ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Higher Performance: The integration of various Ics shortens the traveling route and time of data to be transmitted resulting in higher performance. Lower power consumption: The integration of various Ics eliminates buffers and other interface circuits. As the number of components is reduced less power will be consumed. Slimmer and more compact: Housed in a single separate package, the chip is smaller in size and therefore occupies less space on the PCB. Hence products using embedded systems are slimmer and more compact. Reduced design and development system: The systems on a chip provide all the functionality required by the system. System designers need not worry about basic function of the system-right from the beginning of design phase, they can focus on the development of new features. As a result, the time spends on research and development is reduced and this turn reduces the time to market their products. Lower system costs: In the past, several chips in separate packages were required to configure a system. Now just one system-on chip can replace all of these, dramatically reducing the packaging cost.

WHY PIC IS USED SPEED: When operated at its maximum clock rate, a PIC executes most of its instructions in 0.2 microsecond or 5 instructions /microsecond. HIGH PERFORMANCE RISC CPU INSTRUCTION SET SIMPLICITY: The instruction set consists of 35 instructions. INTEGRATION OF OPERATIONAL FEATURES: Power on reset and brown out protection ensure that the chip operates only when the supply voltage is within specification; a watchdog timer resets the PIC if the chip ever malfunctions and deviates from its normal operations. Any one of 4 clock options can be supported, including a low cost RC oscillator and a high accuracy crystal oscillator. PROGRAMMABLE TIMER OPTIONS: Three versatile timers can be characterize inputs, control outputs and provide internal timing for program executions. INTERRUPT CONTROL: Up to 12 independent interrupt sources, which can provide useful interrupting as and when needed. EPROM/OTP/ROM OPTIONS: ultraviolet erasable, programmable parts support Development. Lower cost one time programmable parts support both small and large productions runs.

IN-BUILT MODULES: The PIC micro controller has a number of inbuilt modules like ADC, USART that increase versatility of micro controller.

LOW POWER CONSUMPTION WIDE OPERATING VOLTAGE RANGE:2.5-6.0 VOLT POWER SAVING SLEEP MODE.

PIN DIAGRAM

DEVICE STRUCTURE

Each part of a device can be placed into one of three groups: Core Peripherals Special features

1. The Core

The core pertains of basic features that are required to make the device operate. This includes: Device oscillator revision Reset logic revision CPU operation

ALU operation

 Device memory map organization Interrupt operation Instruction set

2. Peripherals

Peripherals are the features that add a differentiation from a microprocessor. These ease in interfacing to the external world (such as general purpose 110, LCD drivers, AID inputs and PWM out puts), and internal tasks such as keeping different time bases (such as timers).

The peripherals that are discussed are

1) General purpose I/O 2) Timer 0 3) Timer 1 4) Timer 2 5) Capture, Compare and PWM (CCP)

3. Special Features

The major special features of the system are as given below.

Decrease system cost. Increase system reliability Increase design flexibility. The mid-range PIC Micro MCUs offer several features that help to achieve these goals. Those special features are:

1. Device Configuration Bits 2 On-Chip Power-on Reset (POR) 3. Brown-Out Reset (BOR) 4. Watch Dog Timer (WDT) 5. Low-power mode (SLEEP) RESET POWER-ON RESET (POR)

A power on reset pulse is generated on-chip when VDD rise is detected to take advantage of the POR just tie the MCLR pin directly (or through a resistor to VDD. This will eliminate external RC components usually needed to create a POR. A minimum for VDD is required. When the device exists the reset condition (begins normal operation, the device operating parameters (voltage, frequency, temperature etc...) must be with in

operating ranges, otherwise, the device will not function correctly. Ensure the delay is long enough to get all operating parameters within specification.

BROWN-OUT RESET (BOR) On-chip BOR circuitry places the device into reset when the device voltage falls below a trip point (VDD). This ensures the device does not continue program execution outside the valid operation range of the device. Brown - Resets are typically used in AC line applications or large battery applications where large loads making may be switched in (such as automotive and cause the device voltage to temporarily fall below .the specified operating minimum. Oscillator
The internal oscillator circuit is used to generate the device clock. The device clock is required for the device to execute space instructions and for the peripherals to function. Four device clock periods generate one internal instruction clock (TCY) cycle. There are two modes, which allow the section of the internal RC oscillator clock out (CLKOUT) to be driven on an 110 pin, or allow that 110 pin to be used for general-purpose function. The device configuration bits select the oscillator mode. The device configuration bits are non-volatile memory locations and the operating mode is determined by the value written during device programming. The oscillator modes are:

LP Lower Frequency (Power) Crystal XT Crystal / Resonator

RC External Resistor I Capacitor (Same as EXTRC with CLKOUT) EXTRC External Resistor I Capacitor EXTRC External Resistor/Capacitor with CLKOUT INTRC Internal 4MHz Resistor/Capacitor INTRC Internal 4MHz Resistor I Capacitor with CLKOUT.

These oscillator options are made available to allow a single device type that flexibility to fit application with different oscillator requirements. The PC oscillator option saves system cost while the LP Crystal option saves power.

PERIPHERAL FEATURES Timer 0:8-bit timer counter with 8-bit pre-scalar Timer 1:16-bit timer/counter with pre-scalar Timer 2:8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register 10-bit multi channel analog to digital converter Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter

PIC micro devices are grouped by the size of the instruction word. The three current PIC micro families are:

1. Base line: 12 bit instruction word length 2. Mid-range: 14-bit instruction word length 3. High-end: 16 bit instruction length MEMORY VARIETIES Memory technology has no effect on the logical operation of a device. Due to the different processing steps required, some electrical characteristics may very between devices with the same feature set/pin out but with different memory technologies. An example is the electrical characteristics VIL (Input Low Voltage), which may have some difference between a typical EPROM device and a typical ROM device. Each device has a variety of frequency ranges and packaging options available. Depending on application and production requirements, the proper device options can be identified using the information in the product selection system section at the end of each data sheet. When discussing the functionality of the device, the memory technology and the voltage range do not matter. Microchip offers three program memory types. The memory type is designated in the part number by the first letter(s) after the family affiliation designators. C, as in PIC16CXXX. -The device has EPROM type memory. CR, as in PIC16RXXX. ---The devices have ROM type memory.

F as in PICFXXX. ---The devices have FLASH type memory.

EEPROM DEVICES Microchip focuses on erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) technology to give the customers flexibility throughout there entire design cycle. With this technology Microchip offers various packaging option as well as services.

ROM DEVICES Microchip offers a masked Read Only Memory (ROM) various of several of the highest volume parts, thus giving costumers a lover cost option for high volume, mature products. ROM device dont allow serialization information in the program memory space.

FLASH MEMORY DEVICES These devices are electrically erasable and can therefore be offered in a low cost plastic package. Being electrically erasable, these devices can be both erased and reprogrammed without removal from the circuit. A device will have the same

specification whether its used for prototype development, pilot programs or production.

I/O PORT General-purpose I/O pins can be considered as the simplest of peripherals. They allow the PIC micro controller to monitor and control other devices. To add flexibility and functionality to a device, some pins are multiplexed with an alternate function(s).These functions depend on which peripherals features are on the device. In general, when a peripherals is functioning, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. For most ports, the I/O pins direction (input or output) is

controlled by the data direction register, called the TRIS register.TRIS<x> controls the direction of PORT<x>. A 1 in the TRIS bit corresponds to that pin being an input, while a 0 corresponds to that pin being an output. An easy way to remember is that a 1 looks like an I (input) and 0 looks like an O (output). The PORT register is the latch for the data to be output.When the PORT is read, the device reads the levels presents on the I/O pins (not the latch). This means that care should be taken with read-modify-write commands on the PORTs and changing the direction of a pin from an input to an output.

There are three PORTs:

. . .

PORTA PORTB PORTC

PORTA and the TRISA Register

The RA 4 pins is a Schmitt Trigger input and a open drain output. All other RA port pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS

Output drivers. All pins have a data direction bits (TRIS registers), which can configure these pins as output or input. Setting a TRISA register bit puts the corresponding output driver in a high impedance mode. Clearing a bit in the TRISA register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected pin(s).