i o n of h i g h e s t t e m p e r a t u r e

does n o t g e n e r a l l y c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e l o c a t i o n o f h i g h e s t h e a t

production.

Whereas t h e maximum assumed d e c a y h e a t i s produced

t h e l o c a t i o n of

a t t h e m i d p o i n t of t h e f u e l rods ( z / L = 0 . 5 ) ,

h i g h e s t t e m p e r a t u r e moves w i t h t i m e from t h e m i d p o i n t t o w a r d t h e u p p e r end of t h e f u e l r o d s . The r e a s o n f o r t h i s phenomenon

45

E 3

c a

5mt
300
0

REGION FRACTION DECAY HEAT OF POOL (KWIMTU) 1 .19 86.56 2 .19 81.09 3 .19 75.40 4 .19 10.77 I 5 .19 5.81 6 .05
0

, /
0

RE:ION

A I(CMISEC) R VELOCITY

5 6 0 0 l 0 m 0 m
I

/ / /

TEMPERATURE nc PnWECTING n i n >,REAMS IN REGION 1

2 3 6

72.6 75.4 78.9 53,o 39.4 24.4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

).6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

z IL

Figure 11.

Typical Variation of Clad Temperature With Normalized Distance, Measured from Lowest End of Fuel Rod

is explainable by the dashed curve in Figure 11, which shows that the temperature of the air increases as it streams from the bottom to the top of the fuel element, owing to absorption of heat from the fuel rods. Since the air stream becomes hotter at the upper end of the fuel rods, the fuel rods must also become hotter. (Parenthetically, this heatup of air in the flow channels is responsible for the fact that the temperature achieved by the fuel rods in a drained spent fuel pool is much higher than the temperature that would be achieved by an isolated fuel rod in an open air environment.)

46

A s a m p l i n g of h e a t u p r e s u l t s of PWR s p e n t f u e l i n c y l i n -

d r i c a l h o l d e r s ( F i g u r e 2b) is p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1 2 .

Here

t h e peak clad t e m p e r a t u r e ( i . e . , t h e maximum c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e

i n t h e p o o l a t a g i v e n t i m e ) i s p l o t t e d as a f u n c t i o n of t h e

t i m e a f t e r pool drainage f o r various b a s e p l a t e hole s i z e s t h a t are t y p i c a l o f o p e r a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e (see S e c t i o n 2 . 2 ) . The c a l c u l a t i o n s i n t h i s f i g u r e correspond t o a loading p a t t e r n a p p l i c a b l e t o a f u l l core d i s c h a r g e , 1 y e a r a f t e r shutdown o f t h e r e a c t o r , w i t h a maximum burnup o f 3 3 , 0 0 0 MWD/MTU (see Table V P a r t A ) . I t may b e n o t e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d here and t h r o u g h o u t t h e rest o f S e c t i o n 4 . 1 are more-or-less i n d e p e n d e n t o f p o o l s i z e i f t h e same f u e l l o a d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s are m a i n t a i n e d , and t h a t t h i s i n d e p e n d e n c e r e s u l t s from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e room i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e p e r f e c t l y v e n t i l a t e d .
I t m a y be s e e n f r o m F i g u r e 1 2 t h a t t h e b a s e p l a t e h o l e

s i z e c a n e x e r t a marked e f f e c t on t h e h e a t u p of t h e s p e n t f u e l , since a s m a l l baseplate hole tends t o c o n s t r i c t t h e f l o w a t

t h e i n l e t t o t h e f u e l assembly.
I t may a l s o be o b s e r v e d f r o m

Figure 1 2 t h a t i f t h e temperature of s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g c l a d o x i d a t i o n i s n o t a t t a i n e d , t h e peak c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e t e n d s t o

reach a s t e a d y - s t a t e maximum v a l u e t h a t r e m a i n s e s s e n t i a l l y

invariant with t i m e .

If a s u f f i c i e n t l y high temperature i s

achieved, however, the clad oxidation reaction can become self-

s u s t a i n i n g , leading t o a temperature divergence t h a t r e s u l t s i n local c l a d melting. The t e m p e r a t u r e a t which c l a d o x i d a t i o n becomes s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n , b u t t e n d s t o o c c u r around 900C.
Before c o n t i n u i n g on t o o t h e r t y p e s of s t o r a g e r a c k s , it

i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o o b s e r v e t h e p a r t i t i o n i n g of h e a t t h a t o c c u r s
i n cases where a s t e a d y - s t a t e t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s obtained.
A s shown i n F i g u r e 1 3 , m o s t o f t h e heat produced b y

r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y i s e v e n t u a l l y removed by n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n , w i t h a much smaller p o r t i o n b e i n g removed by r a d i a t i o n from

47

1600 1400 -

PWR SPENT FUEL, 17x17 PIN ARRAY CYLINDRICAL RACK STORAGE CONFIGURATION FULL CORE D I SCHARGE LOAD I NG

1200

- -PRED
-

1YEAR M I N I M U M DECAY TIME PREDI CTI ON WITHOUT OXIDATION I

I CTI ON WI THI

OXIDATION

.o
2
W

n a a

600

a
400

OO

8 12 16 20 TIME AFTER DRAINAGE (hours)

24

Figure 12.

Effect of Baseplate Hole Size on Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel, Well-Ventilated Room

48

14

E 12

dec - DECAY HEAT GENERATED - HEAT REMOVED BY NATURAL E conv CONVECT1 ON

Edec/

E fuel

- HEAT STORED IN FUEL

MATERIAL

/
/Econv

- HEAT STORED IN HOLDER

10

Ehldr

- HEAT REMOVED BY
rad
RADIATION FROM UPPER

// /

fuel

TIME AFTER POOL DRAINAGE (HRSI

F i g u r e 13. T y p i c a l P a r t i t i o n i n g of Heat f o r a Drained S p e n t F u e l Pool i n a P e r f e c t l y V e n t i l a t e d Room

49

t h e upper t i e - p l a t e s .

The r e m a i n d e r of t h e e n e r g y i s p r i m a r i l y

a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t h e materials i n t h e p o o l , w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 0 p e r c e n t of t h a t e n e r g y g o i n g t o t h e f u e l rods ( i n c l u d i n g t h e f u e l i t s e l f and t h e c l a d ) and t h e o t h e r 2 0 p e r c e n t going t o t h e steel h o l d e r s .

T h e e n e r g y ab-

s o r b e d by t h e c o n c r e t e encasement and t h e s t e e l l i n e r s i s negligible. Although F i g u r e 1 3 a p p l i e s t o a p a r t i c u l a r case ( v i z . , t h e case c o n s i d e r e d i n F i g u r e ll), t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s made above are a p p l i c a b l e t o a m a j o r i t y o f t h e cases c o n s i d e r e d . Although t h e c l a d h e a t u p i s n o t e x c e s s i v e f o r t h e c y l i n d r i c a l b a s k e t s a s l o n g as t h e b a s e p l a t e h o l e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e , a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n may e x i s t f o r o t h e r t y p e s

of PWR s t o r a g e r a c k c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . A s shown i n F i g u r e 1 4 , t h e c y l i n d r i c a l h o l d e r s r a n k s e c o n d i n h e a t removal e f f e c t i v e n e s s t o t h e open frame c o n s t r u c t i o n , it b e i n g r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e c o m p u t a t i o n s f o r t h e open frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n a r e q u i t e a p p r o x i m a t e due t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e modeling a s s u m p t i o n s . The " s q u a r e " b a s k e t s of F i g u r e 2 c are somewhat l e s s e f f i c i e n t than t h e c y l i n d r i c a l baskets, despite t h e l a r g e r center-toc e n t e r s p a c i n g , b e c a u s e o f t h e smaller f l o w area w i t h i n t h e baskets. The h i g h d e n s i t y h o l d e r s o f F i g u r e 2d are t h e l e a s t w e l l - s u i t e d t o h e a t r e m o v a l , as e x p e c t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e s p e n t f u e l i s packed w a l l - t o - w a l l so a s t o p r e c l u d e a downcomer s p a c e a t t h e e d g e o f t h e p o o l . The h i g h d e n s i t y conf i g u r a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o be t h e o n l y o n e where w a l l - t o - w a l l storage is currently possible.
The e f f e c t o f d e c a y t i m e on t h e c l a d h e a t u p i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Figure 15, f o r t h e cylindrical holders with large baseplate h o l e s , where it may be s e e n t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i s reduced by a f a c t o r o f s i x i n g o i n g from a minimum d e c a y t i m e of The t e r m "minimum d e c a y t i m e " refers t o 1 0 days t o 1 year.
t h e t i m e s i n c e power shutdown f o r t h e m o s t r e c e n t l y d i s c h a r g e d

f u e l elements ( i . e . , t h e h o t t e s t elements i n t h e pool).

Also

1800

1600

PWR SPENT FUEL 17 x 17 P I N ARRAY FULL CORE DISCHARGE LOADING LARGE BASEPLATE HOLES

1400

1YEAR M I N I M U M DECAY T ME
-PREDI CTI ON WITHOUT 0x1DATl ON PREDICTION 0x1DATl ON
(

1200

- 1000
0

u
w

.
10.25"C-C SPACING 1

z a
Ly

z w
a
c
0

800

600
Y

U
Ly

400

HIGH DENSITY ( 10.25"C-C SPACl NG SQUARE BASKETS ( 13.25''C-C SPACl NG )

200

INDRl CAL BASKETS ( 12.75"C-C SPACING 1 OPEN FRAME ( 21C-C SPACING)

0
0
4

12

16

20

24

T I M E A F T E R POOL D R A I N A G E (Hrr)
Figure 14. E f f e c t of S t o r a g e Rack C o n f i g u r a t i o n on Heatup o f PWR S p e n t F u e l , W e l l - V e n t i l a t e d Room

51

1600 -

PWR SPENT FUEL CYLINDRICAL BASKET STORAGE CONFIGURATION FULL CORE D I SCHARGE LOAD1NG LARGE BASEPLATE HOLES

---

-17x17 P I N ARRAY, 33, OOO MWDlMTU BURNUP

-- .17x17 P I N ARRAY, 36,900 MWDlMTU BURNUP 15x15 P I N ARRAY, 33,000 MWDlMTU BURNUP 0x1DAT ION EFFECT INCLUDED, ALL CURVES

MINIMUM DECAY TIME = 10 DAYS

-f
90 DAYS
1 YEAR
0

8 12 16 20 TIME AFTER POOL DRAINAGE (hrs)

24

F i g u r e 15.

E f f e c t o f Minimum Decay T i m e , Burnup, and SubAssembly Type on Heatup of PWR S p e n t F u e l , W e l l V e n t i l a t e d Room

52

shown in Figure 15 is the effect of a higher burnup (36,900 MWD/MTU) on the clad heatup and the difference between the newer PWR fuel assemblies (17 x 17 pin array) and the older assemblies (15 x 15 array). It has been assumed in the preceding discussions that the pool is loaded according to a full core discharge scenario and that the control rods have not been removed. While the calculations for the open frame, cylindrical, and square configurations are not very sensitive to these assumptions, it is possible to observe rather significant differences in the response with the high density configuration if these assumptions are changed. As shown in Figure 16, a 33 percent drop in the temperature rise can be achieved by simply removing the control rods (high density configuration only). It may also be observed that while there is little difference between the full core discharge loading pattern (Table V, Part A) where the decay times vary from 1 to 4 years, and the normal discharge loading pattern (Table V, Part B) where the decay times vary from 1 to 6 years, a significantly worse heatup problem would occur if the fuel were loaded according to the "worst case" loading pattern (Table V, Part C), where all the fuel elements are assumed to have the same decay time of 1 year.

A summary of results for PWR spent fuel in a drained storage pool is presented in Figure 17, which depicts the

minimum allowable decay times for a variety of cases. The variables plotted here are the maximum peak clad temperature (i.e., the highest clad temperature attained at any point in the pool for all time) and the decay time of the most recently discharged elements. The critical, or minimum, allowable decay time for each case corresponds to the point at which the curve becomes vertical. All cases correspond to a full core discharge loading pattern with a 33,000 MWD/MTU maximum burnup

53

PWR SPENT FUEL, 17x17 PIN ARRAY

16ml
1400

HIGH DENSITY STORAGE CONFIGURATION 16" DOWNCOMER AND LARGE BASEPLATE HOLES

1 YEAR M I N I M U M DECAY TIME

0x1DATION EFFECT I NCLUDED, ALL CURVES

WORST CASE LOAD1NG

FULL CORE D SCt RGI NORMAL D I SCHARGE FULL CORE DISCHARGE CONTROL RODS REMOVED

12

16

20

24

TIME AFTER POOL DRAINAGE (hrs)

Figure 16.
E f f e c t of F u e l Loading and C o n t r o l Rod Removal on Heatup o f PWR S p e n t F u e l i n High D e n s i t y Conf i g u r a t i o n , W e l l - V e n t i l a t e d Room

54

1400'

I'

I I I I I I ~

I l l 1 1

l2Oo

PWR SPENT FUEL, 17 x 17 PIN ARRAY FULL CORE D I SCHARGE LOAD1 NG ( ANNOTATIONS GIVE STORAGE CONFIGURATION AND BASEPLATE HOLE SIZE . REFER TO FI GS. 2 AND 3 FOR DESI GN DETAILS) (YEARS)

1000 -

--- 0x1DATl ON
EFFECT

I I I
\
\
\L
\

H I DENS. IWALL-WALLI

LARGE HOLE^

I
I

I I

800 -

\ I

''
'
-

I I CYLINDERhq \ 1.5" HOLE \ \

'

\ H' ,I

'

I ,
\

DENS.A

'

SQUARE - 3.0" HOLE CYLl NDER - 3.0" HOLE SQUARE- LARGE HOLE

nl 10

I I I I I I

I l l 1

100
MINIMUM DECAY TIME ( DAYS)

1000

Figure 17.

Summary of Heatup R e s u l t s f o r PWR S p e n t F u e l , Well-Venti l a t e d Room

A s shown i n F i g u r e 1 7 , t h e

and w i t h c o n t r o l r o d s i n t a c t .

v a r i a t i o n i s c r i t i c a l d e c a y t i m e s o v e r t h e cases c o n s i d e r e d

i s e x t r e m e l y l a r g e , r a n g i n g from w e l l u n d e r 1 0 d a y s f o r t h e
open frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n t o n e a r l y 2 y e a r s f o r t h e h i g h d e n s i t y configuration w i t h wall-to-wall placement. These r e s u l t s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d i n c o n t e x t w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t a c c o r d i n g

t o c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e , decay t i m e s as s h o r t as 3 0 d a y s i n

55

r e a c t o r - s i t e d p o o l s and 1 y e a r i n away-from-reactor 1 are p o s s i b l e .

pools

S i m i l a r r e s u l t s have been o b t a i n e d f o r BWR s p e n t f u e l assemblies, and t h e s e are shown i n F i g u r e s 1 8 t h r o u g h 2 0 . By

comparing F i g u r e s 1 2 and 1 8 , it may be s e e n t h a t t h e c l a d h e a t up f o r BWR s p e n t f u e l t e n d s t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n f o r PWR s p e n t f u e l , p r i m a r i l y owing t o t h e lower h e a t o u t p u t p e r u n i t s t o r a g e area. However, t h e r e c a n b e c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a the specific

t i o n s i n t h e h e a t u p r e s p o n s e depending upon whether o r n o t t h e BWR c h a n n e l s are removed, and depending upon storage configuration used(Figure 1 9 ) .
The c r i t i c a l , o r min-

imum a l l o w a b l e d e c a y t i m e s computed f o r BWR s p e n t f u e l v a r y from under 1 0 d a y s t o a b o u t 1 5 0 d a y s f o r t h e v a r i o u s cases c o n s i d e r e d ( F i g u r e 2 0 ) . There i s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n r e s u l t s between t h e o l d e r 7 x 7 p i n a r r a y and t h e newer 8 x 8 p i n a r r a y . B e f o r e l e a v i n g t h e s u b j e c t o f s p e n t f u e l h e a t u p under w e l l - v e n t i l a t e d c o n d i t i o n s , it i s w o r t h c o n s i d e r i n g t h e amount o f improvement t h a t c o u l d be g a i n e d by making r e a s o n a b l e d e s i g n changes i n t h e e x i s t i n g s t o r a g e r a c k c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , while maintaining t h e o r i g i n a l packing d e n s i t y . i n g a downcomer s p a c e a t t h e e d g e of t h e p o o l are b o t h important considerations. In addition, a considerable improvement i n t h e heat removal c a p a b i l i t y c a n o f t e n b e e f f e c t e d by removing o b s t r u c t i o n s t o f l o w between t h e b a s k e t s ( i . e . , t h o s e r e g i o n s t h a t w e r e d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 7 a s b e i n g open t o v e r t i c a l a i r f l o w s b u t t h a t w e r e t r e a t e d as c l o s e d f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h e a n a l y s i s ) . These p a t h s a r e c u r r e n t l y b l o c k e d by t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e b a s e p l a t e s , t o p p l a t e s , and o t h e r
It

has been n o t e d t h a t e n l a r g i n g t h e b a s e p l a t e h o l e s and p r o v i d -

members t h a t are u s e d f o r s t r u c t u r a l s u p p o r t o r s p a c i n g .
The amount o f improvement t h a t c a n b e o b t a i n e d by t h e

m o d i f i c a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d h e r e h a s been computed, and t h e

56

1800

1600

BWR SPENT FUEL, 7x7 P I N ARRAY CYLI NDRl CAL BASKET STORAGE CONFl GURATION FULL CORE DISCHARGE LOADING CHANNELS REMOVED

1400

1200
u
Y
~

----

1 YEAR M I N I M U M DECAY TIME

90 DAY M I N I M U M DECAY TIME

- 1000
a
U
3
I -

a
Ly

z
c
Y

800

OX IDAT I ON EFFECT INCLUDED , ALL CURVES

600
Y

U Y n

D
400

hole

1.5"

200

0
T I M E A F T E R POOL D R A I N A G E (Hrs)
Figure 18.
E f f e c t of B a s e p l a t e Hole Size and Minimum Decay T i m e on Heatup of BWR S p e n t F u e l , W e l l - V e n t i l a t e d

Room

57

1800

1600

BWR SPENT FUEL, 7x7 P I N ARRAY FULL COREDISCHARGE LOADING LARGE BASEPLATE HOLES

1400

30 DAY M I N I M U M DECAY TIME

CYLINDRICAL BASKETS

1200

- IO00 a
0
Ly

u
3

I I I

- - - - - D IRECTIONAL BASKETS

I
I

c
Ly

s
800

Ly

! CHANNEL

OX IDAT ION EFFECT INCLUDED, ALL CURVES

c
0

600
Y

U
Ly

400

r1 /-

CHANNEL ATTACHED CHANNEL REMOVED

200

0
0
4

12

16

20

24

T I M E A F T E R POOL D R A I N A G E (Hrr)
Figure 1 9 . E f f e c t of S t o r a g e C o n f i g u r a t i o n on Heatup o f BWR S p e n t F u e l , W e l l - V e n t i l a t e d Room

58

1400

BWR SPENT FUEL, 7x7 P I N ARRAY

1200
c

FULL CORE DISCHARGE LOADING (ANNOTATIONS GIVE STORAGE CONFIGURATION, POSITION OF CHANNEL WALLS, AND BASEPLATE HOLE SIZE)

(YEARS12

O W

lo00

E
E

z a
W

'

I
I

' -

'

s
W

800
\

I -

DIRECTIONAL I CYLINDRICAL I I CH. REMOVED I CH. REMOVED I . LARGE HOLE 1 1.5 I ' HOLE \ \ CYLI NDRI CAL', D I RECTI ONAL t \ CH. REMOVED 1 CH. ATTACHED' \ 3.011 HOLE MRGE HOLE',

---- OXIDATION
EFFECT

' 7

4 a

0 Y

600

2 2

x -

409

200 . CYLINDRICAL CHANNELS REMOVED LARGE HOLE

0
I

10 0

1 10

M I N I M U M DECAY TIME (DAYS),

Figure 20. Summary o f Heatup R e s u l t s f o r BWR S p e n t F u e l , Well-Vent i l a t e d Room Observe t h a t t h e r e d u c According t o t h e

r e s u l t s are summarized i n T a b l e V I .

t i o n i n t h e c r i t i c a l decay t i m e i s q u i t e s u b s t a n t i a l i n t h o s e

cases t h a t might be termed problem areas.

c a l c u l a t i o n s , i t s h o u l d be p o s s i b l e , by making t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s , t o a c h i e v e a l l o w a b l e d e c a y t i m e s as low a s 8 0 d a y s f o r t h e h i g h d e n s i t y c o n f i g u r a t i o n and a t l e a s t a s low as 2 0 days f o r t h e o t h e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

59

QI

TABLE V I

R e d u c t i o n s i n C r i t i c a l Decay T i m e A c h i e v a b l e by M o d i f i c a t i o n o f S t o r a g e Rack D e s i g n , W e l l - V e n t i l a t e d Room

CASE

TYPE OF FUEL

STORAGE RACK
DESCRIPTION

CRITICAL DECAY TIME

(D Y ) AS

POSTULATED DESIGN MODIFICATIONS None Enlarge baseplate hole

NEW CRITICAL DECAY TIME

1 2

PWR PWR

Open L a t t i c e 21" C-C S p a c i n g Cy1i n d r i c a l B a s k e t s 12.75" C-C S p a c i n g 1 . 5 " B a s e p l a t e Hole Square Baskets 13.25" C-C S p a c i n g 3.0" B a s e p l a t e Hole High D e n s i t y B a s k e t s 10.25" C-C S p a c i n g 5.0" B a s e p l a t e Hole C y l i n d r i c a l Baskets 8.5" C-C S p a c i n g 3.63" B a s e p l a t e Hole C y l i n d r i c a l Baskets 8.5" C-C S p a c i n g 1 . 5 " B a s e p l a t e Hole Directional Baskets 11.5" C-C A c r o s s R o w s 6 . 0 " C-C Along R o w s Channels A t t a c h e d

<5
400

<5 8

PWR

130

Enlarge b a s e p l a t e h o l e P r o m o t e flow o u t s i d e b a s k e t s Leave 1 . 0 f t . t o e d g e o f pool P r o m o t e flow o u t s i d e b a s k e t s None

20

PWR

280*
700*

80

BWR

<5

<5

BWR

150

Enlarge b a s e p l a t e h o l e

<5

BWR

45

Remove c h a n n e l s

15

"Higher f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t s f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n ( w a l l - t o - w a l l storage a r r a n g e m e n t ) . f i g u r e c o r r e s p o n d s t o 1 . 0 - f o o t downcomer s p a c e a t edge o f p o o l .

Lower

4.2

Imperfect Ventilation M a i n t a i n i n g a d e q u a t e v e n t i l a t i o n i n t h e e v e n t o f a com-

p l e t e pool d r a i n a g e r e q u i r e s e i t h e r a powerful f o r c e d a i r v e n t i l a t i o n system o r a b u i l d i n g d e s i g n t h a t promotes n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n from t h e o u t s i d e , s u c h a s from a chimney e f f e c t . Through an a p p r o x i m a t e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix B ,

estimates f o r t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of a f o r c e d v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m a n d / o r a chimney d e s i g n have been made, and t h e r e s u l t s are

p r e s e n t e d below. Consider first t h e requirements of a forced a i r v e n t i l a t i o n system. The a n a l y s i s i n t h e a p p e n d i x shows t h a t i n o r d e r f o r t h e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e room t o be k e p t below a s p e c i f i e d v a l u e , T r , t h e v e n t i n g r a t e must s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w ing inequality:
2

TO

'vent

T~

RQdecay T~ pocp

(5)

where

'veri t
R

= volume r a t e o f exchange o f a i r = gas constant

= t o t a l decay h e a t produced in p o o l Qdecay = o u t s i d e (atmospheric) pressure P O = o u t s i d e (atmospheric) temperature TO

C

= s p e c i f i c h e a t of a i r

T a b l e V I 1 i n d i c a t e s t h e v e n t i n g rates and a i r change r a t e s (room a i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r ) which would be r e q u i r e d t o k e e p

t h e room t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e below 150C, a r e a s o n a b l e v a l u e ,

f o r e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g three c a s e s :
(1) a PWR r e a c t o r - s i t e d s t o r a g e p o o l (2)

a BWR r e a c t o r - s i t e d s t o r a g e p o o l

(3)

an away-from-reactor

storage pool.

61

Table VII. Estimates of Forced Air Ventilation Rates or Door/Chimney Hole Sizes Required to Keep Room Temperature Rise Below 150C.

Case situation

PWR reactor-sited pool in auxiliary building, 2 core capacity filled after a full core discharge

BWR reactor-sited pool in reactor containment building, 2 core capacity filled after a full core discharge

Away-from-reactor storage pool, 750 MTU capacity filled with PWR spent fuel according to full core discharge loading pattern. 100 x 50 x 30

Postulated Room Dimensions: Length x Width x Height (Feet) Minimum Decay Time (Days) Decay Heat (Watts) Desirabl5 Venting Rate (Ft /hr) Corresponding Room Air Changes Per Hour Desirable Door/ Chimney yole Size (Ft 1 Corresponding Side of Square (Ft.)

40

x 30 x 30

150 x 150 x 8 0

30
4.8

30

365
4.6 2.8

x lo6
6

5.3 x 106
3.3 x 10
2

x 106 x 106
19

3.0 x 10
83

77

51

74

T h e room d i m e n s i o n s i n T a b l e V I 1 were chosen t o b r a c k e t t h e

r a n g e o f volumes t h a t are l i k e l y t o be e n c o u n t e r e d a t e x i s t i n g storage pools, r a t h e r than t o t y p i f y s p e c i f i c i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

I t i s c l e a r from T a b l e V I 1 t h a t based on t h e ANS S p e c i f i -

c a t i o n of two a i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r , e x i s t i n g v e n t i l a t i o n s y s -

tems w i l l C a s e (2), the large p o o l s are

g e n e r a l l y be i n a d e q u a t e f o r Cases (1) and ( 3 ) . volume a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t BWR s t o r a g e l o c a t e d within t h e r e a c t o r containment building.

For

however, t h e s i t u a t i o n i s more f a v o r a b l e owing t o

Now c o n s i d e r t h e q u e s t i o n of p r o v i d i n g f o r an a d e q u a t e chimney e f f e c t . Assume t h a t a t t h e t i m e of t h e p o o l d r a i n a g e ,

a d o o r o f area A i s opened a t ground l e v e l t o a l l o w f r e s h a i r

t o e n t e r t h e b u i l d i n g , and t h a t a chimney h o l e o f s i m i l a r area,

A,

i s opened i n t h e c e i l i n g , above t h e p o o l , t o a l l o w h o t a i r
T G a n a l y s i s i n t h e a p p e n d i x shows t h a t i n o r d e r

t o escape.

t o k e e p t h e room t e m p e r a t u r e a t o r below a s p e c i f i e d v a l u e ,

Tr t h e o p e n i n g A must s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g i n e q u a l i t y :

Qdecay

where
CD = d i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t
PO

('~0.6)

= outside (atmospheric) density

g
H

a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y = h e i g h t of c e i l i n g above ground l e v e l .
=

Table V I 1 p r e s e n t s t h e door/chimney h o l e s i z e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g

t o E q u a t i o n ( 6 ) w i t h a 150C room t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e , and i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t a s q u a r e o p e n i n g of 9 f e e t on a s i d e w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e t h r e e cases enumerated above.

63

The p r e c e d i n g estimates i n d i c a t e t h a t i n most cases, e x i s t i n g v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s w i l l n o t be a d e q u a t e t o remove Although a d d i t i o n a l v e n t i l t h e d e c a y heat from t h e b u i l d i n g . a t i o n c o u l d be o b t a i n e d by o t h e r means, it a p p e a r s t h a t many c u r r e n t f a c i l i t i e s d o n o t have t h i s p r o v i s i o n . Consequently, c a l c u l a t i o n s have been made t o assess t h e e f f e c t of i n a d e q u a t e v e n t i l a t i o n on t h e s p e n t f u e l h e a t u p , u t i l i z i n g t h e d e t a i l e d p o o l h e a t t r a n s f e r models d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g models d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 4 . The r e s u l t s are t y p i c a l r a t h e r t h a n s p e c i f i c , i n t h a t a t t e n t i o n h a s been f o c u s e d more upon t h e mechanisms t h a n upon t h e s p e c i f i c s of t h e b u i l d i n g design. F i g u r e 2 1 shows t h a t f o r a d r a i n e d s p e n t f u e l p o o l i n t h e a u x i l i a r y b u i l d i n g o f a PWR r e a c t o r , w i t h a 30-day minimum d e c a y t i m e and a f u l l c o r e d i s c h a r g e l o a d i n g p a t t e r n , t h e e f f e c t of i n a d e q u a t e v e n t i l a t i o n w i l l be t o c a u s e r a p i d o v e r T h i s i s t o be e x p e c t e d on t h e h e a t i n g of t h e s p e n t f u e l . b a s i s o f T a b l e V I I , which showed t h a t b e c a u s e of t h e s m a l l room s i z e ( 3 6 , 0 0 0 c u . f t . ) , more t h a n 8 0 room a i r changes p e r hour would be r e q u i r e d t o keep t h e room t e m p e r a t u r e a t a reasonable level. T h i s amount o f v e n t i l a t i o n i s n o t f e a s i b l e w i t h f o r c e d a i r systems. I n t h e case of a t y p i c a l away-from-reactor storage pool

l o a d e d w i t h PWR s p e n t f u e l h a v i n g a minimum d e c a y t i m e of o n e y e a r ( F i g u r e 21), e x i s t i n g v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s b a s e d on t h e

ANS h a l f - h o u r

change r a t e w i l l s t i l l be r a t h e r i n e f f e c t i v e ,

Again, t h i s d e s p i t e t h e l a r g e r room s i z e ( 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 cu. f t . ) . e f f e c t i s t o be e x p e c t e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e r e s u l t s i n T a b l e

V I I , which showed t h a t n e a r l y 2 0 room a i r changes p e r hour

would be n e c e s s a r y t o e l i m i n a t e t h e decay h e a t t o t h e o u t s i d e . C e r t a i n l y , a h a l f - h o u r change r a t e would p r o v i d e l i t t l e r e l i e f , as t h e f i g u r e shows.

64

I800

PWR SPENT FUEL, 17x17 PIN ARRAY

1600

CYLl NDRl CAL BASKET STORAGE CONFI GURATI ON FULL CORE DISCHARGE LOADING LARGE BASEPLATE HOLES

1400

I200

000

-.. . .

HIGH VENTILATION RATE HALF-HOUR CHANGE RATE NOVENTILATION

0
#

800

600

400
4

,P
Y

200

&A.

F. R. POOL, 1YEAR M I N I M U M DECAY TIME

0 0

12

I6

T I M E AFTER POOL D R A I N A G E (Hrs)

Figure 21. E f f e c t of V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e o n Heatup of PWR S p e n t F u e l i n Reactor S t o r a g e and Away-From-Reactor Storage

@ / /

I 0x1 I 1 30

DATl ON EFFECT INCLUDED, ALL CURVES

0
0

0-

0 0

--

REACTOR POOL, 0 / DAY M I N I M U M H 0 0 DECAY TIME 0 0 / 0 0 ,

20

24

65

An interesting phenomenon occurs with the away-from-reactor storage arrangement and is worth pointing out. Because of the inadequate ventilation, the oxygen supply becomes depleted rather rapidly when clad oxidation starts to occur. When the oxygen disappears, the reaction terminates and the spent fuel temperatures correspondingly "peak out." As shown in Figure 21 and, more specifically in Figure 22, the clad temperature may not attain melting prior to the shutoff, or if melting is attained (as it is for the 1.5-inch baseplate hole, not shown), the period of melting may be too short for clad penetration to occur. On the other hand, clad failure may still develop via the rupture mechanism, which can occur at temperatures around 900C. Another interesting result shown in Figure 22 is that the time to reach steady-state extends to the order of days when ventilation is inadequate. Figure 23 shows the partitioning of heat that occurs for an unventilated, away-from-reactor storage building, corresponding to the less severe of the two heatup cases in Figure 22. When steady-state is attained, such that Efuel and Ehldr remain constant, the majority of the heat produced by radioactive decay is thereafter removed by radiation and convection from the sheet metal exterior (69 percent), with a smaller portion being removed by air leakage to the outside (23 percent), and a still smaller portion by conduction into the concrete (8 percent). Storage of heat in the building structure is computed to amount to less than 1 percent of that stored in the spent fuel itself.

A composite of results for PWR spent fuel in away-fromreactor storage pools without ventilation is shown in Figure
24, these cases corresponding to a 3-year minimum decay time with a full core discharge loading pattern. Observe that for most. of the cases considered, a 3-year decay

period is sufficient to keep the clad temperatures within s a f e limits even when there is no ventilation at all. The
66

I800

1600

PWR SPENT FUEL, 17x 17 P I N ARRAY CYLl NDRl CAL BASKET STORAGE CONFIGURATION ULL CORE DISCHARGE LOADING

1400

AWAY-FROM-REACTOR STORAGE NO VENT1 LAT I ON 1YEAR MINIMUM DECAY TIME

1200

0
Ly

=>

I X I DATl 0 1 IFFECT IO00 NCLU DED, \LLCURVE!

800

z a
Ly
Ly

z
t

600
Y

U
Ly

n .

400

200

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

TIME AFTER POOL DRAINAGE (DAYS)

F i g u r e 22. Heatup of PWR S p e n t F u e l With Complete V e n t i l a t i o n F a i l u r e i n an Away-From-Reactor S t o r a g e F a c i l i t y , One Year Minimum Decay T i m e

67

E - TOTAL HEAT GENERATED gen (DECAY -f CHEMICAL) E

d ec

- DECAY HEAT GENERATED - HEAT LOST TO OUTS1 DE

BY RADIATION AND NATURAL CONVECT10 FROM BLDG. STRUCT - HEAT STORED IN FUE

'

- Efuel

- HEAT LOST BY LEAKAGE

Eleak THROUGH BLDG.
/

i/

- HEAT STORED
Ehldr MATERIAL

,/

I N HOLDER
I N CONCRETE

- HEAT STORED -

10

20

30

40

50

TIME AFTER POOL DRAINAGE (HRS)

Figure 23. Partitioning of Heat for a Drained Away-FromReactor Spent Fuel Pool Without Room Ventilation

68

1800

1600

PWR SPENT FUEL, 17x17 PIN ARRAY FULL CORE DISCHARGE LOADING AWAY-FROM-REACTOR STORAGE, NO VENT1 LATl ON

1400

3 YEAR MINIMUM DECAY TIME

1200

-- 0 0 -

CYLINDRICAL STORAGE RACKS 13.25"C-C SQUARE STORAGE RACKS HIGH DENSITY STORAGE RACKS D 2 5.0'' /hole

a
Ly

z
Ly

800

c
0

0x1DATl ON EFFECT INCLUDED, ALL CURVES

e
Y

600

0 '
e--

U
Ly

-3.0'' 2 5.0'
=

3.0"

400

200

TIME AFTER POOL DRAINAGE (DAYS)

F i g u r e 24. Heatup of PWR S p e n t F u e l w i t h Complete V e n t i l a t i o n F a i l u r e i n a n Away-From-Reactor S t o r a g e F a c i l i t y , Three Year Minimum Decay
Time

69

o n l y b o r d e r l i n e e x c e p t i o n s are t h e h i g h d e n s i t y s t o r a g e conf i g u r a t i o n and t h e l o w e r d e n s i t y c y l i n d r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h s m a l l b a s e p l a t e h o l e s , b o t h o f which produce c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a t may be h i g h enough f o r r u p t u r e t o o c c u r . If

a h a l f - h o u r change r a t e w e r e i n c l u d e d , t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s
would be r e d u c e d s l i g h t l y .
The s i t u a t i o n i s more f a v o r a b l e f o r BWR s p e n t f u e l t h a n

f o r PWR s p e n t f u e l , b o t h b e c a u s e of t h e lower decay h e a t p r o duced and t h e l a r g e r room s i z e f o r r e a c t o r s t o r a g e ( 1 , 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 cu. f t . assumed).

A s shown i n F i g u r e 25, t h e peak c l a d t e m -

p e r a t u r e i n a BWR r e a c t o r p o o l w i t h a 30-day minimum d e c a y

t i m e and a f u l l c o r e d i s c h a r g e l o a d i n g p a t t e r n w i l l i n c r e a s e
o v e r t h e p e r f e c t l y v e n t i l a t e d case by a b o u t 300C when v e n t i l ation i s completely unavailable, as compared to about 15OOC

when v e n t i l a t i o n i s o p e r a t i v e a t t h e r a t e o f ' t w o air changes

p e r hour.
The l a t t e r f i g u r e i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e r e s u l t s

-~ -

o f Table V I I , C a s e 2 .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e amount o f h e a t u p

o c c u r r i n g i n t h e u n v e n t i l a t e d o r u n d e r v e n t i l a t e d away-fromr e a c t o r s t o r a g e p o o l i s c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r when t h e p o o l i s f i l l e d w i t h BWR f u e l ( F i g u r e 25) t h a n when i t i s f i l l e d w i t h

PWR f u e l ( F i g u r e 2 1 ) .

The l o a d i n g p a t t e r n assumes t h a t n i n e

BWR s p e n t f u e l e l e m e n t s occupy t h e same s p a c e as f o u r PWR

s p e n t f u e l elements, w h i l e only producing about t h r e e - q u a r t e r s

a s much d e c a y heat.

70

1800

I600

BWR SPENT FUEL, 7x7 P I N ARRAY CYLl NDRl CAL RACK STORAGE CONFl GURA ION

FULL CORE D ISCHARGE LOAD ING

1400

CHANNELS AllACHED LARGE BASEPLATE HOLES

1200

IO00

--- @

HIGH VENTILATION RATE HALF-HOUR CHANGE RATE -NOVENTILATION

800

0x1DATl ON EFFECT INCLUDED, ALL CURVES

ce--0 -

---,-,

600

%ACTOR POOL, 30 DAY MIN. DECAY TIME

-a d )

400
@

# /

--c@

/
200

@ , $

/A.

F. R. POOL,

i YEAR MIN.
I

DECAY TIMI

12

16

20

24

T I M E A F T E R POOL D R A I N A G E (Hrs)
Figure 25. E f f e c t o f V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e on Heatup of BWR S p e n t F u e l i n Reactor S t o r a g e and Away-FromReactor S t o r a g e

71,72

5.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

'5.1

E f f e c t of I n c o m p l e t e D r a i n a s e Many s p e n t f u e l h o l d e r d e s i g n s p r o v i d e o n l y a s i n g l e i n l e t

h o l e f o r convective flow through each f u e l element, l o c a t e d i n t h e b a s e p l a t e o r n e a r t h e bottom o f t h e h o l d e r . I f there is a c o m p l e t e p o o l d r a i n a g e , t h e a i r must c i r c u l a t e down and u n d e r t h e f u e l elements b e f o r e passing through t h e b a s e p l a t e i n l e t h o l e i n t o t h e f u e l assembly. vective cooling.
An i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e c o u l d

b l o c k t h i s f l o w and r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f n a t u r a l conOpen frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e , o f c o u r s e , exempt from t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y b e c a u s e t h e f l o w d o e s n o t have t o p a s s t h r o u g h an i n l e t h o l e i n o r d e r t o g a i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e f u e l element.

A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of s p e n t f u e l h e a t u p i n t h e e v e n t of

an i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e h a s n o t been u n d e r t a k e n .

However, an

a p p r o x i m a t e a n a l y s i s h a s been performed t o estimate t h e amount

of a g g r a v a t i o n t h a t m i g h t o c c u r i f t h e w a t e r ceased t o d r a i n a f t e r e x p o s i n g a l l b u t t h e bottom p o r t i o n of t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s .

The a n a l y s i s i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix B and i s b a s e d , among o t h e r t h i n g s , upon u p p e r and lower bound estimates of t h e t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n a b s o r b e d by t h e water from t h e h o t f u e l r o d s above. The t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n a l o n g t h e r o d s i s p r e s c r i b e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s a c c o r d i n g t o estimates made o f t h e l i k e l y d i s t r i b u t i o n t h a t would o c c u r j u s t p r i o r t o t h e o n s e t of s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g c l a d o x i d a t i o n . The amount o f h e a t produced above t h e water l e v e l i s t h e n d e t e r m i n e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e amount t h a t c o u l d be removed by v a r i o u s mechanisms, i n c l u d i n g

water b o i l i n g ( l a t e n t h e a t ) , c o n v e c t i o n t o t h e steam produced

73

by boiling (sensible heat), radiation to the building, and convection to the air. If the heat removal rate is determined to be larger than the rate of production, then the configuration is coolable; if the heat removal rate is smaller than the rate of production, overheating resulting in clad rupture or melting will occur. The results for a l-year decay time are presented in Table VIII. Consider first the case where the drainage uncovers the upper 80 percent of the fuel rods, leaving the lower 20 percent still covered (third column). The heat transferred to the remaining water by decay from the immersed portions and by radiation from above is 3.6 - 4.9 KW per. assembly (line 2c). This implies that about an hour might be required to raise the water temperature to boiling (assuming all the assemblies produce the same decay heat) and that the water recession rate following the inception of boiling will be about 10 cm/h (lines 3 and 4). Meanwhile, the decay heat produced above the water line is 'about 4.5 KW per assembly (line 5), and the capability for removing heat as the clad temperatures approach the lower limit of selfsustaining oxidation is 5.7 - 8.7 KW per assembly (line 6e). Since the heat removal capability exceeds the heat production (line 7 1 , the geometry is temporarily coolable. If, however, the drainage were to uncover the whole length of the rods but still to constrict the flow, either by blocking the baseplate holes or by not allowing enough space for unrestricted flow in the base region, then the heat production would exceed the heat removal capability (line 7, first column) and the clad would overheat. The same situation would eventually occur if, rather than immediately draining to this position, the water were to drain part way down the rods and then boil off down to the baseplates over a period of time. Table VI11 indicates that there is a good chance of overheating, in

Table VIII. Estimates of Heat Removal Capability in an Incompletely Drained Pool, One Year Decay Time*

1.

N o r m a l i z e d water l e v e l ( Zw/L 1 Heat t r a n s f e r r e d t o w a t e r , per a s s e m b l y

(KW) :

0.0

0.1

0.2

2.

a.
b.

by decay h e a t by t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n from above total 0.3

0.3

0.0

0.2 1.3
1.3
1.2

0.6 2.6 2.8 1.8 7.0 3.0 3.6 0.7

c.
3. 4. 5.

Time t o s t a r t b o i l i n g ( h o u r s )

1.0
0.7

Water s u r f a c e r e c e s s i o n r a t e (cm/hr 1
Decay h e a t p r o d u c e d b y s p e n t f u e l above w a t e r l e v e l , p e r a s s e m b l y (KW)
R e m o v a l o f h e a t produced by s p e n t f u e l above w a t e r l e v e l , per a s s e m b l y ( K W ) :

5.1

1.4

4.3 4.9

4.3 3.2

0.9
3.5

4.9

1.0

9.0 -12.2

4.5

6.

a.
b.

b y r a d i a t i o n t o water by r a d i a t i o n t o building

0.3
0.0

c.
d.

b y t r a n s f e r t o water vapor 0 . 2 by t r a n s f e r t o a i r

0.4

1.3
0.9

1.2
0.0

0.8

0.9

0.4

2.6
0.9

3.0
0.0

4.3
0.9

0.4

1.8

2.3

3.1

e.
7.

total

0.9

3.4

2.5

5.7

5.7 1.2

8.7 4.2

Heat removal s u r p l u s ( d e f i c i t ) ( 4 . 2 ) - ( 1 . 7 ) p e r a s s e m b l y (KW), l i n e 6 e m i n u s l i n e 5.

(2.41-0.8

PWR s p e n t f u e l i n c y l i n d r i c a l b a s k e t s .

One y e a r d e c a y t i m e assumed, u n i f o r m l y t h r o u g h o u t pool. Numerical r a n g e s (e.g., 0.3 - 1 . 3 ) give lower and u p p e r - b o u n d estimates. S e e A p p e n d i x B .

f a c t , i f t h e water were t o r e c e d e below t h e l e v e l where t h e lower 1 0 % o f t h e r o d s i s s t i l l immersed.

A comparison o f t h e peak c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e rise v e r s u s

t i m e f o r PWR s p e n t f u e l w i t h a 1 - y e a r minimum d e c a y t i m e i n
a w e l l - v e n t i l a t e d room i s shown i n F i g u r e 2 6 .

The t e m p e r a t u r e

r i s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o an i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e down t o t h e bottom of t h e r o d s , c a l c u l a t e d by u t i l i z i n g t h e lower-bound r a d i a t i o n e s t i m a t e , i s compared w i t h p r e v i o u s cases f o r a c o m p l e t e d r a i n age w i t h varying b a s e p l a t e h o l e s i z e s . The c l a d o x i d a t i o n e f f e c t h a s n o t been c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e c a s e o f i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e ( b l o c k e d i n l e t s ) , b e c a u s e it i s b e l i e v e d t o be s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d by t h e u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f oxygen w i t h i n t h e assembly. C l e a r l y , a 1-year m i n i m u m decay t i m e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o preclude overheating f o r t h i s case.
The a p p r o x i m a t e method u s e d f o r b r a c k e t i n g t h e t h e r m a l

r a d i a t i o n downward t o t h e w a t e r and upward t o t h e b u i l d i n g i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d t o be p r e c i s e enough t o a l l o w p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e minimum a l l o w a b l e d e c a y t i m e i n t h e e v e n t o f an i n c o m p l e t e drainage. T h i s problem c o u l d be a p p r o a c h e d by f o r m u l a t i n g a d e t a i l e d t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n model t o c a l c u l a t e s h a p e f a c t o r s and i n c l u d e t h e shadowing o f r a d i a t i n g s u r f a c e s by f u e l r o d s and t i e p l a t e s .
3 . 3 and 3 . 4 ,

By i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h i s r a d i a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y

i n t o t h e o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r models d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n s
a c r e d i b l e p r e d i c t i o n of t h e minimum a l l o w a b l e
N o a t t e m p t t o do t h i s , however,

decay t i m e c o u l d be o b t a i n e d . h a s been made.

I t i s c l e a r , however, t h a t an i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e can

p o t e n t i a l l y c a u s e a more s e v e r e h e a t u p problem t h a n a c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e , i f t h e r e s i d u a l w a t e r l e v e l remains n e a r t h e baseplates. From a p r a c t i c a l p o i n t of view, i t m i g h t be p o s s i b l e However, i t would t o make p r o v i s i o n s f o r e i t h e r c o m p l e t i n g t h e d r a i n a g e o r ref i l l i n g t h e p o o l , i f t h i s s h o u l d happen.

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

NO WATER,

D hole 3.0

200

NOWATER,

40

16

24

32

48

T I M E A F T E R P O O L D R A I N A G E (Hrs)

Figure 26.

Estimated Heatup of PWR Spent Fuel With Residual Water Sufficient to Block Flow Inlets, well-Ventilated Room

77

s e e m t h a t t h e s p e c i a l problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an i n c o m p l e t e
d r a i n a g e c o u l d b e s t be c i r c u m v e n t e d by m o d i f y i n g t h e s p e n t f u e l holders t o include i n l e t holes a t various elevations along t h e v e r t i c a l , r a t h e r than j u s t a t t h e baseplate level. According

t o t h e p r e d i c t i o n s , t h e s e i n l e t h o l e s would o n l y be r e q u i r e d f o r t h e bottom 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e f u e l r o d l e n g t h i f t h e s p e n t f u e l w e r e a t l e a s t a y e a r o l d . With t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l i n l e t s ,

t h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t of n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n would n o t be c a n c e l l e d by an i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e . 5.2 E f f e c t o f S u r f a c e Crud I r o n o x i d e s a r e known t o d e p o s i t upon t h e o u t s i d e of t h e f u e l p i n s d u r i n g normal o p e r a t i o n o f t h e r e a c t o r , and t h e s e d e p o s i t s are l i k e l y t o remain on t h e f u e l p i n s d u r i n g s t o r a g e of t h e s p e n t f u e l . T y p i c a l l y , t h e i r o n oxide c r u d b u i l d u p on BWR f u e l p i n s i s on t h e o r d e r of 2 5 t o 1 0 0 m i c r o n s and i n t h e form of F e 2 0 j , whereas t h e b u i l d u p on PWR p i n s i s on t h e o r d e r of o n l y 1 t o 5 m i c r o n s and i n t h e f o r m of F e 3 0 4 . l6 A c a l c u l a t i o n w a s m a d e t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r a 1 0 0 micron Fe 203 c o a t i n g on t h e BWR f u e l p i n s would a f f e c t t h e h e a t u p o f t h e s e p i n s d u r i n g a p o o l d r a i n a g e a c c i d e n t , and it w a s found t h a t t h e o v e r a l l e f f e c t on t h e f u e l p i n t e m p e r a t u r e was l e s s t h a n one degree. The q u e s t i o n w a s a l s o r a i s e d as t o w h e t h e r some o f t h e c r u d , which would be c o n t a m i n a t e d , c o u l d be l e v i t a t e d by t h e

a i r f l o w s produced by n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n a f t e r a p o o l d r a i n a g e An a n a l y s i s o f t h e w e i g h t and t h e r e b y p r o d u c e a h e a l t h h a z a r d .
and d r a g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i r o n o x i d e p a r t i c l e s r e v e a l e d t h a t

a BWR f u e l assembly h a v i n g a d e c a y t i m e of 9 0 d a y s p r i o r t o loss of water c a n p r o d u c e upward a i r c u r r e n t s s u f f i c i e n t t o

l e v i t a t e a 200-micron s i z e d p a r t i c l e , whereas a n assembly a l l o w e d t o d e c a y f o r 2 5 0 d a y s c a n l e v i t a t e a 175-micron s i z e d particle. S i n c e any s p a l l a t i o n of t h e c r u d would p r o d u c e p a r t i c l e s o f r o u g h l y t h e same s i z e a s t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e

78

l a y e r (namely 2 5 t o 1 0 0 m i c r o n s ) , t h e a i r c u r r e n t s produced by t h e exposed assemblies s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t t o l i f t a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n of o x i d e p a r t i c u l a t e from t h e s u r f a c e of t h e f u e l rods. Since t h e adhesiveness of t h e crud i s n o t l i k e l y t o be s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e v e n t s p a l l a t i o n , it s h o u l d be assumed t h a t some s p a l l a t i o n and l e v i t a t i o n w i l l o c c u r .
5.3

Emergency Water S p r a y
A number of s u g g e s t i o n s have been made i n t h e p r e c e d i n g

s e c t i o n s t o improve t h e n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s o f s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s and t o r e d u c e t h e l i k e l i hood o f c l a d f a i l u r e by o v e r h e a t i n g .

An a l t e r n a t i v e way t o

m a i n t a i n c o o l a b i l i t y , a t l e a s t on a t e m p o r a r y b a s i s , would be t o p r o v i d e a n emergency water s p r a y of s u f f i c i e n t i n t e n s i t y t o remove t h e d e c a y h e a t by i t s l a t e n t h e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n . The w a t e r s u p p l y c o u l d be a v a i l a b l e from o n s i t e h y d r a n t s , from o n s i t e s t o r a g e t a n k s , from remote p o r t a b l e s t o r a g e t a n k s , o r , p r e f e r a b l y , from a c o m b i n a t i o n of o n s i t e and r e m o t e s o u r c e s i n order t o r e d u c e t h e r i s k of u n a v a i l a b i l i t y . F a c i l i t y pers o n n e l would presumably be a v a i l a b l e t o s e t up f i r e h o s e s and i n i t i a t e t h e s p r a y i n t h e e v e n t of a c o m p l e t e power f a i l u r e , and t h e s p r a y would be c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e s o u r c e o f t h e l e a k c o u l d be r e p a i r e d . The r a t e o f water s p r a y t h a t would be r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n c o o l a b i l i t y c a n be e a s i l y e s t i m a t e d by e q u a t i n g t h e d e c a y h e a t p r o d u c e d by t h e h o t t e s t assembly i n t h e pool t o t h e s e n s i b l e and l a t e n t h e a t of t h e s p r a y d r o p l e t s f a l l i n g i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y o f t h a t assembly. Thus

where
=

volume f l o w r a t e o f water

cP

s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y of p o o l ( m e t r i c t o n s ) d e c a y power p e r m e t r i c t o n , h o t t e s t a s s e m b l y spray e f f i c i e n c y ( r a t i o of w a t e r f a l l i n g w i t h i n p o o l t o t o t a l water s p r a y e d ) 3 d e n s i t y o f w a t e r ( 1 . 0 gm/cm ) s e n s i b l e h e a t (380 Joule/gm) l a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n (2250 J o u l e / g m ) .

'decay
rl

P
W

=
=

c AT P
H
V

Table I X shows t h e v a l u e s of

?W o b t a i n e d f o r v a r i o u s s t o r a g e '

s i t u a t i o n s and minimum d e c a y t i m e s , and a l s o estimates t h e

s p r a y d r o p l e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o b t a i n e d f o r a d r o p s i z e of 1 . 0

mm and c o r r e s p o n d i n g t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y of 380 cm/sec.

gal/min,

I t may

be n o t e d t h a t t h e r e q u i r e d s p r a y r a t e s , which are u n d e r 1 0 0

are e a s i l y achievable w i t h f i r e hoses t h a t normally

p r o d u c e up t o 250 g a l / m i n , and t h a t t h e q u o t e d t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y

i s e a s i l y s u f f i c i e n t t o overcome t h e u p d r a f t s from t h e s p e n t f u e l a r r a y , which are on t h e o r d e r o f 75 cm/sec.

To v e r i f y t h a t t h e s e e s t i m a t e d s p r a y r a t e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t

t o keep t h e s p e n t f u e l t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h i n s a f e l i m i t s , c a l c u l a t i o n s have been made u s i n g t h e d e t a i l e d h e a t t r a n s f e r model o f S e c t i o n 3 . 3 , m o d i f i e d so as t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e water s p r a y . I n o r d e r t o be c o n s e r v a t i v e , i t w a s assumed t h a t ( T h i s a s s u m p t i o n may t h e s p r a y d r o p l e t s c o l l e c t on t h e h o l d e r s / b a s k e t s w i t h o u t e v e r coming i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h t h e f u e l r o d s . a c t u a l l y be f a i r l y a c c u r a t e , i n view of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h o l d e r s u s u a l l y p r o t r u d e upward s e v e r a l f e e t beyond t h e t o p o f t h e f u e l elements.) The s e n s i b l e and l a t e n t h e a t s o f t h e water d r o p l e t s w e r e expended i n k e e p i n g t h e h o l d e r w a l l s a t t h e water s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , b u t o n l y down t o t h e d e p t h a l l o w e d by t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of w a t e r .
H e a t t r a n s f e r from t h e h o t f u e l

80

TABLE IX
Water S p r a y R a t e Required t o I n s u r e S p e n t F u e l C o o l a b i l i t y i n Various S i t u a t i o n s

Situation

Minimum Decay
Time
( Days)

Required Spray (KW/MTU) R a t e * (Gal/min) 53.2 30.0 11.0 82 46 17

Decay Heat

Required Spray Density** ( gm/cm3 ) 2.3 1.3 0.5

1.

PWR r e a c t o r - s i t e d pool, 2 c o r e capacity

30 90 365

10-5 10-5 10-5

2.

BWR r e a c t o r - s i t e d

pool, 2 core capacity

30 90 365

36.9 21.5 8.58

95 55
22

1 . 5 x 10-5 0.9 x 0 . 4 x 10-5

3.

Away-f r o m - r e a c t o r pool, 7 5 0 MTU c a p a b i l i t y , PWR spent f u e l

'

365 730 1095

11.0 5.90 3.76

71 38 24

4.7 x -6 2.5 x 1 0 1.6 x

*Based on s p r a y e f f i c i e n c y of 0 . 7 **Based on 1 . 0 mm d r o p s i z e

r o d s t o t h e c o o l e d h o l d e r w a l l s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d by r a d i a t i o n

and n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n . immediately.

N o water a c c u m u l a t i o n a t t h e b o t t o m o f

t h e p o o l w a s assumed t o o c c u r , any e x c e s s w a t e r b e i n g d r a i n e d

Some r e s u l t s of c a l c u l a t i o n s u t i l i z i n g t h i s a p p r o a c h a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 7 , where i t may be s e e n t h a t a r e a s o n a b l e s p e n t f u e l temperature ( ~ 4 0 0 O C ) can be maintained i n d e f i n i t e l y by a p p l y i n g a s u f f i c i e n t amount of s p r a y , even i n cases where o v e r h e a t i n g would n o r m a l l y o c c u r v e r y r a p i d l y . s p r a y w i l l g e n e r a l l y be a c c e p t a b l e . 81
A 1-hour

d e l a y between t h e d r a i n a g e i n c i d e n t and t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e

10 20

1000

I 1 I PWR SPENT FUEL I N H I G H DENSITY RACK %-DAY M I N I M U M DECAY TIME WATER SPRAY APPLIED UNIFORMLY OVER 2-CORE CAPACIT)
I
I
1

oc e
W W

NO SPRAY-

z asoc
60C

I
I

1 0.7 L70 G A L l M I N SPRAY EFFI C I ENCY ASSUME1 WELL VENT1 LATED ROOM
O X I D A T I O N EFFECT INCLUDED, ALL CURVES

s
W

aI -

4
AT 1.0 HOUR

n
0 Y
w
J

85 GALlM IN AND GREATER

40C

2oc

TI ME AFTER DRA INAGE (hours)

Figure 27. E f f e c t o f Emergency Water S p r a y i n R e t a r d i n g S p e n t F u e l H e a t u p - i n a D r a i n e d S t o r a g e Pool

T o c o n f i r m t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f an emergency s p r a y i n i t i a t e d

by p e r s o n n e l , i t must be c o n f i r m e d , f i r s t o f a l l , t h a t t h i s technique w i l l n o t i n c r e a s e t h e r e a c t i v i t y t o a c r i t i c a l condit i o n as a r e s u l t o f u n d e r m o d e r a t i o n , and s e c o n d l y , t h a t t h e r a d i o a c t i v e dose w i l l n o t be s e v e r e l y i n j u r i o u s t o t h e person providing t h e corrective action. The q u e s t i o n of undermoderat i o n i s e a s i l y r e s o l v e d by o b s e r v i n g t h a t t h e e x p e c t e d water

82

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e a i r ( T a b l e I X ) are f a r l e s s t h a n t h o s e which would c a u s e a n i n c r e a s e i n r e a c t i v i t y . l 7 The q u e s t i o n o f d o s e , however, r e q u i r e s a c a r e f u l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e skys h i n e r a d i a t i o n e m i t t i n g from t h e d r a i n e d p o o l . i n Appendix C.

A model f o r

e v a l u a t i n g t h a t r a d i a t i o n h a s been f o r m u l a t e d and i s d e s c r i b e d The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t a p e r s o n s t a n d i n g a t a b o u t 5 0 f e e t from t h e edge of a t y p i c a l PWR reactor p o o l , f i l l e d t o c a p a c i t y 30 d a y s a f t e r a f u l l c o r e d i s c h a r g e , w i l l r e c e i v e a f u l l body gamma d o s e of a b o u t 2 0 0 Rem/hr. While t h i s dose rate i s c o n s i d e r a b l e , it i s b e l i e v e d t h a t w i t h a d e q u a t e s h i e l d i n g , i t would be e a s i l y p o s s i b l e f o r a p e r s o n

t o e n t e r i n t o and remain i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g l o n g enough t o p e r f o r m n e c e s s a r y emergency measures.

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e r e f o r e , i n i t i a t i o n o f an emergency w a t e r s p r a y by o n s i t e p e r s o n n e l a p p e a r s t o be a v i a b l e means of m a i n t a i n i n g c o o l a b i l i t y i n a d r a i n e d s p e n t f u e l pool u n t i l r e p a i r a c t i o n s can be u n d e r t a k e n t o r e s t o r e c o n v e c t i v e w a t e r cooling.

a3,a4

6.

CONCLUSIONS

An a n a l y s i s o f s p e n t - f u e l

heatup following drainage of

t h e s t o r a g e p o o l h a s been c o m p l e t e d , and t h e f o l l o w i n g conc l u s i o n s have been r e a c h e d : Well-Ventilated

1.

Rooms

C o n s i d e r i n g a c o m p l e t e p o o l d r a i n a g e , t h e minimum a l l o w a b l e d e c a y t i m e f o r PWR s p e n t f u e l i n a w e l l v e n t i l a t e d room v a r i e s from a b e s t v a l u e o f a b o u t

5 d a y s , f o r open-frame s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , t o a

worst value of about 700 days, f o r high-density closed-frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n s with wall-to-wall f u e l placement. spent Other s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s f a l l The minimum a l l o w a b l e d e c a y

between t h e s e l i m i t s .

t i m e i s d e f i n e d as t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f s a f e decay t i m e s , s u c h t h a t s h o r t e r decay t i m e s would p r o d u c e l o c a l

c l a d f a i l u r e s due t o r u p t u r e o r m e l t i n g .
2.
The minimum allowable d e c a y t i m e for BWR s p e n t f u e l

i n a well-ventilated considered.

room v a r i e s from a b e s t v a l u e storage rack design f o r

o f 5 d a y s t o a w o r s t v a l u e o f 1 5 0 d a y s f o r t h e cases
A high-density
BWRs would r e s u l t i n a somewhat h i g h e r v a l u e o f t h e

allowable decay t i m e t h a n p r e s e n t e d h e r e , b u t n o t as h i g h a s f o r PWR s p e n t f u e l .

3.

The a l l o w a b l e d e c a y t i m e s c a n be r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y by w i d e n i n g b a s e p l a t e h o l e s , o p e n i n g f l o w p a t h s between h o l d e r s , removing BWR c h a n n e l s , and a v o i d i n g wall-to-wall storage. Decay times as l o w a s 8 0 d a y s f o r t h e h i g h d e n s i t y r a c k s and 2 0 d a y s f o r o t h e r

85

4.

racks could in principle be accommodated with these design modifications at no expense in packing density. The differences between fuel assembly designs are small, i.e., a 17 x 17 PWR pin array and a 15 x 1 5 PWR pin array produce similar results, as do an 8 x 8 BWR pin array and a 7 x 7 BWR pin array. The effect
of surface crud on the fuel pins is also insignificant.

Inadeuuatelv Ventilated Rooms

5.

6.

7.

Current forced air ventilation systems in typical PWR auxiliary buildings may provide insufficient ventilation to remove the decay heat produced in the spent fuel pool after a complete pool drainage. Consequently, overheating due to inadequate ventilation may occur. Adequate ventilation could be provided by passive methods that utilize a chimney effect. Ventilation systems in typical BWR spent fuel pools inside the reactor containment building are adequate to remove most of the decay heat, owing to the large size of the containment building. Additional ventilation provisions for typical awayfrom-reactor facilities (750 MTU capacity) will be unnecessary if the spent fuel is sufficiently aged. Minimum decay times of between 2 and 4 years, depending on the storage configuration, are sufficient to prevent overheating in A F R storage pools with inadequate or inoperative ventilation because of the fairly substantial size of the room, the presence of heat sinks, and the capacity of the sheet metal walls to reject heat through thermal radiation to the outside. Shorter decay times can be accomodated by providing additional passive ventilation.

Incomplete Drainage
8.

For many spent fuel holder designs where the air must circulate under the fuel elements and pass through a

86

9.

baseplate hole to enter the elements, a nearly complete drainage can be more severe than a complete drainage. For l-year-old spent fuel, coolability can be maintained by the process of water boiling and convection of heat to the steam, as long as the lower 20 percent of the fuel rods remains covered by water. If the water drains or boils off to a lower level, but not sufficiently low to open the baseplate passages to air flow, then the removal of heat associated with water boiling, steam convection, and air convection will all be impaired. These circumstances can lead to an increased tendency to overheat. The potentially adverse effects of an incomplete drainage can be counteracted by drilling air inlet holes at various elevations in the lower part of the holders. This will permit air flows to circulate when the water level drops beneath the location of the uppermost inlet holes.

Emergency Water Spray

10.

For those cases where overheating is a concern, coolability in a drained spent fuel pool can be maintained indefinitely by providing a water s p r a y . Spray volumes on the order of 100 gal/min and less appear to be sufficient for all the cases considered. The gamma dose rate to a person entering within 50 feet of the edge of the pool to set up a fire hose is about 2 0 0 Rern/hr.

References
1. 2. Reactor S a f e t y S t u d y , WASH-1400,
I b i d . , Appendix V I I ,

Appendix I , 95-99,

1975.

3 , 1975.

3.

R. H. Chapman, M u l t i r o d B u r s t . T e s t Program Q u a r t e r l y Prog r e s s R e p o r t f o r J u l y - September 1 9 7 6 , ORNL/NUREG/TM-77, 1977.

A.

4.

S. Benjamin and D . J . McCloskey, " S p e n t F u e l Heatup N F o l l o w i n g L o s s o f Water During S t o r a g e , " A S TRANSACTIONS, 2 8 , 333, 1978. S.

5.

A.

Benjamin and D. J. McCloskey, " P r o t e c t i n g A g a i n s t S p e n t - F u e l O v e r h e a t i n g i n a P o o l D r a i n a g e A c c i d e n t , " ANS T r a n s a c t i o n s , -, 331, 1978. 30

6.

P r i v a t e communications between T. E . Tehan, G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c M o r r i s O p e r a t i o n , a n d A. S. Benjamin, S a n d i a Labs, November 1 9 7 7 .

V.
E . S c h r o c k , "Development of a R e v i s e d A N S S t a n d a r d on Decay H e a t f r o m F i s s i o n P r o d u c t s , " A S T r a n s a c t i o n s , -, N 28 421, 1978.

7.

8.

M.

J. B e l l , ORIGEN - The ORNL I s o t o p e G e n e r a t i o n and D e p l e t i o n Code, OKNL-4628 , 1973.

E. Bennett, "Sandia t o be published.

9.

D.

O R I G E N I n p u t Manual," SAND77-1175,

10.

P r i v a t e communications between D. McDaniel, G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Co., San J o s e , and D. E . B e n n e t t , S a n d i a Labs, J a n u a r y 1978.

D. A. Powers, "Chemical and P h y s i c a l P r o c e s s e s of R e a c t o r Core Meltdown," C h a p t e r 4 i n Core-Meltdown E x p e r i m e n t a l R e v i e w , SAND74-0382 ( R e v i s i o n ) , 4-15, 1 9 7 7 . T. Hayes and A. H. Roberson, "Some E f f e c t s of H e a t i n g Zirconium i n A i r , Oxygen, and N i t r o g e n , " J1. E l e c t r o c h e m . SO ., - C-9 6 , 1 4 2 , 1 9 4 9 . E.
J . H. W h i t e , r e p o r t e d i n AEC F u e l s and Materials Development Program, P r o g r e s s R e p o r t N o . 6 7 , GEMP-67, G e n e r a l Electric C o . , 151, 1967.

11.

12.

13.

14.

L e i s t i k o w , e t a l . , " S t u d y on High T e m p e r a t u r e Steam O x i d a t i o n of Z i r c a l o y - 4 C l a d d i n g T u b e s , " N u c l e a r S a f e t y P r o j e c t Second Semiannual R e p o r t , 1 9 7 5 , KfK-2262, K a r l s r u h e , 233, 1 9 7 6 .

S.

88

15.

R. Biederman, R. D. S i s s o n , J r . , J. K . J o n e s , and W. Dobson, A S t u d y o f Z i r c a l o y - 4 Steam O x i d a t i o n R e a c t i o n K i n e t i c s , F i n a l R e p o r t , E P R I NP-734, 1 9 7 8 . R.

G.

16.

P r i v a t e communication between A. B. J o h n s o n , J r . , B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Northwest Labs, and A. S . Benjamin, S a n d i a L a b s , June 1 9 7 7 .

F. M. A l c o r n , " C r i t i c a l i t y E v a l u a t i o n o f Low-Density Mode r a t i o n i n PWR F u e l S t o r a g e , " ANS T r a n s a c t i o n s , -, 4 1 6 , 27 1977.

17.

89,90

APPENDIX A
MATHEMATICAL MODELS I N THE COMPUTER CODE SFUEL

CONTENTS Section
A1

Page

Nomenclature

92

A2 A3 A4
A5

E q u a t i o n s f o r A i r Flows
E q u a t i o n s f o r F u e l Rods, S t r u c t u r a l E l e m e n t s , and C o n c r e t e Encasement

95 97
99

E q u a t i o n s f o r Containment B u i l d i n g
N u s s e l t Number and S k i n F r i c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t Code V a l i d a t i o n A p p r o x i m a t i o n s f o r Open Frame C o n f i g u r a t i o n

101
103

A6 A7

105
10'7

References FIGURES Figure

A- 1

Comparison of Heat T r a n s f e r P r e d i c t i o n s w i t h E x p e r i m e n t , N a t u r a l C o n v e c t i o n Flow t h r o u g h a V e r t i c a l Channel TABLES

104

Table
A- I

E q u a t i o n s Used f o r N u s s e l t Number and S k i n Friction Coefficient

102

91

Al.

Nomenclature

English Symbols A
Al

Cross-sectional area Baseplate hole area Internal basket/holder cross-sectional area Orifice discharge coefficient (taken as 0 . 6 ) Skin friction coefficient Specific heat at constant pressure Hydraulic diameter, DH = 4A/Pw Mass-fraction of oxygen in atmosphere Acceleration of gravity ( 9 8 0 cm/sec -2 3 -2Grashoff number, Grx = p gx AT/u T Specific enthalpy Heat transfer coefficient, h = ;/AT Thermal conductivity Length of a flow path Mass rate of flow Leakage rate from building to external atmosphere Nusselt number based on hydraulic diameter, NuD = hDH/k Pressure Maximum pressure that can be sustained by containment building Prandtl number
2
)

A2

cD
Cf
C

DH f g Gr, Grx H h k L m

mleak
NuD

P
Pmax Pr
92

Nomenclature (continued)

English Symbols Wetted perimeter Heat rate per unit surface area Decay heat rate per assembly Heat rate per assembly due to clad oxidation Gas constant for air ( 2 . 8 7 1 x I O 6 dy-cm/gm-"K) Reynolds number Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter, ReD = PUDH/U Reynolds number based on wetted distance, Rex = p u x / ~ T t
U

pW

4
qdecay %hem R Re ReD

Temperature Time Velocity Volume of room Volumetric venting rate Oxygen consumption rate per unit surface area Distance along flow path

r ' 'et vn
+ox
X

Greek Symbols

Y
6
E

Ratio of specific heats (Y =1.4) Thickness of heat sink wall Free surface emissivity Effective emissivity from surface a to surface b

&a,b

93

Nomenclature (continued

Greek Symbols
8

Angle between flow direction and upwarddirected vertical Viscosity Density Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10 Watt/cm2'"K4 ) Shear stress
-1L

Subscripts
R
0

Pool liner Outside atmosphere Relating to clad oxidation reaction Containment room Heat sink structure in containment building Spent fuel Tie plate Solid components ("walls") in spent fuel pool Properties without subscript generally relate to air flows in spent fuel array

ox r
S

sf t
W

(None

94

A2.

E q u a t i o n s f o r A i r Flows

R e f e r t o S e c t i o n 3 . 3 i n t h e main t e x t f o r t h e p r i m a r y a s s u m p t i o n s and methodology u s e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e a i r f l o w s and t h e g e n e r a l h e a t t r a n s f e r problem i n t h e p o o l a r e a . I n p a r t i c u l a r F i g u r e s 7 , 8 , and 9 (main t e x t ) summarize t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a i r f l o w s , t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r modes, and t h e s o l u t i o n p r o c e d u r e s used. The f o l l o w i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n p r o v i d e s t h e main e q u a t i o n s
of t h e method, p r e s e n t e d i n i n t e g r a l form.

I n t h e computer

code SFUEL, t h e s e e q u a t i o n s are s o l v e d i n d i f f e r e n t i a l form ( i . e . , by marching a p p l i c a t i o n o v e r i n c r e m e n t s o f l e n g t h , A x ) , using a semi-implicit technique. To o b t a i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s from t h e i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d below, one may c o n s i d e r L t o be a r u n n i n g l e n g t h and may d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e e q u a t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o L.
a.

C o n s e r v a t i o n of Mass

Iiout

MIin -

J +ox
0

Pwdx

(Mass o u t f l o w from control volume)

= (Mass i n f l o w )

(Oxygen consumption)

b.

C o n s e r v a t i o n of Momentum

Pin

- Pout
0

pg c o s 0 dx

iL
I

$wdx

[ 25

2 A2 -A12
A.] 2 1

1
base

( P r e s s u r e d r o p ) = (Buoyancy t e r m )

( S h e a r stress d i s -

s i p a t i o n ) + ( O r i f i c e loss across basep l a t e i n l e t h o l e , v e r t i c a l flows o n l y )

c.

C o n s e r v a t i o n of Energy

dt

JL
0

pHAdx = C ( I - ~ H - ~C ~ ( m H ) o u t )

IL
0

( G H ) oxPwdX

h(Tw

T)Pwdx

(A.3 )

( E n t h a l p y r a t e of change i n c o n t r o l volume)
= (Enthalpy inflow)

- (Enthalpy outflow)

( E n t h a l p y t e r m f o r oxygen consumed i n r e a c t i o n ) + ( H e a t c o n v e c t i o n from s t r u c t u r e s t o a i r flows) d. Enthalpy-Specific H e a t Relationship

H = f T c dT

e.

E a u a t i o n of S t a t e
p = pRT

f.

Heat T r a n s f e r C o e f f i c i e n t
k h = - NuD(Re, G r , P r )
D,I1

g.

S h e a r Stress

V a l u e s o f NuD(Re, G r , P r ) and cf ( R e , P r ) are o b t a i n e d from a n a l y s e s and c o r r e l a t i o n s (see S e c t i o n V I below).

are assumed f o r e a c h f l o w p a t h b a s e d on t h e s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e p r e v i o u s t i m e

s t e p , and t h e e q u a t i o n s o f c o n s e r v a t i o n are s o l v e d f o r e a c h flow path. R e s u l t i n g e x i t p r e s s u r e s o b t a i n e d f o r upwardd i r e c t e d v e r t i c a l f l o w s are compared w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e room a b o v e , P r , and e x i t p r e s s u r e s o b t a i n e d f o r downwardd i r e c t e d v e r t i c a l f l o w s a r e compared w i t h t h e computed base

A t each t i m e s t e p , i n l e t values of

f l o w p r e s s u r e s , p b ( x ) . The assumed i n l e t m a s s f l o w s a r e a d j u s t e d i n a n i t e r a t i v e manner, u s i n g a m o d i f i e d NewtonRaphson a p p r o a c h , u n t i l t h e p r e s s u r e d i s c r e p a n c i e s a r e n e g l i g i b l y s m a l l f o r each flow path e x i t .

A3.

E q u a t i o n s f o r F u e l Rods, S t r u c t u r a l E l e m e n t s , and C o n c r e t e Encasement Fuel R o d s

a.

-(k

w Aw -

",T;.)'
x= 0

L
o (Tw4-Tw?) Pwdx
W,W/

( R a t e o f h e a t s t o r a g e ) = (Decay h e a t )

chemical o x i d a t i o n ) - (Conduction l o s s e s ) - ( C o n v e c t i o n from f u e l r o d s t o a i r flows)

( R a d i a t i v e t r a n s f e r from f u e l

rods t o neighboring s t r u c t u r e s )

dt

/ L p ~ C p , ~ T w A w d = qdecay 0 X

'them

( [

'wAw$)
L

x= L

h(Tw - T ) P w d x

A.8)

(Heat from

97

The h e a t s t o r a g e t e r m i n c l u d e s b o t h f u e l and c l a d , v i z .

b.

S t r u c t u r a l Elements (Channels, Baskets, L i n e r s )

WIW

,o (Tw4-Tw?) Pwdx

(A.10)

( R a t e of heat storage) =

- ( C o n v e c t i o n from s t r u c t u r e t o a i r f l o w s ) - ( R a d i a t i v e t r a n s f e r from
f u e l rods)

s t r u c t u r e t o n e i g h b o r i n g s t r u c t u r e s and

c.

C o n c r e t e P o o l Encasement

--

The h e a t a b s o r b e d i n t o
Let

t h e c o n c r e t e sides and b o t t o m o f t h e p o o l i s d e t e r m i n e d by a n a p p r o x i m a t e t e c h n i q u e which p r o v e s t o b e q u i t e a c c u r a t e .

T R ( t ) b e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e p o o l l i n e r (which i s assumed

t o be e q u a l t o t h e c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e ) a t some p o i n t on t h e l i n e r as a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e , and l e t tn d e n o t e t h e current t i m e . R e p l a c e t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e h i s t o r y w i t h a n approxA

i m a t i o n , T i ( t ) , d e f i n e d a s being e q u a l t o t h e i n i t i a l temperat u r e , To , from t i m e z e r o u n t i l a t i m e t , and e q u a l t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e T k ( t n ) from t i m e t t o t i m e tn. L e t t be d e f i n e d i n s u c h a way a s t o c o n s e r v e t h e i n t e g r a l I t n T R ( t ) dt, v i z .

A A

(A.11)

With t h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n , t h e h e a t a b s o r b e d by t h e c o n c r e t e from t i m e z e r o t o t i m e tn can be shown, v i a t h e e r r o r - f u n c t i o n s o l u t i o n , t o be e q u a l t o

In

Cf(t)dt =

71

are used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e accumul a t e d h e a t a b s o r p t i o n i n t o t h e c o n c r e t e , w i t h an e s t i m a t e d e r r o r , due t o t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n , of no more t h a n s i x p e r c e n t .

Equations ( A . l l ) and ( A . 1 2 )

A4.

E q u a t i o n s f o r Containment B u i l d i n g

R e f e r t o S e c t i o n 3 . 4 i n t h e main t e x t f o r an o v e r a l l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r problem i n t h e c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g and t o F i g u r e 1 0 f o r a n i l l u s t r a t i v e s c h e m a t i c .

a.

C o n s e r v a t i o n of Mass, Room Atmosphere

dPr

(Mass a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e i n room) =

rate, clad reaction)

exchange r a t e by f o r c e d v e n t i n g ) b. C o n s e r v a t i o n of S p e c i e s ( O x y g e n ) , Room Atmosphere d(frPr) dt

' r

- c

mox

(Oxygen a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e ) = clad reaction)

(Oxygen exchange r a t e by f o r c e d v e n t i n g )

' r

dt

-cmox

- m leak

+vent (Po

Pr)

(A. 1 3 )

(Oxygen d e p l e t i o n

(Leak r a t e )

(Air

frmleak +

event

(fopo

frPr)

(A.14)

- (Oxygen d e p l e t i o n r a t e , (Oxygen l e a k r a t e ) +

c. r'

C o n s e r v a t i o n o f E n e r g y , Room Atmosphere
d ( PrHr) dt - Z(a)sf,out -

(Zfisf,in)Hr

- m l e a kH r

( E n t h a l p y r a t e o f c h a n g e ) = ( E n t h a l p y o u t f l o w from spent fuel array) spent f u e l array) t o leakage)

(Enthalpy inflow t o (Enthalpy outflow due

( N e t e n t h a l p y i n f l o w due t o

forced venting)

- (Convective loss t o

h e a t s i n k s / st r u c t u r e s ) The b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e i s t r e a t e d as a s i n g l e e n t i t y w i t h a h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t g o v e r n e d by t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r f r e e convection t o a v e r t i c a l p l a t e . d. Enthalpy-Specific H e a t Relationship

T H = [
0

cP T d

(A.16)

e.

E q u a t i o n of S t a t e p = pRT =

e pH Y

(A.1 7 )

The l e a k a g e r a t e i s d e t e r m i n e d by s p e c i f y i n g d p r / d t = 0 when t h e room p r e s s u r e r e a c h e s a maximum allowable v a l u e , Pmax

'

f.

Leakage R a t e

ml e a k - 0 -

if Pr< Pmax o r t h e e x p r e s s i o n below

0.

- ?rHr)
100

hsAs(Tr

TS)]

otherwise
(A.18)

H e a t Sinks/Containment Building S t r u c t u r e s

hoAs(Ts

To)

4 E ~ O A ~ ( -T T o 4 ) ~

(A.19)

( R a t e of h e a t s t o r a g e ) = (Convective h e a t t r a n s f e r

from room a i r )

( R a d i a t i v e t r a n s f e r from

upper t i e p l a t e s , s p e n t f u e l a r r a y ) (Convective loss t o o u t s i d e )

- (Radiative

loss t o o u t s i d e )

A5.

N u s s e l t Number and S k i n F r i c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t

E x p r e s s i o n s f o r NuD(Re, G r , P r ) and cf ( R e , P r ) u s e d i n

are t a b u l a t e d i n Table A - I , n e x t p a g e . On any o c c a s i o n when t h e N u s s e l t number i s r e q u i r e d , t h e program c a l c u l a t e s v a l u e s o f t h e p a r a m e t e r f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e cases l i s t e d i n T a b l e A - I , namely (1) f o r c e d conv e c t i o n p a s t a f l a t p l a t e , ( 2 ) f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n between p a r a l l e l p l a t e s or longitudinally p a s t an a r r a y of p a r a l l e l
Equations (A.6) and ( A . 7 ) t u b e s , and ( 3 ) f r e e convection p a s t a v e r t i c a l p l a t e . The f i r s t and t h i r d cases c o r r e s p o n d t o s i t u a t i o n s where t h e boundary l a y e r v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i s n o t f u l l y d e v e l o p e d and
i s dominated by e i t h e r v i s c o u s f o r c e s o r buoyancy f o r c e s ,

respectively. predominant.

The s e c o n d case c o r r e s p o n d s t o a f u l l y - d e v e l o p e d The h y d r a u l i c d i a m e t e r i s assumed t o be t h e t h e dominant

v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e w h e r e , by i t s n a t u r e , v i s c o u s f o r c e s a r e o p e r a t i v e p a r a m e t e r i n e x t e n d i n g Case 2 t o o t h e r g e o m e t r i e s .

As i n d i c a t e d by t h e f o o t n o t e u n d e r Table A - I ,

case i s assumed t o b e t h a t which p r o v i d e s t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e o f NuD among t h e t h r e e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . The h e a t t r a n s f e r

c o e f f i c i e n t s o o b t a i n e d i s assumed t o be d r i v e n by t h e l o c a l t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e , Tw

T , a s i n d i c a t e d by E q u a t i o n s

101

Forced Convection Between Parallel Plates (Applied Outside Fuel Element)

Longitudinal Forced Convection Between Parallel Tubes in an Infinite Array (Applied Inside Fuel Element)

Free Convection Past a Vertical Plate

102

(A.3)

and ( A . l O ) .

The s k i n f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s e v a l u a t e d

by a s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e , e x c e p t t h a t t h e buoyancy-driven alternative i s deleted.

I t s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d t h a t i n t h e p r o c e s s o f e x e r c i s i n g

t h e c o d e , t h e f l o w i n s i d e t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s w a s a l m o s t always governed by l a m i n a r f u l l y - d e v e l o p e d f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n , Case 2b, e x c e p t i n 'the immediate e n t r a n c e r e g i o n . Flows i n t h e i n t e r s p a c e s between b a s k e t s o r down t h e l i n e r a l o n g t h e s i d e of t h e p o o l w e r e sometimes dominated by f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n , Cases 1 and 2a, and s o m e t i m e s by f r e e c o n v e c t i o n , Case 3 .

A6.

Code V a l i d a t i o n

To v a l i d a t e t h e SFUEL c o d e , c o m p a r i s o n s o f SFUEL r e s u l t s
w e r e made a g a i n s t (1) hand c a l c u l a t i o n s ,
( 2 ) approximate
A.51.

a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s , and ( 3 ) e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a [ R e f . A . 4 , The code was c o n s i d e r e d t o be v a l i d a t e d when a l l o f t h e s e comparisons w e r e p o s i t i v e . The comparison w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a i s o f p a r t i c u l a r

i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e i t p r o v i d e s some i n s i g h t i n t o t h e a c c u r a c y of s o m e of t h e a s s u m p t i o n s . The e x p e r i m e n t a l m o d e l s c o n s i s t e d o f l o n g , n a r r o w , open-ended c h a n n e l s ( 6 . 0 - f t h i g h , 4 . 5 - f t w i d e , 1 . 5 - i n c h t o 1 5 - i n c h e s d e e p ) suspended v e r t i c a l l y i n room a i r ( 6 5 F ) w i t h t h e s i d e w a l l s h e a t e d t o 1 3 5 F and t h e end

w a l l s i n s u l a t e d a g a i n s t h e a t loss.

Steady-state heat t r a n s f e r

r a t e s governed by n a t u r a l l y i n d u c e d c o n v e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n s i d e o f t h e c h a n n e l w e r e measured a t t h r e e e l e v a t i o n s , and a r e shown i n F i g . A-1, n e x t page. While t h e g e o m e t r i e s c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s do n o t e x a c t l y d u p l i c a t e a t y p i c a l s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e y show some s i m i l a r i t y i n r e g a r d t o t h e l a r g e c h a n n e l h e i g h t s and n a r r o w wall spacings.

103

KEY

o EXPERIMENTAL DATA

H = 6.0 FT.

b = 4. 5 FT.

T a T

65OF 135OF

-SFUEL CODE, FORCED CONVECT1 ON DOM I NANT --- SFUEL CODE, FREE
CONVECT1 ON DOM INANT

.04#

.04.

(a) d/H =

.OB
cv

V a , vl
I

(b) dlH

.070
0
0

.03 f
I L
n

E V

.02 -

0
7

.Olt

0-

0: 0 0.2

0.4
xlH

0.6 0.8 1.0

4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

x IH

.041
'3
W
I

vl

(c) d/H = .145

.03 f
1

tu
U

.02 4 :r

--0-

- - - - -1 0
I

;
7

-3 .Ol0

n "

L-l-2-J 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

x IH

,011

u s
0.8 1.0

0 0

L d 0.6 - 1.0 l d 0.8 J 0.2 0.4

x /H

F i g u r e A-1.

Comparison of Heat T r a n s f e r P r e d i c t i o n s With E x p e r i m e n t , N a t u r a l C o n v e c t i o n Flow Through a V e r t i c a l Channel

The s o l i d and d a s h e d c u r v e s i n F i g . A - 1 c o r r e s p o n d t o
SFUEL p r e d i c t i o n s b a s e d on h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s o b t a i n e d

from T a b l e A - I

(Cases 2a and 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , t o g e t h e r w i t h

s o l u t i o n of t h e flow c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s t o o b t a i n t h e gass i d e d r i v i n g f u n c t i o n , Tw

T , a s a f u n c t i o n of e l e v a t i o n .

According t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e dominant h e a t t r a n s f e r mechanism i s t h a t p r o d u c i n g t h e h i g h e s t h e a t r a t e ( S e c t i o n V ) , l a m i n a r f r e e c o n v e c t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d t o be t h e dominant mode very near the entrance. the wall-to-wall Fully-developed t u r b u l e n t , f o r c e d parts c c o n v e c t i o n d o m i n a t e s a t t h e h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s , e x c e p t when s p a c i n g i s f a i r l y l a r g e (Fig. A-1, and d ) , where t h e p r e d i c t i o n s i n d i c a t e a change t o t u r b u l e n t f r e e c o n v e c t i o n a s t h e d r i v i n g mechanism n e a r t h e e x i t .
I t i s n o t c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e t r a n s i t i o n from t u r b u l e n t

f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n t o t u r b u l e n t f r e e c o n v e c t i o n i n p a r t s c and d o f F i g . A - 1 i s r e a l , t h e r e b e i n g a r e a s o n a b l e argument t o s u p p o r t t h e i d e a t h a t t h e f l o w i s p r o b a b l y i n a mixed s t a t e f o r t h e s e cases. However, t h e a d v a n t a g e of t h e model i s n o t i n

i t s a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t t h e mode o f h e a t t r a n s f e r b u t i n i t s

a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t t h e amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r , and i n t h i s r e g a r d it may be n o t e d t h a t t h e p r e d i c t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y w i t h i n 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e d a t a . T h i s l e v e l of a c c u r a c y i s cons i d e r e d q u i t e r e a s o n a b l e i n view of t h e f a c t much o f t h e e r r o r may be d u e t o e x p e r i m e n t a l u n c e r t a i n t y .

A7.

Approximations f o r Open Frame C o n f i g u r a t i o n

The open frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( F i g . 2a i n t h e main t e x t )

i s more d i f f i c u l t t o a n a l y z e b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f d e f i n e d
flow p a t h s . O t h e o t h e r hand, i t i s o b v i o u s l y a v e r y c o o l n a b l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n , b e c a u s e of t h e o p e n n e s s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e and t h e l a r g e s p a c i n g s between e l e m e n t s , s o t h a t a d e t a i l e d , e x a c t f l o w c a l c u l a t i o n was n o t deemed n e c e s s a r y from a p r a c t i -

c a l viewpoint.
105

F o r t h e open frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n , a c o n s i d e r a b l y a b b r e v i a t e d v e r s i o n o f SFUEL was c r e a t e d b a s e d on an o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h a t o b v i a t e d t h e need t o s o l v e t h e g a s phase c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s a t a l l . The d r i v i n g f u n c t i o n f o r t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t was t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e l o c a l c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e room a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , Tw
A. 5

Tr,

and t h e v a l u e s of t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
r

c o e f f i c i e n t were e s t i m a t e d by u s i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a LRef.

] applicable

t o laminar o r t u r b u l e n t n a t u r a l convection

between n a r r o w l y s p a c e d w a l l s o r w i t h i n n a r r o w l y s p a c e d channels. These h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s were e v a l u a t e d i n t h e form of c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s , h a v i n g v a l u e s l e s s t h a n

1 . 0 , t o t h e case o f n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n p a s t an i s o l a t e d ,

vertical plate.

They w e r e a p p l i e d t o t h e i n t e r n a l f u e l p i n s

o f t h e s p e n t f u e l a s s e m b l i e s by e s t i m a t i n g an e q u i v a l e n t " w a l l t o - w a l l s p a c i n g ' ' b a s e d on f l o w a r e a c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . The c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r was t a k e n a s b e i n g 1 . 0 f o r t h e o u t e r m o s t fuel pins. The c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e open frame c o n f i g u r a t i o n s h o u l d b e viewed as v e r y a p p r o x i m a t e , w i t h minimum a l l o w a b l e d e c a y
t i m e s b e i n g a c c u r a t e , p e r h a p s , t o w i t h i n a f a c t o r of two.

References

A.l.

D.K.

Edwards, V.E.

Denny,

and A.F.

Mills,

Transfer

Processes, H o l t , R i n e h a r t , a n d W i n s t o n , N e w York, 1973.

A.2.
A.3.
H. S c h l i c h t i n g , Boundary L a y e r T h e o r y , 4 t h e d . , H i l l , New York, 1 9 6 0 .

McGraw

E.M. S p a r r o w , A.L. L o e f f l e r , J r . , and H.A. Hubbard, "Heat T r a n s f e r t o L o n g i t u d i n a l Laminar Flow B e t w e e n C y l i n d e r s , " T r a n s a c t i o n s ASME: J1. H e a t T r a n s f e r , 415-422, 1961.
R. S i e g e 1 and R . H . N o r r i s , " T e s t s o f F r e e C o n v e c t i o n i n a P a r t i a l l y E n c l o s e d S p a c e B e t w e e n Two H e a t e d V e r t i c a l P l a t e s , " A M T r a n s a c t i o n s , -, 663, 1 9 5 7 . S E 79 R.H. N o r r i s , F.F. Buckland, N.D. F i t z r o y , R.H. Roecker, and D . A . Kaminski, e d s . , Heat T r a n s f e r Data Book, General Electric C o . , Schenectady, N . Y . , 1978 update.

A.4.

A.5.

107,108

APPENDIX B APPROXIMATE ANALYSES ASSOCIATED WITH SPENT FUEL HEATUP CALCULATIONS CONTENTS Section B1
B2
B3

B4

Nomenclature Forced Air Ventilation Requirements Door/Chimney Requirements to Produce "Chimney Effect" Effect of Incomplete Drainage FIGURES

Page 110 113

114 116

Figure B-1

Clad Temperature Distribution Used to Calculate Radiation to Water

118

109

B1.

Nomenclature

Eng ,sh Symbols

Area of door or chimney opening Water surface area inside holder or basket*

cD
C

Discharge coefficient (taken as 0.6) Specific heat Inner diameter of radiating cylinder Hydraulic diameter Acceleration of gravity (980 cm/sec 2 j Specific enthalpy Heat transfer coefficient Latent heat of vaporization of water (2250 Joule/gm) Length of spent fuel rod* Height of containment room Mass rate of flow Leakage rate from building to external atmosphere Pressure Decay power per metric ton of uranium

D
DH
9

h HV,W L Lr
lil

m leak

Wetted perimeter Rate of heat convected to air, per assembly Rate of heat convected to steam, Decay heat rate per assembly Total decay heat rate generated in pool per assembly

%a qc s
qd

Qdecay

*Asterisks call attention to differences between Appendix B nomenclature and Appendix A nomenclature.

Nomenclature (continued

English Symbols Decay heat rate generated beneath water level, per assembly Rate of heat radiation to building, per assembly Rate of heat radiation absorbed by water, per assembly Gas constant for air (2.871 x lo6 dy-cm/gm-'K) Surface recession rate of water Temperature Time Boiling temperature of water Time after drainage until initiation of boiling of remaining water Clad temperature Maximum clad temperature within fuel assembly Maximum allowable room temperature Volume of room Volumetric venting rate Weight (metric tons) of uranium per assemb,y Vertical distance measured from bottom of fuel rods
W

qdw ' r b qrw

R

SW
T

t Tboil tboil
T
T
C

c ,max

Tmax r' Vvent wU

z

Elevation of water surface level, measured from bottom of fuel rods

111

Nomenclature (continued)

Greek Symbols Depth of residual water, measured from bottom of pool

8
rl

Angle between radiation path and vertical* Dummy variable Density Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x lo"* oK4)

P
0

Subscripts
lb
0

Lower bound Outside atmosphere Containment room Steam* Spent fuel Upper bound Water*

r
S

sf

ub
W

112

B2.

Forced Air Ventilation Requirements

The derivation in this section leads to Equation (5) in Section 4.2 of the main text, and provides the means for calculating the desirable forced air ventilation rates tabulated in Table VI1 of the main text. The equations of mass balance and energy balance for the room atmosphere were presented in Appendix A, viz. Equations (A.13) and (A.15). Neglecting heat convection to walls and structures and chemical oxidation of the clad, it is possible to write these equations as follows:

dPr r '

'et vn

Using the definition of enthalpy (Equation A.16) and the perfect gas equation of state (Equation A . 1 7 ) , together with the following approximation for a very leaky building:

and the following assumption of equilibrium between the total decay heat production, Qdecay, and its removal by natural convection:

it is possible to reduce Equations (B.l) and (B.2) to the following differential equation for the temperature of the room air:

dt - -mleak

'et vn

('0

- Pr)

(B.2)

. E = PoVrCp

dTr

Qdecay

'vent

'vent

Tr

E q u a t i o n ( B . 5 ) h a s a s t e a d y - s t a t e t e m p e r a t u r e v a l u e g i v e n by

Tr

(I-+ Qdecay ) T o

PocpVven t which i n d i c a t e s t h a t i f t h e room a i r i s t o remain w i t h i n a maximum o f Tmax f o r a l l t i m e , t h e v e n t i n g r a t e must s a t i s f y t h e following inequality:

TO

Vvent

>,

Tmax

To

'decay pocp

B3.

Door/Chimney Requirements t o P r o d u c e Chimney E f f e c t The q u e s t i o n o f p r o v i d i n g an a d e q u a t e chimney e f f e c t

a l s o c a n be a p p r o a c h e d from a n a p p r o x i m a t e p o i n t o f v i e w , from which one c a n e s t i m a t e t h e s i z e o f open doors/windows t h a t would be r e q u i r e d . Assume t h a t a t t h e t i m e of t h e p o o l d r a i n a g e , a d o o r o f a r e a A i s opened a t ground l e v e l t o a l l o w f r e s h a i r t o e n t e r t h e b u i l d i n g , and t h a t a chimney h o l e o f s i m i l a r
a r e a , A, i s opened i n t h e c e i l i n g , above t h e p o o l , t o a l l o w
A i r e n t e r i n g t h e building through t h e
0

hot a i r t o escape.

door a t temperature T

i s assumed t o e n t e r t h e e x p o s e d s p e n t f u e l a r r a y a t t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e , t o be c i r c u l a t e d and t h e n
Tsf.

d i s c h a r g e d i n t o t h e room a t a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e ,

The d i s c h a r g e d a i r i s t h e n assumed t o mix c o m p l e t e l y w i t h t h e

room a t m o s p h e r e ( a c o n s e r v a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n ) , so t h a t t h e a i r which i s e x p e l l e d t o t h e o u t s i d e t h r o u g h t h e chimney h o l e p o s s e s s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e room, The room a t m o s p h e r e i t s e l f i s assumed t o be i n t h e r m a l e q u i l i b r i u m , so t h a t t h e

Tr.

114

r a t e of a i r i n f l o w t h r o u g h t h e d o o r , fi, i s e q u a l l e d by t h e o u t f l o w t h r o u g h t h e chimney. N e g l e c t i n g i n e r t i a and v i s c o u s e f f e c t s , which c a n be shown t o be o f s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e i n t h i s problem, o n e can

w r i t e an e q u a t i o n e x p r e s s i n g c o n s e r v a t i o n o f momentum from t h e
d o o r t o t h e chimney h o l e i n t e r m s of e n t r a n c e and e x i t losses and buoyancy f o r c e s , v i z .

The p r e s s u r e change, Ap, must a l s o be e q u a t e d t o t h e o u t s i d e h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e change o v e r t h e h e i g h t L r , A = P09Lr P With t h e room i n t h e r m a l e q u i l i b r i u m , however, i t c a n a l s o be

assumed t h a t

viz.

ficp ( T r

- To)

Qdecay
(B.8),

(B.10)

By combining E q u a t i o n s

(B.9),

and

(B.lO) t o e l i m i n a t e

A and fi and by i n t r o d u c i n g t h e p e r f e c t g a s e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e , p one may d e r i v e t h e f o l l o w i n g t r a n s c e n d e n t a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e room :

Tr

+
To

Qdecay (B.11)

E q u a t i o n ( B . l l ) can be r e a r r a n g e d a s a c u b i c e q u a t i o n and solved e x p l i c i t l y f o r Tr. However, t h e o b j e c t i v e i s t o d e t e r mine t h e door/cnimney h o l e s i z e t h a t i n s u r e s a maximum room

t e m p e r a t u r e of Tmax,

o r less.

By r e a r r a n g i n g E q u a t i o n (B.ll),

t h e following i n e q u a l i t y i s obtained: (B.12)

Equation (B.12)

c o r r e s p o n d s t o E q u a t i o n ( 6 ) i n t h e main t e x t

and i s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e door/chimney h o l e s i z e s r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e V I 1 o f t h e main t e x t .

B4.

E f f e c t o f I n c o m p l e t e Drainage

The e q u a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n s u p p o r t t h e a n a l y s i s of i n c o m p l e t e d r a i n a g e d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 5 . 1 o f t h e main t e x t a n d , i n p a r t i c u l a r , are t h e b a s i s f o r t h e numbers p r e s e n t e d i n Table V I I I .

a.
H e a t T r a n s f e r r e d t o Water by Decay H e a t ,

P e r Assembly

--

Using E q u a t i o n (1) of t h e main t e x t ( S e c t i o n 3 . 1 ) t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f decay h e a t a l o n g t h e f u e l r o d s , t h e

p o r t i o n produced under t h e w a t e r l e v e l can be w r i t t e n a s

(B.13)

b.

Heat T r a n s f e r r e d t o Water by R a d i a t i o n from Above,

P e r Assembly

-- The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e w a t e r by t h e r m a l

r a d i a t i o n from t h e h o t f u e l r o d s and s t r u c t u r e above i s a c o m p l i c a t e d problem which depends upon t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e

t o make lower-bound and upper-bound e s t i m a t e s o f t h i s r a d i a t i o n c o n t r i b u t i o n by congeometry.

I t i s p o s s i b l e , however,

s i d e r i n g two l i m i t i n g c a s e s .
116

F o r t h e lower-bound e s t i m a t e ,

assume t h a t t h e f u e l p i n a r r a y i s s o d e n s e t h a t one can approxi m a t e t h e r a d i a t i n g s o u r c e as b e i n g a h o r i z o n t a l f l a t p l a t e

l o c a t e d j u s t above t h e water l e v e l and h a v i n g a t e m p e r a t u r e equal t o t h e c l a d temperature a t t h i s l e v e l . b a s k e t i s g i v e n by Assuming b l a c k body r a d i a t i o n , t h e r a d i a t i o n a b s o r b e d by t h e w a t e r i n s i d e a

( B . 14)

I f t h e water l e v e l i s b e n e a t h t h e b o t t o m o f t h e f u e l r o d s ,

( i . e . , i f zw < 0 ) , r e p l a c e T c ( z w ) by T c ( 0 ) .

F o r t h e upper-bound e s t i m a t e , c o n s i d e r t h e r a d i a t i n g s u r f a c e t o b e a v e r t i c a l , r i g h t c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r h a v i n g an a x i a l l e n g t h e q u a l t o t h a t o f t h e f u l l assembly and a c r o s s s e c t i o n a l i n t e r n a l f l o w area e q u a l t o t h a t o f t h e b a s k e t o r holder. The t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h i s r a d i a t i n g c y l i n der i s equal t o t h a t of t h e f u e l pins, T c ( z ) , but t h e f u e l p i n s t h e m s e l v e s are c o n s i d e r e d t o be p h y s i c a l l y a b s e n t . This a p p r o x i m a t i o n w i l l o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e d by t h e

w a t e r b e c a u s e of t h e removal of t h e b l o c k i n g o r shadowing e f f e c t s c a u s e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e p i n s . A s a f u r t h e r approximation i n t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n , consider t h e r a d i a t i o n f l u x a t t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e w a t e r t o be u n i f o r m and e q u a l t o The r a d i a t i o n a b s o r b e d by t h e w a t e r w i t h i n t h e b a s k e t i s t h e n g i v e n by t h a t a t the centerline.

( q r w ) u b = oAw

02

Tc

(z)

Tw4]

s i n 8 cos8 de ( B . 1 5 )

where 8 , D , and z a r e d e p i c t e d i n F i g . B-1.

By d e f i n i n g

117

1400

1200

1000
0 W

e
3

2 aoo
a W
a

5
0

600

400
200
0
1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
ZlL

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

F i g u r e B-1.

Clad Temperature D i s t r i b u t i o n Used t o C a l c u l a t e R a d i a t i o n t o Water

(B.16)

E q u a t i o n ( B . 1 5 ) may a l s o b e w r i t t e n as

(B.1 7 )

If zw < 0 , r e p l a c e q ( z w ) by n ( 0 ) i n E q u a t i o n ( B . 1 7 ) .
To e v a l u a t e t h e r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e d by t h e w a t e r v i a

E q u a t i o n ( B . 1 4 ) o r (B.1 7 ) , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n a l o n g

118

t h e f u e l p i n s must be known a p r i o r i .

In order to obtain the

estimates i n Table VI11 o f t h e main t e x t , i t w a s assumed t h a t

t h e f u e l p i n t e m p e r a t u r e had r i s e n t o t h e p o i n t where c l a d f a i l u r e w a s imminent. The p a r t i c u l a r t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n u s e d i s shown i n F i g u r e B - 1 and w a s t a k e n from t h e p r i n t o u t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c u r v e l a b e l e d "Blocked I n l e t s " i n F i g . 2 6 o f t h e main t e x t . The low t e m p e r a t u r e s a t t h e t o p end o f t h e f u e l r o d s , d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e B-1,

are c a u s e d by l o c a l n a t u r a l

c o n v e c t i o n c o o l i n g as d e s c r i b e d i n S u b s e c t i o n h.
C.

Time t o S t a r t Boiling

--

Assuming t h a t t h e w a t e r

d r a i n s i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y t o t h e g i v e n l e v e l , z W t and t h a t a l l t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s are o f t h e s a m e a g e , t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o
r a i s e t h e water t e m p e r a t u r e t o i t s s a t u r a t i o n or b o i l i n g p o i n t

c a n be e s t i m a t e d by pwcp, wAw 'w (Tboil

To)
(B. 1 8 )

T h i s t i m e w i l l be l e n g t h e n e d somewhat i f qdw and qrw c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e h o t t e s t e l e m e n t s i n a pool h a v i n g s p e n t f u e l w i t h v a r y i n s decay t i m e s . Under t h e same a s s u m p t i o n o f u n i f o r m decay t i m e s , t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e r e c e s s i o n

d.

Water S u r f a c e R e c e s s i o n Rate

--

r a t e a f t e r i n i t i a t i o n of b o i l i n g c a n be e s t i m a t e d by

sw

qdw + 'rw pwAwHv w ,

(B.19)

T h i s r e c e s s i o n r a t e w i l l be r e d u c e d somewhat i f t h e p o o l cont a i n s o l d e r e l e m e n t s and t h e water i s f r e e t o s e e k a u n i f o r m level.

e.

Decay H e a t Produced Above Water L e v e l , P e r Assembly

--

Based on E q u a t i o n (1) of t h e main t e x t , t h e p o r t i o n o f d e c a y h e a t p r o d u c e d above t h e water l e v e l can be w r i t t e n a s

119

f.

H e a t R a d i a t e d t o B u i l d i n g , P e r Assembly

--

The lower-

bound and upper-bound e s t i m a t e s of h e a t r a d i a t e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g , a n a l o g o u s t o E q u a t i o n s ( B . 1 4 ) and ( B . 1 7 ) , are

( q r b )l b = (JAW [ T c 4 ( L )

To4]

(B.21)

and

(B.22)

where

(B.23)

Replace r7(zw) by ~ ( 0 )i n E q u a t i o n ( B . 2 2 )
g.

if zw < 0 .

H e a t Convected t o Steam, P e r Assembly

--

The maximum

amount of h e a t t h a t c a n be removed by c o n v e c t i o n t o t h e v a p o r produced by b o i l i n g i s t h e s e n s i b l e h e a t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a s t e a m t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e from t h e s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e t o t h e maximum c l a d t e m p e r a t u r e . by This h e a t convection r a t e i s given

(B.24)

120

h.

H e a t Convected t o A i r , P e r Assembly

--

The amount o f

h e a t t h a t can be removed by n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n o f a i r i n t o t h e f u e l assembly i s l i m i t e d by t h e b l o c k a g e o f t h e i n l e t s c a u s e d by t h e r e s i d u a l w a t e r . I n ' t h i s s i t u a t i o n , a i r must e n t e r and e x i t t h r o u g h t h e t o p o f t h e assembly. A n a l y s i s and e x p e r i m e n t s i n d i c a t e t h a t f o r l o n g , narrow c h a n n e l s t h a t a r e c l o s e d a t t h e bottom and open a t t h e t o p , t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n i s l i m i t e d t o t h e t o p p o r t i o n of t h e c h a n n e l where t h e v e r t i c a l p e n e t r a t i o n d i s t a n c e , L-z, t h e wall spacing.
i s less than 25 t i m e s

Using h y d r a u l i c d i a m e t e r a s a common denomThis

i n a t o r , t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t o n l y t h e t o p 1 0 p e r c e n t o r s o of t h e f u e l assembly i s c o o l a b l e by n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n o f a i r . f i g u r e w i l l be r e d u c e d s t i l l f u r t h e r by steam g e n e r a t i o n from water b o i l i n g , which tends t o f u r t h e r block t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of t h e a i r . Based on t h e p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n , t h e h e a t removed by c o n v e c t i o n t o a i r i s e s t i m a t e d t o be

(B.25)

L-12. 5DH
where

DH -

pw

4A

(B.2 6 )

The h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t , h ( z ) , i s t a k e n t o be t h a t f o r n a t u r a l c o n v e c t i o n from an i s o l a t e d v e r t i c a l p l a t e , C a s e ( 3 ) i n T a b l e A-1.

APPENDIX C
R A D I A T I O N DOSE F O A D R A I N E D SPENT FUEL POOL RM

CONTENTS Section Page Introduction C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e Gamma R a d i a t i o n Escaping Through t h e Top of t h e S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e Array

124

c1
c2

125

c3

C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e G a m m a Ray T i s s u e Dose R a t e a t V a r i o u s D i s t a n c e s from t h e Pool References

129
134

FIGURES Figure

c-1
c-2

MORSE Geometry Model o f a PWR S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e Array A n g u l a r Dependence o f P h o t o n s E s c a p i n g Through t h e Top of t h e S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e

Array

127

129

c-3
c-4

M R E Geometry Model of a P R S p e n t F u e l OS W S t o r a g e Pool and S u r r o u n d i n g s Source D i s t r i b u t i o n i n Spent Fuel S t o r a g e

Pool

130

132

c-5

Whole Body Gamma Ray Dose R a t e a t Ground L e v e l a s a F u n c t i o n of D i s t a n c e f r o m a Dry PWR S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e Pool

133

TABLES

Table

c-I

G a m m a Ray Cross S e c t i o n Group S t r u c t u r e

and S o u r c e s

c1.

Introduction

T h i s a p p e n d i x s u p p o r t s S e c t i o n 5 . 3 o f t h e main t e x t by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d o s e r a t e t o p e r s o n n e l p e r f o r m i n g emergency a c t i o n s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e d r a i n e d s p e n t f u e l pool. The MORSE-SGC c o d e (Ref. C . l ) ,

a Monte C a r l o r a d i a t i o n

t r a n s p o r t program, w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t i s s u e d o s e r a t e
a t ground l e v e l a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s from a d r a i n e d PWR on-

s i t e s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e p o o l , 30 days a f t e r a f u l l c o r e d i s charge. To s i m p l i f y t h e a n a l y s i s , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n w a s s e p a r a t e d i n t o two p a r t s . I n t h e f i r s t p a r t t h e gamma r a y e m i s s i o n r a t e t h r o u g h t h e t o p o f an i n f i n i t e a r r a y o f s p e n t f u e l r o d s w a s determined, neglecting t h e presence of t h e a i r , t h e pool b o u n d a r i e s , and t h e s p e n t f u e l h o l d e r s . The r e s u l t of t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n w a s t h e n used as t h e s o u r c e i n a second c a l c u l a t i o n which d e t e r m i n e d t h e d o s e r a t e s o u t t o a r a d i u s of 550 m from t h e c e n t e r o f t h e p o o l . The s e c o n d c a l c u l a t i o n i n c l u d e d t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e a i r , t h e s i d e s o f t h e p o o l , and t h e ground o u t s i d e t h e p o o l b u t n e g l e c t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e c o n t a i n m e n t building. D i v i s i o n of t h e a n a l y s i s i n t o t w o p a r t s n e g l e c t s multiple s c a t t e r i n g a t t h e s i d e s of t h e pool, but t h i s e f f e c t
i s s m a l l except near t h e edges of t h e f u e l array.

Only gamma r a d i a t i o n w a s c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s . The d o s e r a t e on t h e s u r f a c e o f a PWR s p e n t f u e l a s s e m b l y w i t h a nominal burnup ( 3 3 , 0 0 0 MWD/MTU)

t i m e i s approximately 2.4 x

and a 150-day d e c a y The r e l a t i v e gamma

lo6

r a d / h r from gamma r a y s ,

compared w i t h 0 . 2 5 rem/hr

from n e u t r o n s .

r a y and n e u t r o n d o s e r a t e s c o n t i n u e t o be of t h i s o r d e r o f magnitude a t l o n g e r c o o l i n g t i m e s o f i n t e r e s t i n t h i s s t u d y , and t h u s t h e n e u t r o n c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e t i s s u e d o s e r a t e may be n e g l e c t e d .

124

The c r o s s s e c t i o n s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s were an 11-group, P 3 s e t g e n e r a t e d w i t h t h e GAMLEG c o d e (Ref. C . 2 ) . The e n e r g y g r o u p s t r u c t u r e and d o s e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s f o r t h i s c r o s s s e c t i o n set a r e shown i n Table C - I .
w e r e o b t a i n e d from Ref. C . 3 .
TABLE C - I .

The d o s e f a c t o r s

Gamma Ray C r o s s S e c t i o n Group S t r u c t u r e and S o u r c e s

Energy Group

Upper Energy Bound(MeV)

Dose Factor r r hr n (pho<ons/cm2=)

Gamma Ray Source in 30-day Cooled PWR Spent Fuel (photons/MTU-sec)

Calculated Gamma Ray Emission Rate Through Top of Spent Fuel Array (photons/MTU-sec) fsd*

1
2 3 4 5
6

3.5 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.35 0.9 0.4 0.2

0.1
0.01

4.36 4.00 3.71 3.24 2.77

2.30

10-3

3.15 x 1OI2 1.48 6.37 1.01 1014 1014

1015

5.63 x lo1' 2.54 x 1OI2 1.09 1.69 2.41 8.90 2.67 7.30 10~3 1013

0.029 0.025 0.030 0.030 0.033 0.044 0.056 0.088

1 . 5 6 x 10 16

4.29 1.80
~

1015

7 8
9 10
11

1.51 0.83 0.36 0.37

0.37

1017

9.31

6.09

1013

0.187

10-3

*fsd = fractional standard deviation of the Monte Carlo result

c2.

C a l c u l a t i o n of t h e G a m m a R a d i a t i o n E s c a p i n g Through t h e Top of t h e S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e A r r a y I n a t y p i c a l PWR s t o r a g e p o o l , t h e f u e l a s s e m b l i e s , e a c h

c o n t a i n i n g 2 6 4 f u e l r o d s , 2 4 g u i d e t h i n b l e t u b e s , and 1 instrumentation tube i n a 1 7 x 1 7 a r r a y , are s t o r e d upright on a r e c t a n g u l a r p i t c h of 3 3 . 0 2 c m ( 1 3 i n c h e s ) . Around e a c h a s s e m b l y , which i s 2 1 . 4 c m (8.426 i n c h e s ) s q u a r e , i s a s t a i n l e s s 125

s t e e l b a s k e t o r h o l d e r and above t h e f u e l p i n s i s a r o d c l u s t e r c o n t r o l a s s e m b l y , a n o z z l e , and a s e t of a l i g n m e n t

pins.

Thus t h e s p e n t f u e l a r r a y p r e s e n t s a r e l a t i v e l y complex To make

geometry f o r u s e i n a r a d i a t i o n t r a n s p o r t a n a l y s i s .

t h e problem t r a c t a b l e , a s i m p l i f i e d model w a s used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f gamma r a y s e s c a p i n g t h r o u g h t h e t o p o f t h e spent fuel array. D i f f u s i o n of t h e gamma r a y s a x i a l l y t h r o u g h t h e d r y f u e l a r r a y w i l l be dominated by s t r e a m i n g o f t h e r a d i a t i o n a l o n g t h e c o o l a n t p a t h s between t h e f u e l r o d s and i n t h e g a p s between t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s and t h e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l r a c k s . a c c o u n t f o r t h i s s t r e a m i n g , a geometry model c o n s i s t i n g o f a n i n f i n i t e a r r a y o f e q u a l l y - s p a c e d PWR f u e l r o d s h a v i n g a p i t c h o f 1 . 9 0 5 c m ( 0 . 7 5 i n c h ) w a s u s e d (see F i g . C-1) This p i t c h w a s chosen t o p r o v i d e t n e c o r r e c t amount of v o i d s p a c e f o r a g r o u p o f assemblies on 1 3 - i n c h c e n t e r s , and n o t t o d u p l i c a t e t h e a c t u a l rod-to-rod assembly. spacing within a s i n g l e The s t e e l r a c k s were n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e geometry. To

The s o u r c e u s e d i n t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n w a s g e n e r a t e d w i t h t h e O R I G E N code (see R e f s . 8 and 9 i n t h e main t e x t ) .

T h e 33,000 MWD/MTU

The 235u f r e s h f u e l w a s assumed t o be 3 . 3 p e r c e n t e n r i c h e d i n burnup was a c h i e v e d o v e r a 3-year o p e r a t Decay h e a t f o r t h i s c a s e was p r e s e n t e d spent f u e l discharged normalized t o

i n g l i f e assuming a n 8 0 p e r c e n t u s e f a c t o r and 30-day a n n u a l refueling intervals.

i n t h e main t e x t , T a b l e 111, Case ( 1 ) . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g

gamma r a y s o u r c e f o r 30-day-cooled

a f t e r t h e t h i r d c y c l e i s shown i n T a b l e C - I ,

1 m e t r i c t o n of uranium c h a r g e d t o t h e r e a c t o r .

S o u r c e p h o t o n s w i t h e n e r g i e s below 2 0 0 keV are produced by b r e m s s t r a h l u n g , by Auger r e a c t i o n s , and by o t h e r s o u r c e s . They a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r b o t h i n i n t e n s i t y and p e n e t r a t i o n t h a n t h e gamma r a y s w i t h e n e r g i e s above 2 0 0 keV and h a v e been neglected i n the present calculation.

126

A X I A L SECTION OF A FUEL ROD

PLAN SECTION THROUGH FOUR FUEL RODS FUEL

0.4178
0.4750 NOT TO SCALE DIMENSIONS I N CM

F i g u r e C-1.

MORSE Geometry Model o f a PWR S p e n t - F u e l

S t o r a g e Array The e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of gamma r a y s e m i t t e d from s p e n t f u e l s o f t e n s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e c a y t i m e ; t h e r e f o r e , t o be

e. c o n s e r v a t i v e ( i . , t o maximize t h e c a l c u l a t e d gamma d o s e r a t e above t h e f u e l ) , a l l t h e gamma r a y s w e r e assumed t o be

b o r n w i t h t h e 30-day e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of T a b l e C - I , of t h e age of t h e f u e l .

regardless

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e gamma s o u r c e v a r i e s

w i t h a x i a l p o s i t i o n i n a f u e l r o d due t o t h e b u c k l i n g o f t h e n e u t r o n f l u x , t h e p r e s e n c e of p a r t i a l l y withdrawn c o n t r o l r o d s , and o t h e r f a c t o r s . The maximum gamma i n t e n s i t y i s u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t a p o i n t n e a r t h e a x i a l c e n t e r o f t h e core. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e s c a p e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a gamma r a y v a r i e s markedly w i t h t h e a x i a l l o c a t i o n a t which i t i s b o r n , b e i n g much h i g h e r n e a r t h e t o p of t h e f u e l p i n s t h a n a t t h e c e n t e r o r bottom.

However, f o r t h e p r e s e n t c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e gamma

s o u r c e o b t a i n e d from ORIGEN was assumed t o be c o n s t a n t a l o n g

t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h o f t h e a c t i v e f u e l and e q u a l t o t h e a v e r a g e value. The c o n s e r v a t i s m i n t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d t o be a r o u n d 30 p e r c e n t . The c a l c u l a t e d gamma r a y l e a k a g e t h r o u g h t h e t o p o f t h e s p e n t f u e l a r r a y i s shown a s a f u n c t i o n of e n e r g y i n t h e l a s t two columns of Table C - I f o r 30-day c o o l e d s p e n t f u e l . Under t h e p r e s e n t model t h e a v e r a g e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a gamma r a y , b o r n a t random i n t h e s p e n t f u e l r o d s , e s c a p i n g t h r o u g h t h e t o p of t h e a r r a y w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o b e 0 . 0 1 8 1
?

0.0008.

The p h o t o n s l e a k i n g t h r o u g h t h e t o p of t h e s p e n t f u e l a r r a y have a n a n i s o t r o p i c a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n from s t r e a m i n g through t h e coolant channels.

'

Thus, i n t h e MORSE c a l c u l a t i o n ,

t h e e s c a p i n g gamma r a y s w e r e " s c o r e d " a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e i r v e l o c i t y v e c t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u p w a r d - d i r e c t e d normal t o the top surface of t h e spent f u e l array.

C-2.

The c a l c u l a t e d

a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n , summed o v e r e n e r g y , i s shown i n F i g u r e The e r r o r b a r s r e p r e s e n t t h e Monte C a r l o s t a t i s t i c a l

I t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t r e l a t i v e l y few

standard deviation.

p h o t o n s a r e e m i t t e d t a n g e n t i a l t o t h e t o p o f t h e a r r a y and t h a t most of t h e gamma r a y s a r e e m i t t e d i n a c o n e w i t h a s o l i d a n g l e of a b o u t

T

steradians.

The a v e r a g e e s c a p e a n g l e f o r

t h e gamma r a y s i s a b o u t 4 7 " t o normal. The e n e r g y and a n g u l a r d e p e n d e n c e s of Table C - I

C-2

and F i g u r e

w e r e used t o d e f i n e t h e s o u r c e i n t h e second p a r t o f t h i s

analysis.

The a n g u l a r v a r i a t i o n w a s assumed t o be t h e same

A major s o u r c e of u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e

f o r a l l energy groups.

r e s u l t s of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n t o t h i s point i s i n t h e simplified geometry model o f t h e s p e n t f u e l s t o r a g e a r r a y . s e v e r a l c o n s e r v a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e made ( e . g . , However, t h e uniform

d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e gamma s o u r c e o v e r t h e l e n g t h of t h e f u e l r o d s and t h e o m i s s i o n of t h e u p p e r f u e l e l e m e n t h a r d w a r e ) , which make i t h i g h l y u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e gamma r a y l e a k a g e t h r o u g h t h e t o p of t h e s p e n t f u e l a r r a y h a s been u n d e r e s t i m a t e d .

128

COS I NE OF POLAR ANGLE

F i g u r e C-2.

Angular Dependence o f P h o t o n s E s c a p i n g Through t h e Top o f t h e S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e A r r a y

C3.

C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e G a m m a Ray T i s s u e Dose R a t e a t V a r i o u s D i s t a n c e s from t h e P o o l

c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e gamma d o s e r a t e a t ground l e v e l , t h e l e a k a g e d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e f i r s t c a l c u l a t i o n
To c o m p l e t e t h e

w a s i n p u t t o t h e air-over-ground

geometry shown i n F i g u r e C-3.

The s o u r c e p l a n e w a s l o c a t e d 762 c m ( 2 5 f t ) below ground l e v e l i n a c o n c r e t e p o o l 825.5 by 1056.64 c m (27.08 by 34.67 f t ) . The p o o l c a n t h u s h o l d 32 r o w s o f 25, o r 8 0 0 t o t a l , PWR s p e n t f u e l a s s e m b l i e s on a 33.02 c m ( 1 3 i n c h ) p i t c h . b l i e s p e r core. F o r t h e p r e s e n t c a l c u l a t i o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n h a s b e e n made t h a t t h e s t o r a g e p o o l i s f u l l o f s p e n t f u e l . From a r a d i a t i o n This represents
a c a p a c i t y o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 PWR c o r e s a t 1 9 3 f u e l assem-

129

---

PLAN VIEW EXTERNAL

15

CONCRETE

7.5 x 10 , ,

I-

10%. 64 4 -t

15

CROSS SECTION

31 C :I 10' I

SEA LEVEL A I R

r I
I

EXTERNAL VACUUM B OU ND AR Y

15

BOU N D A R Y
SOURCE PLANE

NOT TO SCALE DIMENSIONS l N c m

F i g u r e C-3.

MORSE Geometry Model o f a PWR S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e Pool and S u r r o u n d i n g s

s t a n d p o i n t t h i s may n o t be t h e w o r s t c a s e .

I n t h e a b s e n c e of

w a t e r , empty p o r t i o n s o f t h e p o o l would p r o v i d e a s t r e a m i n g

p a t h f o r t h e e s c a p e of r a d i a t i o n e m i t t e d from p o i n t s a t t h e c e n t e r and bottom o f t h e f u e l r o d s . Thus a p a r t i a l l y empty s t o r a g e pool might r e s u l t i n a h i g h e r r a d i a t i o n d o s e r a t e on t h e s u r f a c e than t h e f u l l y loaded pool considered here.
For t h e p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s , a s e v e r e f u e l l o a d i n g p a t t e r n
h a s been assumed, i n which t h e most a c t i v e e l e m e n t s c o r r e s p o n d

i30

t o a f u l l core o f 30-day-old

spent f u e l divided i n t o t h i r d s and 1 1 , 0 0 0 MWD/MTU, respecThe r e m a i n i n g p o s i t i o n s

h a v i n g b u r n u p s of 3 3 , 0 0 0 , 2 . 2 , O O O

t i v e l y (i.e., a f u l l core discharge).

i n t h e p o o l are f i l l e d w i t h f u l l c o r e s h a v i n g d e c a y t i m e s of
1, 2 and 3 y e a r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , and a u n i f o r m burnup o f 33,000
MWD/MTU.

N o s y s t e m a t i c a t t e m p t w a s made t o d e t e r m i n e t h e w o r s t -

case d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e f u e l e l e m e n t s f r o m t h e f o u r cores;
i n s t e a d , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n shown i n F i g u r e C-4 w a s assumed. I n t h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n , p h o t o n s e m i t t e d a t 4 5 " t o normal from t h e 30-day-cooled c o r e a s s e m b l i e s have a p p r o x i m a t e l y a 2 0 t o the surface.
i s b e l i e v e d t o be

p e r c e n t p r o b a b i l i t y of b e i n g e m i t t e d i n a n a z i m u t h a l d i r e c t i o n t h a t w i l l g i v e them a d i r e c t l i n e - o f - s i g h t The l o a d i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n shown i n F i g u r e C-4 t h e s i x t y p e s of f u e l e l e m e n t s . The s o u r c e s t r e n g t h f o r each s o u r c e r e g i o n i s a l s o shown i n F i g u r e C-4 ups used.) i n u n i t s o f photons/cm -sec.
2

more s e v e r e t h a n , s a y , a u n i f o r m o r random d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

(The s o u r c e shown

f o r t h e 30-day-cooled

c o r e i s t h e a v e r a g e f o r t h e 3 burn-

These f i g u r e s w e r e o b t a i n e d by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e

ORIGEN-calculated gamma s o u r c e r a t e s f o r e a c h s o u r c e r e g i o n (photons/MTU-sec) by t h e e s c a p e p r o b a b i l i t y (.0181) and t h e 2 w e i g h t l o a d i n g of t h e p o o l ( 7 . 5 x lo-' MTU/cm ) The t o t a l

s o u r c e from t h e pool i s 4.1. x

p h o t o n s / s e c , of which

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 7 p e r c e n t i s c o n t r i b u t e d by t h e 30-day-cooled elements. The c a l c u l a t e d gamma r a y t i s s u e d o s e r a t e a t ground l e v e l from t h e d r y PWR s p e n t fuel- s t o r a g e p o o l i s shown i n F i g u r e

C-5.

The r e s u l t s a r e b a s e d on c a l c u l a t e d f r e e f i e l d gamma

r a y f l u x e s 1 m e t e r above ground l e v e l , and h e n c e r e p r e s e n t whole-body d o s e r a t e s t o p e r s o n n e l s t a n d i n g on t h e ground. These d o s e r a t e s have been a v e r a g e d o v e r t h e d i r e c t i o n t a k e n from t h e c e n t e r o f t h e p o o l , and t h e r e f o r e r e p r e s e n t a mean 131

d o s e r a t e f o r a l l p o i n t s on a c i r c l e h a v i n g t h e r a d i u s g i v e n by t h e a b s c i s s a . The v a r i a t i o n of d o s e r a t e w i t h a z i m u t h a l a n g l e i s s m a l l a t l a r g e d i s t a n c e s from t h e c e n t e r of t h e p o o l ( a b o u t 2 5 m o r m o r e ) , b u t becomes l a r g e as t h e d e t e c t o r approaches t h e l i p of t h e pool. Thus t h e a z i m u t h a l l y - a v e r a g e d d o s e r a t e becomes l e s s m e a n i n g f u l a s t h e edge of t h e p o o l i s a p p r o a c h e d , and t h e r e s u l t s are t h e r e f o r e i n d i c a t e d by d a s h e d l i n e s i n t h i s region.

033.02 -

I-

25 ELEMENTS

118 CORE, 3 - y r COOLED, 9.9 x

l o l o PHOTONSlcm2-sec

2 112 CORE, 1-yr COOLED, 2.1 x 10l1 PHOTONSlcm -sec

165.1 1/2 CORE, 3 0 -dv COOLED, 1.5 x 10l2 PHOTONSIcm 2 -sec 297.18

-1
112 CORE, 2-yr COOLED, 1.3 x 10l1 PHOTONSlcm 2 -sec

2 r 0
W
LL W

429.26

-1
314 CORE, 3 - y r COOLED, 9.9 x 1010 PHOTONSIcm 2 -sec

cz

z a in
L

627.38 112 CORE, 2-yr COOLED, 1.3 x 10l1 PHOTONS/cm2-sec 759.46 -

I
891.51 1023.62 -

2 112 CORE, 30-dy COOLED, 1.5 x 10l2 PHOTONSlcm -sec

2 112 CORE, 1-yr COOLED, 2.1 x 10l1 PHOTONSIcm -sec 118 CORE, 3 - y r COOLED, 9.9 x

10%. 64 -

l o l o PHOTONS/cm2-sec

Figure C-4.

S o u r c e D i s t r i b u t i o n i n S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e Pool

lo5 4-

8: 6-

I 1 1

I l l ,

-31
I

2-

I
I

--

lo4 81 6-

I I
I

1-F1
I
I

L
Y

42-

--r3
W

I I

2 081 1 e~

I I

61 2 4e 2n 2 t 10 7 8f
0
Q

I I
I

z 4

r"

61 42-

lo1 7 8: 64-

2-

loo 8 : 6:
4-

EDGE OF POOL ALONG DIAGONAL

2-

10-1
1

2 4 6 8 100 D I STANCE FROM CENTER OF POOL (m)

6 810

1,

1 I

6 81000

F i g u r e C-5.

Whole Body G a m m a Ray Dose R a t e a t Ground L e v e l a s a Function. of D i s t a n c e From a Dry PWR S p e n t F u e l S t o r a g e Pool

133

The e r r o r b a r s shown i n F i g u r e C-5 i n d i c a t e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of t h e Monte C a r l o r e s u l t s and are

n o t a measure of t h e o v e r a l l a c c u r a c y of t h e s o l u t i o n .

Such

a c c u r a c y i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n a l models, t h e s o u r c e d e f i n i t i o n , t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s , t h e m a t e r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n s , and other factors, including the statistical uncertainty.

Be-

c a u s e a series of c o n s e r v a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n s w a s made i n o D t a i n ing t h e present r e s u l t s , t h e upside uncertainty i n t h e d a t a shown i n F i g u r e C-5 i s p r o b a b l y + 2 5 t o + 3 0 p e r c e n t , whereas

t h e downside u n c e r t a i n t y i s p r o b a b l y - 3 0

t o -50 p e r c e n t .

References

c. 1.
c.2.

S . K . Fraley, U s e r ' s Guide t o MORSE-SGC, ORNL/CSD-7, Ridge N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , 1 9 7 6 .

Oak

Renken and K . G . Adams, An Improved C a p a b i l i t y f o r S o l u t i o n o f Photon T r a n s p o r t Problems by t h e Method o f Discrete O r d i n a t e s , SC-RR-69-739, Sandia Laboratories, 1969.
J.H.
i t l l l l e 3 1 L L ai,

c. 3.

u --.- - - ____ -..~ t.o-Dose-Rate F a c t o r s , ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1977 I Nuclear S o c i e t y , 1977.

LY
C~

(N666) ,

134

APPENDIX D SFUEL I N P U T , OUTPUT,

AND PROGRAM L I S T I N G

CON TENTS

Section
D1
D2 SFUEL I n p u t SFUEL Output SFUEL P r o g r a m L i s t i n g

Page 136 142 149

D3

TABLES
Table

D- I
D-I1

Sample I n p u t L i s t i n g
Sample S h o r t - F o r m a t O u t p u t

141 143

135

D1.

SFUEL Input

The input for SFUEL is entered via namelist under the heading $INPUT. The following list provides the names and dimensions of the variables, their definitions and units, and the nominal values built into the program. INPUT VARIABLE NAME ASINK CPCgN CPL CPNI CPprX CPS CPW CSINK

DEFINITION Surface area of sheet metal walls and ceilings in containment building (cm2) Specific heat of concrete (Joule/gm-OK) Specific heat of liner material (Joule/ gm-OK) Specific heat of nitrogen (Joule/gm-OK) Specific heat of oxygen (Joule/gm-OK) Specific heat of channel structure, BWR elements (Joule/gm-OK) Specific heat of holder wall (Joule/ gm- OK) Heat capacity of sheet metal walls and ceilings in containment building (Joule/ OK) Damping factor for mass flow iteration Computational time step (sec) Factor by which time step is reduced if fuel rod temperature exceeds TRDELT Mass rate of spray water addition per per assembly (gm/sec):

NOMINAL VALUE
0.
1.047 0.460

1.130
1.130
0.364 0.883

0.

DAMP DELT DLFACT DMWTR ( 3 )

0.

50.
1.
3*0.

136

INPUT VARIABLE NAME DMWTR(1): DMWTR(2): DMWTR(3): EPC EPL EPS EPT EPW FDECAY ( 8)

DEFINITION amount collecting on fuel rods amount collecting on channels (BWF.) amou.ntcollecting on holders

NOMINAL VALUE

Emissivity of the clad Emissivity of the: pool liner Emissivity of the channel structure, BWR elements Emissivity of the tie plates Emissivity of the holder walls Decay power per unit fuel weight, for each section of pool (KW/MTU). Operative only if FMULTCO. Active length of the fuel rods (cm) Multiplier on decay heat rate. If negative, program multiplies FDECAY input by absolute value of FMULT. If positive, program uses built-in tables of decay power ratio versus cooling time, and multiplies these values by FMULT.
Flag indicating whether holders are direc-

0.7
0.3

0.7
0.7

0.2

1.0

FL FMULT

FSTR

tional (FSTR=O.5) or nondirectional (FSTR=1.0). Fig. 2e in the main text shows a directional holder.
IBL@CK

Flag indicating which vertical flow paths are blocked. IBL@CK=O: all flow paths open

.O

IBLJdCK=l: no flow-through fuel elements IBL@CK=2: IBL@CK=3: no flow between channel and holder (BWRs) no flow between holders.

INPUT VARIABLE NAME ICHEM IPL@T

KMAX

DEFINITION Flag for chemical oxidation of clad: 0 - off, 1 - on Plot flag:

0

NOMINAL VALUE
0

- off, 1 - on

0
15

Maximum mass flow iterations per time step Number of node points in vertical direction Number of assemblies for each section of pool, counted along a single row from the middle to the edge of the pool Flag indicating last case (if NCEND=l) of a series of stacked cases Number of entries in FDECAY, only if FMULT<O.

N NASS (8)

21

NCEND
NDECAY

NPRINT

Number of time intervals between printouts. 36

A l s o a flag indicating long print (if

positive) or short print (if negative). NFRNEW NR@D NSECT Number of time intervals between printouts if fuel rod temperature exceeds TRPNT Number of rods per assembly (including control rods, if present) Number of sections in pool. I.e., number of separate fuel clusters in a row from the center to an edge of the pool. If FMULTCO, number of metric tons of uranium per assembly. If FMULT>O, operating power per assembly (KW). PRMAX RCI RC@ RF
RH@C

Maximum room pressure (absolute) sustainable without leakage (dyne/cm2) Inner clad radius (cm) Outer clad radius (cm) Fuel radius (cm) Density of clad material (gm/cm
3
)

1.151 x 10

6.5

INPUT VARIABLE NAME

DEF IN1TION Density of concrete (gm/cm3 ) Density of U 0 2 fuel (gm/cm3 ) Density of pool liner material (gm/cm3 )

NOMINAL VALUE
2.34

RH~F

10.4
7.82 6.5 2.79

RH@S

Density of channel structure material,

BWR elements (gm/cm3)

Density of holder wall material (gm/cm3 ) R@WS Number of rows of fuel elements evaluated so that the total number of assemblies in the pool is equal to R@WS*(NASS(l)+ NASS ( 2 ) +---+NASS (NSECT) ) Constant in decay power axial distribution equation, Eqn. (1) in main text Thermal conductivity of concrete (Watt/ cm-OK) Termination time in spent fuel heatup calculation (sec) Decay time for each section of pool (used only if FMULT<O) Time when water spray is turned off ( set) Time when water spray is turned on,
TIMW@N<TIMW@F

SMB SMKC@N TIMAX TIME@ ( 8 ) TIMWPF TIMW@N T@ TRDELT TRMAX TRPNT UL VENT

.025

,012
36000.

9 1. x 10
0
283.

(sec)
(OK)

Outside ambient temperature

Maximum fuel rod temperature allowed before cutback of time step (OK) Maximum fuel rod temperature allowed before termination of case (OK) Maximum fuel rod temperature allowed before change of print interval ( O K ) Length of inactive part of fuel rods (cm) Volume exchange rate for forced air room ventilation system (cm3/sec)

1. x 109
9 1. x 10

9 1. x 10
0

139

INPUT VARIABLE NAME

DEFINITION Containment room volume (cm

3
)

NOMINAL VALUE

ws
ww
XB

Inside distance between parallel walls of a channel if present, BWR elements (cm) Inside distance between parallel walls of a holder or basket (cm) Thickness of liner on bottom of pool (cm) Coefficient of ( 4 ) p U L in equation for pressure drop due to constriction of flow through baseplate hole Coefficient of ( + ) p u 2 in equation for pressure drop due to constriction of flow at top of assembly Thickness of liner on bottom of pool (cm) Thickness of channel structure if present, BWR element (cm) Distance from bottom pool liner to lower tie plate o r baseplate (cm) Thickness of holder or basket wall (cm) Distance from sidewall pool liner to nearest holder or basket wall (cm) Distance between adjacent holder or basket walls (cm)
A sample input listing is shown in Table D-I.
"

.635
0.

XKB@T

XKT@P

0.

XL

.635
0.

xs
XTB

40.6

xw
XWL XWW

This

particular case corresponds to PWR spent fuel with a 1-year minimum decay time, full core discharge loading, cylindrical baskets, large baseplate hole, perfect ventilation (see Fig. 12, lowest curve, in main text).

140

TABLE D-I
Sample Input Listing

SFX4 ASINK= CSINK= DAMP= DELT= DLFACT= DMWTR=

0 0 0 5.000E+01 l.OOOE+OO 0
0

FL= 3.660E+02 FSTR= l.OOOE+OO IBLOCK= 3 0 ICHEM= IPLOT= 0 N= 21 NCENG= 1 NPRINT= -36 1 NPRNEW= N ROD= 289 NSECT= 6 POWO= 4.614E-01 PRMAX= 1.151E+06 RCI= 4.180E-01 RCO= 4.75OE-01 m= 4.01OE-01 ROWS= 0 SMB= 2.500E-02 TIMAX= 9.000E+03 TIMWOF= 1.00OE4-09
TIMWON=

1.047E+00 4.600E-01 CPNI= 1.130E+00 CPOX= 1.130E+00 CPS= 3.640E-01 CPW= 4.600E-01 EPC= 7.000E-01 EPk 3.000E-01 EPS= 7.000E-01 EPT= 7.OOOE-01 EPW= 3.000E-01 FMULT= -1.OOOE+OO KMAX= 15 NDECAY= 16 RHOC= 6.5OOE+OO RHOCON= 2.34OE+OO RHOF= 1.040E+01 MOL= 7.82OE+OO RHOS= 6.5OOE+OO MOW= 7.82OE+OO SMKCON= 1.200E-02 TO= 2.830E+02 XKBOT= 0 =TOP= 0
CPL=

CPCON=

TRDELT= 1.OOOE+O9 TRMAX= 2.073E+03 TRPNT= 1.000E+09

NASS
1 4 4 4 4 4

FDECAY 2.720E+00 3.760E+00 5.050E+00 5.900E+00 8.2OOE+OO 1.104E+01

uL=
VENT=

0 0

ws=
ww=

VROON= XB= XL=

4.2 5OE+ 09 2.140E+01 2.8OOE+Ol 6.350E-01 6.350E-01

0

1 2 3 4 5 6

xs=

xw= XWL= xww=

XTB=

4.060E+01 3.510E-01 4.06OE+Ol 3.69OE+OO

141

D2.

SFUEL Output

The u s e r h a s a c h o i c e o f l o n g o r s h o r t o u t p u t f o r m a t , depending upon t h e s i g n o f t h e i n p u t q u a n t i t y N P R I N T (see p r e c e d i n g d e f i n i t i o n of i n p u t q u a n t i t i e s ) . The o n l y d i f f e r e n c e between t h e t w o o p t i o n s i s t h a t t h e l o n g o u t p u t f o r m a t i n c l u d e s

a p r i n t o u t f o r e a c h i d e n t i f i e d s e c t i o n o f t h e p o o l , whereas

t h e s h o r t o u t p u t format p r o v i d e s o u t p u t o n l y f o r t h e s e c t i o n

A sample s h o r t - f o r m a t o u t p u t is shown i n T a b l e D-11, t h e s e r e s u l t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i n p u t o f T a b l e D - I w i t h an e l a p s e d r e a l t i m e of t = 2.0 h o u r s . The v a r i a b l e s shown i n T a b l e D-I1 a r e

d e f i n e d below i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e i n t h e o u t p u t .

of t h e p o o l c o n t a i n i n g t h e h o t t e s t e l e m e n t s (j = N S E C T ) .

142

Table D-I1 Sample Short-Format Output

9x4
KIT*

OPFRAC; TL(1)

9.817E-OS
FOX AVa (J)

I
2 3 4

5
b 7 0 9 10 11 12
13

1. os I E t O 1 1.032EtO 1 I. 035Et 0 I l.OSIEtO1 1. O Z I L t 0 1

2.300E-01
7.3OOE-01

I.OS5EtOl
I. OL9E t 0 1 I. OSZLtO I 1 O56Et 0 I l.osa~t01 1. DID* 0 I 1.O60L t 0 1 1.06IEt 0 I 1.059E t o 1 1.05CEtOl 1.053E*OI 1.0SOEt01 I. OISEt 0 I 1.039EtOI l.O30E*OI

2.30OS_-Ol 2.300E-8 I 2.3 0 0 5 - 0 1 z.30oc-01

IC 15 16
l?

I8 I9
20

J= 6

I
1
2

11

TLUEZ
1.00r~401 1.000~+01 I . 0 OOE'O I

12
0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

'AVE3

FC X
7. JOOE-0 1

IS
0

3
b

5 b 7 0 9 10
11

It
13 14

IS
16

17
10 19

20

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
FULL=

1.197i101 1.&23*01 1.76-E + 0 1

1.0 O O E + O I 1.ODOE~Ol

2.30Ct-01 2.300;-01 z.3ar5-01 2.30C:-01

0
0

e
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

I . 0 0 O + O l I. O O O E + O l I . 0 0 OE* 0 1
1.e OOi*81

L.

I ICEtO 1

1.OOOitOI i.aooEtoi I.OOOE*Ol

l.OOOEtO1 I. O O O E t O l I. 0 00Et a 1 I . 000*01 1.0 O O E * O I I. 0 OOE* 0 I I.OOOEtO1

*.874E+Ol 5.b7lEe I 1 6 CbZitO 1

2.30 r t - o I t.lOCi-01 2.30CF-01

2 - 3 0 C'. - 0 1 7.30 0;-0 1 2.30 c 5 - 0 I

0
0

0 0 0 0 0
0

7.291E*Ol d.O73E+Ol 6.612EI 0 1 9.C85EtOI

I.O8ILtO?

z.?Oc<-81 2.3OCE-011 2. 3 O O t - 0
2.30OE-0 1

1.057+02 1.095+02 1.119EtOB I .I SOEt8Z

2.308~-01 i.3OC1-01 2.SOOc-01

2.3OCE-01

0 0 0
0

I.000E*01
I . I L*Et 0 0

l.Il8EtOL

2.308E-01 7.55 l * O

0 1

OUTPUT VARIABLE NAME

DEF I N I T I ON

TIME KIT
DPFRAC

E l a p s e d r e a l t i m e (sec) Number of m a s s f l o w i t e r a t i o n s performed R e l a t i v e p r e s s u r e change between l a s t t w o massflow i t e r a t e s R e l a t i v e m a s s f l o w change between l a s t two m a s s flow iterates Maximum f u e l r o d t e m p e r a t u r e i n p o o l ( " C ) Room t e m p e r a t u r e ( " C ) Room p r e s s u r e , a b s o l u t e (dyne/cm ) Temperature of h e a t s i n k s i n c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d ing
("C)

DGF.RAC

Nodal i n d e x f o r v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . Vertical d i s t a n c e from bottom o f f u e l r o d s = ( I - % ) A X . Temperature o f s i d e w a l l l i n e r ( " C )

S e c t i o n o f p o o l , measured from p o o l s i d e t o w a r d J = NSECT c o r r e s p o n d s t o c e n t e r of pool. h o t t e s t e l e m e n t s , which are l o c a t e d i n c e n t e r of pool. Each s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s of t h e number o f f u e l assemblies g i v e n i n t h e i n p u t u n d e r NASS, assumed t o be a l i g n e d i n a s i n g l e row. Temperature o f l i n e r a l o n g bottom of p o o l ( " C ) Temperature o f a i r f l o w a l o n g bottom o f p o o l
( "C)

TB (J)
TA4AVE ( J )

PA4AVE ( J )

Gage p r e s u r e o f a i r f l o w a l o n g bottom o f p o o l (dyne/cm 1

F@XAVB (J)

Oxygen m a s s f r a c t i o n f o r a i r f l o w a l o n g bottom of pool N i t r o g e n mass f l o w r a t e a l o n g bottom of p o o l , f o r a one-assembly f l o w p a t h w i d t h (gm/sec) N i t r o g e n mass f l o w r a t e w i t h i n f u e l a s s e m b l i e s l o c a t e d i n S e c t i o n J , p o s i t i v e upward (gm/sec)

GNIAVB ( J )

GNI(J,l)

OUTPUT VARIABLE NAME G N I ( J ,2 )

DEFINITION

N i t r o g e n mass f l o w r a t e between c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e and h o l d e r / b a s k e t f o r assemblies l o c a t e d i n S e c t i o n J , BWR e l e m e n t s (gm/sec) N i t r o g e n mass f l o w r a t e between a d j a c e n t h o l d e r w a l l s f o r assemblies located i n Section J (gm/sec) Temperature o f f u e l r o d s ( " C ) Temperature of a i r f l o w w i t h i n f u e l a s s e m b l i e s ("C) I n d e x i n d i c a t i n g which h e a t t r a n s f e r c o r r e l a t i o n was u s e d f o r a i r f l o w w i t h i n f u e l a s s e m b l i e s :
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:

G N I (J,3)

TR
TAVE 1

I1

laminar f r e e convection laminar forced convection, e n t r a n c e flow laminar f o r c e d convection, f u l l y developed t u r b u l e n t f r e e convection t u r b u l e n t forced convection, e n t r a n c e flow t u r b u l e n t f o r c e d convection, f u l l y developed

TS
TAVE2

Temperature of c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e , i f p r e s e n t
( "C)

Temperature o f a i r f l o w between r h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e and h o l d e r / b a s k e t , BWR e l e m e n t s ( " c ) I n d e x i n d i c a t i n g which h e a t t r a n s f e r c o r r e l a t i o n was used f o r a i r f l o w between c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e and h o l d e r / b a s k e t , BWR e l e m e n t s Temperature of h o l d e r o r b a s k e t w a l l Temperature of a i r f l o w between a d j a c e n t h o l d e r walls ("C) I n d e x i n d i c a t i n g which h e a t t r a n s f e r c o r r e l a t i o n was u s e d f o r a i r f l o w between a d j a c e n t h o l d e r walls Depth o f c h e m i c a l o x i d a t i o n o f c l a d ( c m ) Oxygen m a s s f r a c t i o n f o r a i r f l o w w i t h i n f u e l assembly
1: k i n e t i c s r a t e l i m i t e d ; 2 : limited

I2

T W
TAVE 3

I3

RCT

F@X
IS

Index i n d i c a t i n g t y p e of chemical r e a c t i o n oxygen d i f f u s i o n

145

OUTPUT

VARIABLE
NAME EGEN

DEF INIT I ON
T o t a l e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d by decay h e a t , p e r r o w (Joule) T o t a l e n e r g y p r o d u c e d by c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n , p e r row ( J o u l e ) T o t a l e n e r g y a b s o r b e d by f u e l r o d s , p e r row (Joule) T o t a l e n e r g y a b s o r b e d by c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e s i f p r e s e n t , p e r row ( J o u l e ) T o t a l e n e r g y a b s o r b e d by h o l d e r s / b a s k e t s , row ( J o u l e ) per

ECHEM

EFUEL ESTR
EH/ZILDR

ERAD

T o t a l e n e r g y r a d i a t e d t o b u i l d i n g by u p p e r t i e p l a t e s , p e r row ( J o u l e )
Total e n e r g y a b s o r b e d by s i d e w a l l l i n e r , p e r

ELINRS

row ( J o u l e )
ELINFB

T o t a l e n e r g y a b s o r b e d by b o t t o m l i n e r , p e r row (Joule) T o t a l energy conducted i n t o s i d e w a l l c o n c r e t e , p e r row ( J o u l e ) T o t a l energy conducted i n t o bottom c o n c r e t e , p e r row ( J o u l e ) T o t a l energy convected o u t of s p e n t f u e l a r r a y by a i r f l o w s w i t h i n f u e l assemblies, p e r row (Joule) T o t a l e n e r g y c o n v e c t e d o u t of s p e n t f u e l a r r a y by a i r f l o w s between c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e s and h o l d e r w a l l s , BWR e l e m e n t s , p e r row ( J o u l e ) Total energy convected o u t of s p e n t f u e l a r r a y by a i r f l o w s between a d j a c e n t h o l d e r s , p e r row (Joule) Total energy assigned t o a i r c u r r e n t l y within spent f u e l array (Joule) Total energy balance e r r o r f o r s p e n t f u e l pool, p e r row ( J o u l e )

ECgNCS

ECaNCB

ECgNVl

ECgNV2

ECGNV3

ESTAIR

EREMDR

146

OUTPUT VARIABLE NAME

DEFINITION

EINTa

T o t a l e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o room atmosphere by s p e n t f u e l a i r f l o w s ( J o u l e ) T o t a l e n e r g y a b s o r b e d by c o n t a i n m e n t b u i l d i n g heat sinks (Joule) T o t a l e n e r g y l o s t t o o u t s i d e a t m o s p h e r e by l e a k a g e , f o r c e d v e n t i n g , and r a d i a t i o n / c o n v e c t i o n from b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e ( J o u l e ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t (power) g e n e r a t i o n by d e c a y , per row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t p r o d u c t i o n by c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t a b s o r p t i o n by f u e l r o d s , per row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t a b s o r p t i o n by c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e s i f p r e s e n t , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e of h e a t a b s o r p t i o n by h o l d e r s / b a s k e t s , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e of h e a t r a d i a t i o n t o b u i l d i n g by upper t i e p l a t e s , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t a b s o r p t i o n by s i d e w a l l l i n e r , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t a b s o r p t i o n by bottom l i n e r , p e r r o w (Watt) C u r r e n t r a t e of h e a t c o n d u c t i o n i n t o s i d e w a l l c o n c r e t e , p e r row (Watt) C u r r e n t r a t e of h e a t c o n d u c t i o n i n t o bottom c o n c r e t e , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e of h e a t c o n v e c t i o n o u t o f s p e n t f u e l a r r a y by a i r f l o w s w i t h i n f u e l a s s e m b l i e s , p e r row ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t c o n v e c t i o n o u t of s p e n t f u e l a r r a y by a i r f l o w s between c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e s and h o l d e r w a l l s , BWR e l e m e n t s , p e r row ( W a t t )

ESINK

ELgSS

PGEN

PCHEM

PFUEL

PSTR

PHgLDR

PRAD

PLINRS

PLINRB PCPNCS

PCgNCB

PCgNVl

PCgNV2

147

OUTPUT VARIABLE NAME

DEFINITION

PC@NV3

C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t c o n v e c t i o n o u t of s p e n t f u e l a r r a y by a i r f l o w s between a d j a c e n t holders, per r o w ( W a t t )

R a t e of energy increase of a i r within spent

PSTAIR
PREMDR

fuel array ( W a t t ) Current heat rate balance e r r o r f o r spent f u e l p o o l , p e r row (Watt) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r r a l i n t o room a t m o s p h e r e by s p e n t f u e l a i r f l o w s ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t a b s o r p t i o n by c o n t a i n m e n t building heat sinks ( W a t t ) C u r r e n t r a t e o f h e a t loss t o o u t s i d e a t m o s p h e r e by l e a k a g e , f o r c e d v e n t i n g , and r a d i a t i o n /
c o n v e c t i o n from b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e
(Watt)

PINT@

PSINK
PL@SS

148

D3.

SFUEL Program L i s t i n g
.~

FRSGRAY

C C

GLOB

3FUOOIOO SFUOOllO s~u00120 SFUO 0 1 3 0 SFU00140 SFU 0 0 1 5 0 SFU 0 0 1 6 0 SFUOO170 SF U 0 Q l B O SFUOO190 SFUO 0 2 0 0 S f uo 0 2 1 0 SfUOOE20 SFUO 0230 bFU 0 0 2 r 0 SFUOO250 SFUO 0 2 6 0 SFUO 0270 SFUO 0280 3FUO 0 2 9 0 SFUO 0 3 0 0 SFUOOJIO SFUO 0 3 2 0 3FU00330 SFUO 0 3uO SfUOO350 SFUOO3bO 3FU00370 JFUO 0380 FFU00390 SFUO O + O O 3F U 0 O u 1 0 SFUOO420 3 F U 0 0.tJO SFUO 0 4 4 0 SFU00450 SFUOOi60 FFU00470 SFU004RO SFU00+90 SFU 0 0 5 0 0 SFUO 05 1 0 SFUO 0 5 2 0 SFU005 30 SFUOO540 SFUO 0 5 50 SFUO 0 5 6 0 SFUOO570 SfUOO560 SFUOO540 SFUOO600 SFUO 0 6 1 0 SFUOU620 SFUO 0630 SFU00640 SFUO 0 6 5 0 SFUO 0 6 6 0 SFUOOb70 SFUO 0 6 3 0 JFUO o b 9 0 SFUOO700 SF UO 0 7 1 0 SFU00720 3FU00730

149

DATA DATA i 2 DATA

C

XLAE / ~ O H T I M ( E ( J X ) , + 4 1 0 ~ / YLAE /10HPEAK CL4D 9 lOHTE'IPkdATUR, lOtiE ( L ) 410~ / X M A X , YH4X, XPMAX, YPMAX /2c)., lLOO., 2 B . j 1-00./

ISTART= 1 NFLOT=O

6 0 IC,OF=O
$1 REAO(514890)

TITLi(1)

+090 F O i H A T ( A 7 1
62

I F ( t O F ( 5 J ) 62, ~5 I F (IECF.EC.1) GO T O 9 9 9 IEOF=l G C TO e l 6 5 RE4D(S,INFUT) I F (ISTAKT.iQ.0) GO T O 8 7 IF ( I F L C T . i Q . 0 ) GO T O 8 7 C A L L HCCCOY (40) ISTART=O a7 W C S = W S I F (XS.NE.0.) G C T O 90

Wt=ilW

c
C C
I N I T I A L JALUfS 90 DtLX=FL/ (h-1) r l s P L = h s + 2 .4xs YhPL= W W 4 2 e 4 X W XSH=(kW-kSPL)/Z. CELZ=kW+$h I F (FSTR.EQ.O.5) GO T J 9 5 DELZ=C(WPL I F ( X k W e L T 1000.) Dt-LZ=kWFL*XWM 5'5 DZOX=DELZ4DELX kkOX=DZCX I F ( F S T i ? . t Q . i 1 WWDX= dWPL+JCLX SlzAR=Z F 1 4 Z C O * D E L X f k ?OD SKAF=P14KF*RF*NRO0 S K A C = P I + ( R C O * R C O - 9 C I'm I) NROD S k AS=4 o 4 hZ43ELX SMASFL=M.~WSPL'DCLX SMAk=4*4hW*OELX S h A WPL -2 0 EL Z 4 DEL X I F (FSTR.EQ.1.0) SrAWPL=4.+HWPL4DELX SMAT=USPL+WSPL F Sr,AB= ( W W L t xnw )+OEL Z I F (FFTR.fQsl.0) SMAB=DELZ4DELZ S~AXAl=kS~WS-PI*RCO*RCC4N~UD SMAXA2=Wk4Nn-H3PL4WSPL SWAXA3=Xhk40ELZ I F (FSTYotOe 1.0) ;~~Xd3=OELZ4DEtZ-~UP~4rlWPL AXA4=XTE(* EEL Z DG 1 0 0 J=l,NSECT AR(J)=SKAk*NASS( J) AF ( J ) = S M A F + N A S S ( J ) AC(J)=SYdC+NASS(J) AS (J)=St?PS*NASS ( J ) ASPL ( J ) = S r A S P L * K A S S ( J ) Ak(J)=SYAh*NASS(J) AnPL(J)=Sr~WPL+h~~S(J) A T ( J ) =SMCT*NASS ( J ) A B ( J ) = S Y k B + N A S S ( J) I F ( J e E C . 1) A B ( J ) = A 6 ( J ) + O E L Z 4 (XWL-XWW) I F (J.5Q.hSECT) A B ( J ) = A B ( J) t r S + O Z ~ Z 4 X d W

SFUO 0 7 9 0 SFUOO750 SFUOO760 SFUO 0 7 70 SFUOO780 SFUO 0 7 9 0 SFU 0 O d 0 0 SFUO 08 1 0 SFUO 0 8 2 0 SFUOOJ30 SFUOO840 SFUO 0 8 5 0 SFUO O M 0 SFUOO870 SFUOO880 SFUOO890 SF UO 09 00 SFUOO910 SFUOO920 SF UO 0 9 30 SFU009bO SFUO 0950 SFUOO960 SFUOO970 SFU00380 SFUO 0990 SF UO I O 00 SFUO I O 1 0
SFU01020

SFUO 1 0 3 0 SFUO 1 0 4 0 SFUO1050 SF U 0 1 0 6 0 SFU 0 1 0 70 SF UO 1 0 8 0 SFUO1090 SFUO 1 0 0 I SFUO 1 1 1 0 SFUOllZO SFUOIl30 SFUOllkO SFUOll50 SFUO 1 1 6 0 SFUOlItO SFUO 1 1 8 0 SFUOl190 SFUOlZOO SFUOl2IO SFUO 1220 SF U 0 1 2 30 SFUOl2rtO SFUOl250 SFUO 1 2 6 0 SFU01270 SFUO 1 2 8 0 SFUO1290 SFU01300 SFU 0 1 3 1 0 SFUO 1 3 2 0 SFUO 1 3 3 0 SFUOl310 SFUO1350 SFUO1360 SFU01370

SF UO 1 3 6 0
SFUO 1390 SF uo 1 * 0 0 SFU 0 1 4 10 3FUOl~ZO SFUO 1+3O SFUO 1440 SFUOlr50 S~U01~60 SFUO1+70 SFuOl~ao SFUO1490 S F U O l 5 08 SFUOl5 10 SFUOl52U SFUO1530 SFUO 1 5 * O SFUOl550 SFUO1560 SFUO1570 3FUO 1 5 6 0 SFUO1590 SFUOl600 SFUOlblO SFUO 1 6 2 0 SFUU 1 6 3 0 SF U 0 1 6 4 0 SFU01650 3FU01660 SFUOlb7O SFUO1660 SFUO1690 SFUUl700 SF uo 1 7 10 SFUO 1720 SFUO 1 7 30 SFUO1740 SFUO 1 7 5 0 SFUOl760 SF UO 1 7 7 0 3FUO 1 7 8 0 SFUO1790 SFUO 18 0 0 '5FU01810

s~uoiezo
SFUOl630 FFU01840 SFUO 1 3 5 0 SF UO186O SFUOl87O SFUOld60 SFUO 1U 5 0 3FUO1900 SFUOlYlO SFUO 1 3 2 0 SFUO 1 9 30 SF UO 1 9 4 0 SFUO1950 SFUO1460 SFUO I9 7 0 SFUO l?@O SF u o 1 9 4 0 SFUO 2 0 0 0 SFU02010

3FUO 2 0 2 0 SFUO2030 SFUO 20 CO SFUO 20 5 0 SFU02060 SFUO 2 0 7 0 SFUO2080 SFUO2090 3F UO2 1 0 0 SFUOZllO SFU 0 2120 SFUO 2 I 3 0 3FU02140

SFUO2150
SF UO 2 160 SFUOZITO SFU 0 2 1 8 0 SFUO2190 SFUO2200 SFU02210 SFU02220 SFUO2230 SF u o 2 2 4 0 SFUOZ250 jFUQ2260 SF UO 22 7 0 SFUO2280 SFUO2290 SF un 2300 SFUO 2 3 10 SFUO2320 SFUO 2 3 3 0 SF UO 23uO SFUO 2 3 5 0 SFUO 2 3 6 0 SFUO2370 SFUO2380 SFU02390 SFUO 24 00 SFUOZCrlO SFU02420 sFU n 2 4 3 0 SF U 0 2 4 GO SFUO2450 3FU02460 SF U 0 2+ 70 SF UO 24 3 0 SFUO2490 SFUO25 0 0 SFUO2510 SF U 0 2 5 2 0 SFUO25 30 SFUO 25 u0 SFUOZ550 SFUO 2 5 6 0 SFUO25 7 0 3FUO2580 SFUOZ590 SFUOZbOO SFUOZtjlO SFU02620 SFUO 2 6 3 0 SFUO2640 SF UO 2 6 5 0

C
C

3FUO 2 6 6 0 SFUO 2 0 70 SFUO 2030 HHOQM=R H C C SFU026FO 3P'1AX=O. 3FU02700 OGMOX=O. SFUO27 10 SFU02720 G h IMAX= 1 E10 SFUO27 3 0 T SI NK=T 5 SFUO 2 7 .*O NPL=O 5FU02750 I =c1 PL PL I TRPL=TC SFUO 2-760 SFUOZ770 SF U 0 2 7 8 0 IVENT=O I F (P'?CCC~Gt.F<HAX) I YCNT=l SFU 0 2 7 9 0 SFUO2o 00 NCT(1) = O I F (1RLC;CK.fQ.l) kOT(l)=l SFUO25lO 5 F uo 252 0 NCT ( 2 ) = O IF (XS.~C.O..O~.IBLOC~.~C.~) P.CT(Z) =i SFU02330 NOT 3=0 SFUOZd 4 0 If (IBLCCK.LQ.3) tJOT3=1 SFUO2850 S F U 0 2 6 60 I F (FMULf.LT.O.)GO T O 163 SFUOld70 L O TO l b 7 SFUO 2 o 80 I F (hROC.GT.100) 00 1 6 6 ICCI=l,NOECAY SFUO2990 166 F C E C A Y ( I C C Y ) = F D S ~ ~ ( I D C Y ) + F n U L T SFUO2900 G C T C 164 SFU 0 29 1 0 1 0 7 00 i h a ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ , N o E c C Y SFUO2320 l 5 d FOECAY ( I C C Y ) = F D P W ~ ( I i ~ C Y ) + F f l U L T SFU 0 29 3 0 SFUO 2 3 4 0 WRITE I N P C T SFUO2950 SFUO2360 SFU02370 163 W R I T E ( 6 , 4 9 0 0 ) T I T L k . ( l ) , A S I h K , C S I N K , OPHP, U i L T , O L F G C T , DMWTi?, 1 F L , FSTt3, I B L O C K , ICHEY, I F L O T , N , N C E N L ) , N P q I N T , NFYhEW, YROO~SFUO296O 2 NSECT, POLtC, P K M P X , K C I , RCO, fiFp d O W 3 , S M A , T I M A X , TIPHOF, SFUO 23 30 SFUO3010 3FU03020 SFUO 3 0 30

PRCCM=PO TROOM=TO F RCCH=FC

SFUOJO*O
SFUO3050 SFU03060 SFUO3 0 7 0 SFUO3OUO
SFUO3090 SFUO 3 t 0 0

SFUO3110 sFu03120 SFUO3130 SFUO 3 1LO SFUO3250 SFUO3160 SFUO 3 1 7 0 SFUO 3 16 0 SFUO3190 SFUO3200 SFUO3210 SFUO 3 2 2 0 SFUO 3 2 3 0 SFUO3240 SFUO3ZSO SFUO3260 SFUO3270 SFUO3280 5F UO 3 2 9 0

153

SFUO3300 SFU03310 SFUO 3 3 2 0 SFU033.30 SFUO33CO SFU03350 SFU03360 SFUO 3 3 7 0 SFUO 3380 SFU03390 SFUO 3 4 0 0 SFUO3slO SFUO3sPO SFUO 3 * 3 0 SFUO 3 9 4 0 SFUO 3 4 5 0 SFUO3vbO SFU03*70 SFUO 3 4 8 0 SFUO 3 4 9 0 SFUO 3 5 0 0 SFUO35 10 SFUO3-320 SFUO3330 SF UO 3 5 40 SFUO3550 SFUO3560 SFUO3570
S F UO 3 5 8 0

i
C C
I;

S T A R T L O O F THFOUGH SECTICNS OF PCOL 1 9 0 C C 325 J = l , N S E C T START C k T k P t l I N A T i O h OF A I F F R O F E Q T I t S CHANNEL 3 , B f T W L t N H O L L E R S P I S PQiSSURc L 9 O J Z R O C H FRcS5UrlE ( G N I ( J , 3 ) + I D I ~ E C o L T o O . ) G O TO 2-5 L J TO 2 0 0 P A 3 ( N ) =O.*UPL T A3 ( N 9 J ) = T R C O H FCXG=FRCCr GC TO 7 1 0 2 0 0 P & 5 (1)= P P k A J f ( J ) T A 3 ( 1 J ) =TA.rAVE ( J ) FCXU=FOXPvd(J) 7 1 0 GCXO=FCXC/ ( 1o-FOXD) * G h I ( J 9 3 )

c c
IF

1 F (GNI(J,3)oGToOo)

GCP=GCXC*CP~X*GNI(J,3)*CPhI

GCPA=A@S (CCP) GI=GhI(J,3)+GCXO CF=FCXC*CFCXt(to-FOXO)+CPhI P C A = P ? C C P * C P * P X A 3 (J)+JELI(/ ( 4 A + O E L T J

SFUO3590 SFUO3600 SFU03610 SFUO3620 SFUO 3 6 3 0 SFUO 3 6 4 0 SFUO 3 6 5 0 SF U 0 3 6 6 0 SFU 0 36 7 0 SFU 0 36 8 0 SFU03690 SFUO3700 SFUO 3 7 1 0 SFUO 3 7 2 0 SFUO 3 7 30 SFUO3740 SFUO 3 7 5 0 SFUO3760 SFU 0 3 7 7 0 3FUO 3 7 8 0 SFU03790 SFUO3oOO SFUO3810 SFUO 33 20 SFUO 3 8 3 0 SFUO 3 d 4 0 SFUO3850 SFUO 3 8 6 0 SFU03870 SFUO3880 SFUOJ890 SFUO3300 SFU 0 3 9 1 0 SFU 0 3 3 2 0 SFUO3930

154

155

"

C C
290

CHANhEL 1, H I T H I h ASSEV'BLY (GNI(J,l~+iOIRtC.LT.O.) GC T O I F (GKI(J,~).GT.O.) GC TO 300 PAt(N)=O.+UPL T A 1 ( N 9 J 1 = 1R GO E ' F C X I N , J)=FP.COM

IF

325

SF UO5 1 5 0 SFU05160 SFUO5iTO SFUO5180 SFU 0 3 190 SFUO 5 2 0 0 3FUO5210

SFUOS220 SFUO 5 2 30 SFUO 5 2 4 SFUO5250 SFUO 5 2 6 0 SFUO 5 2 7 0 S K U 0 5 28 0 SFUO5290 SFUO53 0 0 SFUOS310 SFUO5320 SF U(I 5 3 3 0 SFU 0 5 3 4 0 SF uo 5 3 5 0 SFUO5360 SFU053 70 SFU 053 80 SFUO5390 SF UO 5 4 00 SFUO54 1 0 SFUO 5 4 2 0 SFU05k30 SFUO5440 SFUO5iSO SFUO 5 4 6 0 SFU05470 SFUO 5 4 8 0 SFUOS - 9 0 SFUO5500 SFU05510 SFUO5520 SFUO55 30 SFUO5540 SFUO 5 5 5 0 SFUO5560 SFUO5570 SFUO5590 SFUO5590 3FU05600 SFUO5610 SFU05b20 SFUO 5 b 30 SFUO 5640

157

SFUO5960 SFUO5d 7 0 SFU05d8O SF U 0 58 90 SF u o 5 9 0 0 SFUOESlO SFU05rZO SFU05930 SFUO59Lll SFU05950 SFUO5460 SFU05370 3FUO 5 9 8 0 SFUOSY90 SFUObOOO SFU 0 6 0 1 0 SFU06 0 2 0 SFUO6030 SFUO6040 SFU06050 SF U 0 6 0 6 0 SFUO6070 SFUO6060 SFU0t1090 SFU06100 SFUObllO SF UO 6 1 2 0 SFU 0 6 1 3 0 SFUO6 1CO SFUO6150 SFUOE tbO SFU 0 h 1 7 0 SFUO6100 SFUO6190 SFUO6Z 0 0 SFUObZlO SFU06220 SFUO6230 SFUO 6 2 4 0 SF U 0 6 2 5 0 SFUO6260 SFUO6270 SFUO6280 SFUO62YO SFU06300 SFUO6310 SFUO6320 S F U 0 6 3 30 SFU063*0 SFUO6350 SFUO6360 SFUO6370 SF UO638O SFU 0 6 3 9 0 SFUO6400 SFUObrrlO SFUO6420 SFUO*30 SFUO6440 SF U O 6 4 5 0 SFU06*60 SFUO6470 SFUO6480 SFU06+9 0

ScU06500 SFUO6510 SF U 0 6 5 2 0 SFUO6530 SFUo65 6 0 SFUO6550 bFUOt560 SFUO6570 SFUO65 BO SFU06590 S f UOfibOO SFUO 6 6 1 0 SFUOh620 SFU06630 SFUO 6 6 4 0 SFUO605 0 SFU06660 SFUO 6 6 7 0 SFUO66 8 0 3FU06690 SFU06700 SFU0710 SFUOb720 SFU06730 SFUO67cO SFUOh750 SFUOb7bO SFUO6770 SFUOt780 SFUOb790 SFUO 68 0 0 SFUO 6 3 1 0 SFUIl6d20 SFUO6830 SFUO6840 SFUOfi850 O SF U 68b 0 SFUOba70 SFU06d80 SFUO68 90 SFUO6900 SFUO6510 SFUObStO

SF U D 6 9 3 0
SFUO6440 SFUO 6'350 SFUO 6 3 6 0 SFUO6970 SFUO6980 SFUO 6 9 9 0 SFU 0 7 0 0 0 SFUO7O I O SFU 0 7 0 2 0 SFUO7 0 30 SFUO7ObO SFUO7050 SFUO7060 SFUO 7070 SFU 0 7 0 8 0 SFUO7090 SFU 07 1 0 0 SFU07110 SFUO7 1 2 0 SFUO7 130

159

SFU 0 7 1 4 S f UO 7 150 SFUO7160 SFU07170 SFUO7180 SFUO7140 SFUO7200 SFU07210 SFUO7220 SFUO 7 2 3 0 SFUO7240 SF UO 7 25 0 SF UO 7 2 6 0 SFUO7270 SFUO 7 2 8 0 SFU07290 SFUO73 0 0 SFUO 7 3 10 SFUU7320 SF UO7 3 3 0 SFUO73uO SFUO7350 SFUO7360 SF UO 7 3 7 0 SFUO7380 SFUO7390 SFUO7vOO 3FU07*10 SFUO7420 SF UO 7 4 3 0 SFUO7 r c t O SFU07450 SFUO 7 + 6 0 SFUO 7 4 7 0 SFU07*80 3FU07+90 SFUO7S 0 0 5FU07510 SFU07520 SFU07530 SFUO7540 SF U 0 7 5 5 0 SFUO7360 SF UO 7 5 7 0 SFUO7560 SFUO 7590 SFUO 7 6 0 0 SFU07610 SFUO7620 SFU07b30 SFUO 7 6 4 0 SFU07650 SFUO7660 SFUO 76 70 SFuO7680 SFUO 7690 SFU 0 7 7 0 0 SFUO 7 7 1 0 SFU07720 SFUO 77 30 SFU 0 7 7 4 0 SFUO7750 SFUO7760 SFU 0 7 7 7 0

SFUO 77eO SFUO779U SFUfl7800 SFU07810 SFUO7320 SFUOlS30 SFUO7340 SFUO7850 SFUO7360 SFUOla70 SFUO7o@O SFy07b90 SFUO7900 SFUO7310 SFUO7920 SFUO 7 9 30 SF UO 74 40 SFUO7950 SF U O 7 5 6 0 SFUO7970 SFU07380 SFUO7990 SFU08000 SFU08010 SFUUBOZO SFUO 8030 SFUOb 0 40 SFUO8050 3FU08060 SFUO 8 0 7 0 SFUOi3 080 SFUOt!090 SFUO 8 100 SFUOS 1 1 0 SF u 0 a 1 2 0 SFUOEl3O SFUOa 1 4 0 SF UO e 1 5 0 SFUO5160 SFUOBl70 SFU 0 8 i d 0 SFUO 8 1 9 0 SFUOd 2 0 0 SFUO8210 SFUOe220 SFUO 8 2 3 0 SFUOdZvO SFUOB 250 SFUO 8 260 SFUO9270 SFU 0 B 280 SFUO 8290 SFUO8.300 SFUOB310 SFUOB 3 2 0 SFUO8330 SFUOf3340 SFU 0 8 3 50 SFUO i? 360 SFUO&370 SFU08380 SFUO 8 3 9 0 SfUOEbOO SFU O B 4 1 0

161

AUUAKCt T I H E

SFUOA+LO SFUOc3430 SFUOJ440 SFUO6450 SFU03460 SFUO8470 SFUO 8 480 SFUOR490 SFUO 85 0 0 SFUO65 1 0 SFUOt!(J 20 SFUO 65 30 SFUOt)S+O SFUO 8550 SFUO&560 SFU06570 SFUOB 58 0 SFUO.5590 SFUO b 0 0 SFUObolO SFUO E 6 2 0 SFUOEb30 SFUO8640 SFU08650 SFU08660 SF UO Y b 7 0 SFUOBboO SFUO 6 6 90 5FUO 6 7 0 0 SFUO8710 SFUO6720 SFUOC730 SFU087*0 SFUO A 7 5 0 SFUOE760 SFUO 8 7 7 0 SFUOb780 SFUO8730 SFUO8800 SFUOBB 1 0 3FUO8620 SFUOBY 3 0 3FUOBdCO SFUO8850 3FUO6860 SFUO8870 SFUO 130 d O SFUO9890 SFUO89 0 0 SFUOr39 10 SFUO8920 SF u o b 3 3 0 SFU08340 SFUOE950 SFU 08960 SFUOtr370 sFUoe980 SFUO8990 SFU 09 0 0 0 SFUO90 1 0 SFUO9020 SFU09030 SFU09040 SF UO 9 0 5 0

162

SFUO9060 SFU09070 SFUOSO 8 0 T / Z . SFUO9090 SFUO3100 SFUO9110 SF U 0 9 1 20 SFU09130 sruo4140 SFUO9150 SFUO91bO SFU09i70 SFU 0 9 1 8 0 SFUOY 1 9 0 SFUO9200 SFU09210 SFUO9220 SFUO9230 SFUO92bO SFUO4250 SFUO9260 SFU09270 SFUO9260 SFUO9290 SFUO93 0 0 SFUO93 1 0 SFUO9320 SFUO9330 SFU 0 9 3 40 SFU09350 SFU09360 SFUO9370 SFUO5380 JFU09390 SFUO94 0 0 SFU 0 3 b 1 0 SFUO 9420 SFUO9430 SFUO5bCO SFUO Y 4 50 SFU09u60 SFUO 9 4 7 0 SFU09rBO SFUO 9490 SFUO9500 SFUO95 1 0 SFUO95 2 0 SFUO9530 SFUO9540 SFU095 5 0 SFUO9560 SFU09570 SFUO9580 SFUO 9590 SF UO 96 0 0 SFUO9610 SFU09620 SFUO9630 SFUO3640 SFU04650 S F UO9660 SFUOS b 7 0 SFUO9o50

SFUO 464 0

S F U l 0 0 20 SFUlOO3U S F U l 0 0 40 S f U10050 SFUlOObO SFU 1 0 0 7 0 SF U 1 0 0 8 0 SFUlO 090 S F U l 0 1 00 ELINRS=rLINRStPLINRS*OELT SFUl 0110 tLI~RB=~LIN~6tPLIN?Ef~EL1 SFUlOl20 SFUiO 1 3 0 C C OETERtlINtl HEAT FLUX I N T O C O h C R i T E SF U 10 140 SFUlOl50 C I F (Qt0CCN.Lt.O.) GC TO 9 0 0 SF U 1 0 1 6 0 PCONCS= 0 S F U l O 170 PCONCR=O. SFUIOIBO 00 7 6 0 I = l , N H l SFUl0190 SFU10200 PCONCS=FCCNCStQCL (I 1 Q C L ~ I ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ * T L T O T ~ I ~ * D L D X I ( S H C C C N 4 C P C O N * S H K C O N / ~ P I f T I ~ ~S F*U l O 2 1 0 ~ 5 4 3~~*f SFUlO220 1 -QCLTCT(I) )/DEL1 SFUlOZ30 1 =QCLTOT t I) tQCL (ID E L 1 1* QCLTOT (I S F U l OZvO 760 CONTINUE SFUlO250 DO 7 7 0 J=l,NSECT PCOKCB=FCCNCB+QCU(J) SF U 1 0 2 6 0 Q C B ( J ) = (4.+TBTOT( J) * A B ( J) (RHCCON*CPCON*SMK:ON/ ( P I * f I F E * * 3 ) ) * * .5 SFUl 0270 1 -OCBfCT(J))/OELT SFUlO2BO Q C S T C T ( J) =QCBTOT ( J ) * Q C R ( J ) *DEL T SFUlO290 7 7 0 CCMTINUE SFUi 0300 iCONCS=ECCNCStPCOYCS*DELT SFUlOSIO ECONCB=ECCNCBtPCONC B* J t L T SFUlO320 S F U l 0 3 30 L

T E ( J)=TBNEW PLINQB=PLINRR+Qd(J) 7 5 0 CCMTIKUC G i N = E G c H + FGE N * CELT iCH;r=ECHEr*PCHE~*DEL T c F V r L =E F I i L +F FU CL+DcL T : tSTR=ESTR 4 P S f R f 0 t ~ T E~3LDS=FHCLDR+PHOCOR*DELl L R A O = E S P C tPt?CL)* 3ELT

OETERHItiE R O O F A 1 9 P R O F E d T f i S

SFUlO3rtO SFU10350 SFUlO360 SFUlO370 S F U l 0 38 0 SFUlO 390 S F U l Ou 0 0 S F U l O 4 10 SFUlObLO SFUl0430 SFlf10*40 S F U l Ou50 SFUlOC60 SFUlO470 SFUlO+dO SFUlO490 SF U 1 0 5 0 0 SFULOSIO SFU10520 SF U 1 0 5 3 0 SFUlO540 SFUlO550 SFU10560 SFUlO370 SFUl 0500 SFUlO590 3 F U l Ob00

FliOUM=FFiEW RHORPl=RHChkk CFRCCw=CFhEh IF ( I U E N T * E O o l ) GO T O 805 PROOPl=RWCkH+RA*T2OOH I F (PUCCP oGEo PRNAX) I E N T = 1 V UPL = S f l G + G W RM4UL

C C
C

CLOSURE
9 5 ~ S ~ M O R = E G F N t E C H t H - E F U ~ L - ~ S .T ~ -- E k A U - E L I N K S - E L I N R B CR ~ ~ 1 -tCCNCS-iCONCd-ECONVl-E~ONV2-~CONU3-ESl4IR PREHCR=FGENtPCHiH-PFUfLIPSTR-FHOLC~-P~AC-FLIN~S-PLIN~~ I -PCCNCS-PCONC@-PCONUl-PCONU2-FCONU3-PSTAIR I F (NP.EC.0) W R X T ~ ( 6 ~ h O l O P G E h r P C H E d r P F U i L , PSTR, PHOLOR, ) i P R A O , PLINRS, PLINSB, F C O N C Z , F ~ O N C ~p,c o r i v i , P C O N V P , 2 PCCNu3, PSTAIi7, FoEYDR, QRCCH, 3 S i t J K , OLOSS b o 1 0 FCYtlAT(/+ PGEN= + ~ l P E t O 0 3 , + FCHEY= 4 9 C 1 0 . 3 , 4 PFUELz 1 El0.3, PSTq= 49E10.3, 4 PHOLOR=+,<lOo3, 4 PRAD= 4 9 2 E10*3/ 4 PLINRS=+,ElOm3, PLXNdB=+,El0.3, PCONCSZ', 3 E10.3, 4 PCCNCB=4,t10*3, + PCOdVl=4,C10~J, PCON112=*, 4 El0.3/ PCONV3=4,E10~3, + PSTbLR=*,ElO.39 + PriErDR=+, 5 L10.3, + OROOM= + , E I C O ~ , QSINK= 4 , Z 1 0 ~ 3 , QLOSS= + 9 6 E10.3) GO T O 1 7 0 9 0 0 I F ( I P L o k C o O ) GO T O 910 CPLL PLCTFRtO, 0, XPL, YPL, NPL, 1, 1, 0, 1 H p T I T L I , XLAt3, 1 Y L A 8 , 2 9 1, G o , XHPX, 1 , 0 . 9 Y M A X ) NPiOT=NFLOTtl CELL P L C T h O ( 9 ~ 0 ) 9 1 0 I F (NCENC~LQ*O) GO 1 9 8 0 3 9 9 I F ( h F L C T o G T . 0 ) CPLL E X T F L M ( 0 )

'

+,

SlOP Et40

SF U l O i 2 0 SFUiO630 SFUt 0640 SFUlO650 SFUlO660 SFUlOo70 SFUlO680 S F U l Ob90 S F U l 0 7 00 SFUl 0710 SFUlO720 S F U l O 7 30 S F U l 0 7 40 SFUlO750 SFUlO760 SFUi07 70 SFU10780 S F U i 0790 S F U i oa 0 0 SFUi 0810 SFUIOUPO SFUlO930 3FUlO6 40 S F U l OB50 SFUlO860 SFUlO870 SFUlO680 sFUloa90 SFUlO900 SFUlO910 S F U i 0920 SFUlO930 SFU10440 SFUlOYSO

165

APROOlOO EPROOllO APSO0120 APROO 1 3 0 APR001+0 4PROO 1 5 0 A1A00160 AFRO0170 APROOlBO A?R00190 APSO0200 APR00210 APR00220 APRO 0 2 3 0 APRil021tO APRO 0 2 5 0 APRO 0 2 6 0 APROOZ70 APRO 0 2 8 0 APR00290 APfi00300 APR00310 A?RO 0 J Z 0 APR00330 APRO 0 3 r O AFRO0350 APROO~~O APR00370 APRO 0 380 APR00390 APROOr 00 APR00410 APRO 0420 APW00430 APR00440 APR00450 APR001to0 APRO 0670 APR00480 APR00490 APR005 00

4PR00510
APR00520 APR00530 APR00540 APR00450 APRO 0 5 6 0 APRO 0 5 7 0 &?RO 0 5 8 0 APRO 0590 APR00600 APROOblO PPR00620 APRO 06 30 APRO 0 6 40 APR00650 AFRO0660 APR00670 APRO 0 6 6 0 APR00690 APR00700 APRO 0 7 1 0 APROO720 APRO 0 7 3 0

APQ00740 APQ00750 APR00760 APRO 0 7 7 0 ADRO 07 d O APRD0790

MHO

oa oo

TUGBULENT F O R C r l O FLOW PETWLL:.(

FARALLEL PLATES

ON!J3=@. 3HF 3= 25 / G E Ih03=1 GL TC d O

4PROOL)lO APRO 0320 A P r;cp o a 30 APROOd40 APROOd50 APRO O d 6 0 AP2.0 OJ 7 0 APROOHBO APR00890 AFRO0900 APROOY 1 0 APR00920 APROOS 30 APK00940 APRO0350 APRO 0 9 6 0 APR00970 APR00980 1PR00990 APRO 1 0 0 0 APROIOIO PPROlOEO APRO 10 3 0 APROlOUO APROlOSO APR01060 APRO 1 0 7 0 APROlOIJO APRO 1 0 90 APR01100 APROlllO 1 APRO 1 2 0 1 APRO 1 30 APROllCO APRO 1 1 5 0
APRO1160

"

6 0 DKU=ONUl IN0=3*IKCl-Z I F (0NUl.GTeONUZ) G O TO 90 DhU=ONUZ IhO=341hC2-l I F (CNUE.CTeDNU3) GO TO 1 0 0 3 0 IF (CNUl.GT.DNU3) GO T O 1 0 0 JNU=CNU3 ihD=3*IHC3 100 S P f = A V A X l ( S k f Z , S H F 3 )
H=SMK*OKU/Dk HO=CIF*ChL/DE RETURN
Chil

APRO1170 APROIIBO CIPRO1190 APQO 1 2 0 0 AP R O 1 2 1 O APR01220 APRO 1 2 3 0 APR01240 APRO 1 2 5 0 4PRO 1 2 6 0 APR01270 APRO 1 2 8 0 APR01290 APROl300 APRO 1 3 1 0 APRO 1 3 2 0 APRO 1 3 3 0 PPRO I 3 4 0

167

3 F L 0 0 10 0 BFL 0 0 1 1 0 a r 0~ 1 2 0 0 BFLOO 1 3 0 BFL OOl(r0 BFL 0 0 1 5 0 BFLOO 1 6 0 BFL 0 0 1 7 0 BFL 0 0 1 8 0 BFL 0 0 1 9 0 RFL 0 0 2 0 0 BFL00210 BFLOO220 B F L 0 0230 OFLO0240 BFL00250 BFLOO260 BFL 0 0270 B F L 0 02 8 0 BFL 0 0290 BFL 0 0 3 00 BFL. 0 0 3 1 0 9FLO 0320 aFLO 0 3 3 0

f3FL 0 03cO
BFLfl0350 BF L 0 0 3 6 0 BFLOO370

a~ L o 0 3 8 0

BFLO 0 3 Y O BFL 0 0 4 0 0 dFL0 0410 BFL 0 0 4 2 0

CHil00100

c
C C

CHEOOl10 CHEOO 120 C H E O O 1.50 CHE00140

c~t'uniso
C C
CHE 0 0 1 b O CtiE00170
CHE n o 1 3 0 CHE 0 0 2 0 0 CHE 0 0 2 1 0

CHEooieo

C C

10

CHnJ0220 C H i U 0230 CHk00240 CHE00250 C Y E 0 0 260 CH500270 CHE00280 Cdt 00290 CHEOOJOO CHE 0 0 3 1 0 CHEOO320 CH E 0 0 3 3 0 C q E O 0340
C H t O 0.550 CHE 0 0 3 6 0

20

CtlE00370
CHE00380 CHE00390 CHE 0 0 4 0 0
cr(~on410

O .

LHEO 042U

169

FPROOIOO F'RO 0 1 1 0

fPR00120
FDR00130 FPR00140 F 2 R 0 0 155 FPR00160 FPR00170 FPROOlSO FP900190 FDK00200 FPROOLIO 2 FPGO 0 a FPR 0 0 2 3 0 FPRO 0240 FPHO 0 2 5 0 FFRO 0 2 6 0 FPROO270 FPR00280 FPROO290 FPR00300 FPRO 0 3 1 0 FPR00320 FPR00330 FPRO 0 3 4 0 f?KOOJ50 FPRO 0 JbO FPR00370

DISTRIBUTION :
U.S. N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Comnission (356 c o p i e s f o r R3) D i v i s i o n o f Document C o n t r o l D i s t r ib u t ion Se r v i ces Branch 7920 N o r f o l k Avenue Bethesda, MD 20014

D
\

R. L. S t a n f o r d ( 5 ) Fuel Process Systems Standards Branch M a t e r i a1 s S a f e t y Standards D i v i s i o n o f E n g i n e e r i n g Standards O f f i c e o f S t a n d a r d s Development U.S. N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Commission Washington, DC 20555 4231 4400 4414 4414 4441 4550 4552 5511 5512 5831 8266 3141 3151
S. A. Dupree A. W. Snyder G. B. Varnado A. S. Benjamin (30) M. Berman R. M. J e f f e r s o n R. B. Pope D. F. McVey H. C. Hardee D. A. Powers E. A. Aas T. L. Werner ( 5 ) W. L. Garner ( 3 ) F o r DOE/TIC ( U n l i m i t e d Release) 3172-3 R. P. Campbell ( 2 5 ) F o r NRC D i s t r i b u t i o n t o NTIS

171